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376:. The invention of the camera has been traced back to the work of Ibn al-Haytham. While the effects of a single light passing through a pinhole had been described earlier, Ibn al-Haytham gave the first correct analysis of the camera obscura, including the first geometrical and quantitative descriptions of the phenomenon, and was the first to use a screen in a dark room so that an image from one side of a hole in the surface could be projected onto a screen on the other side. He also first understood the relationship between the
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deserted, one man having his boots polished stood sufficiently still throughout the several-minutes-long exposure to be visible. The existence of
Daguerre's process was publicly announced, without details, on 7 January 1839. The news created an international sensation. France soon agreed to pay Daguerre a pension in exchange for the right to present his invention to the world as the gift of France, which occurred when complete working instructions were unveiled on 19 August 1839. In that same year, American photographer
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1340:') is a dark room or chamber from which, as far as possible, all light is excluded except the light that forms the image. It was discovered and used in the 16th century by painters. The subject being photographed, however, must be illuminated. Cameras can range from small to very large, a whole room that is kept dark while the object to be photographed is in another room where it is properly illuminated. This was common for reproduction photography of flat copy when large film negatives were used (see
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1171:, or as color negatives intended for use in creating positive color enlargements on specially coated paper. The latter is now the most common form of film (non-digital) color photography owing to the introduction of automated photo printing equipment. After a transition period centered around 1995–2005, color film was relegated to a niche market by inexpensive multi-megapixel digital cameras. Film continues to be the preference of some photographers because of its distinctive "look".
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2105:) by complying with a rigid ethical framework which demands that the work be both honest and impartial whilst telling the story in strictly journalistic terms. Photojournalists create pictures that contribute to the news media, and help communities connect with one other. Photojournalists must be well informed and knowledgeable about events happening right outside their door. They deliver news in a creative format that is not only informative, but also entertaining, including
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cameras that exclusively shoot monochrome. Monochrome printing or electronic display can be used to salvage certain photographs taken in color which are unsatisfactory in their original form; sometimes when presented as black-and-white or single-color-toned images they are found to be more effective. Although color photography has long predominated, monochrome images are still produced, mostly for artistic reasons. Almost all
936:. Even after color film was readily available, black-and-white photography continued to dominate for decades, due to its lower cost, chemical stability, and its "classic" photographic look. The tones and contrast between light and dark areas define black-and-white photography. Monochromatic pictures are not necessarily composed of pure blacks, whites, and intermediate shades of gray but can involve shades of one particular
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2017:. In 1974 the chemograms by Josef H. Neumann concluded the separation of the painterly background and the photographic layer by showing the picture elements in a symbiosis that had never existed before, as an unmistakable unique specimen, in a simultaneous painterly and at the same time real photographic perspective, using lenses, within a photographic layer, united in colors and shapes. This Neumann
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467:. Although he succeeded in capturing the shadows of objects placed on the surface in direct sunlight, and even made shadow copies of paintings on glass, it was reported in 1802 that "the images formed by means of a camera obscura have been found too faint to produce, in any moderate time, an effect upon the nitrate of silver." The shadow images eventually darkened all over.
656:, had succeeded in making crude but reasonably light-fast silver images on paper as early as 1834 but had kept his work secret. After reading about Daguerre's invention in January 1839, Talbot published his hitherto secret method and set about improving on it. At first, like other pre-daguerreotype processes, Talbot's paper-based photography typically required hours-long
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optical quality than their glass plate equivalents, and until the late 1910s they were not available in the large formats preferred by most professional photographers, so the new medium did not immediately or completely replace the old. Because of the superior dimensional stability of glass, the use of plates for some scientific applications, such as
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Chartres, Mexican sculpture, a
Persian bowl, Chinese carpets, Giotto's frescoes at Padua, and the masterpieces of Poussin, Piero della Francesca, and Cezanne? Only one answer seems possible – significant form. In each, lines and colors combined in a particular way, certain forms and relations of forms, stir our aesthetic emotions.
885:"look" of film based photographs compared to digital images is likely due to a combination of factors, including (1) differences in spectral and tonal sensitivity (S-shaped density-to-exposure (H&D curve) with film vs. linear response curve for digital CCD sensors), (2) resolution, and (3) continuity of tone.
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Atlantico, Leonardo thought that the lens of the eye reversed the pinhole effect, so that the image did not appear inverted on the retina; though in fact it does. Actually, the analogy of focal-point and pin-point must have been understood by Ibn al-Haitham, who died just about the time when Shen Kua was born.
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Wildlife photography involves capturing images of various forms of wildlife. Unlike other forms of photography such as product or food photography, successful wildlife photography requires a photographer to choose the right place and right time when specific wildlife are present and active. It often
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focuses on capturing candid images of both the artist or band as well as the atmosphere (including the crowd). Many of these photographers work freelance and are contracted through an artist or their management to cover a specific show. Concert photographs are often used to promote the artist or band
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Glass plates were the medium for most original camera photography from the late 1850s until the general introduction of flexible plastic films during the 1890s. Although the convenience of the film greatly popularized amateur photography, early films were somewhat more expensive and of markedly lower
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are causing a stir. Sontag is concerned that "to photograph is to turn people into objects that can be symbolically possessed". Desensitization discussion goes hand in hand with debates about censored images. Sontag writes of her concern that the ability to censor pictures means the photographer has
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dismisses the objectivity of photography. This is a highly debated subject within the photographic community. Sontag argues, "To photograph is to appropriate the thing photographed. It means putting one's self into a certain relation to the world that feels like knowledge, and therefore like power."
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is a particular form of photography (the collecting, editing, and presenting of news material for publication or broadcast) that employs images in order to tell a news story. It is now usually understood to refer only to still images, but in some cases the term also refers to video used in broadcast
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technique that manipulates the foreground, subject or middle-ground, and background layers in a way that they all work together to tell a story through the image. Layers may be incorporated by altering the focal length, distorting the perspective by positioning the camera in a certain spot. People,
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Photographs, both monochrome and color, can be captured and displayed through two side-by-side images that emulate human stereoscopic vision. Stereoscopic photography was the first that captured figures in motion. While known colloquially as "3-D" photography, the more accurate term is stereoscopy.
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and anyone is free to photograph anything seen in public spaces as long as it is in plain view. In the UK, a recent law (Counter-Terrorism Act 2008) increases the power of the police to prevent people, even press photographers, from taking pictures in public places. In South Africa, any person may
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There must be some one quality without which a work of art cannot exist; possessing which, in the least degree, no work is altogether worthless. What is this quality? What quality is shared by all objects that provoke our aesthetic emotions? What quality is common to Sta. Sophia and the windows at
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continue to produce some monochrome images, sometimes because of the established archival permanence of well-processed silver-halide-based materials. Some full-color digital images are processed using a variety of techniques to create black-and-white results, and some manufacturers produce digital
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Alhazen used the camera obscura particularly for observing solar eclipses, as indeed
Aristotle is said to have done, and it seems that, like Shen Kua, he had predecessors in its study, since he did not claim it as any new finding of his own. But his treatment of it was competently geometrical and
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or out of casual interest, rather than as a business or job. The quality of amateur work can be comparable to that of many professionals. Amateurs can fill a gap in subjects or topics that might not otherwise be photographed if they are not commercially useful or salable. Amateur photography grew
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Replacing a hot mirror or infrared blocking filter with an infrared pass or a wide spectrally transmitting filter allows the camera to detect the wider spectrum light at greater sensitivity. Without the hot-mirror, the red, green and blue (or cyan, yellow and magenta) colored micro-filters placed
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is a type of photographic camera that takes a rapid sequence of photographs on recording medium. In contrast to a still camera, which captures a single snapshot at a time, the movie camera takes a series of images, each called a "frame". This is accomplished through an intermittent mechanism. The
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Films remained the dominant form of photography until the early 21st century when advances in digital photography drew consumers to digital formats. Although modern photography is dominated by digital users, film continues to be used by enthusiasts and professional photographers. The distinctive
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water—were in place in 1837. The required exposure time was measured in minutes instead of hours. Daguerre took the earliest confirmed photograph of a person in 1838 while capturing a view of a Paris street: unlike the other pedestrian and horse-drawn traffic on the busy boulevard, which appears
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in 1838, is generally accepted as the earliest photograph to include people. It is a view of a busy street, but because the exposure lasted for several minutes the moving traffic left no trace. Only the two men near the bottom left corner, one of them apparently having his boots polished by the
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The genius of Shen Kua's insight into the relation of focal point and pinhole can better be appreciated when we read in Singer that this was first understood in Europe by
Leonardo da Vinci (+ 1452 to + 1519), almost five hundred years later. A diagram showing the relation occurs in the Codice
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Neu was introduced in 1936. Unlike
Kodachrome, the color couplers in Agfacolor Neu were incorporated into the emulsion layers during manufacture, which greatly simplified the processing. Currently, available color films still employ a multi-layer emulsion and the same principles, most closely
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Dualphotography consists of photographing a scene from both sides of a photographic device at once (e.g. camera for back-to-back dualphotography, or two networked cameras for portal-plane dualphotography). The dualphoto apparatus can be used to simultaneously capture both the subject and the
586:, he worked out post-exposure processing methods that produced visually superior results and replaced the bitumen with a more light-sensitive resin, but hours of exposure in the camera were still required. With an eye to eventual commercial exploitation, the partners opted for total secrecy.
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of photography is a matter that continues to be discussed regularly, especially in artistic circles. Many artists argued that photography was the mechanical reproduction of an image. If photography is authentically art, then photography in the context of art would need redefinition, such as
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in 1885, but this original "film" was actually a coating on a paper base. As part of the processing, the image-bearing layer was stripped from the paper and transferred to a hardened gelatin support. The first transparent plastic roll film followed in 1889. It was made from highly flammable
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According to Nazir Ahmed if only Ibn-Haitham's fellow-workers and students had been as alert as he, they might even have invented the art of photography since al-Haitham's experiments with convex and concave mirrors and his invention of the "pinhole camera" whereby the inverted image of a
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Litchfield, R. 1903. "Tom
Wedgwood, the First Photographer: An Account of His Life." London, Duckworth and Co. See Chapter XIII. Includes the complete text of Humphry Davy's 1802 paper, which is the only known contemporary record of Wedgwood's experiments. (Retrieved 7 May 2013
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provided the first clear description and correct analysis of the (human) vision process. Although the effects of single light passing through the pinhole have already been described by the
Chinese Mozi (Lat. Micius) (5th century B), the Greek Aristotle (4th century BC), and the
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All these scientists experimented with a small hole and light but none of them suggested that a screen is used so an image from one side of a hole in surface could be projected at the screen on the other. First one to do so was
Alhazen (also known as Ibn al-Haytham) in 11th
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forms that changes perception and changes the structure of society. Further unease has been caused around cameras in regards to desensitization. Fears that disturbing or explicit images are widely accessible to children and society at large have been raised. Particularly,
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which could be used to print multiple positive copies; this is the basis of most modern chemical photography up to the present day, as daguerreotypes could only be replicated by rephotographing them with a camera. Talbot's famous tiny paper negative of the Oriel window in
876:" had been introduced by Kodak in 1908, at first it found only a few special applications as an alternative to the hazardous nitrate film, which had the advantages of being considerably tougher, slightly more transparent, and cheaper. The changeover was not completed for
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The camera doesn't rape or even possess, though it may presume, intrude, trespass, distort, exploit, and, at the farthest reach of metaphor, assassinate – all activities that, unlike the sexual push and shove, can be conducted from a distance, and with some detachment.
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Photographers decide what to take a photo of, what elements to exclude and what angle to frame the photo, and these factors may reflect a particular socio-historical context. Along these lines, it can be argued that photography is a subjective form of representation.
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Implementation of color photography was hindered by the limited sensitivity of early photographic materials, which were mostly sensitive to blue, only slightly sensitive to green, and virtually insensitive to red. The discovery of dye sensitization by photochemist
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from Helmut
Gernsheim's article, "The 150th Anniversary of Photography," in History of Photography, Vol. I, No. 1, January 1977: ...In 1822, Niépce coated a glass plate... The sunlight passing through... This first permanent example... was destroyed... some years
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painters used the camera obscura which, in fact, gives the optical rendering in color that dominates
Western Art. It is a box with a small hole in one side, which allows specific light rays to enter, projecting an inverted image onto a viewing screen or paper.
257:, in private notes which a Brazilian historian believes were written in 1834. This claim is widely reported but is not yet largely recognized internationally. The first use of the word by Florence became widely known after the research of Boris Kossoy in 1980.
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A large variety of photographic techniques and media are used in the process of capturing images for photography. These include the camera; dualphotography; full-spectrum, ultraviolet and infrared media; light field photography; and other imaging techniques.
2387:" in which local inhabitants are positioned and defined by the camera lens. However, it has also been argued that there exists a "reverse gaze" through which indigenous photographees can position the tourist photographer as a shallow consumer of images.
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Modified digital cameras can detect some ultraviolet, all of the visible and much of the near infrared spectrum, as most digital imaging sensors are sensitive from about 350 nm to 1000 nm. An off-the-shelf digital camera contains an infrared
3275:... But the first person to use this property to produce a photographic image was German physicist Johann Heinrich Schulze. In 1727, Schulze made a paste of silver nitrate and chalk, placed the mixture in a glass bottle, and wrapped the bottle in ...
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photograph any other person, without their permission, in public spaces and the only specific restriction placed on what may not be photographed by government is related to anything classed as national security. Each country has different laws.
3294:. In Appendix A (pp. 217–227), Litchfield evaluates assertions that Schulze's experiments should be called photography and includes a complete English translation (from the original Latin) of Schulze's 1719 account of them as reprinted in 1727.
1252:, while digital imaging is a highly manipulative medium. This difference allows for a degree of image post-processing that is comparatively difficult in film-based photography and permits different communicative potentials and applications.
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The first photographed atom was discovered in 2012 by physicists at Griffith University, Australia. They used an electric field to trap an "Ion" of the element, Ytterbium. The image was recorded on a CCD, an electronic photographic film.
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was explored beginning in the 1840s. Early experiments in color required extremely long exposures (hours or days for camera images) and could not "fix" the photograph to prevent the color from quickly fading when exposed to white light.
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Digital methods of image capture and display processing have enabled the new technology of "light field photography" (also known as synthetic aperture photography). This process allows focusing at various depths of field to be selected
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frames are later played back in a movie projector at a specific speed, called the "frame rate" (number of frames per second). While viewing, a person's eyes and brain merge the separate pictures to create the illusion of motion.
1017:. This provides the photographer with the three basic channels required to recreate a color image. Transparent prints of the images could be projected through similar color filters and superimposed on the projection screen, an
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mentions natural camerae obscurae that are formed by dark caves on the edge of a sunlit valley. A hole in the cave wall will act as a pinhole camera and project a laterally reversed, upside down image on a piece of paper.
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at each pixel point within the 2-dimensional image sensor. Every pixel of the final image is actually a selection from each sub-array located under each microlens, as identified by a post-image capture focus algorithm.
2169:, invented the first successful camera to make continuous recordings of meteorological and geomagnetic parameters. Different machines produced 12- or 24- hour photographic traces of the minute-by-minute variations of
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films until 1933, and although safety film was always used for 16 mm and 8 mm home movies, nitrate film remained standard for theatrical 35 mm motion pictures until it was finally discontinued in 1951.
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usually depicts inanimate subject matter, typically commonplace objects which may be either natural or man-made. Still life is a broader category for food and some natural photography and can be used for advertising
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candle-flame is projected were among his many successes in experimentation. One might likewise almost claim that he had anticipated much that the nineteenth century Fechner did in experimentation with after-images.
1064:. Because his exposures were not simultaneous, unsteady subjects exhibited color "fringes" or, if rapidly moving through the scene, appeared as brightly colored ghosts in the resulting projected or printed images.
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was a solvent of silver halides, and in 1839 he informed Talbot (and, indirectly, Daguerre) that it could be used to "fix" silver-halide-based photographs and make them completely light-fast. He made the first
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used a light-sensitive slurry to capture images of cut-out letters on a bottle and on that basis many German sources and some international ones credit Schulze as the inventor of photography. The fiction book
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593:, which Niépce had abandoned many years earlier because of his inability to make the images he captured with them light-fast and permanent. Daguerre's efforts culminated in what would later be named the
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seem not to have known or used the word "photography", but referred to their processes as "Heliography" (Niépce), "Photogenic Drawing"/"Talbotype"/"Calotype" (Talbot), and "Daguerreotype" (Daguerre).
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machines are similar in design to pinhole cameras, with high-grade filters and laser radiation. Photography has become universal in recording events and data in science and engineering, and at
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to record the image as a set of electronic data rather than as chemical changes on film. An important difference between digital and chemical photography is that chemical photography resists
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films have been available for many decades and employed in a variety of photographic avenues since the 1960s. New technological trends in digital photography have opened a new direction in
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filter that blocks most of the infrared and a bit of the ultraviolet that would otherwise be detected by the sensor, narrowing the accepted range from about 400 nm to 700 nm.
777:. It became the most widely used photographic medium until the gelatin dry plate, introduced in the 1870s, eventually replaced it. There are three subsets to the collodion process; the
282:'s – regarding Daguerre's claim of invention. The article is the earliest known occurrence of the word in public print. It was signed "J.M.", believed to have been Berlin astronomer
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704:, the actual black and white reproduction of a view on the object. The pictures produced were round with a diameter of 4 cm, the method was later named the "Steinheil method".
1106:, the starch grains served to illuminate each fragment with the correct color and the tiny colored points blended together in the eye, synthesizing the color of the subject by the
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Real estate photography focuses on the production of photographs showcasing a property that is for sale, such photographs requires the use of wide-lens and extensive knowledge in
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to greatly reduce the exposure needed and compete with the daguerreotype. In both its original and calotype forms, Talbot's process, unlike Daguerre's, created a translucent
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made extensive use of this color separation technique, employing a special camera which successively exposed the three color-filtered images on different parts of an oblong
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Upadhyay, J.; Chakera, J.A.; Navathe, C.P.; Naik, P.A.; Joshi, A.S.; Gupta, P.D. (2006). "Development of single frame X-ray framing camera for pulsed plasma experiments".
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Hannes Schmidt: Comments on the chemograms by Josef H. Neumann. Exhibition in the "Fotografik Studio Galerie von Prof. Pan Walther". in: Photo-Presse. Heft 22, 1976, S. 6.
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The camera has a long and distinguished history as a means of recording scientific phenomena from the first use by Daguerre and Fox-Talbot, such as astronomical events (
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focuses on capturing photographs of buildings and architectural structures that are aesthetically pleasing and accurate in terms of representations of their subjects.
1517:" is understood as 5-dimensional, with each point in 3-D space having attributes of two more angles that define the direction of each ray passing through that point.
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in 1873 suddenly made it possible to add sensitivity to green, yellow and even red. Improved color sensitizers and ongoing improvements in the overall sensitivity of
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in 1855. The foundation of virtually all practical color processes, Maxwell's idea was to take three separate black-and-white photographs through red, green and blue
483:. The plate was exposed under an ordinary engraving and copied it by photographic means. This was a step towards the first permanent photograph taken with a camera.
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displays a series of photos to give the impression of a rotating object. This technique is commonly used by ecommerce websites to help shoppers visualise products.
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Digital photography dominates the 21st century. More than 99% of photographs taken around the world are through digital cameras, increasingly through smartphones.
2330:(1954), the camera is presented as promoting voyeurism. 'Although the camera is an observation station, the act of photographing is more than passive observing'.
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are images produced by the shadows of objects cast on the photographic paper, without the use of a camera. Objects can also be placed directly on the glass of an
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In parallel to this development, the then largely separate interface between painting and photography was closed in the second half of the 20th century with the
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over the sensor elements pass varying amounts of ultraviolet (blue window) and infrared (primarily red and somewhat lesser the green and blue micro-filters).
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made the first known attempt to capture the image in a camera obscura by means of a light-sensitive substance. He used paper or white leather treated with
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1912:, spent their lives advocating for photography as a fine art. At first, fine art photographers tried to imitate painting styles. This movement is called
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Photography is both restricted and protected by the law in many jurisdictions. Protection of photographs is typically achieved through the granting of
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process, later familiar as the "blueprint". He was the first to use the terms "photography", "negative" and "positive". He had discovered in 1819 that
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of the previous decades. These works of art were almost simultaneous with the invention of photography by various important artists who characterized
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1952:, and others among the very earliest photographers were met with acclaim, but some questioned if their work met the definitions and purposes of art.
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demonstrates, but in its earliest years, the need for special equipment, long exposures, and complicated printing processes made it extremely rare.
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1699:. In this light, money could be paid for the subject of the photograph or the photograph itself. The commercial photographic world could include:
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is a form of photojournalism in which the photographer captures candid images of athletes, celebrities, politicians, and other prominent people.
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can be used for editorial, packaging or advertising use. Food photography is similar to still life photography but requires some special skills.
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Photography is the result of combining several technical discoveries, relating to seeing an image and capturing the image. The discovery of the
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turns a concept or idea into a photograph. Even though what is depicted in the photographs are real objects, the subject is strictly abstract.
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invented his own process for producing direct positive paper prints and claimed to have invented photography earlier than Daguerre or Talbot.
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The principles of the camera obscura first began to be correctly analysed in the eleventh century, when they were outlined by Ibn al-Haytham.
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of light waves. His scientifically elegant and important but ultimately impractical invention earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1908.
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1744:, emphasizes clothes and other products; glamour emphasizes the model and body form while glamour photography is popular in advertising and
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The first permanent color photograph was taken in 1861 using the three-color-separation principle first published by Scottish physicist
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can be considered a subset of editorial photography. Photographs made in this context are accepted as a documentation of a news story.
1110:. Autochrome plates were one of several varieties of additive color screen plates and films marketed between the 1890s and the 1950s.
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One of the practices through which photography constitutes society is tourism. Tourism and photography combine to create a "tourist
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photographer, or both sides of a geographical place at once, thus adding a supplementary narrative layer to that of a single image.
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is the capture medium. The respective recording medium can be the plate or film itself, or a digital magnetic or electronic memory.
2185:. The cameras were supplied to numerous observatories around the world and some remained in use until well into the 20th century.
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Such cameras have long been realized by using film and more recently in digital electronic methods (including cell phone cameras).
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or surreptitious pictures, small "detective" cameras were made, some actually disguised as a book or handbag or pocket watch (the
1157:, used in a special camera which yielded a unique finished color print only a minute or two after the exposure, was introduced by
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1098:, which allowed the three color components to be recorded as adjacent microscopic image fragments. After an Autochrome plate was
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Wade, Nicholas J.; Finger, Stanley (2001), "The eye as an optical instrument: from camera obscura to Helmholtz's perspective",
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Wade, Nicholas J.; Finger, Stanley (2001). "The eye as an optical instrument: from camera obscura to Helmholtz's perspective".
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Advertising photography: There are photographs made to illustrate and usually sell a service or product. These images, such as
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steadily reduced the once-prohibitive long exposure times required for color, bringing it ever closer to commercial viability.
747:, "one of the earliest and most dramatic examples of how the newborn medium of photography could change the course of history."
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The birth of photography was then concerned with inventing means to capture and keep the image produced by the camera obscura.
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Photographers control the camera and lens to "expose" the light recording material to the required amount of light to form a "
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Digital imaging has raised ethical concerns because of the ease of manipulating digital photographs in post-processing. Many
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The first digital camera to both record and save images in a digital format was the Fujix DS-1P created by Fujifilm in 1988.
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535:, but it was destroyed in a later attempt to make prints from it. Niépce was successful again in 1825. In 1826 he made the
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independently described a camera obscura in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE. In the 6th century CE, Byzantine mathematician
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The invention of the camera can be traced back to the 10th century when the Arab scientist Al-Hasan Ibn al-Haytham alias
176:. A negative image on film is traditionally used to photographically create a positive image on a paper base, known as a
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1215:. While the Mavica saved images to disk, the images were displayed on television, and the camera was not fully digital.
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1225:, the first commercially available digital single-lens reflex camera. Although its high cost precluded uses other than
681:, one of a number of camera photographs he made in the summer of 1835, may be the oldest camera negative in existence.
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4221:"Photographic self-registering magnetic and meteorological apparatus: Invented by Mr. Brooke of Keppel-Street, London"
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in their early stages, and later Man Ray and László Moholy-Nagy in the twenties and by the painter in the thirties
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Angles such as vertical, horizontal, or as pictured here diagonal are considered important photographic techniques.
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Barrett, T 2012, Criticizing Photographs: an introduction to understanding images, 5th edn, McGraw-Hill, New York.
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typically captures the presence of nature but can also focus on human-made features or disturbances of landscapes.
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of photographic emulsions in 1876. Their work enabled the first quantitative measure of film speed to be devised.
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by draping objects directly onto appropriately sensitized photo paper and using a light source without a camera.
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have an option to shoot in monochrome, and almost all image editing software can combine or selectively discard
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from the seventies of the 20th century thus differs from the beginning of the previously created cameraless
1450:, where careful filtering choices across the ultraviolet, visible and infrared lead to new artistic visions.
504:
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6380:
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1543:
1333:(CMOS) technology. The resulting digital image is stored electronically, but can be reproduced on a paper.
991:
633:
in 1835. Shown here in positive form, this may be the oldest extant photographic negative made in a camera.
55:
2355:
relatively simple for even the novice photographer. However, recent changes of in-camera processing allow
1691:
Commercial photography is probably best defined as any photography for which the photographer is paid for
1083:
541:, the earliest surviving photograph from nature (i.e., of the image of a real-world scene, as formed in a
34:
6390:
5667:
5169:
3234:
The history of photography from the earliest use of the camera obscura in the eleventh century up to 1914
2839:
Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance
2583:
2138:
for example), small creatures and plants when the camera was attached to the eyepiece of microscopes (in
906:
785:
or Tintype (a positive image on metal) and the glass negative, which was used to make positive prints on
4190:"The Beginnings of Continuous Scientific Recording using Photography: Sir Francis Ronalds' Contribution"
1775:
consists of photographing scenes of crime such as robberies and murders. A black and white camera or an
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5809:
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1858:
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3688:"From Charles Mackintosh's waterproof to Dolly the sheep: 43 innovations Scotland has given the world"
3559:
The Concise Focal Encyclopedia of Photography: from the first photo on paper to the digital revolution
128:
the light reflected or emitted from objects into a real image on the light-sensitive surface inside a
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was often frowned upon at first, it was eventually used to great extent to produce artistic effects.
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2158:. Crime scene photos are usually taken from three vantage points: overview, mid-range, and close-up.
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during the late 19th century due to the popularization of the hand-held camera. Twenty-first century
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in 1861. The methods used in analysing photographs for use in legal cases are collectively known as
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1977:
for an unprecedented $ 3,346,456 to an anonymous bidder, making it the most expensive at the time.
4675:
Dictionary of Photography and Digital Imaging: The Essential Reference for the Modern Photographer
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3497:
3237:
3156:
2396:
2267:
2213:
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2151:
2127:
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2037:
1932:', the photograph as a (sharply focused) thing in itself and not an imitation of something else.
1881:
1772:
1759:
1439:
1428:
1128:, another layer recorded only the green part and a third recorded only the blue. Without special
800:
introduced a process for making natural-color photographs based on the optical phenomenon of the
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438:
173:
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requires great patience and considerable skill and command of the right photographic equipment.
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6013:
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169:
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133:
4610:
Cotton, C. (2015), The Photograph as Contemporary Art, 3rd edn, Thames & Hudson, New York.
4220:
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2941:
2805:
1563:
Besides the camera, other methods of forming images with light are available. For instance, a
641:
had apparently started working out a silver-salt-based paper process in 1832, later naming it
63:
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6003:
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5464:
5343:
5306:
5229:
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3251:
2837:
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journalism. Photojournalism is distinguished from other close branches of photography (e.g.,
1945:
1834:
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1034:
532:
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Niépce died in 1833 and Daguerre then redirected the experiments toward the light-sensitive
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6008:
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4849:
4733:"The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography", Richard Zakia, Leslie Stroebel, Focal Press 1993,
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2360:
2237:
2209:
2170:
2155:
2118:
1973:
1929:
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or accident scenes. The method has been much extended by using other wavelengths, such as
1321:(in digital cameras) which, after appropriate processing, is converted to a usable image.
479:
Earliest known surviving heliographic engraving, 1825, printed from a metal plate made by
238:) "representation by means of lines" or "drawing", together meaning "drawing with light".
8:
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or moral rights to the photographer. In the United States, photography is protected as a
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described how light darkened some chemicals (photochemical effect) in 1694. Around 1717,
4604:
Berger, J. (Dyer, G. ed.), (2013), Understanding a Photograph, Penguin Classics, London.
2262:
1613:
have made photographic and video recording pervasive in everyday life. In the mid-2010s
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by adding colors to clarify structure or to add an aesthetic effect. Heiti Paves from
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Das Leben der toten Dinge – Studien zur modernen Sachfotografie in den USA 1914–1935
4131:
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their pictures or are forbidden from combining elements of multiple photos to make "
1944:
to the viewer. The controversy began with the earliest images "written with light";
1116:, the first modern "integral tripack" (or "monopack") color film, was introduced by
862:
700:
and other buildings in Munich, then taking another picture of the negative to get a
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3119:
Science and Civilization in China, vol. IV, part 1: Physics and Physical Technology
3058:
Science and Civilization in China, vol. IV, part 1: Physics and Physical Technology
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2014:
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578:(at least eight hours and probably several days), he sought to greatly improve his
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106:
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that significantly decreased skill and effort needed to take high quality images.
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of color reproduction. A color print on paper could be produced by superimposing
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434:
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Several people may have coined the same new term from these roots independently.
2320:
Modern photography has raised a number of concerns on its effect on society. In
2306:
There are many ongoing questions about different aspects of photography. In her
2196:
Science regularly uses image technology that has derived from the design of the
1520:
These additional vector attributes can be captured optically through the use of
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5879:
5647:
5328:
5234:
5219:
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5109:
4916:
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4423:
3826:"The Dimensional Image: Overlaps In Stereoscopic, Cinematic, And Digital Depth"
2344:
2308:
2197:
2053:
2026:
2006:
1949:
1905:
1625:
1341:
1337:
1186:
1107:
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755:
Advertisement for Campbell's Photograph Gallery from The Macon City Directory,
728:
583:
566:
542:
464:
420:
416:
404:
384:, laying the foundations for the invention of photography in the 19th century.
377:
373:
369:
339:
298:
125:
4613:
Heiferman, M. (2013), Photography Changes Everything, Aperture Foundation, US.
4410:
Bissell, K.L. (2000). "A Return to 'Mr. Gates': Photography and Objectivity".
3582:
2578:
2283:
1962:
states that only "significant form" can distinguish art from what is not art.
1347:
As soon as photographic materials became "fast" (sensitive) enough for taking
372:(Alhazen) (965–1040) also invented a camera obscura as well as the first true
6648:
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1909:
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287:
185:
68:
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1325:
use an electronic image sensor based on light-sensitive electronics such as
1136:
cyan, magenta, and yellow dye images were created in those layers by adding
1132:, the result would simply be three superimposed black-and-white images, but
582:
process or replace it with one that was more practical. In partnership with
496:, 1826, the earliest surviving camera photograph. Original plate (left) and
6538:
6518:
6430:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6269:
6155:
6150:
5804:
5524:
5494:
5276:
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5254:
5099:
4921:
4911:
4901:
3163:. National High Magnetic Field Laboratory at The Florida State University.
3030:
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2474:
2348:
2313:
2217:
1913:
1868:
1696:
1671:
1610:
1606:
1363:
1314:
1307:
1237:
1154:
1143:
1022:
846:
738:
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is credited with taking the earliest surviving photographic self-portrait.
528:
157:
114:
90:
1271:
172:, depending on the purpose of the photographic material and the method of
6595:
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6533:
6507:
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6294:
6227:
6140:
5977:
5952:
5782:
5777:
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5499:
5479:
5348:
5249:
5141:
5104:
5074:
5027:
4995:
4990:
4951:
4476:
The Soft Edge: a Natural History and Future of the Information Revolution
2775:"Sir John Frederick William Herschel (British, 1792–1871) (Getty Museum)"
2469:
2376:
2326:
2271:
2205:
2147:
1921:
1889:
1712:
1521:
1514:
1376:
1255:
1212:
1082:, the first commercially successful color process, was introduced by the
873:
423:
are capable of producing primitive photographs using medieval materials.
392:
78:
4244:
1727:
focuses on photographing guests and occurrences at mostly social events.
290:
is also credited with coining the word, independent of Talbot, in 1839.
6620:
6600:
6575:
5947:
5927:
5841:
5831:
5692:
5657:
5632:
5561:
5301:
5286:
5266:
5148:
5084:
5000:
4946:
4790:
An Approach to Personal Expression by Bruce Barnbaum, Rocky Nook 2010,
4616:
Shore, S. (2015), The Nature of Photographs, 2nd ed. Phaidon, New York.
4293:
4123:
4091:
4043:
3746:
2246:
2139:
1955:
1936:
1925:
1917:
1831:: Are photographs made and sold directly to the end user of the images.
1614:
1568:
1455:
1113:
1079:
1045:
835:
813:
381:
2553:"Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, γρα^φ-ή"
1797:
597:
process. The essential elements—a silver-plated surface sensitized by
6610:
6580:
6339:
5912:
5874:
5836:
5732:
5622:
5089:
5052:
5047:
5032:
4985:
4968:
4836:
Daguerreotype to Digital: A Brief History of the Photographic Process
4601:
Bate, D. (2009), Photography: The Key Concepts, Bloomsbury, New York.
4236:
3750:
3742:
2484:
2402:
2367:
2030:
2018:
2010:
2002:
1818:
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1622:
1580:
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1356:
1147:
964:
color channels to produce a monochrome image from one shot in color.
941:
920:
796:
and printing were made during the rest of the 19th century. In 1891,
782:
778:
719:
444:
351:
330:
4107:
2943:
Global History of Philosophy: The Period of scholasticism (part one)
1892:
system. In the United States, a handful of photographers, including
944:
process, for example, produces an image composed of blue tones. The
6605:
6585:
5932:
5747:
5244:
5174:
5042:
4963:
4958:
4315:
Blitzer, Herbert L.; Stein-Ferguson, Karen; Huang, Jeffrey (2008).
3825:
3741:
Schewe, Jeff (2012). The Digital Negative: Raw Image Processing In
2351:", passing them as "real" photographs. Today's technology has made
2299:
2174:
1704:
1656:
1533:
1318:
1196:
1167:
may form images as positive transparencies, which can be used in a
1124:. One layer was sensitized to record the red-dominated part of the
916:
830:
661:
181:
3022:
2899:
1490:
movement, light and a variety of objects can be used in layering.
6565:
6528:
5972:
5121:
5067:
4669:
4607:
Bright, S 2011, Art Photography Now, Thames & Hudson, London.
3796:
3611:
The Focal Manual of Photography: photographic and digital imaging
2464:
2459:
2123:
2033:
1303:
1222:
1191:
1120:
in 1935. It captured the three color components in a multi-layer
786:
626:
97:. It is employed in many fields of science, manufacturing (e.g.,
3481:
William H. Fox Talbot, inventor of the negative-positive process
2885:
2146:
of larger specimens. The camera also proved useful in recording
978:
6560:
5519:
4936:
4886:
3969:
2867:
Science, optics, and music in medieval and early modern thought
1941:
1571:
machine forms permanent images but uses the transfer of static
1289:
1091:
995:
734:
598:
574:
Because Niépce's camera photographs required an extremely long
355:
246:
129:
93:, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as
6476:
4841:
4153:
Rohde, R.R. (2000). Crime Photography. PSA Journal, 66(3), 15.
2640:
Hercule Florence: a descoberta isolada da fotografia no Brasil
2601:
Hercule Florence: El descubrimiento de la fotografía en Brasil
1971:
On 7 February 2007, Sotheby's London sold the 2001 photograph
6543:
6187:
5602:
5062:
2201:
1692:
1601:
1117:
948:
process, publicly revealed in 1847, produces brownish tones.
877:
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343:
232:
225:
218:
211:
204:
197:
141:
86:
82:
1920:
for a dreamy, 'romantic' look. In reaction to that, Weston,
911:
812:, continued into the 1990s, and in the niche field of laser
3945:"How to use layering in photography for exceptional photos"
2753:]. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. pp. 258–59.
2384:
1204:
121:
102:
4269:
3889:"Incorporating Layering Composition Into Your Photography"
1617:
cameras added numerous automatic assistance features like
1408:
852:
The first flexible photographic roll film was marketed by
718:
made many contributions to the new field. He invented the
101:), and business, as well as its more direct uses for art,
6523:
3447:
1600:
Amateur photographers take photos for personal use, as a
1532:
Devices other than cameras can be used to record images.
937:
1872:(1907) shows unique aesthetic of black-and-white photos.
196:
The word "photography" was created from the Greek roots
3290:, etc., London, Duckworth and Co. Out of copyright and
570:
other, remained in one place long enough to be visible.
3875:
Introduction to Full-Spectrum and Infrared photography
2697:
Developments and Changes in Science Based Technologies
1400:
An example of a dualphoto using a smartphone based app
380:
and the pinhole, and performed early experiments with
152:
for subsequent display or processing. The result with
51:
Art and practice of creating images by recording light
4165:
Sir Francis Ronalds: Father of the Electric Telegraph
3653:
3651:
3494:"Hippolyte Bayard (French, 1801–1887) (Getty Museum)"
2189:
a little later developed similar instruments for the
1730:
Fashion and glamour photography usually incorporates
531:
was an image produced in 1822 by the French inventor
3561:. Burlington, MA: Focal Press/Elsevier. p. 75.
2806:
Film and cinema spectatorship: melodrama and mimesis
1940:
determining what component of a photograph makes it
452:, described what can be interpreted as photography.
245:, a French painter and inventor living in Campinas,
136:. With an electronic image sensor, this produces an
4730:, ed. by Robin Lenman, Oxford University Press 2005
4092:"Chemigram: A New Approach to Lensless Photography"
3797:Anderson, Joseph; Anderson, Barbara (Spring 1993).
3479:Fox Talbot, William Henry and Jammes, André (1973)
2257:
2200:to avoid distortions that can be caused by lenses.
4643:, ed. by Michel Frizot, Köln : Könemann, 1998
3648:
3608:
3538:History of Kodak, Milestones-chronology: 1878–1929
2249:and their cygnets photographed on Wolvercote lakes
1509:the photograph has been captured. As explained by
362:used a type of camera obscura in his experiments.
346:) that provides an image of a scene dates back to
278:, discussing several priority claims – especially
270:of 25 February 1839 contained an article entitled
2604:. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
2506:The Focal Dictionary of Photographic Technologies
2445:List of photographs considered the most important
1359:necktie with a tie pin that was really the lens.
6646:
4650:, 2 Bände, Stuttgart/Germany: Art in Life 1999,
2835:
1575:rather than photographic medium, hence the term
1211:for imaging, eliminating the need for film: the
4194:European Society for the History of Photography
4020:
3823:
3381:"1837: Die Erfindung der Fotografie in München"
3232:Gernsheim, Helmut and Gernsheim, Alison (1955)
4708:Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography
3397:
3161:Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics and You
2359:of photos to detect tampering for purposes of
1294:The camera is the image-forming device, and a
6492:
4857:
4722:Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Photography
4539:"You Have Every Right to Photograph That Cop"
4478:, Routledge, London and New York, pp. 37–48,
4021:Oloruntimilehin, Israel (17 September 2018).
3799:"The Myth of Persistence of Vision Revisited"
2302:, was the first photography museum in Europe.
113:. A person who makes photographs is called a
3518:
3196:
3194:
2969:
2967:
2727:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2597:
1207:unveiled the first consumer camera to use a
986:made by the three-color method suggested by
272:
262:
251:
6409:Conservation and restoration of photographs
4522:
4023:"How To Take Good Pictures With Your Phone"
3986:Peterson, C.A. (2011). "Home Portraiture".
3659:"1861: James Clerk Maxwell's greatest year"
3401:Seizing the light: a history of photography
3179:The history of the discovery of photography
2224:and improved much further since that time.
1044:Color photography was possible long before
692:and a cardboard camera to make pictures in
15:
6499:
6485:
6146:Comparison of digital and film photography
4864:
4850:
4802:Image Clarity: High Resolution Photography
4746:Basic Photographic Materials and Processes
4694:Das Lexikon der Fotografen: 1900 bis heute
4525:"Tourist Photography and the Reverse Gaze"
4495:
4360:. Guinness World Records Limited. p.
3920:"Using layers to enhance your photography"
3682:
3680:
3249:
3008:
2842:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 20.
1734:and is a form of advertising photography.
1715:or with an in-house corporate design team.
1465:Uses of full spectrum photography are for
1094:color filter layer made of dyed grains of
816:, it has persisted into the 21st century.
660:in the camera, but in 1840 he created the
16:
6366:Photographs considered the most important
4838:– State Library & Archives of Florida
4447:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4283:
4066:
3661:. King's College London. 3 January 2017.
3615:(9th ed.). Boston, MA: Focal Press.
3342:
3340:
3191:
2980:. Springer Science & Business Media.
2973:
2964:
2946:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 460.
2150:and the scenes of accidents, such as the
1229:and professional photography, commercial
834:Undeveloped Arista black-and-white film,
325:
4743:
3985:
3606:
3458:Feldman, Anthony and Ford, Peter (1989)
3243:
3155:Davidson, Michael W (13 November 2015).
3154:
2935:
2933:
2831:
2829:
2289:
2261:
2241:
2122:
2112:
2067:
1985:
1857:
1801:Example of a studio-made food photograph
1796:
1779:may be used to capture specific details.
1527:
1418:
1395:
1270:
1254:
1190:
1039:
977:
910:
829:
750:
733:
616:
551:
503:
486:
474:
329:
81:, application, and practice of creating
62:
24:This is an accepted version of this page
4804:by John B. Williams, Focal Press 1990,
4668:
4409:
4353:
4187:
4162:
4089:
3677:
3596:from the original on 23 September 2015.
3375:
3373:
3216:. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 3–4.
2503:
2231:
2220:. Those methods were first used in the
1409:Full-spectrum, ultraviolet and infrared
1331:complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor
1140:during a complex processing procedure.
89:, either electronically by means of an
14:
6647:
4728:The Oxford Companion to the Photograph
4438:
4318:Understanding forensic digital imaging
4218:
3917:
3886:
3772:"Glossary: Digital Photography Review"
3337:
3167:from the original on 22 December 2015.
2740:
2738:
2693:
2665:"Who First Used the Word Photography?"
2636:
2538:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
1843:demonstrates the life of wild animals.
1355:camera) or even worn hidden behind an
605:vapor, and "fixed" with hot saturated
448:, published in 1760, by French author
6480:
4845:
4549:from the original on 25 February 2016
4033:from the original on 16 October 2018.
3556:
3303:
2939:
2930:
2826:
2694:Mathur, P, K & S (6 March 2014).
741:, a branded slave from Louisiana—per
684:In March 1837, Steinheil, along with
4724:, 1719 p., New York: Routledge, 2006
4710:, 1736 p., New York: Routledge 2005
4621:Photography. A Critical Introduction
4057:", 1914. Retrieved 2 September 2006.
3845:"An introduction to Dualphotography"
3842:
3519:Paulson Gage, Joan (5 August 2013).
3437:William Henry Fox Talbot (1800–1877)
3370:
3348:"The First Photograph – Heliography"
3288:Tom Wedgwood, the First Photographer
3286:Litchfield, Richard Buckley (1903).
3256:. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 21–.
2747:History of Photography, 4th. edition
2744:
2700:. Partridge Publishing. p. 50.
2675:from the original on 18 January 2017
1639:
1427:is an example of the application of
1058:Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii
249:, used the French form of the word,
109:, recreational purposes, hobby, and
6361:Museums devoted to one photographer
4079:from the original on 18 March 2007.
3698:from the original on 2 October 2017
3665:from the original on 4 January 2017
3115:
3054:
2785:from the original on 1 October 2018
2735:
1236:Digital imaging uses an electronic
1033:of color reproduction pioneered by
48:
5908:Timeline of photography technology
4662:
4587:
4335:from the original on 29 April 2016
4251:from the original on 29 April 2016
4167:. London: Imperial College Press.
3855:from the original on 16 April 2017
3583:"H&D curve of film vs digital"
3418:from the original on 29 April 2016
2576:
2440:List of most expensive photographs
2380:the ability to construct reality.
2097:, social documentary photography,
2063:
1385:
1025:of the three images made in their
888:
415:, and the techniques described in
315:Timeline of photography technology
49:
6686:
6675:Audiovisual introductions in 1822
4816:
4770:Photography and The Art of Seeing
4575:. 28 January 2009. Archived from
4200:from the original on 13 June 2016
4067:Schonauer, David (7 March 2007).
3976:. PhD Thesis, Stanford University
3918:Goldby, Dylan (20 January 2019).
3636:"Black & White Photography".
781:(a positive image on glass), the
515:'s silver chloride photograph of
334:A camera obscura used for drawing
6459:
6449:
6448:
4569:"Jail for photographing police?"
4321:. Academic Press. pp. 8–9.
3753:. Berkeley, CA: Peachpit Press,
3206:A concise history of photography
3082:quantitative for the first time.
2779:The J. Paul Getty in Los Angeles
2266:Photography may be used both to
2258:Social and cultural implications
1644:
1552:Tallinn University of Technology
926:Originally, all photography was
6506:
6460:
4871:
4592:
4561:
4531:
4516:
4489:
4468:
4403:
4378:
4347:
4308:
4263:
4225:The Illustrated Magazine of Art
4212:
4181:
4156:
4147:
4138:
4083:
4060:
4037:
4014:
3979:
3974:Digital Light Field Photography
3963:
3937:
3911:
3880:
3867:
3836:
3817:
3790:
3764:
3735:
3710:
3629:
3600:
3575:
3550:
3531:
3512:
3486:
3473:
3452:
3430:
3391:
3316:
3304:Werge, John (1 December 1894).
3297:
3280:
3226:
3171:
3148:
3109:
3087:
3048:
3002:
2974:Belbachir, Ahmed Nabil (2009).
2879:
2856:
2797:
2767:
2165:, the Honorary Director of the
1370:
558:View of the Boulevard du Temple
538:View from the Window at Le Gras
500:reoriented enhancement (right).
493:View from the Window at Le Gras
4763:
4748:. et al. Boston: Focal Press.
4696:, Munich: Knaur 2002, 512 p.,
4573:British Journal of Photography
4543:American Civil Liberties Union
4502:(2nd ed.). London: Sage.
3887:Lackey, Tamara (12 May 2016).
3843:Zand, Tristan (8 April 2017).
3774:. Dpreview.com. Archived from
3310:The Newcastle Weekly Chronicle
3095:"Who Invented Camera Obscura?"
2687:
2657:
2630:
2591:
2570:
2545:
2522:
2497:
2181:, and the three components of
1876:During the 20th century, both
1659:format but may read better as
1493:
1199:body with Digital Storage Unit
940:depending on the process. The
13:
1:
5958:Painted photography backdrops
5890:Golden triangle (composition)
5165:35 mm equivalent focal length
4623:, 3rd ed. Routledge, London.
4457:, Penguin, London, pp. 3–24,
3292:available free at archive.org
2490:
1707:, are generally done with an
1635:
1587:to produce digital pictures.
1266:
845:began pioneering work on the
756:
164:into a visible image, either
4823:World History of Photography
4641:A New History of Photography
4634:
4000:10.1080/03087298.2011.606727
3718:"Research & Development"
3462:. Bloomsbury Books, p. 128,
3125:. p. 99. Archived from
3064:. p. 98. Archived from
2508:. Focal Press. p. 454.
2343:have declared they will not
1738:, like the work featured in
1544:scanning electron microscope
1221:In 1991, Kodak unveiled the
994:. The subject is a colored,
470:
233:
219:
205:
191:
160:, which is later chemically
56:Photography (disambiguation)
7:
5668:Intentional camera movement
4357:Guinness World Records 2014
4069:"The first $ 3M photograph"
3607:Jacobson, Ralph E. (2000).
3177:Potonniée, Georges (1973).
2751:Geschichte der Photographie
2643:. São Paulo: Duas Cidades.
2584:Online Etymology Dictionary
2413:
1546:. Note that image has been
1485:Layering is a photographic
1480:
1259:Photography on a smartphone
1151:resembling Agfa's product.
1048:, as this 1903 portrait by
907:Black and White Photography
765:In the March 1851 issue of
10:
6691:
6356:Most expensive photographs
5713:Multi-exposure HDR capture
4424:10.1177/073953290002100307
4412:Newspaper Research Journal
3590:Digital Photography Review
3557:Peres, Michael R. (2008).
3460:Scientists & inventors
2435:List of photography awards
2394:
2366:Photography is one of the
2235:
2116:
2082:
1851:
1791:high-dynamic-range imaging
1595:
1497:
1412:
1389:
1374:
1287:
1283:
1195:Kodak DCS 100, based on a
1184:
1178:
1174:
990:in 1855, taken in 1861 by
971:
904:
898:
892:
823:
318:
308:
304:
226:
212:
198:
53:
6629:
6514:
6444:
6401:
6348:
6253:
6196:
6102:
5986:
5898:
5850:
5590:
5357:
5157:
4879:
4776:, Key Porter Books 1989,
4744:Stroebel, Leslie (2000).
3809:(1): 3–12. Archived from
3803:Journal of Film and Video
3099:Photography History Facts
2869:. A&C Black. p. 205.
2863:Crombie, Alistair Cameron
2836:Krebs, Robert E. (2004).
1769:in addition to the venue.
1719:Architectural photography
1448:full spectrum photography
1415:Full spectrum photography
794:photographic glass plates
509:Carl August von Steinheil
6290:Digital image processing
4832:From The History of Art.
4090:Cordier, Pierre (1982).
3877:. surrealcolor.110mb.com
3824:Belisle, Brooke (2013).
3543:10 February 2012 at the
2050:William Henry Fox Talbot
1924:, and others formed the
1590:
1558:
1317:" (on plate or film) or
967:
773:published his wet plate
664:process, which used the
146:electronically processed
31:latest accepted revision
6665:19th-century inventions
5963:Photography and the law
4828:31 October 2010 at the
4788:The Art of Photography:
4354:Glenday, Craig (2013).
3398:Hirsch, Robert (1999).
3385:www.deutsches-museum.de
3306:"The Oldest Photograph"
3238:Oxford University Press
2940:Plott, John C. (1984).
2540:A Greek-English Lexicon
2397:Photography and the law
2214:ultraviolet photography
2179:atmospheric electricity
2152:Wootton bridge collapse
2128:Wootton bridge collapse
2095:documentary photography
1884:became accepted by the
1882:documentary photography
1773:Crime scene photography
1760:360 product photography
1668:converting this section
1429:ultraviolet photography
865:known as nitrate film.
819:
439:Johann Heinrich Schulze
411:(1516–1571) discovered
403:(1193–1280) discovered
350:. Greek mathematicians
6634:List of artistic media
6310:Gelatin silver process
5334:Science of photography
5319:Photographic processes
5297:Perspective distortion
4720:Lynne Warren (Hrsg.):
4692:Hans-Michael Koetzle:
4646:Franz-Xaver Schlegel,
4386:"Wildlife photography"
4188:Ronalds, B.F. (2016).
4163:Ronalds, B.F. (2016).
3988:History of Photography
3832:. 37/38 (3/1): 117–37.
3442:3 October 2010 at the
3330:7 October 2015 at the
2637:Kossoy, Boris (1980).
2425:Science of photography
2420:Outline of photography
2390:
2357:digital fingerprinting
2337:
2303:
2287:
2250:
2131:
2080:
1998:
1981:Conceptual photography
1969:
1873:
1847:
1802:
1783:Still life photography
1555:
1436:
1401:
1276:
1260:
1200:
1102:to produce a positive
1053:
999:
923:
895:Monochrome photography
839:
771:Frederick Scott Archer
762:
748:
634:
571:
524:
501:
484:
335:
326:Precursor technologies
311:History of photography
273:
263:
252:
71:
5768:Schlieren photography
5307:Photographic printing
5230:Exposure compensation
4053:3 August 2004 at the
3211:29 April 2016 at the
3181:. Arno Press. p. 50.
2811:29 April 2016 at the
2803:Campbell, Jan (2005)
2598:Boris Kossoy (2004).
2557:www.perseus.tufts.edu
2504:Spencer, D A (1973).
2430:List of photographers
2407:First Amendment right
2332:
2298:, founded in 1985 in
2293:
2265:
2245:
2191:Greenwich Observatory
2126:
2117:Further information:
2113:Science and forensics
2103:celebrity photography
2071:
1989:
1964:
1958:in his classic essay
1861:
1835:Landscape photography
1800:
1531:
1477:and law enforcement.
1422:
1399:
1327:charge-coupled device
1274:
1258:
1209:charge-coupled device
1194:
1146:similarly structured
1056:Russian photographer
1050:Sarah Angelina Acland
1043:
1035:Louis Ducos du Hauron
981:
914:
833:
754:
737:
621:A latticed window in
620:
555:
507:
490:
478:
450:Tiphaigne de la Roche
333:
321:History of the camera
260:The German newspaper
180:, either by using an
154:photographic emulsion
66:
5552:Straight photography
5190:Chromatic aberration
4706:John Hannavy (ed.):
4474:Levinson, P. (1997)
3899:on 14 September 2021
3813:on 24 November 2009.
2745:Eder, J.M. (1945) .
2465:Photolab and minilab
2361:forensic photography
2238:Wildlife photography
2232:Wildlife photography
2210:infrared photography
2171:atmospheric pressure
2156:forensic photography
2119:Forensic photography
1974:99 Cent II Diptychon
1930:straight photography
1878:fine art photography
1841:Wildlife photography
1609:and near-ubiquitous
1539:Arabidopsis thaliana
1467:fine art photography
1244:because it involves
1086:in 1907. Autochrome
1027:complementary colors
843:Hurter and Driffield
666:chemical development
601:vapor, developed by
527:The first permanent
360:Anthemius of Tralles
54:For other uses, see
6419:photographic plates
6104:Digital photography
5282:Hyperfocal distance
5195:Circle of confusion
4496:Urry, John (2002).
3949:Parker Photographic
3483:, Macmillan, p. 95.
3250:Susan Watt (2003).
2534:25 May 2013 at the
2280:Nude composition 19
1829:wedding photography
1766:Concert photography
1750:glamour photography
1736:Fashion photography
1630:image stabilization
1231:digital photography
1181:Digital photography
1037:in the late 1860s.
1011:James Clerk Maxwell
988:James Clerk Maxwell
724:sodium thiosulphate
342:("dark chamber" in
21:Page version status
5923:Autochrome Lumière
5918:Analog photography
5743:Pigeon photography
5532:Social documentary
5011:discontinued films
4678:. Watson-Guptill.
4619:Wells, L. (2004),
4451:Sontag, S. (1977)
4294:10.1007/BF02715917
3778:on 18 January 2013
3694:. 2 January 2016.
3644:(12): 38–40. 2011.
3586:(Forum Discussion)
3525:The New York Times
3521:"Icons of Cruelty"
3500:on 24 October 2013
2816:. Polity. p. 114.
2304:
2288:
2276:photo manipulation
2251:
2183:geomagnetic forces
2132:
2107:sports photography
2099:street photography
2081:
2073:National Guardsman
2038:László Moholy-Nagy
1999:
1888:art world and the
1874:
1803:
1709:advertising agency
1670:, if appropriate.
1577:electrophotography
1573:electrical charges
1556:
1500:Light-field camera
1437:
1423:This image of the
1402:
1296:photographic plate
1277:
1261:
1250:photographic paper
1242:photo manipulation
1201:
1155:Instant color film
1100:reversal processed
1054:
1031:subtractive method
1000:
924:
840:
763:
749:
744:The New York Times
654:William Fox Talbot
635:
631:William Fox Talbot
629:, photographed by
572:
525:
502:
485:
336:
284:Johann von Maedler
150:digital image file
111:mass communication
72:
27:
6660:French inventions
6642:
6641:
6616:Site-specific art
6474:
6473:
6275:Collodion process
6211:Chromogenic print
6198:Color photography
5708:Multiple exposure
5683:Lo-fi photography
5210:Color temperature
4774:Freeman Patterson
4755:978-0-240-80405-7
4716:978-0-415-97235-2
4685:978-0-8174-3789-3
4579:on 27 March 2010.
4523:Gillespie, Alex.
4509:978-0-7619-7347-8
4371:978-1-908843-15-9
4328:978-0-12-370451-1
4174:978-1-78326-917-4
3951:. 1 December 2020
3924:Fujilove Magazine
3622:978-0-240-51574-8
3592:. 19 April 2004.
3568:978-0-240-80998-4
3411:978-0-697-14361-7
3354:on 6 October 2009
3263:978-0-7614-1464-3
3201:Gernsheim, Helmut
3157:"Albertus Magnus"
3116:Needham, Joseph.
3055:Needham, Joseph.
3017:(10): 1157–1177,
2987:978-1-4419-0953-4
2953:978-0-89581-678-8
2875:978-0-907628-79-8
2849:978-0-313-32433-8
2760:978-0-486-23586-8
2671:. 28 March 2015.
2611:978-968-03-0020-4
2577:Harper, Douglas.
2515:978-0-13-322719-2
2296:Musée de l'Élysée
2270:and to produce a
2144:macro photography
1725:Event photography
1689:
1688:
1300:photographic film
1165:Color photography
1003:Color photography
998:patterned ribbon.
974:Color photography
870:cellulose acetate
847:light sensitivity
826:Photographic film
792:Many advances in
789:or salted paper.
775:collodion process
639:Hercules Florence
388:Leonardo da Vinci
286:. The astronomer
265:Vossische Zeitung
243:Hércules Florence
138:electrical charge
95:photographic film
39:20 September 2024
18:
6682:
6501:
6494:
6487:
6478:
6477:
6463:
6462:
6452:
6451:
6330:Print permanence
6280:Cross processing
6238:CMYK color model
6223:Color management
6176:Foveon X3 sensor
6171:Three-CCD camera
5815:Miniature faking
5773:Sabattier effect
5385:Astrophotography
5240:Zebra patterning
4866:
4859:
4852:
4843:
4842:
4759:
4689:
4581:
4580:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4499:The tourist gaze
4493:
4487:
4472:
4466:
4449:
4436:
4435:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4287:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4237:10.2307/20537989
4216:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4160:
4154:
4151:
4145:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4064:
4058:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4018:
4012:
4011:
3983:
3977:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3895:. Archived from
3884:
3878:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3768:
3762:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3684:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3655:
3646:
3645:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3614:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3587:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3554:
3548:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3496:. Archived from
3490:
3484:
3477:
3471:
3456:
3450:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3377:
3368:
3367:
3361:
3359:
3350:. Archived from
3344:
3335:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3301:
3295:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3270:
3247:
3241:
3230:
3224:
3198:
3189:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3139:
3137:
3131:
3124:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3078:
3076:
3070:
3063:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2971:
2962:
2961:
2937:
2928:
2927:
2883:
2877:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2833:
2824:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2742:
2733:
2732:
2726:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2618:on 28 April 2016
2614:. Archived from
2595:
2589:
2588:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2549:
2543:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2501:
2450:Astrophotography
2341:photojournalists
2322:Alfred Hitchcock
2042:Hippolyte Bayard
2015:Josef H. Neumann
1991:Josef H. Neumann
1946:Nicéphore Niépce
1894:Alfred Stieglitz
1886:English-speaking
1864:Alfred Stieglitz
1807:Food photography
1684:
1681:
1675:
1666:You can help by
1648:
1647:
1640:
1619:color management
1336:The camera (or '
1084:Lumière brothers
984:color photograph
810:astrophotography
798:Gabriel Lippmann
761:
758:
714:British chemist
709:Hippolyte Bayard
686:Franz von Kobell
612:Robert Cornelius
533:Nicéphore Niépce
513:Franz von Kobell
481:Nicéphore Niépce
295:Nicéphore Niépce
280:Henry Fox Talbot
276:
268:
255:
236:
229:
228:
222:
215:
214:
208:
201:
200:
186:contact printing
156:is an invisible
148:and stored in a
107:video production
99:photolithography
6690:
6689:
6685:
6684:
6683:
6681:
6680:
6679:
6645:
6644:
6643:
6638:
6625:
6556:Decorative arts
6510:
6505:
6475:
6470:
6440:
6397:
6344:
6335:Push processing
6256:
6249:
6243:RGB color model
6192:
6098:
5982:
5894:
5860:Diagonal method
5846:
5586:
5490:Photojournalism
5353:
5185:Black-and-white
5153:
5132:Slide projector
5127:Movie projector
5006:available films
4875:
4870:
4830:Wayback Machine
4819:
4766:
4756:
4686:
4665:
4663:Reference works
4637:
4595:
4590:
4588:Further reading
4585:
4584:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4552:
4550:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4521:
4517:
4510:
4494:
4490:
4473:
4469:
4450:
4439:
4408:
4404:
4394:
4392:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4372:
4352:
4348:
4338:
4336:
4329:
4313:
4309:
4268:
4264:
4254:
4252:
4219:Brooke (1853).
4217:
4213:
4203:
4201:
4186:
4182:
4175:
4161:
4157:
4152:
4148:
4143:
4139:
4108:10.2307/1574733
4088:
4084:
4065:
4061:
4055:Wayback Machine
4042:
4038:
4019:
4015:
3984:
3980:
3968:
3964:
3954:
3952:
3943:
3942:
3938:
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3822:
3818:
3795:
3791:
3781:
3779:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3740:
3736:
3726:
3724:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3701:
3699:
3692:The independent
3686:
3685:
3678:
3668:
3666:
3657:
3656:
3649:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3605:
3601:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3569:
3555:
3551:
3545:Wayback Machine
3536:
3532:
3517:
3513:
3503:
3501:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3478:
3474:
3457:
3453:
3444:Wayback Machine
3435:
3431:
3421:
3419:
3412:
3404:. McGraw-Hill.
3396:
3392:
3379:
3378:
3371:
3357:
3355:
3346:
3345:
3338:
3332:Wayback Machine
3325:via archive.org
3321:
3317:
3302:
3298:
3285:
3281:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3248:
3244:
3231:
3227:
3213:Wayback Machine
3199:
3192:
3176:
3172:
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3149:
3135:
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3122:
3114:
3110:
3093:
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3074:
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3068:
3061:
3053:
3049:
3007:
3003:
2988:
2972:
2965:
2954:
2938:
2931:
2894:(10): 1157–77.
2884:
2880:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2834:
2827:
2813:Wayback Machine
2802:
2798:
2788:
2786:
2773:
2772:
2768:
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2743:
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2720:
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2619:
2612:
2596:
2592:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2559:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2536:Wayback Machine
2527:
2523:
2516:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2416:
2399:
2393:
2268:capture reality
2260:
2240:
2234:
2173:, temperature,
2167:Kew Observatory
2163:Francis Ronalds
2140:photomicroscopy
2121:
2115:
2090:Photojournalism
2087:
2085:Photojournalism
2077:Washington D.C.
2066:
2064:Photojournalism
2058:Christian Schad
2046:Thomas Wedgwood
1902:John Szarkowski
1898:Edward Steichen
1856:
1854:Art photography
1850:
1813:Photojournalism
1777:infrared camera
1752:sometimes work
1746:men's magazines
1741:Harper's Bazaar
1685:
1679:
1676:
1665:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1598:
1593:
1561:
1511:Michael Faraday
1502:
1496:
1483:
1425:rings of Saturn
1417:
1411:
1394:
1392:Dualphotography
1388:
1386:Dualphotography
1379:
1373:
1323:Digital cameras
1292:
1286:
1269:
1227:photojournalism
1189:
1183:
1177:
1169:slide projector
1130:film processing
1108:additive method
1090:incorporated a
1019:additive method
976:
970:
958:digital cameras
933:black-and-white
915:A photographic
909:
903:
901:Black-and-White
897:
891:
889:Black-and-white
828:
822:
759:
690:silver chloride
473:
461:Thomas Wedgwood
435:Wilhelm Homberg
427:Daniele Barbaro
413:silver chloride
409:Georg Fabricius
401:Albertus Magnus
328:
323:
317:
309:Main articles:
307:
224:), "light" and
210:), genitive of
194:
132:during a timed
67:Photography of
59:
52:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
42:
26:
12:
11:
5:
6688:
6678:
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6185:
6180:
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6168:
6163:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6137:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6125:
6124:
6112:Digital camera
6108:
6106:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
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6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
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6001:
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5990:
5988:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5938:Camera obscura
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5904:
5902:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5880:Rule of thirds
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5856:
5854:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5844:
5839:
5834:
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5807:
5802:
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5790:
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5755:
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5725:
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5715:
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5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5648:Harris shutter
5645:
5643:Hand-colouring
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5594:
5592:
5588:
5587:
5585:
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5579:
5574:
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5529:
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5527:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
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5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5361:
5359:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5329:Red-eye effect
5326:
5321:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5257:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5235:Exposure value
5232:
5227:
5222:
5220:Depth of focus
5217:
5215:Depth of field
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5161:
5159:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5020:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4978:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4944:
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4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4876:
4869:
4868:
4861:
4854:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4833:
4818:
4817:External links
4815:
4814:
4813:
4799:
4785:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4754:
4741:
4731:
4725:
4718:
4704:
4690:
4684:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4644:
4636:
4633:
4632:
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4617:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4560:
4530:
4515:
4508:
4488:
4467:
4454:On Photography
4437:
4402:
4377:
4370:
4346:
4327:
4307:
4285:10.1.1.570.172
4262:
4211:
4180:
4173:
4155:
4146:
4137:
4102:(4): 262–268.
4082:
4059:
4036:
4013:
3978:
3962:
3936:
3910:
3879:
3873:Twede, David.
3866:
3851:. Medium.com.
3835:
3830:Film Criticism
3816:
3789:
3763:
3734:
3709:
3676:
3647:
3628:
3621:
3599:
3574:
3567:
3549:
3530:
3511:
3485:
3472:
3451:
3429:
3410:
3390:
3387:. 28 May 2024.
3369:
3336:
3315:
3296:
3279:
3262:
3242:
3225:
3190:
3170:
3147:
3132:on 3 July 2017
3108:
3086:
3071:on 3 July 2017
3047:
3001:
2986:
2963:
2952:
2929:
2878:
2855:
2848:
2825:
2796:
2766:
2759:
2734:
2706:
2686:
2656:
2649:
2629:
2610:
2590:
2569:
2544:
2521:
2514:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2415:
2412:
2395:Main article:
2392:
2389:
2309:On Photography
2259:
2256:
2236:Main article:
2233:
2230:
2198:pinhole camera
2187:Charles Brooke
2114:
2111:
2083:Main article:
2065:
2062:
2054:Edmund Kesting
2027:Pierre Cordier
2007:Pierre Cordier
1950:Louis Daguerre
1916:, often using
1906:F. Holland Day
1852:Main article:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1795:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1770:
1763:
1757:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1687:
1686:
1652:
1650:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1626:face detection
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1560:
1557:
1513:in 1846, the "
1495:
1492:
1482:
1479:
1413:Main article:
1410:
1407:
1390:Main article:
1387:
1384:
1375:Main article:
1372:
1369:
1342:Process camera
1338:camera obscura
1288:Main article:
1285:
1282:
1268:
1265:
1187:Digital camera
1179:Main article:
1176:
1173:
1138:color couplers
972:Main article:
969:
966:
893:Main article:
890:
887:
863:nitrocellulose
854:George Eastman
824:Main article:
821:
818:
731:in late 1839.
729:glass negative
591:silver halides
584:Louis Daguerre
567:Louis Daguerre
543:camera obscura
472:
469:
465:silver nitrate
455:In June 1802,
421:Book of Optics
417:Ibn al-Haytham
405:silver nitrate
374:pinhole camera
370:Ibn al-Haytham
367:Arab physicist
340:camera obscura
327:
324:
306:
303:
299:Louis Daguerre
297:, Talbot, and
293:The inventors
193:
190:
50:
28:
22:
19:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6687:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6652:
6650:
6635:
6632:
6631:
6628:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6550:
6549:pallet crafts
6547:
6546:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6516:
6513:
6509:
6502:
6497:
6495:
6490:
6488:
6483:
6482:
6479:
6467:
6458:
6456:
6447:
6446:
6443:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6411:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6400:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6373:
6372:
6371:Photographers
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6347:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6265:Bleach bypass
6263:
6262:
6260:
6258:
6252:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6233:primary color
6231:
6229:
6226:
6225:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6218:Reversal film
6216:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6199:
6195:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6183:Image sharing
6181:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6158:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6101:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6084:United States
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
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6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
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6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5985:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5943:Daguerreotype
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5897:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5849:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5799:
5796:
5795:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5788:Stopping down
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5753:Rephotography
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5688:Long-exposure
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5380:Architectural
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5356:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5339:Shutter speed
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5292:Metering mode
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5205:Color balance
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5170:Angle of view
5168:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5156:
5150:
5147:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5117:Manufacturers
5115:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4957:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4867:
4862:
4860:
4855:
4853:
4848:
4847:
4844:
4837:
4834:
4831:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4811:
4810:0-240-80033-8
4807:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4796:1-933952-68-7
4793:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4782:1-55013-099-4
4779:
4775:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4757:
4751:
4747:
4742:
4740:
4739:0-240-51417-3
4736:
4732:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4703:
4702:3-426-66479-8
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4681:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4667:
4666:
4657:
4656:3-00-004407-8
4653:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4630:
4629:0-415-30704-X
4626:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4534:
4526:
4519:
4511:
4505:
4501:
4500:
4492:
4485:
4484:0-415-15785-4
4481:
4477:
4471:
4464:
4463:0-312-42009-9
4460:
4456:
4455:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4406:
4391:
4387:
4381:
4373:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4350:
4334:
4330:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4311:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4266:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4231:(5): 308–11.
4230:
4226:
4222:
4215:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4184:
4176:
4170:
4166:
4159:
4150:
4141:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4086:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4052:
4049:
4045:
4040:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4017:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3994:(4): 374–87.
3993:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3971:
3966:
3950:
3946:
3940:
3925:
3921:
3914:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3870:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3839:
3831:
3827:
3820:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3793:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3760:
3759:0-321-83957-9
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3681:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3652:
3643:
3639:
3632:
3624:
3618:
3613:
3612:
3603:
3595:
3591:
3584:
3578:
3570:
3564:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3534:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3482:
3476:
3469:
3468:1-870630-23-8
3465:
3461:
3455:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3433:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3394:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3374:
3366:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3319:
3312:. p. 10.
3311:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3276:
3265:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3246:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3223:
3222:0-486-25128-4
3219:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3195:
3188:
3187:0-405-04929-3
3184:
3180:
3174:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3128:
3121:
3120:
3112:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3083:
3067:
3060:
3059:
3051:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3023:10.1068/p3210
3020:
3016:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2977:Smart Cameras
2970:
2968:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2936:
2934:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2900:10.1068/p3210
2897:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2851:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2832:
2830:
2823:
2822:0-7456-2930-X
2819:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2800:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2762:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2739:
2730:
2724:
2709:
2707:9781482813982
2703:
2699:
2698:
2690:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2652:
2650:9788531409448
2646:
2642:
2641:
2633:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2594:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2573:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2525:
2517:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2496:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2480:Medium format
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2455:Image editing
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2373:photos of war
2369:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2353:image editing
2350:
2349:photomontages
2346:
2342:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2285:
2282:from 1988 by
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2255:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2229:
2225:
2223:
2222:Victorian era
2219:
2216:, as well as
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1928:to advocate '
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1910:Edward Weston
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1683:
1674:is available.
1673:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1653:This section
1651:
1642:
1641:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1611:camera phones
1608:
1603:
1588:
1586:
1585:image scanner
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1491:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1406:
1398:
1393:
1383:
1378:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1281:
1273:
1264:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1134:complementary
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1096:potato starch
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1070:Hermann Vogel
1065:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:carbon prints
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1004:
997:
993:
992:Thomas Sutton
989:
985:
980:
975:
965:
963:
959:
954:
953:photographers
949:
947:
946:albumen print
943:
939:
935:
934:
929:
922:
918:
913:
908:
902:
896:
886:
882:
879:
875:
871:
866:
864:
859:
856:, founder of
855:
850:
848:
844:
837:
832:
827:
817:
815:
811:
805:
803:
799:
795:
790:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
753:
746:
745:
740:
736:
732:
730:
725:
721:
717:
716:John Herschel
712:
710:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
682:
680:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
648:Meanwhile, a
646:
644:
640:
632:
628:
624:
619:
615:
613:
608:
604:
600:
596:
595:daguerreotype
592:
587:
585:
581:
577:
568:
564:
563:daguerreotype
560:
559:
554:
550:
548:
544:
540:
539:
534:
530:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
499:
495:
494:
489:
482:
477:
468:
466:
462:
458:
453:
451:
447:
446:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
394:
389:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
368:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:ancient China
345:
341:
332:
322:
316:
312:
302:
300:
296:
291:
289:
288:John Herschel
285:
281:
277:
275:
269:
267:
266:
258:
256:
254:
248:
244:
239:
237:
235:
223:
221:
209:
207:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
120:Typically, a
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
85:by recording
84:
80:
76:
70:
69:Sierra Nevada
65:
61:
57:
40:
36:
32:
25:
20:
6590:
6539:Computer art
6519:Architecture
6431:Polaroid art
6325:K-14 process
6320:Instant film
6315:Gum printing
6270:C-41 process
6255:Photographic
6156:Image sensor
6151:Film scanner
5805:Sun printing
5738:Print toning
5525:space selfie
5495:Pictorialism
5425:Ethnographic
5405:Conservation
5277:Guide number
5272:Focal length
4872:
4801:
4787:
4769:
4745:
4727:
4721:
4707:
4693:
4674:
4647:
4640:
4620:
4593:Introduction
4577:the original
4572:
4563:
4551:. Retrieved
4542:
4533:
4518:
4498:
4491:
4475:
4470:
4452:
4418:(3): 81–93.
4415:
4411:
4405:
4393:. Retrieved
4389:
4380:
4356:
4349:
4337:. Retrieved
4317:
4310:
4275:
4271:
4265:
4253:. Retrieved
4228:
4224:
4214:
4202:. Retrieved
4193:
4183:
4164:
4158:
4149:
4140:
4099:
4095:
4085:
4072:
4062:
4039:
4026:
4016:
3991:
3987:
3981:
3972:(July 2006)
3965:
3955:14 September
3953:. Retrieved
3948:
3939:
3929:14 September
3927:. Retrieved
3923:
3913:
3903:14 September
3901:. Retrieved
3897:the original
3892:
3882:
3869:
3857:. Retrieved
3848:
3838:
3829:
3819:
3811:the original
3806:
3802:
3792:
3780:. Retrieved
3776:the original
3766:
3737:
3725:. Retrieved
3722:fujifilm.com
3721:
3712:
3700:. Retrieved
3691:
3667:. Retrieved
3641:
3637:
3631:
3610:
3602:
3589:
3577:
3558:
3552:
3533:
3524:
3514:
3502:. Retrieved
3498:the original
3488:
3480:
3475:
3459:
3454:
3432:
3420:. Retrieved
3400:
3393:
3384:
3363:
3358:29 September
3356:. Retrieved
3352:the original
3318:
3309:
3299:
3287:
3282:
3274:
3267:. Retrieved
3252:
3245:
3233:
3228:
3204:
3178:
3173:
3160:
3150:
3141:
3134:. Retrieved
3127:the original
3118:
3111:
3102:
3098:
3089:
3080:
3073:. Retrieved
3066:the original
3057:
3050:
3042:
3014:
3010:
3004:
2993:
2991:
2976:
2957:
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2891:
2887:
2881:
2866:
2858:
2838:
2804:
2799:
2787:. Retrieved
2778:
2769:
2750:
2746:
2711:. Retrieved
2696:
2689:
2677:. Retrieved
2668:
2659:
2639:
2632:
2620:. Retrieved
2616:the original
2600:
2593:
2582:
2579:"photograph"
2572:
2560:. Retrieved
2556:
2547:
2542:, on Perseus
2539:
2524:
2505:
2499:
2475:Large format
2400:
2382:
2365:
2338:
2333:
2325:
2319:
2314:Susan Sontag
2307:
2305:
2279:
2252:
2226:
2218:spectroscopy
2206:crime scenes
2195:
2160:
2148:crime scenes
2133:
2088:
2000:
1994:
1979:
1972:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1954:
1934:
1914:Pictorialism
1875:
1869:The Steerage
1867:
1866:photograph,
1793:photography.
1748:. Models in
1739:
1697:works of art
1695:rather than
1690:
1680:January 2019
1677:
1672:Editing help
1654:
1607:social media
1599:
1562:
1537:
1519:
1506:
1503:
1484:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1438:
1403:
1380:
1371:Stereoscopic
1364:movie camera
1361:
1352:
1346:
1335:
1315:latent image
1312:
1308:image sensor
1293:
1278:
1262:
1238:image sensor
1235:
1220:
1217:
1202:
1163:
1153:
1142:
1112:
1104:transparency
1078:
1066:
1055:
1008:
1001:
950:
931:
925:
883:
867:
851:
841:
806:
802:interference
791:
766:
764:
742:
739:Wilson Chinn
713:
706:
698:Frauenkirche
683:
679:Lacock Abbey
670:latent image
647:
643:Photographie
642:
636:
623:Lacock Abbey
588:
573:
556:
536:
529:photoetching
526:
523:, March 1837
517:Frauenkirche
491:
454:
443:
429:described a
425:
398:
386:
364:
337:
292:
274:Photographie
271:
261:
259:
253:photographie
250:
240:
231:
217:
203:
195:
158:latent image
119:
115:photographer
91:image sensor
74:
73:
60:
38:
29:This is the
23:
6655:Photography
6596:Printmaking
6591:Photography
6571:Digital art
6508:Visual arts
6436:Stereoscopy
6300:E-6 process
6295:Dye coupler
6228:color space
6141:Digiscoping
6134:camera back
6049:Philippines
5978:Visual arts
5968:Glass plate
5953:Heliography
5852:Composition
5827:Ultraviolet
5783:Stereoscopy
5778:Slow motion
5763:Scanography
5678:Kite aerial
5618:Contre-jour
5510:Post-mortem
5500:Pornography
5480:Neues Sehen
5415:Documentary
5349:Zone System
5324:Reciprocity
5250:Film format
5180:Backscatter
5158:Terminology
5028:beauty dish
4927:rangefinder
4892:light-field
4873:Photography
4764:Other books
4553:18 February
4339:13 December
4255:13 December
3638:PSA Journal
3547:. kodak.com
3422:13 December
3136:5 September
3075:5 September
2622:13 December
2470:Visual arts
2377:pornography
2327:Rear Window
2284:Jaan Künnap
2272:work of art
1922:Ansel Adams
1713:design firm
1522:microlenses
1515:light field
1494:Light field
1487:composition
1440:Ultraviolet
1377:Stereoscopy
1306:electronic
1213:Sony Mavica
874:safety film
767:The Chemist
760: 1877
707:In France,
637:In Brazil,
521:Old Academy
393:Renaissance
382:afterimages
378:focal point
162:"developed"
144:, which is
124:is used to
75:Photography
6649:Categories
6621:Street art
6601:Public art
6576:Filmmaking
6426:Lomography
6257:processing
6206:Print film
6122:comparison
6089:Uzbekistan
6039:Luxembourg
5999:Bangladesh
5948:Dufaycolor
5928:Box camera
5885:Simplicity
5842:Zoom burst
5837:Xerography
5832:Vignetting
5822:Time-lapse
5810:Tilt–shift
5703:Mordançage
5693:Luminogram
5658:Holography
5653:High-speed
5633:Fill flash
5613:Burst mode
5591:Techniques
5572:Vernacular
5567:Underwater
5562:Toy camera
5542:Still life
5470:Monochrome
5460:High-speed
5410:Cloudscape
5400:Conceptual
5302:Photograph
5287:Lens flare
5267:Film speed
5149:Zone plate
5095:wide-angle
5080:long-focus
4278:(5): 613.
4044:Clive Bell
3849:Dual.Photo
3747:Camera Raw
3727:13 January
3702:2 December
3011:Perception
2888:Perception
2491:References
2247:Mute swans
2142:) and for
2023:chemigrams
1956:Clive Bell
1937:aesthetics
1926:Group f/64
1918:soft focus
1636:Commercial
1615:smartphone
1581:Photograms
1569:xerography
1498:See also:
1456:hot mirror
1267:Techniques
1233:was born.
1185:See also:
1114:Kodachrome
1080:Autochrome
1046:Kodachrome
982:The first
928:monochrome
905:See also:
899:See also:
814:holography
652:inventor,
319:See also:
174:processing
6611:Sculpture
6581:Light art
6376:Norwegian
6340:Stop bath
6285:Developer
5913:Ambrotype
5875:Lead room
5798:Slit-scan
5733:Photogram
5728:Panoramic
5638:Fireworks
5623:Cyanotype
5465:Landscape
5110:telephoto
5058:reflector
5053:monolight
5048:lens hood
5033:cucoloris
4969:safelight
4880:Equipment
4432:140920402
4302:123558773
4280:CiteSeerX
4116:0024-094X
4027:List Dorm
4008:216590139
3751:Photoshop
3743:Lightroom
3669:3 January
2908:0301-0066
2723:cite book
2669:Photophys
2485:Microform
2403:copyright
2368:new media
2031:photogram
2019:chemogram
2011:chemogram
2003:chemigram
1942:beautiful
1819:Paparazzi
1786:purposes.
1705:packshots
1623:autofocus
1565:photocopy
1542:seen via
1475:forensics
1433:astronomy
1329:(CCD) or
1203:In 1981,
1161:in 1963.
1148:Agfacolor
1074:emulsions
942:cyanotype
921:safelight
868:Although
783:Ferrotype
779:Ambrotype
720:cyanotype
658:exposures
519:from the
498:colorized
471:Invention
459:inventor
445:Giphantie
433:in 1566.
431:diaphragm
352:Aristotle
192:Etymology
6606:Rock art
6586:Painting
6534:Ceramics
6455:Category
6161:CMOS APS
6059:Slovenia
5987:Regional
5933:Calotype
5870:Headroom
5748:Redscale
5663:Infrared
5608:Brenizer
5582:Wildlife
5505:Portrait
5450:Forensic
5440:Fine-art
5375:Aircraft
5365:Abstract
5245:F-number
5225:Exposure
5200:Clipping
5175:Aperture
5043:hot shoe
4964:enlarger
4959:Darkroom
4826:Archived
4672:(2002).
4547:Archived
4333:Archived
4249:Archived
4245:20537989
4198:Archived
4132:55177590
4096:Leonardo
4077:Archived
4073:PopPhoto
4051:Archived
4031:Archived
3859:15 April
3853:Archived
3696:Archived
3663:Archived
3594:Archived
3541:Archived
3504:21 April
3440:Archived
3416:Archived
3328:Archived
3240:. p. 20.
3209:Archived
3203:(1986).
3165:Archived
3104:century.
3031:11721819
2916:11721819
2809:Archived
2783:Archived
2673:Archived
2532:Archived
2414:See also
2312:(1977),
2300:Lausanne
2274:. While
2175:humidity
2161:In 1845
2136:eclipses
2029:and the
2009:and the
1995:Gustav I
1862:Classic
1825:Portrait
1534:Trichome
1481:Layering
1444:infrared
1319:RAW file
1197:Nikon F3
1159:Polaroid
1126:spectrum
1122:emulsion
917:darkroom
702:positive
694:negative
674:negative
662:calotype
576:exposure
565:made by
182:enlarger
170:positive
166:negative
140:at each
134:exposure
35:reviewed
6670:Imaging
6566:Drawing
6529:Cartoon
6466:Outline
6402:Related
6094:Vietnam
6079:Ukraine
6014:Denmark
5994:Albania
5973:Tintype
5900:History
5865:Framing
5758:Rollout
5723:Panning
5673:Kirlian
5577:Wedding
5455:Glamour
5435:Fashion
5420:Eclipse
5390:Banquet
5312:Albumen
5122:Monopod
5100:fisheye
5068:softbox
4917:pinhole
4907:instant
4897:digital
4670:Tom Ang
4635:History
4395:14 June
4272:Sādhanā
4124:1574733
3970:Ng, Ren
3893:42 West
3782:24 June
3761:, p. 72
3269:28 July
3039:8185797
2994:Alhacen
2924:8185797
2865:(1990)
2789:20 June
2713:25 June
2679:25 June
2562:1 March
2460:Imaging
2130:in 1861
2079:in 2021
2034:Man Ray
1890:gallery
1596:Amateur
1471:geology
1304:silicon
1284:Cameras
1223:DCS 100
1175:Digital
1015:filters
838:125/22°
787:albumen
696:of the
688:, used
650:British
627:England
603:mercury
580:bitumen
457:British
305:History
77:is the
6561:Design
6464:
6453:
6386:street
6381:Polish
6074:Turkey
6069:Taiwan
6054:Serbia
6044:Norway
6019:Greece
6004:Canada
5598:Afocal
5557:Street
5537:Sports
5520:Selfie
5475:Nature
5430:Erotic
5395:Candid
5370:Aerial
5358:Genres
5260:medium
5137:Tripod
5105:swivel
5018:Filter
4996:holder
4991:format
4887:Camera
4808:
4794:
4780:
4752:
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4682:
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4506:
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4171:
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3757:
3749:, and
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3365:later.
3260:
3253:Silver
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3037:
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2922:
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2873:
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2820:
2757:
2704:
2647:
2608:
2512:
1997:(1976)
1908:, and
1732:models
1693:images
1655:is in
1548:edited
1349:candid
1290:Camera
1144:Agfa's
1092:mosaic
1088:plates
996:tartan
599:iodine
407:, and
356:Euclid
247:Brazil
234:graphé
206:phōtós
184:or by
130:camera
83:images
6544:Craft
6391:women
6349:Lists
6305:Fixer
6188:Pixel
6117:D-SLR
6064:Sudan
6034:Korea
6029:Japan
6024:India
6009:China
5793:Strip
5718:Night
5698:Macro
5603:Bokeh
5547:Stock
5515:Ruins
5255:large
5085:prime
5063:snoot
5023:Flash
5001:stock
4976:Drone
4937:still
4922:press
4912:phone
4902:field
4428:S2CID
4298:S2CID
4241:JSTOR
4128:S2CID
4120:JSTOR
4004:S2CID
3130:(PDF)
3123:(PDF)
3069:(PDF)
3062:(PDF)
3035:S2CID
2920:S2CID
2749:[
2202:X-ray
2025:of a
1661:prose
1602:hobby
1591:Types
1559:Other
1507:after
1357:Ascot
1353:Ticka
1302:or a
1118:Kodak
1062:plate
968:Color
951:Many
930:, or
919:with
878:X-ray
858:Kodak
668:of a
545:by a
344:Latin
227:γραφή
199:φωτός
178:print
142:pixel
126:focus
87:light
6414:film
6129:MILC
5628:ETTR
5485:Nude
5445:Fire
5344:Sync
5142:head
5090:zoom
5075:Lens
5038:gobo
4986:base
4981:Film
4952:view
4806:ISBN
4792:ISBN
4778:ISBN
4750:ISBN
4735:ISBN
4712:ISBN
4698:ISBN
4680:ISBN
4652:ISBN
4625:ISBN
4555:2016
4504:ISBN
4480:ISBN
4459:ISBN
4397:2020
4366:ISBN
4341:2015
4323:ISBN
4257:2015
4206:2016
4169:ISBN
4112:ISSN
3957:2021
3931:2021
3905:2021
3861:2017
3784:2013
3755:ISBN
3729:2022
3704:2017
3671:2017
3617:ISBN
3563:ISBN
3506:2019
3464:ISBN
3424:2015
3406:ISBN
3360:2009
3271:2013
3258:ISBN
3218:ISBN
3183:ISBN
3138:2016
3077:2016
3027:PMID
2997:Arab
2982:ISBN
2948:ISBN
2912:PMID
2904:ISSN
2871:ISBN
2844:ISBN
2818:ISBN
2791:2019
2755:ISBN
2729:link
2715:2019
2702:ISBN
2681:2019
2645:ISBN
2624:2015
2606:ISBN
2564:2024
2529:φάος
2510:ISBN
2385:gaze
2375:and
2345:crop
2294:The
2212:and
2056:and
1935:The
1880:and
1827:and
1754:nude
1657:list
1628:and
1442:and
1362:The
1248:and
1246:film
1205:Sony
1029:, a
872:or "
820:Film
607:salt
561:, a
547:lens
511:and
365:The
354:and
313:and
220:phōs
122:lens
105:and
103:film
6524:Art
6166:CCD
4947:toy
4942:TLR
4932:SLR
4772:by
4420:doi
4390:BBC
4362:192
4290:doi
4233:doi
4104:doi
4048:Art
4046:. "
3996:doi
3448:BBC
3019:doi
2896:doi
2391:Law
2324:'s
2101:or
2075:in
2036:or
2013:of
2005:of
1960:Art
1848:Art
1567:or
1536:of
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1344:).
962:RGB
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