696:
386:
561:
1190:
1022:
displacement of over 700,000 refugees, and "knowingly" manufacturing a massive humanitarian crisis. Beyond the obvious violations of human rights, Operation
Murambatsvina is striking in its abilities to literally unhinge the urban and rural poor from the collective structures integral to everyday, grounded existence in favor of dispersal, but without active state measures to reinstitute these people within governable spaces. Though Operation Murambatsvina has been seen as urbicidal, the question has been raised as to whether an urbicidal framework seeks a different subtext.
1320:. With the city as the site of urbicide, the traditional nation-state parties to international legislation might not suffice alone as stake-holders in any legal process, customary or otherwise. However, too much localizing of the criminalization of urbicide risks exonerating by inaction the governments often implicated as aggressors against the city and its citizens. It is often against their power interest to prosecute urbicide or to establish any form of judicial framework that deals explicitly with violations of such nature.
1045:
89:
829:
1103:
507:
914:
190:
1296:. It can also be argued that urbicide, as destruction of urban spaces and human habitations, is made illegal under international law and humanitarian law through the effects of other laws dealing with destruction of human-made environment and people's dependency upon it. Such laws are the rights to adequate housing, the right to life and privacy, to mental integrity, and to the freedom of movement. The most salient example of
1227:. Using the term urbicide, usually refers to violence and destruction of buildings and architecture, but when also using the UN's Declaration along with urbicide, the focus is instead on people. Looking at violent acts and observing how they affect people, their culture and their safety inevitably centers on human rights and may often carry more validity for these urbicidal acts to also be cases of human rights violations.
32:
1305:
citizens to get basic supplies such as food and water. In other cases, such as the Porta Farm evacuation and demolition of settlements by the Harare local government, there is evidence of violation of these basic human rights as specified by the
International Law and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Despite the specified violations, however, it might be useful to apply, as with
809:
classmates, books, courts of law, clothes, pets, groceries and markets, telephones, personal letters, automobiles, bicycles, horses—120 war-horses—musical instruments, medicines and medical equipment, life savings, eyeglasses, city records, sidewalks, family scrapbooks, monuments, engagements, marriages, employees, clocks and watches, public transportation, street signs, parents, works of art.
1363:, the concept of urbicide might provide a better interpretive framework for the violence inflicted upon the Sarajevo populace and their urban environment, such as the shared public space and the architecture of the city. The goal of such violence may have not been to destroy a minority population and their cultural and symbolic space, as in cases of
1255:, thousands were missing and/or executed. When using the term urbicide, human rights should be included because atrocities against the civilian population also affect the culture and feeling of the city. They must be taken into account when the urbicidal effects of bombings and military actions in the region are being examined because they show that
1276:
event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. The government forcibly removed these citizens from where they were living knowingly displaced them, leaving them without resources and access to food, shelter and health care.
1176:
From
February to June 2022, 27 Ukrainian cities were subjected to Russian shelling, bombing or street fighting every 10 days, 7 cities every fourth day, while four cities were subjected to it every second day. Moreover, cities with higher signs of Ukrainian identity were targeted the heaviest. Since
419:
writer and political theorist, acknowledges the relatively recent inception of the term urbicide, and the subsequent study of urban destruction as a distinct phenomenon. However, Berman asserts that urbicide has existed as long as cities have, calling it "the oldest story in the world." Berman cites
1181:, causing shortages of electricity and running water for millions of Ukrainians. In 2024, the UN estimated that Ukraine will need $ 486 billion for reconstructing the damage done by the Russian destruction, including for two million destroyed homes (accounting for 10% of Ukraine's housing network).
1021:
or "Operation
Restore Order" was a countrywide program of targeted violence against cities, towns, peripheral urban areas, and resettled farms, resulting in the destruction of housing, trading markets, and other "collective" structures. It was a large-scale operation, strategically resulting in the
444:
For
Euripides, even if there is no meaning in the universe, one's city itself turns out to be a source of meaning. Even if it is burning down—maybe especially when it is burning down—the bonds between us and our city can give our lives some solid value. Thus the Trojan women console themselves that
1323:
The inclusion of governments into the process is desirable, but their willingness to submit to another kind of scrutiny: particularly under the broad definitions of structural violence that often enter discourses on urbicide. They could presumably make their way into the legal discourses, as well.
1327:
The lack of explicit terminology that would address the destruction of cities in legal terms on the international level makes it unlikely that the international courts will take the issue more seriously. The problem is also with the enforcement of these laws on the international level, which have
1304:
on the civilian population of the city. Testimonies of the urbicide in
Sarajevo, in the cultural production of confessional literature during the siege, clearly show the dramatic plunge in the standard of living, the overtaking and militarization of the public space, and the daily struggle of the
1230:
The following cases are viewed here with a greater focus on the human rights aspect of them. The term urbicide can still apply, but human rights language may allow for a more familiar approach to these cases as many people are already aware of the general rights that people hold. These rights are
353:
Insofar as urbanity, and in particular the buildings that are its conditions of possibility, reveals the ineluctably shared and heterogeneous nature of existence (our being-in-common), it comprises a constant, agonistic provocation to the ontopolitics of ethnic nationalism. In order to assert its
1275:
in May 2005. Many say this breaks the UN's
Article 25 which says: Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the
803:
demonstrated the extremes of the new levels of destruction made possible by modern military technology. Five square miles of
Hiroshima were destroyed in seconds, with 90% of the city's 76,000 buildings destroyed. The urban fabric of Nagasaki faced a similar fate. A notable characteristic of the
439:
as some of the earliest recorded musings on the nature and meaning of urbicide. He cites themes such as the breakdown of everyday life, the inability to care for oneself, and the suffering of one's children and inability to care for or comfort them as persistent themes in urbicides of all eras.
348:
that which constitutes the conditions of possibility of a distinctively ‘urban’ existential quality... the urban is characterised by heterogeneity. Urbicide is thus an assault on buildings as the conditions of possibility of heterogeneity." Coward says that urbicide follows an anti-urban logic
302:
as "a coordinated plan of different actions aiming at the destruction of essential foundations of national groups, with the aim of annihilating the groups themselves". This term, however, failed to address violence not aimed at human bodies. The first recorded use of the term "urbicide" was by
819:
Also notable is the fact that the total destruction faced by the bombed cities was brief, and quickly reversed. Though total recovery took time, water and power were restored within a week and the population of
Hiroshima surged from 89,000 to 169,000 in the six months following the bombing.
808:
Destroyed, that is, were not only men, women and thousands of children but also restaurants and inns, laundries, theater groups, sports clubs, sewing clubs, boys' clubs, girls' clubs, love affairs, trees and gardens, grass, gates, gravestones, temples and shrines, family heirlooms, radios,
530:. Frank D'Hont mentions a number of cases in late 21st century Europe, and criticises how Europeans urban planners neglected the preservation of the urban fabric "in times of war and conflict" under the assumption that conflict was not a problem in modern Europe. D'Hont included the
1164:
The
Russian Army also perpetrated wanton destruction of Ukrainian cities and cultural destruction, including confiscating and burning Ukrainian books, historical archives, and damaging more than 240 Ukrainian heritage sites. 90% of Mariupol was destroyed by the Russian 2022 siege.
2188:
2536:
164:, urbicide began to emerge as a distinct legal concept in international law. The exact constraints and definition of this term continues to be debated, and because the study of urbicide intersects with a number of disciplines including international
2180:
1132:
Since 2014, the Russian military invasion has caused significant destruction of Ukrainian cities, with the goal of "destroying heterogeneous cultural and symbolic urban space and the diversity of the urban cultural heritage". During the
1754:
1945: In the single deadliest air raid of World War II, 330 American B-29s rain incendiary bombs on Tokyo, touching off a firestorm that kills upwards of 100,000 people, burns a quarter of the city to the ground, and leaves a million
1729:
1945: In the single deadliest air raid of World War II, 330 American B-29s rain incendiary bombs on Tokyo, touching off a firestorm that kills upwards of 100,000 people, burns a quarter of the city to the ground, and leaves a million
354:
appeal to an origin, ethnic nationalism thus strikes at the conditions of possibility of the agonism that constantly provokes it: the (built) things that constitute existence as fundamentally shared (a being-in-common).
1371:
of the population. Thus, the violence is not directed towards an ethnicity per se, but towards the city as a heterogeneous space where different cultural identities can live and interact without antagonism.
636:
in human history. 41 km² of central Tokyo was destroyed and a quarter of the city burned to the ground, leaving approximately 100,000 civilians dead and more than a million homeless. By comparison, the
2863:
Abujidi Nurhan and Verschure Han, “Military Occupation as Urbicide by ‘Construction & Destruction’:the Case of Nablus, Palestine”, The Arab World Geographer/Le Géographe du mond arabe, Vol.9, No.2:2006
711:
The city must completely disappear from the surface of the earth and serve only as a transport station for the Wehrmacht. No stone can remain standing. Every building must be razed to its foundation.
893:. Several sources, like the Youth Initiative for Human Rights in Serbia, described the systematic destruction of the city as urbicide. Youth Initiative for Human Rights in Serbia also criticized the
1209:
Azrieli School of Architecture said that the wanton destruction of Gaza is reducing the urban area into "an ahistorical entity, something present outside modernity and global experience".
1178:
2913:
Shaw, Martin. "New Wars of the City: ‘Urbicide' and ‘Genocide,'" in Stephen Graham, ed., Cities, War, and Terrorism: Towards an Urban Geopolitics. (London: Blackwell, 2004): 141-153.
873:. Vukovar suffered an indiscriminate bombardment, in which up to a million shells were fired on the city, Three quarters of the city's buildings were destroyed. Among them were
744:. The uprising had infuriated German leaders, who decided to make an example of the city, although Nazi Germany had long selected Warsaw for major reconstruction as part of their
2311:
2878:
Graham, Stephen. "Cities, Warfare, and States of Emergency," in Stephen Graham, ed., Cities, War, and Terrorism: Towards an Urban Geopolitics. (London: Blackwell, 2004): 1-25.
471:
a few miles away, diverting trade and population away from the ancient city. In the case of Jerusalem, a small Roman colony was established on its ruins a few decades after the
317:#59, Nova Publishing, June 1963). In the wake of the destruction of Sarajevo, the term gained more common usage, examples being found in the works of Marshall Berman (1987) and
3008:
440:
Berman also sees the breakdown of traditional norms and leadership hierarchies and a loss of meaning in life as commonalities throughout both ancient and modern literature.
1017:, while falling under the definition of urbicide as selective violence and destruction against cities, also positions urbicide outside the dynamics of genocidal warfare.
1284:
As of now there is no explicit language mentioning urbicide in international and humanitarian law. As the term has been coined and interpreted only recently, during the
445:
their loved ones died for something real, in defense of their city—unlike the Greek heroes, who lived and died for conquest, for booty, for plunder, for nothing at all.
467:(146 BCE), though these proved less than permanent. Carthage was sacked and rebuilt many times, but did not remain in ruin until Muslim armies established the port of
2021:
970:
894:
787:. The Germans destroyed 80–90% of Warsaw's buildings and deliberately demolished, burned, or stole an immense part of its cultural heritage, completely destroying
2988:
1205:
by January 2024. The devastation goes beyond material boundaries; it becomes a social and cultural catastrophe. Fatina Abreek Zubiedat, an assistant professor at
2993:
572:
1490:
2875:
Coward, Martin. "Urbicide in Bosnia," in Stephen Graham, ed., Cities, War, and Terrorism: Towards an Urban Geopolitics. (London: Blackwell, 2004): 154-171.
2454:
1243:
states that everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person and Article 5 states that no one shall be subjected to torture, or to cruel,
3018:
518:
The American cities were victims of the 1970s global recession, aggravated by the decline of government and private investment, which resulted in
106:
is a term which describes the deliberate wrecking or "killing" of a city, by direct or indirect means. It literally translates as "city-killing" (
3093:
2214:
775:
The Nazis dedicated an unprecedented effort to destroy the city. Their decision tied up considerable resources which could have been used at the
1955:
160:, the term has increasingly been used to describe violence specifically directed to the destruction of an urban area. At the conclusion of the
1288:
in the 1990s, it has not reached public consciousness and public discourse to such extent as to be an instantiated into international law. If
950:
which ended in some of the worst violence this region has ever seen. Ultimately, urbicide resulted in the complete annihilation of Sarajevo's
325:
used the term urbicide to define the violence against the city fabric, such as the destruction of the Mostar bridge, a usage consistent with
2966:
Abujidi Nurhan and Verschure, Han (2006) Military Occupation as Urbicide by “Construction and Destruction”: The Case of Nablus, Palestine.
1582:
2598:
2484:
958:
and denied thousands of civilians food, water, medicine, etc. In the wake of this violence, Sarajevo's civilians also became victims of
687:
at that point. At least 90% of the housing stock was obliterated during the first week of the bombing, with an estimated 40,000 killed.
141:, and highlight the impacts of aggressive redevelopment on the urban social experience. The term has come into being in an age of rapid
2869:
Berman, Marshall. "Falling Towers: City Life After Urbicide," in Dennis Crow, ed., Geography and Identity. (Washington, 1996): 172-192.
2319:
2423:
1259:
was more than simply destroying the physical city buildings; there was destruction of people, their safety and of their communities.
800:
638:
2763:
695:
1240:
1292:
and urbicide, however, are synonymous terms, as some theorists propose, it could be argued that urbicide is already prohibited by
358:
Urbicide therefore shares the annihilatory character of genocide, but not its focus on human beings as the object of destruction.
804:
atomic bombings was the totality of the destruction; the way that "the whole of society was laid waste to its very foundations."
1141:
destroyed even more cities in eastern Ukraine, causing a deliberate destruction of vital civilian infrastructure, including in
2998:
1999:
1874:
1798:
1637:
1592:
1565:
1455:
1224:
555:
1445:
3043:
1312:
The prospects for a codified prohibition of urbicide might benefit from differentiating the term's legal articulation from
2510:
1608:
3103:
3059:
2925:
2371:
1420:
1123:
568:
254:
149:. Though urbanization trends in the last century have led to a focus on violence and destruction in the context of the
3034:
Martin Coward, Community as heterogeneous ensemble: Mostar and multiculturalism. - paper on war in Bosnia and urbicide
3028:
2154:
2070:
2000:"Those Responsible for Crimes in Vukovar Should be Prosecuted - reconciliation must be accompanied by responsibility"
1847:
1627:
1119:
273:
226:
75:
1814:
942:
and the Yugoslav People's Army besieged Sarajevo. This region was very ethnically diverse, providing homes for both
385:
57:
1924:
1891:
1134:
1084:
1061:
1031:
629:
176:, it has been difficult for scholars and policymakers to set a finite definition which satisfies all these fields.
318:
1068:
1035:
233:
2335:"Destruction, Preservation, and Rethinking of Ukraine's Urban Cultural Heritage during the Russo-Ukrainian War"
1244:
211:
42:
2798:
2485:"Before-and-after photos show how Russia's invasion reduced a Ukrainian city to a post-apocalyptic wasteland"
1532:
1359:, where the case of genocide, as legally understood, could not be unequivocally applied to cases such as the
3048:
3098:
2025:
1231:
explicitly stated here to fully demonstrate how fundamental rights are being violated as part of urbicide:
1197:
Israeli destruction of cities in Palestine has been described as an urbicide, particularly Gaza during the
870:
780:
776:
684:
1351:
of the duty to give reparations, perhaps demonstrate the further need to distinguish between urbicide and
1173:
were similarly completely destroyed and were described as "post-apocalyptic wasteland" and "ghost towns".
373:, if they are "characterised by the widespread deliberate destruction of buildings in order to disavow of
344:, Martin Coward argues along a similar line. Coward uses the term to denote "the destruction of buildings
240:
1743:
1718:
2910:
Kanishka Goonewardena, "Colonization and the New Imperialism: On the Meaning of Urbicide Today": 1-26.
1256:
1009:
While the term "urbicide" finds its genesis in the urban destruction and targeting associated with the
901:
was indicted for, inter alia, "wanton destruction" of the city, but died before a verdict was reached.
472:
460:
397:
393:
313:
679:
in 1,600 sorties on 23 August 1943. The aerial assault on Stalingrad was the most concentrated on the
2124:
1202:
859:
729:
222:
207:
3024:
Martin Shaw, "New Wars of the City: 'urbicide' and 'genocide'" - cities in warfare past and present.
2424:"Mariupol from above: Drone footage captures crumbling city razed by relentless Russian bombardment"
2241:
1189:
560:
2623:
1268:
1013:
Wars of the early 1990s, its meaning(s) develops historically and in the present. Recent events in
2969:"American Urbicide," Andrew Herscher. Journal of Architectural Education, 60:1 (September 2006).
2450:"Pax McDonaldica before the storm: From geopolitical fault-line to urbicide in Mariupol, Ukraine"
2095:
1344:
1272:
1220:
discourse provides another lens in which we can view urbicide, especially through the use of The
1018:
986:
974:
898:
200:
53:
2866:
Moorcock, Michael. "Dead God's Homecoming", in Science Fantasy #59, Nova Publishing, (June 1963)
2648:
1367:
but to fragment the heterogeneous population of the city into homogeneous enclaves based on the
1161:’s invasion of Ukraine, Russia has engaged in a sustained and systematic campaign of urbicide".
3019:
Alan Berube and Bruce Katz, "Katrina's Window: Confronting Concentrated Poverty Across America"
2948:"Colonization and the new imperialism: on the meaning of urbicide today," Kanishka Goonewardena
1336:
1300:, where the term urbicide partly originated, clearly demonstrates the violation of these basic
1157:. It was described by the New Lines Institute as follows: "from the onset of Russian President
1039:
1010:
963:
583:
saw some of the earliest and most extreme examples of the aerial destruction of cities such as
330:
475:, but the city only surpassed its pre-war size eighteen centuries later, in the 19th century.
125:
in 1963 and later used by urban planners and architects to describe 20th century practices of
1851:
1652:
D’HONDT, FRANK. “The Transitional City: Post-Conflict Kosovo and the New Charter of Athens.”
1138:
994:
890:
704:
650:
3003:
2334:
885:, public institutions’ facilities, factories, the medieval Eltz Castle and the house of the
361:
Urbicide can also include can also include non-military forms of urban destruction, such as
1679:
1271:
were forced from their urban homes and were left to create new lives for themselves during
1076:
656:
495:
436:
2841:
2624:"100 days of war: Over 50% of Gaza buildings damaged or destroyed in Israel's bombardment"
8:
2020:
1396:
1381:
1332:
1206:
130:
3039:
The Meanings of Violence and the Violence of Meanings - various discussions of violence
2899:
2744:
1788:
1661:
761:
611:
made cities and their infrastructure into targets of war in a new and devastating way.
464:
982:
247:
2903:
2895:
2736:
2352:
1899:
1870:
1843:
1794:
1699:
1633:
1588:
1561:
1451:
1360:
1293:
1127:
1115:
1111:
1080:
990:
951:
925:
902:
882:
845:
784:
641:
on August 6, 1945, resulted in the deaths of approximately 70,000 to 150,000 people.
157:
2696:
Tayeh, Noor (3 July 2022). "Refugee Camps in Gaza: Between Upgrading and Urbicide".
2287:
1533:"The Destructive Age of Urban Warfare; or, How to Kill a City and How to Protect It"
2891:
2705:
2678:
2463:
2342:
2048:
1748:
1723:
1691:
1198:
1166:
947:
939:
905:
was also indicted in the same category and also died while awaiting trial in 2016.
720:
633:
620:
432:
425:
304:
122:
3013:
2709:
2682:
2562:"Russian attacks 'a daily destructive pattern' in Ukraine, Security Council hears"
2347:
1511:
Berman, Marshall. Crow, Dennis (ed.). "Falling Towers: City Life After Urbicide".
1474:
Berman, Marshall. Crow, Dennis (ed.). "Falling Towers: City Life after Urbicide".
1044:
663:, causing a deliberate destruction of vital civilian infrastructure, including in
49:
1864:
1142:
833:
788:
752:
741:
412:
326:
134:
118:
88:
3044:
Robert Gilman, "Structural Violence"-unequal distribution of wealth and violence
2816:
2511:"Drone footage shows how Russians destroyed one Ukrainian town in savage battle"
998:
3023:
2579:
2561:
2396:
1929:
1771:
1221:
1158:
955:
886:
850:
The siege of Vukovar was an 87-day military campaign aimed against the eastern
683:
according to Beevor, and was the single most intense aerial bombardment on the
672:
608:
600:
370:
295:
137:
in 1996 have written about urban restructuring (and destruction) in areas like
2673:
Levene, Mark (21 January 2024). "Gaza 2023: Words Matter, Lives Matter More".
3087:
3063:
3038:
2740:
2356:
2210:
2181:"UN appeals court increases Radovan Karadzic's sentence to life imprisonment"
1903:
1703:
1695:
1309:, the umbrella term urbicide for these and other cases of urban destruction.
1056:
Robert Templer and AlHakam Shaar proposed that the deliberate destruction of
769:
765:
487:
429:
405:
401:
366:
321:. In their 1992 publication "Mostar '92", a group of Bosnian architects from
161:
142:
126:
3033:
3029:
Marshall Berman, "Among the Ruins." - urbicide in New York's Bronx district
2219:
1317:
1313:
1301:
1285:
1217:
959:
866:
733:
676:
660:
580:
491:
479:
362:
169:
146:
2975:"Cities, War, and Terrorism: Towards an Urban Geopolitics," Stephen Graham
2786:
2397:"Ukraine: deliberate destruction of culture must stop, say rights experts"
1075:
as one of the cities destroyed by violent combat, joining battles such as
3053:
2580:"Ukraine recovery and reconstruction: $ 486 billion over the next decade"
2155:"Radovan Karadzic claims Bosnian Muslims 'killed own people' in Sarajevo"
935:
668:
527:
519:
97:
2872:
Bevan, Robert. The Destruction of Memory. London: Reaktion Books, 2006.
2748:
2724:
1665:
340:, as to destroy people's everyday lives is to destroy them. In his book
3077:
2534:
2468:
2449:
1391:
1146:
1102:
837:
828:
746:
664:
214: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2725:"Review of URBICIDE IN PALESTINE: SPACES OF OPPRESSION AND RESILIENCE"
2599:"The destruction of Gazaʼs historic buildings is an act of 'urbicide'"
2999:
Final Report of the UN Commission of Experts on the Siege of Sarajevo
2312:"US-backed forces succeed in making Raqqa 80 percent "uninhabitable""
1421:"Urbicide: the killing of a city is an attack on the human condition"
1368:
1094:
had been left "uninhabitable" after the battle, according to the UN.
978:
757:
604:
592:
506:
421:
389:
173:
138:
20:
2260:
1328:
previously unenforced, even the human rights laws already in place.
913:
189:
60:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
2978:"Urbicide: The politics of urban destruction", Martin Coward (2008)
1840:
Inside a Gestapo Prison: The Letters of Krystyna Wituska, 1942–1944
1386:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1306:
1297:
1289:
1150:
1014:
931:
918:
897:
in 2009 for not reaching a verdict for the destruction of Vukovar.
878:
596:
337:
299:
165:
1498:
Routledge Advances in International Relations and Global Politics
1170:
1154:
855:
851:
584:
564:
543:
531:
416:
374:
329:'s prior use of the term to describe similar acts of violence in
2026:"Milošević Indictment (IT-02-54) - paragraph 36k, 106 & 107"
1097:
1558:
Jerusalem through the ages: from its beginnings to the Crusades
1348:
1340:
1248:
1057:
874:
737:
535:
523:
483:
336:
Scholars have argued that urbicide is often closely related to
322:
2942:"Dead God's Homecoming", Science Fantasy #59, Michael Moorcock
2258:
1980:
Simmons, Cynthia (2001). "Urbicide and the myth of Sarajevo".
1680:"Getting off the ground: On the politics of urban verticality"
1067:
In 2017, retired US Army officer and urban-warfare researcher
1584:
War Victims and the Right to a City: From Damascus to Zaatari
1447:
War Victims and the Right to a City: From Damascus to Zaatari
1252:
1091:
1072:
1049:
943:
625:
588:
539:
511:
468:
308:
107:
93:
3060:"The Arab World Geographer. Volume IX, No. 2. Summer / 2006"
2764:"'Urbicide': Erasing Palestinian memory beyond Gaza's ruins"
973:(ICTY) convicted four Serb officials for numerous counts of
2945:"Falling Towers: City Life After Urbicide," Marshall Berman
2131:
2102:
1953:
1560:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 338–339.
1179:
a dozen energy facilities were destroyed by Russian attacks
946:
and Muslim Slavs. The violence is sometimes referred to as
938:, which lasted from 1992–1995 in which Serb forces of the
863:
150:
2951:"New Wars of the City: Urbicide and Genocide," Martin Shaw
2768:‘Urbicide’: Erasing Palestinian memory beyond Gaza’s ruins
2508:
1001:, were also convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment.
2022:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
1316:
law, just as urbicide conceptually separates itself from
993:
and 29 years imprisonment respectively. Their superiors,
971:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
895:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
2994:'Urbicide' in the West Bank-an article by Stephen Graham
2265:
Tvergastein Interdisciplinary Journal of the Environment
962:
offenses including rape, execution, and starvation. The
522:
described as the "age of rubble". This situation led to
450:
Marshall Berman, "Falling Towers: Life After Urbicide",
716:
630:
March 9–10, 1945, during a raid by the US Armed Forces
153:, the practice of urbicide is thousands of years old.
459:
In later times the Roman Empire imposed the complete
2960:"On the natural history of destruction," W.G. Sebald
2842:"Zimbabwe: Shattered Lives - The Case of Porta Farm"
2590:
2537:"War and the City: Lessons from Urbicide in Ukraine"
2455:
Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers
286:
The term "urbicide" has its roots in the Latin word
2369:
1744:"March 9, 1945: Burning the Heart Out of the Enemy"
1719:"March 9, 1945: Burning the Heart Out of the Enemy"
869:forces between August and November 1991 during the
632:, was subjected to the most destructive and deadly
1347:, in which the court, in February 2007, acquitted
699:A German soldier sets fire to a building in Warsaw
2799:"For First Time, Court Defines Rape as War Crime"
1790:The War of the Century: When Hitler Fought Stalin
977:which they committed during the siege, including
836:has been accompanied by destruction of the area.
3085:
2989:'Urbicide' Overview & Conference Information
2535:Kostyantyn Mezentsev, Oleksii Mezentsev (2022).
1892:"Where are the world's most war-damaged cities?"
377:in and through the constitution of antagonism."
349:inherent in the politics of ethnic nationalism:
2615:
2447:
2259:Al-Hakam Shaar, Robert Templer (January 2016).
814:Richard Rhodes, "The Making of the Atomic Bomb"
571:. The city was completely destroyed during the
494:'s leadership destroyed many cities, including
2882:Herscher, Andrew (2006). "American Urbicide".
2421:
2332:
2014:
1815:"Unsung Witnesses of the Battle of Stalingrad"
659:, the German Army destroyed several cities in
486:(1812) as examples of premodern urbicide. The
2954:"The Pentagon as global slumlord," Mike Davis
2923:
2208:
2002:. Belgrade: Women in Black. November 18, 2010
1961:. Youth Initiative for Human Rights in Serbia
1922:
1776:. United Kingdom: Penguin Books. p. 106.
1201:when more than half of Gaza's buildings were
1193:War destruction in Gaza City, 10 October 2023
1098:Avdiivka, Bakhmut, Mariupol, Marinka, Popasna
117:"to kill"). The term was first coined by the
3049:Eyal Weizman's "The Politics of Verticality"
2482:
2252:
1765:
1763:
966:government declared the siege over in 1996.
478:Other authors have cited the destruction of
1580:
1443:
1052:suffered extensive damage during the battle
723:, SS officers' conference, 17 October 1944
628:is known as the city that, on the night of
2926:"Russia's Campaign of Urbicide in Ukraine"
2596:
2372:"Russia's Campaign of Urbicide in Ukraine"
1949:
1947:
760:Central and Eastern Europe and eliminate,
2972:"The Destruction of Memory," Robert Bevan
2646:
2509:Tim Lister, Paul P. Murphy (5 May 2022).
2467:
2346:
2339:V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University
2117:
1760:
917:Heavily destroyed apartment buildings in
801:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
794:
274:Learn how and when to remove this message
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
2881:
1677:
1241:UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1188:
1101:
1043:
912:
827:
694:
559:
505:
384:
87:
2285:
2071:"Preminuo haški optuženik Goran Hadžić"
1979:
1944:
1555:
1530:
1025:
736:deliberately razed most of the city of
549:
3094:Urban studies and planning terminology
3086:
2722:
2672:
1889:
1862:
1842:, Wayne State University Press, 2006,
1819:The National WWII Museum | New Orleans
1769:
1488:
1419:Jones, Charlie Lawrence (2018-01-23).
573:Anglo-American bombing in World War II
546:, and even ghettoized areas of Paris.
2787:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
2695:
2647:Chiodelli, Francesco (18 June 2021).
2621:
2242:"Killing a city as a strategy of war"
2088:
1838:Krystyna Wituska, Irene Tomaszewski,
1625:
1418:
1335:, such as the case of reparations to
1225:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
556:Strategic bombing during World War II
380:
2152:
2146:
2125:"ICTY: Dragomir Milošević judgement"
1954:Dragan Popovic, Mario Mažić (2009).
1925:"Abroad at Home – A Lesson Too Late"
1832:
1786:
1741:
1716:
1656:, vol. 38, no. 4, 2012, pp. 551–68.
1609:"The hordes who invented 'urbicide'"
1526:
1524:
1522:
1469:
1467:
1414:
1412:
1279:
463:(70 CE) and a similarly devastating
404:shows the spoils from the destroyed
212:adding citations to reliable sources
183:
25:
2957:"City and Death," Bogdan Bogdanovic
2924:Clements-Hunt, Aaron (2022-06-07).
2370:Aaron Clements-Hunt (7 June 2022).
1869:. Simon and Schuster. p. 733.
1629:City: A Guidebook for the Urban Age
657:German invasion of the Soviet Union
526:and exodus in large areas like the
13:
2917:
2884:Journal of Architectural Education
2817:"Zimbabwe demolition images shown"
2316:AMN - Al-Masdar News | المصدر نيوز
1549:
1510:
1473:
501:
294:, meaning "to massacre". In 1944,
14:
3115:
3014:James Carrol, "Katrina's Truths."
2982:
2597:Al-Daffaie, Yousif (2024-02-20).
2261:"Urbicide or an Elegy for Aleppo"
2096:"ICTY: Stanislav Galić judgement"
2049:"Goran Hadzic: The last fugitive"
1519:
1482:
1464:
1409:
311:novella "Dead God's Homecoming" (
2896:10.1111/j.1531-314x.2006.066_8.x
2761:
2649:"The urbicide of the Gaza Strip"
2422:Emily Atkinson (19 March 2022).
2288:"Destroying Cities to Save Them"
1581:Al-Shoubaki, Hind (2022-07-07).
1444:Al-Shoubaki, Hind (2022-07-07).
1135:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
188:
30:
3080:The case for universal urbicide
3054:Robert Moses' Plan for New York
3009:Photos of the Siege of Sarajevo
2834:
2809:
2791:
2780:
2755:
2716:
2689:
2666:
2640:
2572:
2554:
2528:
2502:
2476:
2441:
2415:
2389:
2363:
2326:
2304:
2279:
2234:
2202:
2173:
2063:
2041:
1992:
1973:
1923:Anthony Lewis (March 4, 1994).
1916:
1883:
1856:
1807:
1780:
1735:
1710:
1678:Graham, Stephen; Hewitt, Lucy.
1671:
1646:
1619:
1450:. Springer Nature. p. 44.
1247:or punishment. However, 20,000
1212:
400:in 70 CE. This relief from the
199:needs additional citations for
2963:"Planet of Slums," Mike Davis.
1863:Rhodes, Richard (2012-09-18).
1632:. A&C Black. p. 333.
1601:
1574:
1504:
1437:
1251:women and girls were raped by
1245:inhuman or degrading treatment
1124:Battle of Avdiivka (2023–2024)
179:
1:
2710:10.1080/0377919X.2022.2091386
2683:10.1080/14623528.2024.2301866
2483:Sophia Ankel (7 March 2023).
2348:10.26565/2220-7929-2022-62-01
1890:Mourby, Adrian (2015-12-17).
1866:The Making of the Atomic Bomb
1770:Beevor, Antony (1999-05-06).
1402:
1262:
1234:
1120:Battle of Marinka (2022–2023)
954:. This broke down the city's
644:
3062:. 2012-02-09. Archived from
2698:Journal of Palestine Studies
2675:Journal of Genocide Research
2318:. 2017-10-20. Archived from
2286:Spencer, John (2017-08-24).
1531:Spencer, John (2019-03-28).
1184:
1032:Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)
871:Croatian War of Independence
7:
2215:"Ratko Mladic found guilty"
2153:Tran, Mark (2 March 2010).
1742:Long, Tony (9 March 2011).
1717:Long, Tony (9 March 2011).
1684:Progress in Human Geography
1375:
1036:Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)
1004:
908:
639:atomic bombing of Hiroshima
56:the claims made and adding
10:
3120:
3104:International criminal law
2622:Chase, Will (2024-01-14).
1956:"Vukovar - 18 Years After"
1793:. BBC Books. p. 142.
1109:
1106:A street in Mariupol, 2022
1064:was a form of "urbicide".
1029:
923:
843:
823:
702:
648:
618:
553:
514:before and after air raids
18:
1654:Built Environment (1978-)
730:Nazi occupation of Poland
690:
3004:Survival Map of Sarajevo
2729:The Arab Studies Journal
2448:Michael Gentile (2022).
2051:. BBC News. 20 July 2011
1696:10.1177/0309132512443147
779:and at the newly-opened
764:, or enslave the native
614:
461:destruction of Jerusalem
19:Not to be confused with
2333:Yevhen Rachkov (2022).
1787:Rees, Laurence (1999).
1668:. Accessed 6 Apr. 2023.
1489:Coward, Martin (2009).
1345:crimes against humanity
1273:Operation Murambatsvina
1019:Operation Murambatsvina
975:crimes against humanity
862:, supported by various
16:Violence against a city
1556:Magness, Jodi (2024).
1513:Geography and Identity
1476:Geography and Identity
1194:
1107:
1053:
1040:Battle of Raqqa (2017)
921:
860:Yugoslav People's Army
841:
817:
795:Hiroshima and Nagasaki
713:
700:
576:
515:
457:
452:Geography and Identity
409:
356:
290:, meaning "city", and
129:in the United States.
100:
3078:Down with the Cities!
2846:Amnesty International
2723:Taraki, Lisa (2016).
1626:Smith, P. D. (2012).
1192:
1105:
1047:
934:was a product of the
916:
831:
806:
709:
705:Destruction of Warsaw
698:
651:Bombing of Stalingrad
599:. The development of
563:
509:
442:
388:
351:
156:Especially after the
91:
2544:Geographical Journal
2292:Modern War Institute
2213:(22 November 2017).
1852:Google Print, p.xxii
1537:Modern War Institute
1203:damaged or destroyed
1087:, Aleppo and Raqqa.
1026:Aleppo, Mosul, Raqqa
550:The Second World War
208:improve this article
3099:Human rights abuses
2930:New Lines Institute
2762:Araz, Serra Deniz.
2586:. 15 February 2024.
2376:New Lines Institute
2267:. academia.edu: 109
2185:The Washington Post
1587:. Springer Nature.
1397:Structural violence
1382:Counterurbanization
1333:International court
1207:Tel Aviv University
671:with 1,000 tons of
634:non-nuclear bombing
394:razed by the Romans
131:Ada Louise Huxtable
127:urban restructuring
2803:The New York Times
2469:10.1111/tran.12576
2403:. 22 February 2023
2134:. 12 November 2009
2105:. 30 November 2006
1195:
1108:
1054:
989:were sentenced to
987:Dragomir Milošević
922:
899:Slobodan Milošević
842:
762:ethnically cleanse
701:
605:aerial bombardment
577:
516:
465:Carthaginian peace
410:
381:In premodern times
101:
41:possibly contains
1876:978-1-4391-2622-6
1800:978-0-563-38477-9
1639:978-1-4088-0191-8
1594:978-3-031-04601-8
1567:978-0-19-093780-5
1457:978-3-031-04601-8
1361:Siege of Sarajevo
1355:. In the case of
1331:Decisions of the
1294:international law
1280:International law
1267:At least 700,000
1239:Article 3 of the
1128:Battle of Bakhmut
1116:Battle of Popasna
1112:Siege of Mariupol
991:life imprisonment
952:built environment
926:Siege of Sarajevo
846:Battle of Vukovar
789:Warsaw's Old Town
785:Normandy landings
498:in Central Asia.
433:books of Jeremiah
319:Bogdan Bogdanović
284:
283:
276:
258:
158:siege of Sarajevo
86:
85:
78:
43:original research
3111:
3074:
3072:
3071:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2907:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2795:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2603:The Conversation
2594:
2588:
2587:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2568:. 11 April 2024.
2558:
2552:
2551:
2541:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2489:Business Insider
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2350:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2191:on 22 March 2019
2187:. Archived from
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2129:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2100:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1860:
1854:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1767:
1758:
1757:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1675:
1669:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1615:. 14 March 2004.
1605:
1599:
1598:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1528:
1517:
1516:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1471:
1462:
1461:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1416:
1199:Israel-Hamas war
1062:Battle of Aleppo
995:Radovan Karadžić
948:ethnic cleansing
940:Republika Srpska
891:Lavoslav Ružička
815:
724:
721:Heinrich Himmler
621:Bombing of Tokyo
581:Second World War
455:
426:The Trojan Women
305:Michael Moorcock
279:
272:
268:
265:
259:
257:
216:
192:
184:
123:Michael Moorcock
81:
74:
70:
67:
61:
58:inline citations
34:
33:
26:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3084:
3083:
3069:
3067:
3058:
2985:
2983:External links
2934:
2932:
2920:
2918:Further reading
2860:
2859:
2850:
2848:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2826:
2824:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2785:
2781:
2772:
2770:
2760:
2756:
2721:
2717:
2694:
2690:
2671:
2667:
2657:
2655:
2653:Security Praxis
2645:
2641:
2632:
2630:
2620:
2616:
2607:
2605:
2595:
2591:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2539:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2517:
2507:
2503:
2493:
2491:
2481:
2477:
2446:
2442:
2432:
2430:
2428:The Independent
2420:
2416:
2406:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2380:
2378:
2368:
2364:
2331:
2327:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2296:
2294:
2284:
2280:
2270:
2268:
2257:
2253:
2248:. 11 July 2022.
2240:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2223:
2209:Bowcott, Owen;
2207:
2203:
2194:
2192:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2162:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2080:
2078:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1982:Partisan Review
1978:
1974:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1921:
1917:
1908:
1906:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1861:
1857:
1837:
1833:
1824:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1785:
1781:
1768:
1761:
1740:
1736:
1715:
1711:
1676:
1672:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1624:
1620:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1554:
1550:
1541:
1539:
1529:
1520:
1509:
1505:
1493:
1487:
1483:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1442:
1438:
1429:
1427:
1417:
1410:
1405:
1378:
1343:government for
1282:
1265:
1237:
1215:
1187:
1130:
1110:Main articles:
1100:
1042:
1030:Main articles:
1028:
1007:
983:Stanislav Galić
928:
911:
848:
834:fall of Vukovar
826:
816:
813:
797:
756:, the plans to
753:Generalplan Ost
742:Warsaw Uprising
740:after the 1944
726:
715:
707:
693:
673:high explosives
667:. The city was
653:
647:
623:
617:
609:nuclear weapons
558:
552:
504:
502:Modern examples
456:
449:
413:Marshall Berman
408:paraded in Rome
383:
327:Marshall Berman
314:Science Fantasy
280:
269:
263:
260:
217:
215:
205:
193:
182:
135:Marshall Berman
119:science fiction
113:"city" + Latin
82:
71:
65:
62:
47:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3117:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3082:
3081:
3075:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2833:
2808:
2790:
2779:
2754:
2735:(1): 345–349.
2715:
2688:
2665:
2639:
2614:
2589:
2571:
2553:
2527:
2501:
2475:
2462:(3): 665–670.
2440:
2414:
2388:
2362:
2325:
2322:on 2019-10-20.
2303:
2278:
2251:
2233:
2211:Borger, Julian
2201:
2172:
2145:
2116:
2087:
2062:
2040:
2024:(2002-10-22).
2013:
1991:
1972:
1943:
1930:New York Times
1915:
1882:
1875:
1855:
1831:
1806:
1799:
1779:
1759:
1734:
1709:
1670:
1645:
1638:
1618:
1600:
1593:
1573:
1566:
1548:
1518:
1503:
1481:
1463:
1456:
1436:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1377:
1374:
1281:
1278:
1264:
1261:
1236:
1233:
1222:United Nations
1214:
1211:
1186:
1183:
1159:Vladimir Putin
1099:
1096:
1090:Around 80% of
1027:
1024:
1006:
1003:
956:infrastructure
924:Main article:
910:
907:
887:Nobel laureate
844:Main article:
825:
822:
811:
796:
793:
783:following the
708:
703:Main article:
692:
689:
649:Main article:
646:
643:
619:Main article:
616:
613:
554:Main article:
551:
548:
503:
500:
447:
415:, an American
382:
379:
371:gentrification
296:Raphael Lemkin
282:
281:
196:
194:
187:
181:
178:
84:
83:
66:September 2007
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3116:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3079:
3076:
3066:on 2012-02-09
3065:
3061:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2921:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2783:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2550:(3): 504–505.
2549:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2444:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2133:
2126:
2120:
2104:
2097:
2091:
2077:(in Croatian)
2076:
2072:
2066:
2050:
2044:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2001:
1995:
1988:(68): 624–30.
1987:
1983:
1976:
1957:
1950:
1948:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1919:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1878:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1859:
1853:
1849:
1848:0-8143-3294-3
1845:
1841:
1835:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1802:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1783:
1775:
1774:
1766:
1764:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1622:
1614:
1613:The Telegraph
1610:
1604:
1596:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1577:
1569:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1514:
1507:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1477:
1470:
1468:
1459:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1440:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1413:
1408:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1191:
1182:
1180:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1143:Severodonetsk
1140:
1136:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1104:
1095:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
927:
920:
915:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
865:
861:
857:
853:
847:
839:
835:
830:
821:
810:
805:
802:
792:
790:
786:
782:
781:Western Front
778:
777:Eastern Front
773:
772:populations.
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
754:
749:
748:
743:
739:
735:
731:
725:
722:
718:
712:
706:
697:
688:
686:
685:Eastern Front
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
652:
642:
640:
635:
631:
627:
622:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
574:
570:
566:
562:
557:
547:
545:
541:
537:
534:(focusing on
533:
529:
525:
524:ghettoization
521:
513:
508:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
453:
446:
441:
438:
434:
431:
430:Old Testament
427:
423:
418:
414:
407:
403:
402:Arch of Titus
399:
398:Jewish Revolt
395:
391:
387:
378:
376:
372:
368:
367:urban renewal
364:
359:
355:
350:
347:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
315:
310:
306:
301:
297:
293:
289:
278:
275:
267:
264:December 2022
256:
253:
249:
246:
242:
239:
235:
232:
228:
225: –
224:
220:
219:Find sources:
213:
209:
203:
202:
197:This section
195:
191:
186:
185:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
162:Yugoslav Wars
159:
154:
152:
148:
144:
143:globalization
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
109:
105:
99:
95:
90:
80:
77:
69:
59:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
28:
27:
22:
3068:. Retrieved
3064:the original
2933:. Retrieved
2929:
2887:
2883:
2849:. Retrieved
2845:
2836:
2825:. Retrieved
2823:. 2006-05-31
2820:
2811:
2802:
2793:
2782:
2771:. Retrieved
2767:
2757:
2732:
2728:
2718:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2674:
2668:
2656:. Retrieved
2652:
2642:
2631:. Retrieved
2627:
2617:
2606:. Retrieved
2602:
2592:
2583:
2574:
2565:
2556:
2547:
2543:
2530:
2518:. Retrieved
2514:
2504:
2492:. Retrieved
2488:
2478:
2459:
2453:
2443:
2431:. Retrieved
2427:
2417:
2405:. Retrieved
2400:
2391:
2379:. Retrieved
2375:
2365:
2338:
2328:
2320:the original
2315:
2306:
2295:. Retrieved
2291:
2281:
2269:. Retrieved
2264:
2254:
2245:
2236:
2224:. Retrieved
2220:The Guardian
2218:
2204:
2193:. Retrieved
2189:the original
2184:
2175:
2163:. Retrieved
2159:The Guardian
2158:
2148:
2136:. Retrieved
2119:
2107:. Retrieved
2090:
2079:. Retrieved
2074:
2065:
2053:. Retrieved
2043:
2032:. Retrieved
2016:
2004:. Retrieved
1994:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1963:. Retrieved
1934:. Retrieved
1928:
1918:
1907:. Retrieved
1896:The Guardian
1895:
1885:
1865:
1858:
1839:
1834:
1823:. Retrieved
1821:. 2022-09-09
1818:
1809:
1789:
1782:
1772:
1753:
1747:
1737:
1728:
1722:
1712:
1690:(1): 72–92.
1687:
1683:
1673:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1628:
1621:
1612:
1603:
1583:
1576:
1557:
1551:
1540:. Retrieved
1536:
1512:
1506:
1497:
1484:
1475:
1446:
1439:
1428:. Retrieved
1425:City Monitor
1424:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:human rights
1314:human rights
1311:
1302:human rights
1286:Yugoslav war
1283:
1266:
1257:the conflict
1238:
1229:
1218:Human rights
1216:
1213:Human rights
1196:
1177:March 2024,
1175:
1163:
1139:Russian Army
1131:
1089:
1069:John Spencer
1066:
1055:
1008:
999:Ratko Mladić
968:
960:human rights
930:Violence in
929:
903:Goran Hadžić
867:paramilitary
849:
840:was in ruins
818:
807:
798:
774:
751:
745:
734:Nazi Germany
727:
714:
710:
680:
677:incendiaries
661:Soviet Union
654:
624:
578:
569:1943 bombing
517:
492:Genghis Khan
480:Tenochtitlán
477:
458:
451:
443:
437:Lamentations
411:
363:white flight
360:
357:
352:
345:
341:
335:
312:
291:
287:
285:
270:
261:
251:
244:
237:
230:
218:
206:Please help
201:verification
198:
170:anthropology
155:
147:urbanization
133:in 1968 and
114:
110:
103:
102:
92:The city of
72:
63:
40:
2704:(3): 3–22.
2407:27 February
2381:27 February
2271:29 December
2226:25 November
2075:www.klix.ba
1936:12 November
1269:Zimbabweans
1060:during the
936:Bosnian War
858:led by the
838:Castle Eltz
750:policy and
728:During the
655:During the
601:air warfare
542:, Belfast,
528:South Bronx
520:urban decay
482:(1521) and
396:during the
180:Terminology
98:World War I
3088:Categories
3070:2022-12-28
2935:2022-08-12
2851:2022-12-28
2827:2022-12-27
2773:2024-04-17
2633:2024-04-17
2608:2024-04-17
2297:2024-02-21
2195:2019-03-20
2081:2022-12-24
2034:2010-08-01
1909:2024-03-27
1825:2023-01-02
1773:Stalingrad
1542:2024-03-27
1491:"Urbicide"
1430:2023-11-22
1403:References
1392:Ghost town
1147:Kramatorsk
1077:Stalingrad
889:scientist
747:Lebensraum
669:firebombed
665:Stalingrad
645:Stalingrad
567:after the
473:Jewish war
424:' tragedy
234:newspapers
223:"Urbicide"
50:improve it
2904:219537146
2890:: 18–20.
2741:1083-4753
2357:2220-7929
1904:0261-3077
1755:homeless.
1730:homeless.
1704:0309-1325
1369:ethnicity
1185:Palestine
979:terrorism
879:hospitals
758:Germanize
593:Hiroshima
510:Downtown
422:Euripides
390:Jerusalem
174:sociology
139:the Bronx
54:verifying
21:Herbicide
2821:BBC News
2749:44746869
2658:17 April
2246:CNE.news
1666:23289955
1387:Domicide
1376:See also
1365:genocide
1357:Sarajevo
1353:genocide
1307:genocide
1298:Sarajevo
1290:genocide
1263:Zimbabwe
1235:Sarajevo
1151:Mariupol
1048:Much of
1015:Zimbabwe
1005:Zimbabwe
932:Sarajevo
919:Sarajevo
909:Sarajevo
883:churches
854:city of
852:Croatian
812:—
681:Ostfront
597:Nagasaki
448:—
428:and the
342:Urbicide
338:genocide
300:genocide
298:defined
166:politics
104:Urbicide
2677:: 1–7.
2584:UN News
2566:UN News
2401:UN News
2165:3 March
2138:3 March
2109:3 March
2055:28 July
2006:28 July
1965:28 July
1341:Serbian
1339:by the
1171:Popasna
1167:Marinka
1155:Bakhmut
1071:listed
1011:Bosnian
964:Bosnian
875:schools
864:Serbian
856:Vukovar
824:Vukovar
585:Dresden
565:Hamburg
544:Nicosia
532:Balkans
488:Mongols
417:Marxist
375:agonism
307:in the
248:scholar
121:author
96:during
48:Please
2902:
2747:
2739:
2355:
2341:(62).
1902:
1873:
1846:
1797:
1702:
1664:
1636:
1591:
1564:
1515:: 177.
1478:: 175.
1454:
1349:Serbia
1337:Bosnia
1249:Muslim
1137:, the
1126:, and
1085:Grozny
1058:Aleppo
1038:, and
770:Slavic
766:Polish
738:Warsaw
719:chief
691:Warsaw
536:Kosovo
490:under
484:Moscow
454:(1993)
406:Temple
331:Bosnia
323:Mostar
292:occido
250:
243:
236:
229:
221:
172:, and
115:occido
2900:S2CID
2745:JSTOR
2628:Axios
2540:(PDF)
2520:6 May
2494:6 May
2433:6 May
2128:(PDF)
2099:(PDF)
2029:(PDF)
1959:(PDF)
1749:Wired
1724:Wired
1662:JSTOR
1658:JSTOR
1494:(PDF)
1253:Serbs
1092:Raqqa
1073:Mosul
1050:Raqqa
944:Serbs
626:Tokyo
615:Tokyo
589:Tokyo
540:Derry
512:Tokyo
469:Tunis
309:Elric
255:JSTOR
241:books
108:Latin
94:Ypres
2737:ISSN
2660:2024
2522:2023
2496:2023
2435:2023
2409:2023
2383:2023
2353:ISSN
2273:2016
2228:2017
2167:2010
2161:. UK
2140:2010
2132:ICTY
2111:2010
2103:ICTY
2057:2011
2008:2011
1967:2011
1938:2010
1900:ISSN
1871:ISBN
1844:ISBN
1795:ISBN
1700:ISSN
1634:ISBN
1589:ISBN
1562:ISBN
1452:ISBN
1169:and
1153:and
997:and
985:and
969:The
832:The
799:The
768:and
675:and
607:and
603:and
595:and
579:The
496:Merv
435:and
392:was
288:urbs
227:news
151:city
145:and
111:urbs
2892:doi
2706:doi
2679:doi
2515:CNN
2464:doi
2343:doi
1692:doi
1081:Huế
538:),
369:or
346:qua
210:by
52:by
3090::
2928:.
2898:.
2888:60
2886:.
2844:.
2819:.
2801:.
2766:.
2743:.
2733:24
2731:.
2727:.
2702:51
2700:.
2651:.
2626:.
2601:.
2582:.
2564:.
2548:93
2546:.
2542:.
2513:.
2487:.
2460:48
2458:.
2452:.
2426:.
2399:.
2374:.
2351:.
2337:.
2314:.
2290:.
2263:.
2244:.
2217:.
2183:.
2157:.
2130:.
2101:.
2073:.
1984:.
1946:^
1927:.
1898:.
1894:.
1850:,
1817:.
1762:^
1752:.
1746:.
1727:.
1721:.
1698:.
1688:37
1686:.
1682:.
1660:,
1611:.
1535:.
1521:^
1496:.
1466:^
1423:.
1411:^
1149:,
1145:,
1122:,
1118:,
1114:,
1083:,
1079:,
1034:,
981:.
881:,
877:,
791:.
732:,
717:SS
591:,
587:,
365:,
333:.
168:,
3073:.
2938:.
2906:.
2894::
2854:.
2830:.
2805:.
2776:.
2751:.
2712:.
2708::
2685:.
2681::
2662:.
2636:.
2611:.
2524:.
2498:.
2472:.
2466::
2437:.
2411:.
2385:.
2359:.
2345::
2300:.
2275:.
2230:.
2198:.
2169:.
2142:.
2113:.
2084:.
2059:.
2037:.
2010:.
1986:3
1969:.
1940:.
1912:.
1879:.
1828:.
1803:.
1706:.
1694::
1642:.
1597:.
1570:.
1545:.
1500:.
1460:.
1433:.
575:.
277:)
271:(
266:)
262:(
252:·
245:·
238:·
231:·
204:.
79:)
73:(
68:)
64:(
46:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
