630:
482:
738:
702:
410:
774:
506:
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and this was further boosted by especially good agricultural production in 1879. The view that a single recession lasted from 1873 to 1896 or 1897 is not supported by most modern reviews of the period. It has even been suggested that the trough of this business cycle may have occurred as early as 1875. In fact, from 1869 to 1879, the US economy grew at a rate of 6.8% for real net national product (NNP) and 4.5% for real NNP per capita. Real wages were flat from 1869 to 1879, while from 1879 to 1896, nominal wages rose 23% and prices fell 4.2%.
1229:
product growth of 6.8 percent per year in this period, and a phenomenal rise of 4.5 percent per year in real product per capita. Even the alleged "monetary contraction" never took place, the money supply increasing by 2.7 percent per year in this period. From 1873 through 1878, before another spurt of monetary expansion, the total supply of bank money rose from $ 1.964 billion to $ 2.221 billion – a rise of 13.1 percent or 2.6 percent per year. In short, a modest but definite rise, and scarcely a contraction.
1582:
including the United States, Germany, France, and Italy, reported more markedly positive trends in both nominal and real per capita income figures. Profits generally were also not adversely affected by deflation, although they declined (particularly in the UK) in industries struggling against superior, foreign competition. Furthermore, some economists argue a falling general price level is not inherently harmful to an economy and cite the economic growth of the period as evidence. As economist
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976:
666:
434:
458:
1578:
money supply increasing by 2.7 percent per year. From 1873 through 1878, before another spurt of monetary expansion, the total supply of bank money rose from $ 1.964 billion to $ 2.221 billion, a rise of 13.1 percent, or 2.6 percent per year. In short, it was a modest but definite rise, not a contraction. Although per-capita nominal income declined very gradually from 1873 to 1879, that decline was more than offset by a gradual increase over the course of the next 17 years.
136:
5509:
1591:
when government and the banking system do not increase the money supply very rapidly, freemarket capitalism will result in an increase of production and economic growth so great as to swamp the increase of money supply. Prices will fall, and the consequences will be not depression or stagnation, but prosperity (since costs are falling, too), economic growth, and the spread of the increased living standard to all the consumers.
529:
594:
1606:
equivalent "harvest of technological advances... so general in their application and so radical in their implications". That is why, notwithstanding the dire predictions of many eminent economists, the UK did not end up paralyzed by strikes and lockouts. Falling prices did not mean falling money wages. Instead of inspiring large numbers of workers to go on strike, falling prices were inspiring them to go shopping.
5519:
1211:
investigators; half its members were utterly inexperienced, several others discredited, one was even disgraced. The personnel of the departments was largely demoralized. The party that autumn appealed for votes on the implicit ground that the next
Administration would be totally unlike the one in office. In its centennial year, a year of deepest economic depression, the nation drifted almost rudderless.
184:, which stimulated mining investment but increased supply as demand was falling. Silver miners arrived at US mints, unaware of the ban on production of silver coins, only to find their product no longer welcome. By September, the US economy was in a crisis, deflation causing banking panics and destabilizing business investment, climaxing in the
353:, the Long Depression affected different countries at different times, at different rates, and some countries accomplished rapid growth over certain periods. Globally, however, the 1870s, 1880s, and 1890s were a period of falling price levels and rates of economic growth significantly below the periods preceding and following.
1512:
that benefited from improved methods of manufacturing and transportation. Goods produced by craftsmen and many services did not decrease in value, and the cost of labor actually increased. Also, deflation did not occur in countries that did not have modern manufacturing, transportation, and communications.
1506:
Some of these changes have been destructive, and all of them have inevitably occasioned, and for a long time yet will continue to occasion, great disturbances in old methods, and entail losses of capital and changes in occupation on the part of individuals. And yet the world wonders, and commissions
1418:
In the United States, beginning in 1878, the rebuilding, extending, and refinancing of the western railways, commensurate with the wholesale giveaway of water, timber, fish, minerals in what had previously been Indian territory, characterized a rising market. This led to the expansion of markets and
216:. The Northern Pacific railway had been given 40 million acres (160,000 km) of public land in the Western United States and Cooke sought $ 100,000,000 in capital for the company; the bank failed when the bond issue proved unsalable, and was shortly followed by several other major banks. The
1600:
Prices certainly fell, but almost every other index of economic activity β output of coal and pig iron, tonnage of ships built, consumption of raw wool and cotton, import and export figures, shipping entries and clearances, railway freight clearances, joint-stock company formations, trading profits,
1228:
The 1880s saw an extraordinarily large expansion of industry, of railroads, of physical output, of net national product, and real per capita income. As
Friedman and Schwartz admit, the decade from 1869 to 1879 saw a 3-percent-per annum increase in money national product, an outstanding real national
932:
after the end of the Franco-Prussian War, the destruction of the French banking industry wrought by the crash cast a pall over the financial sector that lasted until the dawn of the 20th century. French finances were further sunk by failing investments abroad, principally in railroads and buildings.
1300:
As a result of the protectionist policies enacted by the world's major trading nations, the global merchant marine fleet posted no significant growth from 1870 to 1890 before it nearly doubled in tonnage in the prewar economic boom that followed. Only the United
Kingdom and the Netherlands remained
1151:
increased 3 percent per year from 1869 to 1879 and real national product grew at 6.8 percent per year during that time frame. However, since between 1869 and 1879 the population of the United States increased by over 17.5 percent, per capita NNP growth was lower. Following the end of the episode in
1511:
Wells notes that many of the government inquiries on the "depression of prices" (deflation) found various reasons such as the scarcity of gold and silver. Wells showed that the US money supply actually grew over the period of the deflation. Wells noted that deflation lowered the cost of only goods
1439:
In the United States, the
National Bureau of Economic Analysis dates the recession through March 1879. In January 1879, the United States returned to the gold standard which it had abandoned during the Civil War; according to economist Rendigs Fels, the gold standard put a floor to the deflation,
1215:
Recovery began in 1878. The mileage of railroad track laid down increased from 2,665 mi (4,289 km) in 1878 to 11,568 in 1882. Construction began recovery by 1879; the value of building permits increased two and a half times between 1878 and 1883, and unemployment fell to 2.5% in spite of
1174:
The sectors which experienced the most severe declines in output were manufacturing, construction, and railroads. The railroads had been a tremendous engine of growth in the years before the crisis, yielding a 50% increase in railroad mileage from 1867 to 1873. After absorbing as much as 20% of US
1590:
Unfortunately, most historians and economists are conditioned to believe that steadily and sharply falling prices must result in depression: hence their amazement at the obvious prosperity and economic growth during this era. For they have overlooked the fact that in the natural course of events,
1224:
in 1884, when multiple New York banks collapsed; simultaneously, in 1883β1884, tens of millions of dollars of foreign-owned
American securities were sold out of fears that the United States was preparing to abandon the gold standard. This financial panic closed eleven New York banks, more than a
1219:
Business profits declined briefly between 1882 and 1884. The recovery in railroad construction reversed itself, falling from 11,569 mi (18,619 km) of track laid in 1882 to 2,866 mi (4,612 km) of track laid in 1885; the price of steel rails collapsed from $ 71/ton in 1880 to $
1577:
have noted, the decade from 1869 to 1879 saw a growth of 3 percent per year in money national product, an outstanding real national product growth of 6.8 percent per year, and a rise of 4.5 percent per year in real product per capita. Even the alleged "monetary contraction" never took place, the
369:
fell by nearly 50 percent in just the five years from 1872 to 1877, imposing great hardship on farmers and planters. This collapse provoked protectionism in many countries, such as France, Germany, and the United States, while triggering mass emigration from other countries such as Italy, Spain,
92:
dates the contraction following the panic as lasting from
October 1873 to March 1879. At 65 months, it is the longest-lasting contraction identified by the NBER, eclipsing the Great Depression's 43 months of contraction. In the United States, from 1873 to 1879, 18,000 businesses went bankrupt,
1605:
A large part at least of the deflation commencing in the 1870s was a reflection of unprecedented advances in factory productivity. Real unit production costs for most final goods dropped steadily throughout the 19th century and especially from 1873 to 1896. At no previous time had there been an
1138:
In the United States, the Long
Depression began with the Panic of 1873. The National Bureau of Economic Research dates the contraction following the panic as lasting from October 1873 to March 1879. At 65 months, it is the longest-lasting contraction identified by the NBER, eclipsing the Great
1581:
Furthermore, real per capita income either stayed approximately constant (1873β1880; 1883β1885) or rose (1881β1882; 1886β1896), so the average consumer appears to have been considerably better off at the end of the "depression" than before. Studies of other countries where prices also tumbled,
1565:
Other economic historians have complained about the characterization of this period as a "depression" because of conflicting economic statistics that cast doubt on this interpretation. They note it saw a relatively large expansion of industry, of railroads, of physical output, of net national
1210:
Various administrations have closed in gloom and weakness ... but no other has closed in such paralysis and discredit as (in all domestic fields) did Grant's. The
President was without policies or popular support. He was compelled to remake his Cabinet under a grueling fire from reformers and
1595:
Accompanying the overall growth in real prosperity was a marked shift in consumption from necessities to luxuries: by 1885, "more houses were being built, twice as much tea was being consumed, and even the working classes were eating imported meat, oranges, and dairy produce in quantities
1225:
hundred small state banks, and led to defaults on at least $ 32 million worth of debt. Unemployment, which had stood at 2.5% between recessions, surged to 7.5% in 1884β1885, and 13% in the northeastern United States, even as immigration plunged in response to deteriorating labor markets.
1542:, argues that the long depression was only a misunderstood recession since real wages and production were actually increasing throughout the period. Like Friedman, he attributes falling prices to the resumption of a deflationary gold standard in the U.S. after the Civil War.
227:
then returned to Europe, provoking a second panic in Vienna and further failures in continental Europe before receding. France, which had been experiencing deflation in the years preceding the crash, was spared financial calamity for the moment, as was the United
Kingdom.
1163:, increasing by nearly a quarter between 1865 and 1873, they stagnated until the 1880s, posting no real growth, before resuming their robust rate of expansion in the later 1880s. The collapse of cotton prices devastated the already war-ravaged economy of the
1493:
The economic changes that have occurred during the last quarter of a century – or during the present generation of living men – have unquestionably been more important and more varied than during any period of the world's
912:
sent France careening into depression, one which "lasted longer and probably cost France more than any other in the 19th century". The Union GΓ©nΓ©rale, a French bank, failed in 1882, prompting the French to withdraw three million pounds from the
1533:
as a contributor to the recovery. This forced shift into a currency whose supply was limited by nature, unable to expand with demand, caused a series of economic and monetary contractions that plagued the entire period of the Long
Depression.
8309:
286:
was met with great opposition by farmers and miners, as silver was seen as more of a monetary benefit to rural areas than to banks in big cities. In addition, there were US citizens who advocated the continuance of government-issued
191:
The Panic of 1873 has been described as "the first truly international crisis". The optimism that had been driving booming stock prices in central Europe had reached a fever pitch, and fears of a bubble culminated in a panic in
255:
started to fall causing considerable losses of asset values; by most accounts, after 1879 production was growing, thus further putting downward pressure on prices due to increased industrial productivity, trade and competition.
961:
The Russian experience was similar to the US experience – three separate recessions, concentrated in manufacturing, occurred in the period (1874β1877, 1881β1886, and 1891β1892), separated by periods of recovery.
7198:
356:
Between 1870 and 1890, iron production in the five largest producing countries more than doubled, from 11 million tons to 23 million tons, steel production increased twentyfold (half a million tons to 11 million tons), and
1246:, many of which then were derailed or stunted by the impacts of economic uncertainty. The extraordinary collapse of farm prices provoked a protectionist response in many nations. Rejecting the free trade policies of the
5677:
1170:
Thousands of American businesses failed, defaulting on more than a billion dollars of debt. One in four laborers in New York were out of work in the winter of 1873β1874 and, nationally, a million became unemployed.
4521:
3268:
1481:
in which he documents changes in trade, such as triple expansion steam shipping, railroads, the effect of the international telegraph network and the opening of the Suez Canal. Wells gives numerous examples of
1175:
capital investment in the years preceding the crash, this expansion came to a dramatic end in 1873; between 1873 and 1878, the total amount of railroad mileage in the United States barely increased at all.
1182:
was a typical casualty of the financial crisis. Chartered in 1865 in the aftermath of the American Civil War, the bank had been established to advance the economic welfare of America's newly emancipated
38:
and running either through March 1879, or 1896, depending on the metrics used. It was most severe in Europe and the United States, which had been experiencing strong economic growth fueled by the
1477:(1890) wrote of the technological advancements during the period 1870β1890, which included the Long Depression. Wells gives an account of the changes in the world economy transitioning into the
1155:
The dramatic shift in prices mauled nominal wages – in the United States, nominal wages declined by one-quarter during the 1870s, and as much as one-half in some places, such as
1550:
Most economic historians see this period as negative for the most industrial nations. Many argue that most of the stagnation was caused by a monetary contraction caused by abandonment of the
5020:
7543:
3261:
5792:
271:. Railway overbuilding and weak markets collapsed the bubble in 1873. Both the Union Pacific and the Northern Pacific lines were central to the collapse; another railway bubble was the
8455:
8022:
7946:
7834:
7773:
7722:
65:. While it was occurring, the view was prominent that the British economy had been in continuous depression from 1873 to as late as 1896 and some texts refer to the period as the
7458:
7444:
251:. The U.S. government was taking money out of circulation to achieve this goal, therefore there was less available money to facilitate trade. Because of this monetary policy the
3254:
2917:
The History of the Great Riots: The Strikes and Riots on the Various Railroads of the United States and in the Mining Regions Together with a Full History of the Molly Maguires
200:
began on May 8, 1873, and continued until May 10, when the exchange was closed; when it was reopened three days later, the panic seemed to have faded, and appeared confined to
4526:
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in Scotland arose through a combination of fraud and speculative investments in Australian and New Zealand companies (agriculture and mining) and in American railroads.
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4674:
8085:
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their currencies, to save money. The demonetization of silver by European and North American governments in the early 1870s was certainly a contributing factor. The US
385:
Many countries experienced significantly lower growth rates relative to what they had experienced earlier in the 19th century and to what they experienced afterwards:
8664:
8421:
8065:
4270:
243:
payments to Germany. The primary cause of the price depression in the United States was the tight monetary policy that the United States followed to get back to the
1507:
of great states inquire, without coming to definite conclusions, why trade and industry in recent years has been universally and abnormally disturbed and depressed.
874:. It has been argued that economic situation and the view of new wealth in the nitrate was the true reason for the Chilean elite to go into war with its neighbors.
109:, and the Β£200 million indemnity imposed on France led to an inflationary investment boom in Germany and Central Europe. New technologies in industry such as the
7789:
5479:
5290:
4245:
4217:
4162:
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The United Kingdom, which had previously experienced crises every decade since the 1820s, was initially less affected by this financial crisis, even though the
8624:
8526:
8060:
7609:
7579:
7339:
5692:
7738:
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8153:
1596:
unprecedented". The change in working class incomes and tastes was symbolized by "the spectacular development of the department store and the chain store".
5411:
4152:
1525:, on the other hand, blamed this prolonged economic crisis on the imposition of a new gold standard, part of which he referred to by its traditional name,
905:
to the Germans and was already reeling when the 1873 crash occurred. The French adopted a policy of deliberate deflation while paying off the reparations.
8402:
4142:
1689:
8397:
7240:
4147:
849:
If a new mining discovery or some novelty of that sort does not come to improve the actual situation, the crisis that has long been felt, will worsen
101:
The period preceding the depression was dominated by several major military conflicts and a period of economic expansion. In Europe, the end of the
8335:
7031:
5391:
3417:
3277:
1483:
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was causing large shifts in the economies of many states, imposing transition costs, which may also have played a role in causing the depression.
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5851:
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307:
were huge silver producers with productive mines, and for a few years mining abated. Resumption of silver dollar coinage was authorized by the
7584:
5522:
5362:
8271:
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believed that the Panic of 1873 and the severity of the contractions which followed it could be explained by debt and deflation and that a
3216:
5357:
4210:
671:
439:
7094:
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4020:
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6832:
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6244:
6207:
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6167:
5662:
5332:
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2554:
Milton Friedman, Anna Jacobson Schwartz. A monetary history of the United States, 1867β1960. Princeton University Press, 1971. p. 37
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5927:
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and a brief post-war recession (1865β1867) gave way to an investment boom, focused especially on railroads on public lands in the
7604:
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6884:
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5937:
4506:
4501:
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3490:
3281:
1651:
1635:
1521:
1242:
The period preceding the Long Depression had been one of increasing economic internationalism, championed by efforts such as the
1011:
70:
1220:
20/ton in 1884. Manufacturing again collapsed – durable goods output fell by a quarter again. The decline became
8298:
7344:
6951:
6919:
6708:
6668:
6507:
6400:
6306:
6152:
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5034:
4969:
4466:
4401:
4203:
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3588:
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150:
In 1873, during a decline in the value of silver – exacerbated by the end of the German Empire's production of
7219:
7059:
7001:
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6842:
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6723:
6703:
6589:
6554:
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6301:
6291:
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7690:
7190:
7079:
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7018:
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6909:
6889:
6862:
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6693:
6683:
6631:
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6611:
6579:
6497:
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6343:
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6239:
6224:
6162:
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5234:
4109:
1824:
89:
61:
The United Kingdom was the hardest hit; during this period it lost some of its large industrial lead over the economies of
3153:
2308:(1992), "Crisis econΓ³mica y expansiΓ³n territorial : la ocupaciΓ³n de la AraucanΓa en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX",
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6879:
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6755:
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6009:
5980:
5975:
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5956:
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and Chilean copper was largely replaced in international markets by copper from the United States and Spain. Income from
8752:
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8742:
8588:
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7449:
7054:
6929:
6924:
6894:
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1690:
The Long Depression β the First Great Depression (America's Economic History. Posted Jul 16, 2015 by Martin Armstrong)
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in an attempt to sell assets and increase capital reserves; that selloff would trigger a collapse in asset prices and
321:
believe that the 1873 depression was caused by shortages of gold that undermined the gold standard, and that the 1848
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2811:
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2635:
2504:
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2432:
2405:
2381:
2339:
2251:
2191:
2166:
2135:
2104:
2066:
2029:
1992:
1800:
1502:, the decline of craftsmen, and the displacement of agricultural workers. About the whole 1870β90 period Wells said:
1352:
4496:
1701:
Rosenberg, Hans (1943). "Political and Social Consequences of the Great Depression of 1873β1896 in Central Europe".
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1879, the U.S. economy would remain unstable, experiencing recessions for 114 of the 253 months until January 1901.
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6182:
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5079:
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953:. As France was Italy's biggest investor, the liquidation of French assets in the country was especially damaging.
180:
in the United States. It also drove down silver prices further, even as new silver mines were being established in
1463:, which would in turn prompt financial institutions to sell off more assets, only to further deflation and strain
8717:
8385:
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7323:
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5262:
5207:
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4295:
4069:
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plummeted to the lowest levels experienced by France in the latter half of the 19th century. After a boom in new
1625:
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5474:
5379:
5285:
5138:
4986:
4974:
4895:
4381:
3803:
2966:
1407:
1322:
990:
886:
8505:
8204:
8070:
7695:
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7393:
5990:
5761:
5396:
5305:
5244:
5170:
4957:
4937:
4716:
4240:
4226:
3831:
3547:
1348:
949:
broke out between France and Italy after 1887, damaging Franco-Italian relations which had prospered during
361:
development boomed. But at the same time, prices in several markets collapsed – the price of
8712:
8163:
8131:
8017:
7880:
7768:
7651:
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7490:
7483:
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7147:
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7137:
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7127:
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4814:
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4307:
3713:
3113:
Recent Economic Changes and Their Effect on Production and Distribution of Wealth and Well-Being of Society
1671:
1478:
1420:
338:
39:
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8691:
8649:
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7814:
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5295:
5275:
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4327:
4027:
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3741:
312:
8050:
7850:
7809:
7753:
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5106:
4312:
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4059:
3914:
3909:
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909:
236:
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1498:
Other changes Wells mentions are reductions in warehousing and inventories, elimination of middlemen,
1351:. This led to widespread unrest and often violence in many major cities and industrial hubs including
882:
268:
8552:
8442:
8362:
8322:
7992:
7700:
7548:
7292:
7262:
5682:
5126:
4964:
4900:
4890:
4885:
4104:
4094:
3841:
1486:
increases in various industries and discusses the problems of excess capacity and market saturation.
1360:
925:
46:. The episode was labeled the "Great Depression" at the time, and it held that designation until the
263:, which was paper currency issued to pay for the Civil War and rampant fraud in the building of the
8158:
8045:
7824:
7424:
7419:
7235:
7230:
4391:
3994:
3782:
3128:
Recent Economic Changes and Their Effect on Distribution of Wealth and Well Being of Society Wells.
1356:
213:
2305:
1601:
consumption per head of wheat, meat, tea, beer, and tobacco β all of these showed an upward trend.
878:
8654:
8473:
8251:
8235:
8126:
7967:
7804:
7743:
7434:
7213:
4799:
4386:
4337:
4099:
4089:
4079:
4074:
4064:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3455:
1646:
1368:
326:
217:
4584:
2659:
8629:
8518:
8352:
8137:
7794:
5756:
5484:
3846:
3776:
3608:
2938:
2932:
2860:
2854:
2158:
2152:
2096:
2090:
2058:
2052:
1401:, as the western powers sought new markets for their surplus accumulated capital. According to
1372:
1310:
1167:. Although farm prices fell dramatically, American agriculture continued to expand production.
1164:
1071:
295:) to avoid deflation and promote exports. The western US states were outraged –
169:
2972:
2216:
1896:
1792:
1780:
920:
The financial crisis was compounded by diseases impacting the wine and silk industries French
8603:
8539:
8148:
8002:
7962:
7917:
7267:
5886:
5239:
5229:
4996:
4844:
4711:
4689:
4622:
4426:
4332:
4032:
4015:
4010:
3999:
3962:
3957:
3951:
3562:
3531:
3429:
3140:
1336:
1270:
1258:
635:
487:
308:
264:
118:
7464:
7366:
7179:
5856:
5782:
5731:
5219:
5212:
4867:
4804:
4776:
4751:
4746:
4721:
4679:
4481:
4436:
4431:
4260:
3598:
3443:
1247:
1243:
1148:
1024:
934:
921:
558:
322:
173:
113:
were being rapidly applied; railroads were booming. In the United States, the end of the
20:
1880:
8:
8762:
8727:
8481:
8408:
8342:
8303:
8220:
8143:
7931:
7758:
7705:
7639:
7553:
7531:
7511:
7313:
7246:
5657:
5605:
4839:
4794:
4786:
4731:
4639:
4574:
4265:
3697:
3552:
3460:
3412:
3380:
3361:
1559:
1551:
1526:
1412:
1398:
1332:
1082:
Estimated declines in United States manufacturing output in selected sectors (1872β1876)
1035:
950:
898:
838:
830:
311:
of 1878. The resumption of the US government buying silver was enacted in 1890 with the
283:
279:
232:
224:
161:
157:
102:
3111:
2915:
8415:
8243:
8227:
8189:
8080:
7997:
7982:
7972:
7911:
7865:
7645:
7634:
7225:
6034:
5564:
4915:
4905:
4872:
4771:
4741:
4634:
4609:
4569:
4182:
4167:
4157:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4116:
3434:
3402:
3187:"A History of Money and Banking in the United States: The Colonial Era to World War II"
3047:
3005:
2652:
2537:
1933:
Michael Edelstein, "The determinants of UK investment abroad, 1870β1913: the US case."
1863:
1761:
1753:
1718:
1714:
1499:
1318:
1160:
1031:
871:
333:
helped alleviate such crises. Other analyses have pointed to developmental surges (see
330:
292:
248:
114:
110:
62:
43:
2276:
Historia contemporΓ‘nea de Chile III. La economΓa: mercados empresarios y trabajadores.
8608:
8462:
8121:
7711:
7477:
7282:
5995:
5777:
4684:
4654:
3903:
3897:
3891:
3497:
3470:
3407:
3395:
3356:
3325:
3117:
3090:
3084:
3051:
2976:
2942:
2894:
2864:
2833:
2827:
2807:
2780:
2753:
2693:
2663:
2631:
2500:
2494:
2458:
2452:
2428:
2401:
2377:
2371:
2335:
2247:
2220:
2209:
2187:
2162:
2131:
2100:
2062:
2025:
2021:
2015:
1988:
1982:
1796:
1765:
1290:
1274:
1192:
168:. This measure, referred to by its opponents as "the Crime of 1873" and the topic of
2723:
1467:. Fisher believed that had governments or private enterprise embarked on efforts to
8565:
8512:
8392:
8379:
8369:
8329:
8111:
8055:
8012:
8007:
7923:
7799:
7470:
7277:
5866:
5844:
5834:
5600:
5469:
4910:
4859:
4669:
4649:
3984:
3979:
3825:
3814:
3475:
3465:
3375:
3335:
3330:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3039:
2529:
1855:
1745:
1736:
Musson, A. E. (1959). "The Great Depression in Britain, 1873β1896: A Reappraisal".
1710:
1620:
1574:
1530:
1474:
1325:
1251:
1199:
902:
779:
511:
350:
58:, it did not have the severe economic retrogression of the later Great Depression.
47:
5197:
1262:
8669:
8559:
8482:
The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution
8374:
8264:
8199:
8090:
7906:
7870:
7388:
5839:
5590:
5165:
5086:
4491:
4446:
4416:
4290:
4053:
4043:
3793:
3315:
2279:
1656:
1641:
1583:
1570:
1535:
1516:
1452:
1394:
1384:
1317:
Bill of 1874 designed to confront the issue of falling prices by injecting fresh
1187:. In the early 1870s, the bank had joined in the speculative fever, investing in
1140:
1047:
1017:
929:
914:
863:
814:
743:
371:
334:
252:
240:
201:
4195:
1411:(1951), the "unlimited expansion of power" followed the "unlimited expansion of
1269:
aristocracy, under attack by cheap, imported grain, successfully agitated for a
854:
842:
821:
crashed. In Hungary, the panic of 1873 terminated a mania of railroad-building.
818:
197:
8533:
8357:
7682:
5871:
5861:
5595:
5192:
4736:
4476:
4364:
4255:
4250:
3342:
3320:
1254:
599:
205:
3043:
1819:
1749:
1064:
8706:
8634:
8598:
8499:
8194:
7977:
7941:
7901:
5876:
5726:
5069:
4849:
4627:
4579:
4559:
4471:
3770:
3764:
3755:
3749:
3691:
3682:
3673:
3655:
3644:
3632:
3602:
3424:
3186:
2962:
2448:
2048:
1978:
1784:
1666:
1661:
1615:
1555:
1529:. Additionally, Friedman pointed to the expansion of the gold supply through
1464:
1448:
1428:
1402:
1278:
1221:
1144:
1095:
1059:
1039:
707:
463:
415:
272:
244:
185:
165:
142:
on the Fourth National Bank, No. 20 Nassau Street, New York City, 1873. From
130:
106:
85:
81:
35:
5096:
1191:
and unsecured loans to railroads; its collapse in 1874 was a severe blow to
870:, into existence through the conquest of Bolivian and Peruvian lands in the
8674:
8644:
8436:
8075:
7987:
7763:
7526:
7403:
5881:
5819:
5804:
5799:
5187:
4834:
4706:
3514:
3507:
3502:
3371:
3366:
3310:
2715:
1456:
1203:
1156:
1119:
177:
3217:"Less Than Zero β The Case for a Falling Price Level in a Growing Economy"
8467:
7875:
5714:
5709:
5704:
4878:
4726:
4701:
4694:
4515:
4342:
3924:
3480:
3439:
3385:
2913:
2283:
2011:
1891:
James R. Vernon, "Unemployment rates in postbellum America: 1869β1899."
1423:
of railroad owners, which culminated in the genteel 1880s and 1890s. The
1390:
1188:
867:
552:
260:
135:
3240:
3025:"An Improved Annual Chronology of U.S.; Business Cycles since the 1790s"
3024:
1881:
The Economic Performance Index (EPI), Vadim Khramov and John Ridings Lee
1159:. Although real wages had enjoyed robust growth in the aftermath of the
845:, president of Chile in 1878, expressed his concerns the following way:
8593:
8449:
4554:
3708:
3173:
Friedman, Schwartz. A Monetary History of the United States: 1867β1960.
3009:
2541:
1867:
1757:
1722:
1630:
1424:
1286:
1074:
946:
318:
288:
3235:
Samuel Bernstein, "American Labor in the Long Depression, 1873β1878,"
897:
France's experience was somewhat unusual. Having been defeated in the
7860:
5814:
5533:
4441:
3519:
3450:
3351:
3347:
1468:
1460:
1427:
was the outcome for the few rich. The cycle repeated itself with the
1314:
834:
209:
55:
51:
31:
2533:
2451:, Thomas F. Cooley (1997). "Business cycles in Russia (1700β1914)".
1859:
908:
While the United States resumed growth for a time in the 1880s, the
365:
in 1894 was only a third what it had been in 1867, and the price of
8659:
5809:
5787:
2493:
David Glasner, Thomas F. Cooley (1997). "Depression of 1873β1879".
2370:
David Glasner, Thomas F. Cooley (1997). "Depression of 1882β1885".
1347:
The United States endured its first nationwide strike in 1877, the
1184:
1043:
358:
300:
139:
1042:
affected by depressed producer prices and high rents launched the
5489:
3083:
David Glasner, Thomas F. Cooley (1997). "Debt-deflation theory".
1339:, a similar but more successful attempt to promote "easy money".
7445:
Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866
829:
In the late 1870s the economic situation in Chile deteriorated.
208:, September 18, 1873, after the failure of the banking house of
164:
of the United States, forcing it for the first time onto a pure
4511:
3082:
2597:
2492:
2447:
2369:
1977:
1321:
into the money supply. Under pressure from business interests,
1266:
534:
366:
296:
204:. Financial panic arrived in the Americas only months later on
193:
181:
152:
93:
including 89 railroads. Unemployment peaked in 1878 at 8.25%.
259:
In the US the speculative nature of financing due to both the
5688:
United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction
5224:
1109:
362:
304:
2720:
Hamilton Fish: The Inner History of the Grant Administration
3200:"The Great Depression in Britain, 1873β1896: a Reappraisal"
3189:(pdf), The War of 1812 and its Aftermath, pp. 145, 153β156.
2996:
Fels, Rendigs (1951). "American Business Cycles, 1865β79".
2520:
Fels, Rendigs (1949). "The Long-Wave Depression, 1873β79".
1846:
Fels, Rendigs (1949). "The Long-Wave Depression, 1873β97".
1471:
financial markets, the crisis would have been less severe.
1328:
1105:
8456:
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863β1877
3141:
http://www.unc.edu/~salemi/Econ006/Friedman_Crime_1873.pdf
2890:
Reconstruction: America's unfinished revolution, 1863β1877
2689:
Reconstruction: America's unfinished revolution, 1863β1877
1198:
The recession exacted a harsh political toll on President
69:, with financial and manufacturing losses reinforced by a
8665:
Technological and industrial history of the United States
2804:
France and the Economic development of Europe (1800β1914)
2777:
France and the Economic development of Europe (1800β1914)
2750:
France and the Economic development of Europe (1800β1914)
2628:
Appomattox to Montmartre: Americans and the Paris Commune
2425:
France and the Economic development of Europe (1800β1914)
2398:
France and the Economic development of Europe (1800β1914)
2332:
France and the Economic development of Europe (1800β1914)
2244:
France and the Economic development of Europe (1800β1914)
2579:
If the census figures are accurate, it is 17.83 percent.
1261:
to protectionism, which led ultimately to the stringent
1285:
allies. In 1887, Italy and France embarked on a bitter
1020:
kept interest rates as high as 9 percent in the 1870s.
231:
Some have argued the depression was rooted in the 1870
8625:
African American founding fathers of the United States
8527:
The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan
5693:
United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction
1922:
Business cycles and depressions : an encyclopedia
1909:
Business cycles and depressions : an encyclopedia
877:
Another response to the economic crisis, according to
862:
This "mining discovery" came, according to historians
985:
appears to contradict another section of this article
833:
were outcompeted by production in Canada, Russia and
7199:
The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women
2914:
McCabe, James Dabney; Edward Winslow Martin (1877).
1139:
Depression's 43 months of contraction. Figures from
156:
coins – the US government passed the
121:β an expansion funded largely by foreign investors.
2681:
2679:
2654:
The Cambridge Economic History of the United States
2118:
2116:
389:Growth rates of industrial production (1850sβ1913)
50:of the 1930s. Though it marked a period of general
7450:Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866
2737:A Monetary History of the United States: 1867β1960
2651:
2208:
1389:The Long Depression contributed to the revival of
1331:the measure. In 1878, Congress overrode President
917:and triggering a collapse in French stock prices.
901:, the country was required to pay Β£200 million in
235:that devastated the French economy and, under the
7241:District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act
5203:Glasgow International Financial Services District
4225:
3167:
2882:
2880:
1540:History of Money and Banking of the United States
378:of iron doubled between the 1870s and 1890s, the
8704:
3239:, vol. 20, no. 1 (Winter 1956), pp. 59β83.
3181:
3179:
3086:Business Cycles and Depressions: An Encyclopedia
2676:
2625:
2496:Business Cycles and Depressions: An Encyclopedia
2454:Business Cycles and Depressions: An Encyclopedia
2373:Business Cycles and Depressions: An Encyclopedia
2113:
1984:Business Cycles and Depressions: An Encyclopedia
1789:Business cycles and depressions: an encyclopedia
2304:
2181:
2126:Reconstruction: America's unfinished revolution
937:declined over the ten years from 1882 to 1892.
7585:Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson
2877:
1216:(or perhaps facilitated by) high immigration.
76:In the United States, historians refer to the
16:Worldwide economic recession from 1873 to 1879
7559:First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson
5549:
4211:
3262:
3176:
3004:(3). American Economic Association: 325β349.
2961:
2930:
2852:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2519:
2150:
2088:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2047:
2043:
2041:
1981:, Thomas F. Cooley (1997). "Crisis of 1873".
1845:
196:beginning in April 1873. The collapse of the
88:, book-ending an era of prosperity. The U.S.
2658:. Cambridge University Press. 2000. p.
2590:"Business Cycle Expansions and Contractions"
2289:
2206:
1820:"Business Cycle Expansions and Contractions"
813:The global economic crisis first erupted in
23:, a neurophysiological process in the brain.
3209:
3151:
2798:
2796:
2771:
2769:
2644:
2419:
2417:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2238:
2236:
2010:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
344:
5556:
5542:
4218:
4204:
3269:
3255:
2924:
2886:
2846:
2829:The Reader's companion to American history
2685:
2612:
2390:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2175:
2144:
2122:
2075:
2038:
2006:
2004:
1744:(2). Cambridge University Press: 199β228.
1309:In 1874, a year after the 1873 crash, the
1232:
278:Because of the Panic of 1873, governments
8117:South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876
3223:, 1997, pp. 49β53. Referenced 2011-01-15.
2711:
2709:
2630:. Harvard University Press. p. 167.
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2200:
1791:. New York: Garland Publishing. pp.
1778:
1700:
1046:in 1879, which resulted in the reforming
71:long recession in the agricultural sector
8640:History of the United States (1865β1917)
3076:
2793:
2766:
2742:
2441:
2414:
2348:
2319:
2233:
1956:
1566:product, and of real per capita income.
1063:
975:
134:
4512:2020 Withdrawal from the European Union
4452:Second Industrial Revolution 1860sβ1914
3139:The Crime of 1873, bit Milton Friedman
2820:
2735:Milton Friedman and Anna J. Schwartz,
2260:
2001:
1814:
1812:
1779:Capie, Forrest; Wood, Geoffrey (1997).
1772:
1652:List of recessions in the United States
1636:Great Depression of British Agriculture
1522:A Monetary History of the United States
1206:says of the end of Grant's presidency:
1012:Great Depression of British Agriculture
124:
8705:
8299:Bibliography of the Reconstruction era
7345:Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
5563:
3192:
2955:
2907:
2706:
2522:The Review of Economics and Statistics
2471:
1946:
1848:The Review of Economics and Statistics
1735:
8584:Women's suffrage in the United States
7273:Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction
5537:
4199:
3250:
3109:
3022:
2971:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p.
2582:
2400:. Routledge. 2000. pp. 198β199.
2211:The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers
1304:
220:closed for ten days on September 20.
176:in 1896, forced a contraction of the
160:in April. This essentially ended the
7691:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo
7379:Confederates surrender at Appomattox
7191:A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
5518:
5235:London Platinum and Palladium Market
2995:
2594:National Bureau of Economic Research
2295:Salazar & Pinto 2002, pp. 25β29.
1825:National Bureau of Economic Research
1809:
1709:(1/2). Blackwell Publishing: 58β73.
969:
239:, forced that country to make large
144:Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper
90:National Bureau of Economic Research
8547:United Daughters of the Confederacy
7678:American Woman Suffrage Association
7673:National Woman Suffrage Association
7600:Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson
5899:Women during the Reconstruction era
2937:. New York: Vintage Books. p.
2859:. New York: Vintage Books. p.
2832:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 1991.
2752:. Routledge. 2000. pp. 38β39.
2692:. HarperCollins. pp. 531β532.
2334:. Routledge. 2000. pp. 70β71.
2157:. New York: Vintage Books. p.
2095:. New York: Vintage Books. p.
2057:. New York: Vintage Books. p.
2020:. New York: Vintage Books. p.
374:, and Russia. Similarly, while the
30:was a worldwide price and economic
13:
8589:Labor history of the United States
7625:South Carolina readmitted to Union
7622:North Carolina readmitted to Union
7605:Impeachment managers investigation
7544:Constitutional conventions of 1867
7220:National Women's Rights Convention
3573:British credit crisis of 1772β1773
3229:
3161:Readings in Financial Institutions
3154:"A Program for Monetary Stability"
2184:The long wave in the world economy
1715:10.1111/j.1468-0289.1943.tb01613.x
1545:
1378:
808:
14:
8774:
7830:United States expedition to Korea
7537:Reconstruction military districts
5465:Confederation of British Industry
4660:Expansion plans for Milton Keynes
4323:Department for Business and Trade
4318:Competition and Markets Authority
3286:Commonwealth of Nations countries
3221:The Institute of Economic Affairs
965:
105:yielded a new political order in
8738:19th century in economic history
7384:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
5678:African-American representatives
5517:
5508:
5507:
4360:Office for Budget Responsibility
3116:. New York: D. Appleton and Co.
2427:. Routledge. 2000. p. 457.
2246:. Routledge. 2000. p. 320.
1237:
1053:
974:
772:
736:
700:
664:
628:
592:
527:
504:
480:
456:
432:
408:
329:in South Africa and the 1896β99
8386:Black Reconstruction in America
8259:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
8169:1876 State of the Union Address
8096:1875 State of the Union Address
8023:1874 State of the Union Address
7947:1873 State of the Union Address
7886:1872 State of the Union Address
7835:1871 State of the Union Address
7774:1870 State of the Union Address
7723:1869 State of the Union Address
7718:First transcontinental railroad
7657:1868 State of the Union Address
7564:1867 State of the Union Address
7399:1865 State of the Union Address
7324:1864 State of the Union Address
7298:1863 State of the Union Address
7207:Woman in the Nineteenth Century
4296:Governor of the Bank of England
3282:recessions in the United States
3204:The Journal of Economic History
3145:
3133:
3103:
3067:
3058:
3032:The Journal of Economic History
3016:
2989:
2806:. Routledge. 2000. p. 40.
2779:. Routledge. 2000. p. 39.
2729:
2557:
2548:
2513:
2298:
1940:
1927:
1914:
1781:"Great Depression of 1873β1896"
1738:The Journal of Economic History
1443:
7459:Petition for Universal Freedom
7440:Southern Homestead Act of 1866
5475:Federation of Small Businesses
2968:The Origins of Totalitarianism
2920:. National Publishing Company.
2893:. HarperCollins. p. 522.
2130:. HarperCollins. p. 535.
1901:
1885:
1874:
1839:
1729:
1694:
1683:
1408:The Origins of Totalitarianism
1313:passed legislation called the
1077:of the United States 1869β1918
1:
8506:A Visit from the Old Mistress
8205:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
8071:Specie Payment Resumption Act
7696:Board of Indian Commissioners
7628:Louisiana readmitted to Union
7590:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
7454:Tennessee readmitted to Union
7288:Women's Loyal National League
5991:Straight-Out Democratic Party
5762:Confederate States of America
5245:Alternative Investment Market
5225:London Interbank Offered Rate
5181:List of UK building societies
4227:Economy of the United Kingdom
2934:The Age of Empire (1875β1914)
2856:The Age of Empire (1875β1914)
2154:The Age of Empire (1875β1914)
2092:The Age of Empire (1875β1914)
2054:The Age of Empire (1875β1914)
1431:, another huge market crash.
1349:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
1295:1888 US presidential election
267:up to 1869 culminated in the
96:
67:Great Depression of 1873β1896
8132:Battle of the Little Bighorn
7616:Arkansas readmitted to Union
7522:Knights of the White Camelia
7484:Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866
7430:New Orleans Massacre of 1866
7404:Founding of the Ku Klux Klan
7362:Special Field Orders No. 15
7185:Slavery in the United States
5460:British Chambers of Commerce
5455:British Bankers' Association
2998:The American Economic Review
1787:; Cooley, Thomas F. (eds.).
1677:
1672:Second Industrial Revolution
1479:Second Industrial Revolution
1419:industry, together with the
1265:in 1892. Germany's agrarian
883:conquest of indigenous lands
339:Second Industrial Revolution
42:in the decade following the
40:Second Industrial Revolution
7:
8650:Race (human categorization)
8040:United States v. Cruikshank
7631:Alabama readmitted to Union
7619:Florida readmitted to Union
4348:Chancellor of the Exchequer
4328:Financial Conduct Authority
4028:1997 Asian financial crisis
3661:Civil War-era United States
1935:Journal of Economic History
1854:(1). The MIT Press: 69β73.
1703:The Economic History Review
1609:
1455:would trigger catastrophic
1434:
1297:on a protectionist pledge.
857:, president of Chile, 1878.
313:Sherman Silver Purchase Act
10:
8781:
7851:General Mining Act of 1872
7820:New York custom house ring
7810:Meridian race riot of 1871
7754:Naturalization Act of 1870
5495:UK Payments Administration
4447:New Imperialism 1830sβ1945
4271:Government-owned companies
3804:PostβWorld War I recession
3624:Post-Napoleonic Depression
1397:period, symbolized by the
1382:
1342:
1301:committed to low tariffs.
1057:
1009:
910:Paris Bourse crash of 1882
128:
18:
8753:1890s in economic history
8748:1880s in economic history
8743:1870s in economic history
8687:
8617:
8576:
8492:
8443:Been in the Storm So Long
8363:William Archibald Dunning
8323:The American Commonwealth
8291:
8284:
8213:
8177:
8104:
8031:
7993:Election Massacre of 1874
7955:
7894:
7843:
7782:
7731:
7701:Public Credit Act of 1869
7665:
7640:Fourth Reconstruction Act
7572:
7549:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867
7499:
7412:
7332:
7306:
7293:New York City draft riots
7263:Emancipation Proclamation
7255:
7172:
7165:
7115:
6137:
6091:
6045:
5938:National Union Convention
5918:
5911:
5770:
5747:
5683:Reconstruction Amendments
5673:African-American senators
5578:
5571:
5503:
5438:
5255:
5154:
5019:
5012:
4928:
4858:
4785:
4760:
4608:
4597:
4570:National champions policy
4565:Recessions and recoveries
4542:
4482:1979 Winter of Discontent
4417:1659β1849 Navigation Acts
4409:
4400:
4392:UK Trade & Investment
4301:Monetary Policy Committee
4279:
4233:
4042:
3978:
3923:
3877:
3792:
3714:2nd Industrial Revolution
3707:
3654:
3647:(1836β1838 and 1839β1843)
3563:1st Industrial Revolution
3561:
3530:
3331:Price-and-wage stickiness
3292:
3044:10.1017/s0022050706000040
2626:Philip Mark Katz (1998).
2215:. Fontana Press. p.
2186:. Routledge. p. 12.
1893:Journal of Macroeconomics
1750:10.1017/S0022050700109994
1554:, in favor of a new fiat
1515:Nobel laureate economist
1489:Wells' opening sentence:
1281:over the protests of his
1271:protective tariff in 1879
956:
892:
8758:1873 in economic history
8159:Safe burglary conspiracy
8046:Civil Rights Act of 1875
7825:Civil service commission
7425:Memphis massacre of 1866
7420:Civil Rights Act of 1866
7236:Confiscation Act of 1862
7231:Confiscation Act of 1861
5986:Liberal Republican Party
5668:Conservative Republicans
4507:2009 bank rescue package
4502:2008 bank rescue package
4467:1929β39 Great Depression
4338:HM Revenue & Customs
4246:Employee-owned companies
3995:1990s United States boom
3783:Financial crisis of 1914
3110:Wells, David A. (1890).
3089:. Taylor & Francis.
2499:. Taylor & Francis.
2457:. Taylor & Francis.
2376:. Taylor & Francis.
2182:Andrew Tylecote (1993).
1987:. Taylor & Francis.
1947:Loomis, Noel M. (1968).
1626:Equine Influenza of 1872
1289:. In the United States,
1222:a brief financial crisis
1023:The 1878 failure of the
940:
824:
817:, where in May 1873 the
345:Course of the depression
214:Northern Pacific Railway
19:Not to be confused with
8655:Reconstruction Treaties
8474:A Nation Under Our Feet
8422:From Slavery to Freedom
8252:Williams v. Mississippi
8236:United States v. Harris
8127:Great Sioux War of 1876
8066:Yazoo City Riot of 1875
7968:Battle of Liberty Place
7856:CrΓ©dit Mobilier scandal
7805:Alcorn State University
7744:Enforcement Act of 1870
7610:Articles of impeachment
7517:Indian Peace Commission
7435:Swing Around the Circle
7372:Freedmen's Bureau bills
7214:Seneca Falls Convention
5943:Radical Democracy Party
5894:Freedman's Savings Bank
4675:List of counties by GVA
4457:1873β79 Long Depression
4422:Agricultural Revolution
4387:UK Statistics Authority
3810:Depression of 1920β1921
3742:Depression of 1882β1885
3656:Early Victorian Britain
3391:Real and nominal values
1647:List of economic crises
1233:Reactions to the crisis
1180:Freedman's Savings Bank
881:, was the new pulse of
337:), theorizing that the
327:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
275:in the United Kingdom.
269:CrΓ©dit Mobilier scandal
218:New York Stock Exchange
146:, October 4, 1873.
78:Depression of 1873β1879
8718:1896 disestablishments
8630:Forty acres and a mule
8353:Walter Lynwood Fleming
8138:United States v. Reese
7795:Second Enforcement Act
6025:Prohibition Convention
5757:Southern United States
5485:Institute of Directors
5450:Business organisations
5375:Science and technology
5268:International students
4980:Working Time Directive
4353:Debt Management Office
3915:Recession of 1969β1970
3910:Recession of 1960β1961
3869:Recession of 1937β1938
3023:Davis, Joseph (2006).
2931:Eric Hobsbawm (1989).
2853:Eric Hobsbawm (1989).
2565:"United States Census"
2306:Pinto RodrΓguez, Jorge
2151:Eric Hobsbawm (1989).
2089:Eric Hobsbawm (1989).
1937:34.4 (1974): 980β1007.
1895:16.4 (1994): 701β714.
1603:
1593:
1509:
1496:
1311:United States Congress
1283:National Liberal Party
1213:
1165:southern United States
1078:
1072:gross national product
860:
839:silver mining in Chile
170:William Jennings Bryan
147:
84:, and followed by the
8604:Civil rights movement
8540:The Birth of a Nation
8149:Centennial Exposition
8003:Black Hills Gold Rush
7918:Slaughter-House Cases
7790:Ku Klux Klan hearings
7268:General Order No. 143
5887:James Mitchell Ashley
5480:Industry trade groups
5240:London Stock Exchange
5230:London Metal Exchange
4997:Trades Union Congress
4690:East London Tech City
4534:Cost-of-living crisis
4472:1948β52 Marshall Plan
4427:Industrial Revolution
4033:Early 2000s recession
4000:Early 1990s recession
3952:Early 1980s recession
3532:Commercial revolution
3430:Nominal interest rate
2739:(1963) pp. 39β44, 87.
2600:on September 25, 2008
2207:Paul Kennedy (1989).
1953:pp. 219β220, 224β225.
1598:
1588:
1504:
1491:
1208:
1067:
1038:, thousands of Irish
1010:Further information:
993:for more information.
879:Jorge Pinto RodrΓguez
847:
831:Chilean wheat exports
819:Vienna Stock Exchange
265:Union Pacific Railway
212:and Company over the
198:Vienna Stock Exchange
138:
119:Western United States
56:a general contraction
8185:Electoral Commission
8061:Clifton Riot of 1875
7815:Treaty of Washington
7507:Tenure of Office Act
7465:National Labor Union
7180:American Indian Wars
6030:Electoral Commission
6020:Greenback Convention
5783:Free people of color
5723:Federal bureaucracy
5663:Moderate Republicans
5274:Entertainment &
4497:Late-2000s recession
4492:1992 Black Wednesday
4432:Financial Revolution
4261:FTSE Fledgling Index
3599:Copper Panic of 1789
3185:Murray N. Rothbard.
3073:Rothbard (2002), 161
3064:Rothbard (2002), 154
1920:Glasner and Cooley,
1907:Glasner and Cooley,
1558:, starting with the
1335:'s veto to pass the
1244:Latin Monetary Union
1149:net national product
1090:% decline in output
1025:City of Glasgow Bank
935:net national product
922:capital accumulation
323:California Gold Rush
174:Cross of Gold speech
125:Causes of the crisis
80:, kicked off by the
21:long-term depression
8713:1873 establishments
8534:D. W. Griffith
8519:The Leopard's Spots
8409:The American Crisis
8343:Columbia University
8310:The Prostrate State
8304:James Shepherd Pike
8221:Posse Comitatus Act
8144:Trader post scandal
7932:Coinage Act of 1873
7706:Black Friday (1869)
7554:Peonage Act of 1867
7532:Reconstruction Acts
7512:Command of Army Act
7247:Militia Act of 1862
5658:Radical Republicans
5606:Rutherford B. Hayes
4970:Equal opportunities
4575:Economic liberalism
4477:1974 Three-Day Week
4462:1926 general strike
4266:FTSE SmallCap Index
3935:1973β1975 recession
3879:PostβWWII expansion
3553:Great Frost of 1709
3381:Neutrality of money
3362:Classical dichotomy
3278:Economic expansions
3237:Science and Society
3206:(1959), 19: 199β228
2887:Eric Foner (2002).
2686:Eric Foner (2002).
2123:Eric Foner (2002).
1560:Coinage Act of 1873
1552:bimetallic standard
1399:scramble for Africa
1337:Silver Purchase Act
1333:Rutherford B. Hayes
1083:
951:Italian unification
899:Franco-Prussian War
885:that took place in
562:
390:
293:United States Notes
284:Coinage Act of 1873
237:Treaty of Frankfurt
233:Franco-Prussian War
225:financial contagion
162:bimetallic standard
158:Coinage Act of 1873
103:Franco-Prussian War
8733:Late modern Europe
8723:Economic collapses
8553:Gone with the Wind
8416:John Hope Franklin
8272:Disenfranchisement
8244:Plessy v. Ferguson
8228:Civil Rights Cases
8190:Compromise of 1877
8081:Wheeler Compromise
7998:Vicksburg massacre
7983:Timber Culture Act
7973:Coushatta massacre
7912:Timber Culture Act
7866:Star Route scandal
7749:Justice Department
7646:Georgia v. Stanton
7635:Opelousas massacre
7226:American Civil War
6035:Compromise of 1877
5737:Justice Department
5701:Federal judiciary
5580:Federal government
5565:Reconstruction era
5385:Telecommunications
4550:Economic geography
4117:COVID-19 recession
3777:Panic of 1910β1911
3609:Panic of 1796β1797
3435:Real interest rate
3403:Economic expansion
1500:economies of scale
1305:Monetary responses
1161:American Civil War
1081:
1079:
926:foreign investment
872:War of the Pacific
550:
388:
331:Klondike Gold Rush
148:
111:Bessemer converter
63:continental Europe
44:American Civil War
8700:
8699:
8683:
8682:
8609:American frontier
8463:Kenneth M. Stampp
8280:
8279:
8122:Ellenton massacre
7963:BrooksβBaxter War
7712:Ex parte McCardle
7478:Ex parte Milligan
7367:Freedmen's Bureau
7283:National Bank Act
7161:
7160:
5996:Victoria Woodhull
5907:
5906:
5778:African Americans
5749:State governments
5732:Freedmen's Bureau
5531:
5530:
5434:
5433:
5213:Lloyd's of London
4924:
4923:
4896:Industrialisation
4810:Industrialisation
4593:
4592:
4522:COVID-19 pandemic
4442:1815β46 Corn Laws
4193:
4192:
3904:Recession of 1958
3898:Recession of 1953
3892:Recession of 1949
3589:Thirteen Colonies
3396:Velocity of money
3326:Paradox of thrift
3152:Milton Friedman.
2310:Estudios Sociales
1527:The Crime of 1873
1291:Benjamin Harrison
1275:Otto von Bismarck
1193:African-Americans
1136:
1135:
1008:
1007:
806:
805:
548:
547:
309:BlandβAllison Act
8770:
8566:Race and Reunion
8513:Thomas Dixon Jr.
8403:William R. Brock
8393:C. Vann Woodward
8380:W. E. B. Du Bois
8370:Charles A. Beard
8330:Claude G. Bowers
8289:
8288:
8112:Hamburg massacre
8091:Pratt & Boyd
8056:Mississippi Plan
8013:Anti-Moiety Acts
8008:Sanborn incident
7800:Ku Klux Klan Act
7471:Ex parte Garland
7278:Ten percent plan
7170:
7169:
5916:
5915:
5867:Thaddeus Stevens
5852:Republican Party
5845:Samuel J. Tilden
5835:Bourbon Democrat
5830:Democratic Party
5601:Ulysses S. Grant
5576:
5575:
5558:
5551:
5544:
5535:
5534:
5521:
5520:
5511:
5510:
5470:Co-operatives UK
5060:Hydroelectricity
5035:Renewable energy
5017:
5016:
4901:Renewable energy
4882:
4830:Renewable energy
4618:Atlantic Gateway
4606:
4605:
4437:Panic of 1796β97
4407:
4406:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4197:
4196:
3985:Great Regression
3980:Great Moderation
3826:Great Depression
3815:Roaring Twenties
3336:Underconsumption
3306:Effective demand
3297:Aggregate demand
3271:
3264:
3257:
3248:
3247:
3224:
3213:
3207:
3196:
3190:
3183:
3174:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3158:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3029:
3020:
3014:
3013:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2884:
2875:
2874:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2800:
2791:
2790:
2773:
2764:
2763:
2746:
2740:
2733:
2727:
2713:
2704:
2703:
2683:
2674:
2673:
2657:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2623:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2596:. Archived from
2586:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2569:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2490:
2469:
2468:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2367:
2346:
2345:
2328:
2317:
2316:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2287:
2273:
2258:
2257:
2240:
2231:
2230:
2214:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2120:
2111:
2110:
2086:
2073:
2072:
2045:
2036:
2035:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1975:
1954:
1952:
1944:
1938:
1931:
1925:
1918:
1912:
1905:
1899:
1889:
1883:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1816:
1807:
1806:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1698:
1692:
1687:
1621:Economic history
1575:Anna J. Schwartz
1531:Gold cyanidation
1475:David Ames Wells
1355:, Philadelphia,
1326:Ulysses S. Grant
1252:French president
1200:Ulysses S. Grant
1084:
1080:
1003:
1000:
994:
978:
977:
970:
930:investment banks
858:
778:
776:
775:
742:
740:
739:
706:
704:
703:
670:
668:
667:
634:
632:
631:
598:
596:
595:
563:
549:
533:
531:
530:
510:
508:
507:
486:
484:
483:
462:
460:
459:
438:
436:
435:
414:
412:
411:
391:
387:
382:of iron halved.
351:Great Depression
48:Great Depression
8780:
8779:
8773:
8772:
8771:
8769:
8768:
8767:
8703:
8702:
8701:
8696:
8679:
8670:White supremacy
8613:
8572:
8560:David W. Blight
8488:
8398:Joel Williamson
8375:Howard K. Beale
8276:
8265:Giles v. Harris
8209:
8200:Desert Land Act
8173:
8100:
8027:
7951:
7937:Long Depression
7907:Colfax massacre
7890:
7871:Salary Grab Act
7839:
7778:
7759:KirkβHolden war
7727:
7661:
7568:
7495:
7408:
7389:Shaw University
7328:
7314:WadeβDavis Bill
7302:
7251:
7157:
7111:
6133:
6087:
6041:
5921:
5903:
5840:Horatio Seymour
5766:
5750:
5743:
5591:Abraham Lincoln
5581:
5567:
5562:
5532:
5527:
5499:
5442:
5440:
5430:
5338:Pharmaceuticals
5251:
5166:Baltic Exchange
5157:
5150:
5022:
5008:
4930:
4920:
4876:
4854:
4781:
4763:
4756:
4601:
4599:
4589:
4585:Nationalisation
4538:
4396:
4291:Bank of England
4283:
4281:
4275:
4229:
4224:
4194:
4189:
4054:Great Recession
4046:
4044:Information Age
4038:
3987:
3983:
3974:
3927:
3925:Great Inflation
3919:
3881:
3873:
3796:
3794:Interwar period
3788:
3724:Long Depression
3716:
3712:
3703:
3663:
3659:
3650:
3565:
3557:
3534:
3526:
3491:U.S. recessions
3486:U.K. recessions
3418:U.S. expansions
3288:
3275:
3232:
3230:Further reading
3227:
3215:George Selgin.
3214:
3210:
3197:
3193:
3184:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3156:
3150:
3146:
3138:
3134:
3124:
3108:
3104:
3097:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3027:
3021:
3017:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2929:
2925:
2912:
2908:
2901:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2802:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2775:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2734:
2730:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2624:
2613:
2603:
2601:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2534:10.2307/1927196
2518:
2514:
2507:
2491:
2472:
2465:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2423:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2368:
2349:
2342:
2330:
2329:
2320:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2280:Gabriel Salazar
2274:
2261:
2254:
2242:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2087:
2076:
2069:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1976:
1957:
1945:
1941:
1932:
1928:
1919:
1915:
1906:
1902:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1875:
1860:10.2307/1927196
1844:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1818:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1777:
1773:
1734:
1730:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1657:New Imperialism
1642:Kondratiev wave
1612:
1584:Murray Rothbard
1571:Milton Friedman
1548:
1546:Interpretations
1536:Murray Rothbard
1517:Milton Friedman
1453:financial panic
1446:
1437:
1395:New Imperialism
1393:leading to the
1387:
1385:New Imperialism
1381:
1379:New Imperialism
1345:
1307:
1240:
1235:
1141:Milton Friedman
1062:
1056:
1048:Irish Land Acts
1030:Building on an
1018:Bank of England
1014:
1004:
998:
995:
989:Please see the
988:
979:
968:
959:
943:
915:Bank of England
895:
864:Gabriel Salazar
859:
853:
827:
815:Austria-Hungary
811:
809:Austria-Hungary
773:
771:
744:Austria-Hungary
737:
735:
701:
699:
665:
663:
629:
627:
593:
591:
561:, 1960 prices)
556:
528:
526:
505:
503:
481:
479:
457:
455:
433:
431:
409:
407:
372:Austria-Hungary
349:Like the later
347:
335:Kondratiev wave
253:price of silver
241:war reparations
202:Austria-Hungary
133:
127:
99:
34:, beginning in
28:Long Depression
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8778:
8777:
8766:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8698:
8697:
8695:
8694:
8688:
8685:
8684:
8681:
8680:
8678:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8621:
8619:
8615:
8614:
8612:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8596:
8591:
8586:
8580:
8578:
8574:
8573:
8571:
8570:
8562:
8557:
8549:
8544:
8536:
8531:
8523:
8515:
8510:
8502:
8496:
8494:
8490:
8489:
8487:
8486:
8478:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8452:
8447:
8439:
8434:
8426:
8418:
8413:
8405:
8400:
8395:
8390:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8366:
8365:
8358:Dunning School
8355:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8336:The Tragic Era
8332:
8327:
8319:
8314:
8306:
8301:
8295:
8293:
8292:Historiography
8286:
8282:
8281:
8278:
8277:
8275:
8274:
8269:
8261:
8256:
8248:
8240:
8232:
8224:
8217:
8215:
8211:
8210:
8208:
8207:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8181:
8179:
8175:
8174:
8172:
8171:
8166:
8164:1876 elections
8161:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8141:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8108:
8106:
8102:
8101:
8099:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8035:
8033:
8029:
8028:
8026:
8025:
8020:
8018:1874 elections
8015:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7959:
7957:
7953:
7952:
7950:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7921:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7898:
7896:
7892:
7891:
7889:
7888:
7883:
7881:1872 elections
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7847:
7845:
7841:
7840:
7838:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7786:
7784:
7780:
7779:
7777:
7776:
7771:
7769:1870 elections
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7739:15th Amendment
7735:
7733:
7729:
7728:
7726:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7680:
7675:
7669:
7667:
7663:
7662:
7660:
7659:
7654:
7652:1868 elections
7649:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7629:
7626:
7623:
7620:
7617:
7614:
7613:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7587:
7582:
7580:14th Amendment
7576:
7574:
7570:
7569:
7567:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7540:
7539:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7503:
7501:
7497:
7496:
7494:
7493:
7491:1866 elections
7487:
7486:
7481:
7474:
7467:
7462:
7455:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7416:
7414:
7410:
7409:
7407:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7375:
7374:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7353:
7352:
7342:
7340:13th Amendment
7336:
7334:
7330:
7329:
7327:
7326:
7321:
7319:1864 elections
7316:
7310:
7308:
7304:
7303:
7301:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7259:
7257:
7253:
7252:
7250:
7249:
7244:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7217:
7211:
7203:
7195:
7187:
7182:
7176:
7174:
7167:
7163:
7162:
7159:
7158:
7156:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7119:
7117:
7116:U.S. elections
7113:
7112:
7110:
7109:
7108:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7029:
7021:
7016:
7007:
7006:
7005:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6945:
6944:
6943:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6873:
6872:
6871:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6816:
6815:
6814:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6729:
6728:
6727:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6662:
6661:
6660:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6595:
6594:
6593:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6528:
6527:
6526:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6446:
6445:
6444:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6394:
6393:
6392:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6332:
6331:
6330:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6275:
6274:
6273:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6213:
6212:
6211:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6141:
6139:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6095:
6093:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6049:
6047:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6039:
6038:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6001:
6000:
5999:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5967:
5966:
5965:
5964:
5959:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5913:
5909:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5890:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5872:Lyman Trumbull
5869:
5864:
5862:Charles Sumner
5859:
5849:
5848:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5796:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5774:
5772:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5764:
5759:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5611:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5596:Andrew Johnson
5593:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5573:
5569:
5568:
5561:
5560:
5553:
5546:
5538:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5515:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5446:
5444:
5436:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5409:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5382:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5320:
5318:Legal services
5315:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5272:
5271:
5270:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5216:
5215:
5205:
5200:
5198:Euronext.liffe
5195:
5190:
5185:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5168:
5162:
5160:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5027:
5025:
5014:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5001:
5000:
4999:
4989:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4950:
4945:
4943:Businesspeople
4940:
4934:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4870:
4864:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4791:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4768:
4766:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4737:Thames Gateway
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4620:
4614:
4612:
4603:
4595:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4519:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4413:
4411:
4404:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4365:Pound sterling
4362:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4287:
4285:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4256:FTSE 250 Index
4253:
4251:FTSE 100 Index
4248:
4243:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4223:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4200:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4173:United Kingdom
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4105:United Kingdom
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4050:
4048:
4047:(2007βpresent)
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4030:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4016:United Kingdom
4013:
4008:
3997:
3991:
3989:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3963:United Kingdom
3960:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3940:United Kingdom
3931:
3929:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3901:
3895:
3889:
3885:
3883:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3857:United Kingdom
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3800:
3798:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3780:
3774:
3768:
3762:
3759:
3753:
3747:
3744:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3730:United Kingdom
3720:
3718:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3680:
3677:
3671:
3667:
3665:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3630:
3627:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3606:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3569:
3567:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3538:
3536:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3437:
3432:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3345:
3343:Business cycle
3340:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3321:Overproduction
3318:
3313:
3308:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3274:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3208:
3191:
3175:
3166:
3144:
3132:
3122:
3102:
3095:
3075:
3066:
3057:
3038:(1): 103β121.
3015:
2988:
2981:
2954:
2947:
2923:
2906:
2899:
2876:
2869:
2845:
2838:
2819:
2812:
2792:
2785:
2765:
2758:
2741:
2728:
2724:online edition
2705:
2698:
2675:
2668:
2643:
2636:
2611:
2581:
2556:
2547:
2512:
2505:
2470:
2463:
2440:
2433:
2413:
2406:
2389:
2382:
2347:
2340:
2318:
2297:
2288:
2259:
2252:
2232:
2226:978-0006860525
2225:
2199:
2192:
2174:
2167:
2143:
2136:
2112:
2105:
2074:
2067:
2037:
2030:
2000:
1993:
1955:
1939:
1926:
1913:
1900:
1884:
1873:
1838:
1808:
1801:
1785:Glasner, David
1771:
1728:
1693:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1611:
1608:
1569:As economists
1547:
1544:
1538:, in his book
1465:capital ratios
1445:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1383:Main article:
1380:
1377:
1344:
1341:
1306:
1303:
1259:Third Republic
1255:Adolphe Thiers
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1055:
1052:
1040:tenant farmers
1006:
1005:
982:
980:
973:
967:
966:United Kingdom
964:
958:
955:
942:
939:
894:
891:
889:in the 1880s.
851:
841:also dropped.
826:
823:
810:
807:
804:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
768:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
732:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
696:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
672:United Kingdom
660:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
624:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
588:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
546:
545:
542:
539:
537:
523:
522:
519:
516:
514:
500:
499:
496:
493:
490:
476:
475:
472:
469:
466:
452:
451:
448:
445:
442:
440:United Kingdom
428:
427:
424:
421:
418:
404:
403:
400:
397:
394:
346:
343:
206:Black Thursday
129:Main article:
126:
123:
98:
95:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8776:
8775:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8710:
8708:
8693:
8690:
8689:
8686:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8635:Habeas corpus
8633:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8622:
8620:
8616:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8585:
8582:
8581:
8579:
8575:
8568:
8567:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8555:
8554:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8542:
8541:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8529:
8528:
8524:
8521:
8520:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8508:
8507:
8503:
8501:
8500:Winslow Homer
8498:
8497:
8495:
8491:
8484:
8483:
8479:
8476:
8475:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8458:
8457:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8445:
8444:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8432:
8431:
8430:After Slavery
8427:
8424:
8423:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8411:
8410:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8388:
8387:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8364:
8361:
8360:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8338:
8337:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8325:
8324:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8312:
8311:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8296:
8294:
8290:
8287:
8283:
8273:
8270:
8267:
8266:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8254:
8253:
8249:
8246:
8245:
8241:
8238:
8237:
8233:
8230:
8229:
8225:
8222:
8219:
8218:
8216:
8212:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8195:Nez Perce War
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8182:
8180:
8176:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8139:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8109:
8107:
8103:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8086:Delano affair
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8041:
8037:
8036:
8034:
8030:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7978:Red River War
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7960:
7958:
7954:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7942:Comstock laws
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7926:
7922:
7920:
7919:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7902:Panic of 1873
7900:
7899:
7897:
7893:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7848:
7846:
7842:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7787:
7785:
7781:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7736:
7734:
7730:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7713:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7685:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7670:
7668:
7664:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7647:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7630:
7627:
7624:
7621:
7618:
7615:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7592:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7577:
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7565:
7562:
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7557:
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7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7504:
7502:
7498:
7492:
7489:
7488:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7479:
7475:
7473:
7472:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7460:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7417:
7415:
7411:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7394:New Departure
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7373:
7370:
7369:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7351:
7348:
7347:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7337:
7335:
7331:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7311:
7309:
7305:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7260:
7258:
7254:
7248:
7245:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7221:
7218:
7215:
7212:
7209:
7208:
7204:
7201:
7200:
7196:
7193:
7192:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7171:
7168:
7164:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7120:
7118:
7114:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7035:
7030:
7028:
7027:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7011:
7009:
7008:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
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6926:
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6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6877:
6875:
6874:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
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6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6818:
6817:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6733:
6731:
6730:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6663:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6596:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
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6568:
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6533:
6532:
6530:
6529:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
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6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6450:
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6447:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6395:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6333:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6276:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6214:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6145:
6143:
6142:
6140:
6138:Gubernatorial
6136:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6090:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6044:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6006:
6003:
6002:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5973:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5954:
5953:
5950:
5949:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5929:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5917:
5914:
5910:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5877:Benjamin Wade
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5853:
5850:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5832:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5800:Carpetbaggers
5798:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5769:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5746:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5727:Edwin Stanton
5725:
5724:
5722:
5721:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5699:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5612:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5577:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5559:
5554:
5552:
5547:
5545:
5540:
5539:
5536:
5524:
5516:
5514:
5506:
5505:
5502:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5443:organisations
5437:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5373:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5323:Manufacturing
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5176:List of banks
5174:
5173:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5159:
5153:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5085:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5070:North Sea oil
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5024:
5018:
5015:
5011:
5005:
5002:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4992:Trades unions
4990:
4988:
4985:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4963:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4927:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4880:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4857:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4759:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4629:
4628:Big City Plan
4626:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4604:
4596:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4580:Privatisation
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4560:Gold standard
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4535:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4487:1986 Big Bang
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4410:Chronological
4408:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4278:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4241:Co-operatives
4239:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4221:
4216:
4214:
4209:
4207:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4178:United States
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4110:United States
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4021:United States
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3969:
3968:United States
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3945:United States
3943:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3862:United States
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3771:Panic of 1907
3769:
3766:
3765:Panic of 1901
3763:
3760:
3757:
3756:Panic of 1893
3754:
3751:
3750:Baring crisis
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3735:United States
3733:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3692:Panic of 1866
3690:
3687:
3684:
3683:Panic of 1857
3681:
3678:
3675:
3674:Panic of 1847
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3657:
3653:
3646:
3645:Panic of 1837
3643:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3633:Panic of 1825
3631:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3603:Panic of 1792
3600:
3597:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3548:Slump of 1706
3546:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3456:Balance sheet
3454:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3425:Interest rate
3423:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3272:
3267:
3265:
3260:
3258:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3205:
3201:
3198:A.E. Musson.
3195:
3188:
3182:
3180:
3170:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3142:
3136:
3129:
3125:
3123:0-543-72474-3
3119:
3115:
3114:
3106:
3098:
3096:0-8240-0944-4
3092:
3088:
3087:
3079:
3070:
3061:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2984:
2982:0-15-670153-7
2978:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2963:Hannah Arendt
2958:
2950:
2948:0-679-72175-4
2944:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2927:
2919:
2918:
2910:
2902:
2900:0-06-093716-5
2896:
2892:
2891:
2883:
2881:
2872:
2870:0-679-72175-4
2866:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2849:
2841:
2839:0-395-51372-3
2835:
2831:
2830:
2823:
2815:
2813:0-415-19011-8
2809:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2788:
2786:0-415-19011-8
2782:
2778:
2772:
2770:
2761:
2759:0-415-19011-8
2755:
2751:
2745:
2738:
2732:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2716:Nevins, Allan
2712:
2710:
2701:
2699:0-06-093716-5
2695:
2691:
2690:
2682:
2680:
2671:
2669:0-521-55307-5
2665:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2647:
2639:
2637:0-674-32348-3
2633:
2629:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2566:
2560:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2508:
2506:0-8240-0944-4
2502:
2498:
2497:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2466:
2464:0-8240-0944-4
2460:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2449:David Glasner
2444:
2436:
2434:0-415-19011-8
2430:
2426:
2420:
2418:
2409:
2407:0-415-19011-8
2403:
2399:
2393:
2385:
2383:0-8240-0944-4
2379:
2375:
2374:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2343:
2341:0-415-19011-8
2337:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2292:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2255:
2253:0-415-19011-8
2249:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2228:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2203:
2195:
2193:0-415-03690-9
2189:
2185:
2178:
2170:
2168:0-679-72175-4
2164:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2147:
2139:
2137:0-06-093716-5
2133:
2129:
2127:
2119:
2117:
2108:
2106:0-679-72175-4
2102:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2070:
2068:0-679-72175-4
2064:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2049:Eric Hobsbawm
2044:
2042:
2033:
2031:1-4000-7730-3
2027:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2005:
1996:
1994:0-8240-0944-4
1990:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1979:David Glasner
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1930:
1923:
1917:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1815:
1813:
1804:
1802:0-8240-0944-4
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1667:Panic of 1893
1665:
1663:
1662:Panic of 1873
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1616:Crisis theory
1614:
1613:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1556:gold standard
1553:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1495:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1449:Irving Fisher
1441:
1432:
1430:
1429:Panic of 1893
1426:
1422:
1421:robber barons
1416:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1403:Hannah Arendt
1400:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1263:MΓ©line tariff
1260:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1248:Second Empire
1245:
1238:Protectionism
1230:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1202:. Historian
1201:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1145:Anna Schwartz
1142:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1096:Durable goods
1094:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1060:Panic of 1873
1054:United States
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1013:
1002:
992:
986:
983:This section
981:
972:
971:
963:
954:
952:
948:
938:
936:
931:
927:
923:
918:
916:
911:
906:
904:
900:
890:
888:
884:
880:
875:
873:
869:
865:
856:
850:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
822:
820:
816:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
781:
770:
769:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
745:
734:
733:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
709:
698:
697:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
673:
662:
661:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
637:
626:
625:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
601:
590:
589:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
565:
564:
560:
557:(in billions
554:
543:
540:
538:
536:
525:
524:
520:
517:
515:
513:
502:
501:
497:
494:
491:
489:
478:
477:
473:
470:
467:
465:
464:United States
454:
453:
449:
446:
443:
441:
430:
429:
425:
422:
419:
417:
406:
405:
401:
398:
395:
393:
392:
386:
383:
381:
377:
373:
368:
364:
360:
354:
352:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
281:
276:
274:
273:Railway Mania
270:
266:
262:
257:
254:
250:
246:
245:gold standard
242:
238:
234:
229:
226:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
189:
187:
186:Panic of 1873
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
166:gold standard
163:
159:
155:
154:
145:
141:
137:
132:
131:Panic of 1873
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
94:
91:
87:
86:Panic of 1893
83:
82:Panic of 1873
79:
74:
72:
68:
64:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
22:
8675:Whitecapping
8645:Paramilitary
8618:Other topics
8599:Jim Crow era
8564:
8551:
8538:
8525:
8517:
8504:
8480:
8472:
8454:
8441:
8437:Leon Litwack
8428:
8420:
8407:
8384:
8348:John Burgess
8334:
8321:
8308:
8263:
8250:
8242:
8234:
8226:
8136:
8076:Whiskey Ring
8038:
7988:White League
7936:
7924:
7916:
7764:Shoffner Act
7710:
7683:
7644:
7527:Pulaski riot
7476:
7469:
7457:
7205:
7197:
7189:
7033:
7025:
5920:Presidential
5882:John Bingham
5820:White League
5805:Ku Klux Klan
5572:Participants
5392:Supermarkets
5358:Construction
5353:Architecture
5188:Canary Wharf
5021:Resource and
5004:Unemployment
4975:Minimum wage
4938:Billionaires
4835:Silicon Glen
4707:M11 Corridor
4456:
4095:South Africa
3852:South Africa
3734:
3729:
3723:
3698:Black Friday
3515:Unemployment
3372:Money supply
3367:Disinflation
3311:General glut
3236:
3220:
3211:
3203:
3194:
3169:
3160:
3147:
3135:
3127:
3112:
3105:
3085:
3078:
3069:
3060:
3035:
3031:
3018:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2967:
2957:
2933:
2926:
2916:
2909:
2888:
2855:
2848:
2828:
2822:
2803:
2776:
2749:
2744:
2736:
2731:
2719:
2687:
2653:
2646:
2627:
2602:. Retrieved
2598:the original
2593:
2584:
2571:. Retrieved
2559:
2550:
2528:(1): 69β73.
2525:
2521:
2515:
2495:
2453:
2443:
2424:
2397:
2392:
2372:
2331:
2313:
2309:
2300:
2291:
2286:. pp. 25β29.
2275:
2243:
2210:
2202:
2183:
2177:
2153:
2146:
2124:
2091:
2053:
2016:
1983:
1948:
1942:
1934:
1929:
1921:
1916:
1908:
1903:
1892:
1887:
1876:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1829:. Retrieved
1823:
1788:
1774:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1685:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1586:has stated:
1580:
1568:
1564:
1549:
1539:
1520:
1519:, author of
1514:
1510:
1505:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:productivity
1473:
1457:deleveraging
1447:
1444:Explanations
1438:
1417:
1406:
1388:
1346:
1308:
1299:
1257:led the new
1241:
1227:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1204:Allan Nevins
1197:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1157:Pennsylvania
1154:
1137:
1120:Construction
1029:
1022:
1015:
999:January 2018
996:
984:
960:
944:
919:
907:
896:
876:
861:
855:AnΓbal Pinto
848:
843:AnΓbal Pinto
828:
812:
553:Great Powers
384:
379:
375:
355:
348:
317:
277:
258:
230:
222:
190:
178:money supply
151:
149:
143:
100:
77:
75:
66:
60:
27:
25:
8468:Steven Hahn
8317:James Bryce
7876:Amnesty Act
7357:Black Codes
6046:U.S. Senate
5793:Politicians
5715:Waite Court
5710:Chase Court
5705:Taney Court
5587:Presidents
5368:Real estate
5092:Agriculture
4879:Cardiff Bay
4868:Agriculture
4825:Oil and gas
4800:Agriculture
4727:Silicon Fen
4702:M4 corridor
4695:London Plan
4516:Growth deal
4343:HM Treasury
4313:Company law
4282:governance,
4163:New Zealand
4121:2020β2022;
4085:New Zealand
4058:2007β2009;
4004:1990β1991;
3988:(1982β2007)
3956:1980β1982;
3928:(1973β1982)
3906:(1957β1958)
3900:(1953β1954)
3894:(1948β1949)
3882:(1945β1973)
3847:New Zealand
3830:1929β1939;
3806:(1918β1919)
3797:(1918β1939)
3779:(1910β1912)
3773:(1907β1908)
3767:(1902β1904)
3758:(1893β1897)
3752:(1890β1891)
3728:1873β1879;
3717:(1870β1914)
3700:(1869β1870)
3694:(1865β1867)
3685:(1857β1858)
3676:(1847β1848)
3664:(1840β1870)
3635:(1825β1826)
3626:(1815β1821)
3611:(1796β1799)
3605:(1789β1793)
3577:1772β1774;
3566:(1760β1840)
3544:(1430β1490)
3542:Great Slump
3535:(1000β1760)
3481:Stagflation
3440:Yield curve
3386:Price level
2284:Julio Pinto
2128:, 1863β1877
2012:Ron Chernow
1949:Wells Fargo
1638:(1873β1896)
1391:colonialism
1365:Saint Louis
1189:real estate
1036:1879 famine
1032:1870 reform
945:A ten-year
933:The French
903:reparations
868:Julio Pinto
551:GNP of the
396:1850sβ1873
319:Monetarists
8763:Gilded Age
8728:Recessions
8707:Categories
8594:Gilded Age
8450:Eric Foner
8154:Cattellism
8051:Red Shirts
7166:Key events
6092:U.S. House
5825:Red Shirts
5422:High-speed
5417:Inter-city
5333:Automotive
5313:Healthcare
5301:Television
5291:Newspapers
5135:Materials
5050:Geothermal
5023:production
4965:Labour law
4948:Demography
4931:and labour
4712:Manchester
4623:Birmingham
4555:Free trade
4284:regulation
4128:Bangladesh
4065:Bangladesh
3709:Gilded Age
3461:Depression
3413:Stagnation
1831:January 4,
1631:Gilded Age
1425:Gilded Age
1357:Pittsburgh
1319:greenbacks
1287:tariff war
1075:per capita
1058:See also:
1034:, and the
947:tariff war
402:1890β1913
399:1873β1890
376:production
289:fiat money
247:after the
97:Background
8214:Aftermath
7925:Virginius
7861:Modoc War
5912:Elections
5857:Stalwarts
5815:Redeemers
5614:Congress
5439:Trade and
5402:Transport
5349:Property
5328:Aerospace
5263:Education
5208:Insurance
5156:Financial
5040:Biodiesel
4916:Transport
4845:Transport
4805:Edinburgh
4777:Transport
4752:Wiltshire
4747:Transport
4722:Sheffield
4680:Liverpool
4543:Recurrent
4370:Banknotes
4280:Currency,
4234:Companies
4168:Singapore
4123:Australia
4100:Sri Lanka
4060:Australia
4006:Australia
3832:Australia
3822:1926β1927
3819:1923β1924
3785:(1913β14)
3761:1899β1900
3617:1807β1810
3614:1802β1804
3595:1785β1788
3520:Sahm rule
3451:Recession
3352:Inflation
3348:Deflation
3052:153478495
1766:154705117
1678:Footnotes
1461:deflation
1353:Baltimore
1323:President
1315:Inflation
1087:Industry
991:talk page
887:AraucanΓa
835:Argentina
555:of Europe
261:greenback
249:Civil War
210:Jay Cooke
115:Civil War
52:deflation
32:recession
8692:Category
8660:Suffrage
7595:Timeline
5810:Scalawag
5788:Freedman
5513:Category
5441:business
5407:Aviation
5380:Internet
5286:Gambling
5193:The City
5158:services
5139:Forestry
5122:Scottish
5113:Fishing
5055:Fracking
4987:Pensions
4795:Aberdeen
4787:Scotland
4762:Northern
4732:Somerset
4640:Cornwall
4600:regions,
4598:Nations,
4382:Taxation
4153:Malaysia
4138:Botswana
4090:Pakistan
4080:Malaysia
3584:Scotland
3444:Inverted
3408:Recovery
3241:In JSTOR
2965:(1973).
2604:April 3,
2573:July 19,
2051:(1989).
2014:(1998).
1610:See also
1494:history.
1435:Recovery
1373:Shamokin
1369:Scranton
1293:won the
1185:freedmen
1129:Overall
1044:Land War
852:β
359:railroad
301:Colorado
280:depegged
8285:Aspects
7684:Alabama
7350:Address
7173:Prelude
6129:1876β77
6124:1874β75
6119:1872β73
6114:1870β71
6109:1868β69
6104:1866β67
6099:1864β65
6083:1876β77
6078:1874β75
6073:1872β73
6068:1870β71
6063:1868β69
6058:1866β67
6053:1864β65
5523:Commons
5490:Make UK
5397:Tourism
5363:Housing
5343:Exports
5306:Theatre
5171:Banking
5117:English
5013:Sectors
4958:Poverty
4911:Tourism
4906:Swansea
4891:History
4886:Fishing
4873:Cardiff
4840:Tourism
4820:History
4815:Fishing
4772:Belfast
4764:Ireland
4742:Tourism
4717:Reading
4665:Fishing
4645:Croydon
4635:Bristol
4610:England
4402:History
4375:Coinage
4158:Namibia
3746:1887β88
3688:1860β61
3679:1853β54
3670:1845β46
3641:1833β34
3638:1828β29
3629:1822β23
3579:England
3471:Rolling
3357:Chronic
3010:1802106
2722:(1936)
2542:1927196
1924:p. 132.
1868:1927196
1793:148β149
1758:2114975
1723:2590515
1469:reflate
1413:capital
1361:Reading
1343:Strikes
1279:Germany
708:Germany
416:Germany
325:, 1886
107:Germany
8577:Legacy
8569:(2001)
8556:(1939)
8543:(1915)
8530:(1905)
8522:(1902)
8509:(1876)
8493:Memory
8485:(2019)
8477:(2003)
8459:(1988)
8446:(1979)
8433:(1965)
8425:(1947)
8412:(1963)
8389:(1935)
8339:(1929)
8326:(1888)
8313:(1874)
8268:(1903)
8255:(1898)
8247:(1896)
8239:(1883)
8231:(1883)
8223:(1878)
7927:Affair
7686:Claims
7243:(1862)
7222:(1850)
7216:(1848)
7210:(1839)
7202:(1838)
7194:(1792)
5771:Others
5281:Cinema
5144:Mining
5065:Marine
5031:Energy
4953:Income
4929:People
4875:
4850:Whisky
4685:London
4655:Dorset
4602:cities
4527:Impact
4308:Budget
4183:Zambia
4143:Canada
4133:Belize
4070:Canada
4035:(2001)
4011:Canada
3958:Canada
3837:Canada
3508:Supply
3503:Demand
3476:Shapes
3466:Global
3376:demand
3301:Supply
3120:
3093:
3050:
3008:
2979:
2945:
2897:
2867:
2836:
2810:
2783:
2756:
2696:
2666:
2634:
2540:
2503:
2461:
2431:
2404:
2380:
2338:
2278:2002.
2250:
2223:
2190:
2165:
2134:
2103:
2065:
2028:
1991:
1911:p. 149
1897:online
1866:
1799:
1764:
1756:
1721:
1705:. 13.
1371:, and
1329:vetoed
1267:Junker
957:Russia
893:France
777:
741:
705:
669:
636:France
633:
600:Russia
597:
535:Sweden
532:
509:
488:France
485:
461:
437:
413:
367:cotton
303:, and
297:Nevada
194:Vienna
182:Nevada
153:thaler
7010:1876
6948:1875
6876:1874
6819:1873
6732:1872
6665:1871
6598:1870
6531:1869
6449:1868
6397:1867
6335:1866
6278:1865
6216:1864
6144:1863
5296:Radio
5276:Media
5256:Other
5127:Welsh
5097:Cider
5075:Solar
4860:Wales
4670:Leeds
4650:Devon
4333:Gilts
4148:India
4075:India
3842:India
3498:Shock
3316:Model
3157:(PDF)
3048:S2CID
3028:(PDF)
3006:JSTOR
2726:2:811
2568:(PDF)
2538:JSTOR
2017:Titan
1864:JSTOR
1783:. In
1762:S2CID
1754:JSTOR
1719:JSTOR
1147:show
1110:steel
941:Italy
825:Chile
780:Italy
766:15.3
763:12.2
760:11.3
730:26.4
727:19.9
724:16.6
721:12.7
718:10.3
694:29.4
691:23.5
688:19.6
685:16.0
682:12.5
679:10.4
658:19.7
655:17.3
652:16.8
649:13.3
646:11.8
643:10.3
622:21.1
619:23.2
616:22.9
613:14.4
610:12.7
607:11.2
604:10.5
586:1890
583:1880
580:1870
577:1860
574:1850
571:1840
568:1830
512:Italy
380:price
363:grain
305:Idaho
8178:1877
8105:1876
8032:1875
7956:1874
7895:1873
7844:1872
7783:1871
7732:1870
7666:1869
7573:1868
7500:1867
7413:1866
7333:1865
7307:1864
7256:1863
7153:1876
7148:1874
7143:1872
7138:1870
7133:1868
7128:1866
7123:1864
7034:Nov.
7026:Apr.
6005:1876
5971:1872
5952:1868
5928:1864
5412:Rail
5107:Beer
5102:Wine
5087:Food
5080:Wind
5045:Coal
3888:1945
3620:1812
3284:and
3280:and
3118:ISBN
3091:ISBN
2977:ISBN
2943:ISBN
2895:ISBN
2865:ISBN
2834:ISBN
2808:ISBN
2781:ISBN
2754:ISBN
2694:ISBN
2664:ISBN
2632:ISBN
2606:2009
2575:2010
2501:ISBN
2459:ISBN
2429:ISBN
2402:ISBN
2378:ISBN
2336:ISBN
2282:and
2248:ISBN
2221:ISBN
2188:ISBN
2163:ISBN
2132:ISBN
2101:ISBN
2063:ISBN
2026:ISBN
1989:ISBN
1833:2009
1797:ISBN
1573:and
1178:The
1143:and
1132:10%
1124:30%
1114:45%
1108:and
1106:Iron
1100:30%
1069:Real
924:and
866:and
802:9.4
799:8.7
796:8.2
793:7.4
790:6.6
787:5.9
784:5.5
757:9.9
754:9.1
751:8.3
748:7.2
715:8.3
712:7.2
676:8.2
640:8.5
544:3.5
541:3.1
521:3.0
518:0.9
498:2.5
495:1.3
492:1.7
474:5.3
471:4.7
468:6.2
450:2.0
447:1.7
444:3.0
426:4.1
423:2.9
420:4.3
223:The
54:and
36:1873
26:The
7032:CT
7024:CT
6015:RNC
6010:DNC
5981:RNC
5976:DNC
5962:RNC
5957:DNC
5933:DNC
5220:LCH
3040:doi
2973:137
2660:223
2530:doi
2217:219
2022:160
1856:doi
1746:doi
1711:doi
1415:".
1405:'s
1277:'s
1273:in
559:USD
172:'s
140:Run
8709::
7105:WV
7100:VT
7095:SC
7090:RI
7085:NC
7080:MO
7075:MI
7070:ME
7065:MA
7060:LA
7055:KS
7050:IN
7045:IL
7040:FL
7019:CO
7014:AL
7002:WI
6997:OH
6992:OH
6987:MN
6982:ME
6977:MD
6972:MA
6967:KY
6962:IA
6957:CT
6952:CA
6940:VT
6935:SC
6930:OR
6925:NV
6920:NJ
6915:MO
6910:MI
6905:ME
6900:MA
6895:KS
6890:DE
6885:CT
6880:AL
6868:WI
6863:VA
6858:TX
6853:OH
6848:MS
6843:MN
6838:ME
6833:MA
6828:IA
6823:CT
6811:WV
6806:VT
6801:SC
6796:RI
6791:PA
6786:NC
6781:MO
6776:MI
6771:ME
6766:MA
6761:LA
6756:IN
6751:IL
6746:FL
6741:CT
6736:AL
6724:WI
6719:RI
6714:OH
6709:NJ
6704:MN
6699:ME
6694:MD
6689:MA
6684:KY
6679:IA
6674:CT
6669:CA
6657:WV
6652:VT
6647:SC
6642:RI
6637:OR
6632:MO
6627:MI
6622:ME
6617:MA
6612:DE
6607:CT
6602:AL
6590:WI
6585:VT
6580:VA
6575:RI
6570:PA
6565:OH
6560:MS
6555:MN
6550:ME
6545:MA
6540:IA
6535:CT
6523:WV
6518:VT
6513:SC
6508:NJ
6503:NC
6498:MO
6493:MI
6488:ME
6483:MA
6478:LA
6473:IN
6468:IL
6463:FL
6458:CT
6453:AL
6441:WI
6436:VT
6431:OH
6426:MN
6421:ME
6416:MD
6411:MA
6406:CT
6401:CA
6389:WV
6384:VT
6379:TX
6374:PA
6369:OR
6364:NC
6359:MI
6354:ME
6349:MA
6344:DE
6339:CT
6327:WI
6322:VT
6317:SC
6312:OH
6307:NJ
6302:MN
6297:MA
6292:LA
6287:FL
6282:CT
6270:WV
6265:VT
6260:NH
6255:MO
6250:MI
6245:MA
6240:MD
6235:LA
6230:IN
6225:IL
6220:CT
6208:WV
6203:WI
6198:VT
6193:VA
6188:PA
6183:OH
6178:NH
6173:MN
6168:MA
6163:KY
6158:CT
6153:CA
6148:AL
5653:45
5648:44
5643:43
5638:42
5633:41
5628:40
5623:39
5618:38
3219:,
3202:,
3178:^
3159:.
3126:.
3046:.
3036:66
3034:.
3030:.
3002:41
3000:.
2975:.
2941:.
2939:45
2879:^
2863:.
2861:50
2795:^
2768:^
2718:,
2708:^
2678:^
2662:.
2614:^
2592:.
2536:.
2526:31
2524:.
2473:^
2416:^
2350:^
2321:^
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2312:,
2262:^
2235:^
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2161:.
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2115:^
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2077:^
2061:.
2059:35
2040:^
2024:.
2003:^
1958:^
1862:.
1852:31
1850:.
1822:.
1811:^
1795:.
1760:.
1752:.
1742:19
1740:.
1717:.
1707:13
1562:.
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1195:.
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299:,
188:.
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