995:
586:
598:
1648:
1024:
924:
1122:
967:
1340:
2350:
944:
467:
1106:
1348:
1452:
1436:
2651:
2336:
1091:
2532:
1814:
1953:
1073:, worth 10 ducats, which were based on Portuguese 10-ducat coins. Eventually the term was applied to numerous similar coins worth more than a single thaler. These coins are very rare and highly sought after by collectors. As few of them were circulated in any real sense, they are often well-preserved.
2257:
customs union led to a more vigorous transition into the
Prussian currency standard, with North German thalers being replaced by lower-valued Prussian thalers worth 14 to a Cologne Mark of fine silver (or 16.704 g), and with each thaler now divided into 30 silbergroschen. The Prussian thaler was also
1266:
Lion
Daalders were used a lot in Europe, Africa, the Middle East and in what's now known as the USA. The city of New Amsterdam, currently New York, was founded by the Dutch in the early 17th century. "The Lion Daalder holds an important place in American history as America’s first dollar and the root
689:
Similar coins began to be minted in neighbouring valleys rich in silver deposits, each named after the particular 'thal' or valley from which the silver was extracted. There were soon so many of them that these silver coins began to be known more widely as 'thaler' in German and 'tolar' in Czech.
2050:
that lowered the guldengroschen's fineness to 0.882 but raised its weight to 31.18 g. Many German states begin to accept this standard guldengroschen, but valued higher at 24 groschen or 72 kreuzer, further reinforcing its separation from the accounting gulden defined as only 60 kreuzer. A huge
1824:
Though various silver thaler coins were minted in most of Europe until the 1870s, these coins were more often counted in non-thaler currency units like Dutch or
Austrian guilders, French francs, Spanish reales, etc. By the mid-19th century the thaler (or reichsthaler, rigsdaler) was still the
1873:
Thaler-sized coins minted to late-19th century standards would be minted until 1914 in Mexico and in most of Europe, until 1928 in
Switzerland, and until 1934 in the United States. Henceforth thaler-sized silver coins would be minted as bullion or numismatic pieces, among them:
2042:
and
Bohemia alter the fineness of their guldiners (or 1-guilder coin) down from .9375 purity to .903 while maintaining the same coin weight, thus lowering the actual amount of pure silver in the coin. This made the imperial Guldengroschen worth more than the locally issued
27:
994:
1541:
Eventual transition to this first new Swiss franc stalled in the 19th century while public preference shifted to the South German
Kronenthaler of 25.71 g fine silver, valued at 3.9 francs or 39 batzen. In 1850 Switzerland established the modern-day
1065:, and indeed the majority were struck there. Some of these coins reached colossal size, as much as sixteen normal thalers, exceeding a full pound (over 450 g) of silver and being over 12 cm (5 in) in diameter. The name
2058:, yet another money ordinance is decreed at Augsburg, which discontinued the 72-kreuzer guldengroschen (minted at 8.533 to a Cologne Mark of fine silver) in favor of a 60-kreuzer "guldiner" or 1-gulden coin minted at 10.24 to a Mark.
1367:
well into the 20th century, weighing 27.47 g, 0.9306 fine. Being of nearly identical weight to the German reichsthaler, British colonists in North
America eventually called the Spanish coin the dollar, which became the model for the
2169:
the
Speciethaler, or 12 Leipzig thalers minted from a Cologne Mark of fine silver. The Leipzig standard eventually prevailed all over the Empire, with a variety of subdivisions still used by the different states for this thaler:
1494:
cities began to represent "city views" on the obverse of their thalers, as they did not have the option to represent either patron saint or ruling princes. The first city view thaler of Zürich was minted in 1651 (the so-called
561:("gold-groat", being of silver but equal in value to a Goldgulden). It was an instant and unqualified success. Soon it was being copied widely by many states who had the necessary silver. The engravers, no less affected by the
520:
This trend was inverted with the discovery of new and substantial silver deposits in Europe beginning in about the 1470s. Italy began the first tentative steps toward a large silver coinage with the introduction in 1472 of the
2154:
1690: The
Leipzig Money Convention met to deal with the poor quality of coinage in Saxony, Brandenburg, and Brunswick, as well as the limited acceptance of the 1667 Zinnaische standard. The agreement reached was to reduce the
565:
than were other artists, began creating intricate and elaborate designs featuring the heraldic arms and standards of the minting state as well as brutally realistic, sometimes unflattering, depictions of the ruler (monarch).
2274:
1857: The Vienna monetary contract finally eliminates the
Cologne Mark as a standard against which the silver coinage of Austria and Germany are reckoned, replacing it with a simple tariff of 500 g fine silver. 30
966:
1031:
The "city view" thalers of the 17th and 18th century have predecessors in stylised representations of cities (as three towers, or a city gate) on the obverse of thaler coins in the late 16th century, such as the
1755:
until 1908 when they were withdrawn and demonetized. Some old countermarked thalers circulated as emergency coinage in Germany during the inflationary period following its defeat in the First World War.
1417:
was established, with the 5-franc coin of 25.0 g, 90% fine silver being closest in size to the thalers used elsewhere. The French franc system would be expanded to other countries in the advent of the
2081:
of fine silver). While modestly lighter than the guldengroschen, its public acceptance at the same price of 24 groschen or 72 kreuzer (or 10.8 guilders to a Mark) doomed the now-underpriced guldiner.
1767:
minted from 1751, enjoyed a special role as trade currency and continued to be minted long after the death of Maria Theresa in 1780, with coins minted after her death always showing the year 1780.
1467:
and their Associates each minted their own coins, with most larger silver coins conforming to established German or French standards. Thaler and half thaler coins were minted by the cities of
1550:, with 40 Swiss francs exchanged for 7 kronenthaler. The five-franc coin of 25.0 g, 90% fine silver became the coin with the closest value to the different historical thalers.
501:
of the 15th century which occurred for several reasons including continued warfare and the centuries-long loss of silver and gold in indirect one-sided trades importing
2121:
to help make the minting of small coins more economical than could be done under the old Augsburg ordinances led to the creation of a lower-valued Thaler, still worth 1
1121:
1860:. The thaler (and its linguistic variants) would also survive as the informal name of coins identical to the historical coin like the German 3-mark coin, the Dutch 2
36:
Clockwise from top left: Saxe-Altenburg 1616 (reverse), Saxony 1592, Austria 1701 (obverse), Saxony 1592 (obverse), Center: double thaler, Austria 1635 (obverse).
1152:(the "lion thaler", depicting the Belgic Lion) in 1575, the latter of weight 27.68 g (427.2 grains) and 0.743 fineness. With the growing popularity of the German
1243:
become Europe's financial center in the 17th century and maintain the reichsthaler as its banking currency unit despite Germany's descent into the chaos of the
1247:. As a bullion entrepôt of the period, the Netherlands produced reichsthalers for Germany and Scandinavia, and exported leeuwendaalders to the Levant and the
659:
1870:-gulden coin, the 5-franc coins of the Latin Monetary Union (among them France, Belgium, Switzerland), and the Greek 5-drachma coin (τάληρο, taliro).
513:
and other fine cloths and exotic goods from India, Indonesia and the Far East. This continual debasement had reached a point that silver content in
1922:
in twenty-three currencies used in countries including Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, New Zealand and the United States of America, and also in the
517:-type coins had dropped, in some cases, to less than five percent, making the coins of much less individual value than they had in the beginning.
923:
2210:, with ten to a Cologne Mark of fine silver (or 23.3856 g). Its weight was 28.06 g with a fineness of .833. This Conventionsthaler was worth 1
2279:
are set to be minted from this 500 g standard (hence 16.67 g fine silver, or weight 18.52 g .900 fine). The Vereinsthaler was made equal to 1
943:
2151:
Zinnaische thalers to a Cologne Mark of fine silver). Northern European states like Denmark, Hamburg and Lübeck acceded to this convention.
1280:
of weight 29.45 g and 0.873 fineness, or 25.71 g fine silver. This coin was adopted by many South German states by the early 19th century.
1213:
quickened from the 1570s, with the leeuwendaalder rising from 32 to 40 stuivers by 1619, and the rijksdaalder from 42 to 50 stuivers. The
2418:
231:. These days thaler-sized silver coins are not in active circulation anymore, but are minted by various government mints as bullion or
1986:
1499: Hungary issues the first Guldiner/Guldengroschen. It is the earliest year of issue with Arabic numerals on the coins in Hungary.
544:
of roughly 15 g. This was a very rare coin, almost a trial piece, but it did circulate so successfully that demand could not be met.
194:
of fine silver (or 25.984 g), and which was issued in various versions from 1566 to 1875. From the 17th century a lesser-valued
1157:
1055:
In the late 16th and 17th centuries, there was a fashion of oversized thaler coins, the so-called "multiple thalers", often called
2964:
316:
897:
of fine silver. While it was adopted by most German states, Scandinavia and a few North German states retained the original
842:
for the development of the Reichsthaler and related currency units from 1566 to 1875. Confusingly, there also was defined a
2979:
2238:
From 1820: The Kronenthaler (a thaler with 3 or 4 crowns between the Burgundy cross), a coin first issued in 1754 by the
1771:
declared it an official trade coinage in 1857 just before it lost legal tender status in Austria following issue of the
1048:
1631). The type continues to be popular throughout the 18th century, culminating in detailed city panoramas rendered in
2974:
2695:
75:
2564:
816:
of fine silver, or 25.984 g. It was widely adopted and produced for the next 300 years at rates varying from 9 to 9
1409:
of 6 livres with about 26.7 g fine silver; it would also find currency in Southern Germany and Switzerland as the
617:
2969:
2235:. Over time this coin would spread into a large portion of central and southern Germany but not in Scandinavia.
934:
597:
585:
2206:
1754: The monetary agreement between Austria and Bavaria in 1753 replaced the original Speciethaler by a new
2055:
1105:
1037:
953:
450:
was introduced in the first half of the 19th century to refer to the coins of the German states, as the word
1379:
The rise of German and Spanish dollars in 16th century European trade lessened the demand for French silver
2714:
1647:
1023:
31:
1090:
1751:
Within the new German Empire, silver vereinsthaler coins remained unlimited legal tender at a value of 3
1618:
1062:
224:
2621:
2466:
1826:
2430:
2626:
2611:
1768:
796:
of silver or 29.232 g, and had a fineness 0.9375. However, its longest-lasting standard coin was the
773:
679:
616:. The obverse side pictures St Joachim, the reverse side features the Bohemian Lion and the name of
2196:
1910:, which at 1 troy ounce (31 g) fine silver is actually heavier than the original silver dollar.
977:
2599:
1321:
was also known as the silver ducat, which is still minted for collectors in the Netherlands today.
1040:
made in 1584. More elaborate city views become current in the first half of the 17th century (e.g.
92:
2386:
1667:
valued at 2.7 gulden - hence a reduced fine silver content for the gulden at 9.52 g. In 1837, the
1164:
in 1583, of weight 29.03 g (448 grains) and 0.885 fineness, and featuring an armored half bust of
1057:
265:
had opened in 1516, and the first such coins were minted there in 1518. The original spelling was
2289:
2228:
1596:(1625). In the early 19th century, these countries introduced their modern currency based on the
1193:
1049:
20:
2448:
2323:
1908: The Vereinsthaler was officially demonetised in Germany and made worth only bullion value.
2246:(present-day Belgium), became widely adopted by various Southern German that the rate of to 2.7
419:
the Conventionsthaler. From 1840 the various North German thalers converged to the value of the
2616:
1525:
2497:
2484:
1783:
introduced at par with this taler, and it continued to be in use into the 20th century in the
1223:
with the rijksdaalder of 29.03 g, 0.875 fine (or 25.4 g fine silver) fixed at 50 stuivers or 2
2633:
2587:
1907:
1602:
1563:
1464:
1007:
2118:
2671:
2557:
2243:
2095:
1966:
1952:
1879:
1760:
1418:
1273:
1244:
643:
533:
498:
455:
434:
228:
2012:
8:
2769:
2740:
2728:
2302:
2268:
2247:
2232:
2220:
2156:
2016:
1943:
1817:
1741:
1728:
1688:
1681:
1660:
1634:
1403:, weighing 27.19 g and 0.917 fine. In 1726 France issued its own thaler coin, the silver
1181:
1133:
843:
729:
The new large silver coins that became ubiquitous as the 16th century went on were named
720:
639:
479:
401:
196:
115:
1833:. By 1875 the thaler itself disappeared as currency unit in Europe upon adoption of the
1719:
fine silver at the start of the 19th century, was revalued in the 1840s at par with the
1339:
2816:
2734:
2639:
2355:
1840:
Nonetheless, use of the thaler as currency continued outside Europe in the form of the
1165:
1161:
778:
635:
613:
330:
was soon used in compounds denoting various types of silver coins of thaler size, thus
155:
1268:
2913:
2846:
2781:
2683:
2677:
2207:
2099:
2051:
variety of other accounting subdivisions of the coin prevailed throughout the Empire.
2020:
1994:
1947:
1796:
1764:
1745:
1702:
1663:, or 9.744 grams fine silver per gulden. Afterwards, however, they began to mint the
1656:
1589:
1567:
1491:
1480:
1215:
1141:
1082:
885:
765:
724:
694:
395:
162:
137:
111:
107:
2407:
2077:), of weight 29.232 g and fineness 0.889 (hence, 9 Specie Reichsthalers issued to a
555:, Sigismund issued, in 1486, large numbers of the first true thaler-sized coin, the
2935:
2892:
2841:
2708:
1923:
1776:
1752:
1593:
1559:
1476:
1460:
1272:
By the 18th century the Spanish-controlled Dutch territories eventually became the
279:
52:
2856:
2320:
despite its bullion value dropping below 3 gold marks over the next several years.
1891:
1808:
1468:
358:
215:
silver coin type continued to be minted until the 20th century in the form of the
2959:
2924:
2864:
2702:
2550:
2239:
2224:
2200:
2106:
2039:
1927:
1853:
1845:
1720:
1668:
1622:
1430:
1405:
1373:
1360:
930:
890:
880:
750:
466:
420:
270:
245:
and now mostly English), also survives as the name of several modern currencies.
84:
1140:
has had a history of minting large silver coins separately from the rest of the
2804:
2536:
2187:
1750: This year saw yet another reduction in weight in the areas controlled by
1990:
1970:
1857:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1396:
1364:
1330:
1248:
1240:
1189:
1137:
758:
746:
667:
557:
471:
242:
168:
525:
2953:
2851:
2836:
2787:
2775:
2722:
2665:
2605:
2363:
2313:
2309:
2276:
2073:
1957:
1834:
1772:
1724:
1642:
1614:
1484:
1252:
1233:
683:
609:
552:
529:
522:
425:
203:
2027:, or 233.856 g), its fineness at 0.9375, and proposed it be divided into 21
1447:
stamped "40 BZ" (batzen) in Bern became 4 francs under the Helvetic Republic
1347:
1267:
of the word from where the current currency, the US Dollar, found its name."
1127:
Maria Theresa Kronenthaler, 1770, showing the Burgundian Cross with 4 crowns
1069:
most likely was derived from a large gold coin minted in Hamburg called the
2870:
2831:
2825:
2810:
2746:
2689:
2593:
2517:
HISTORY OF THE REDEEMABLE, MULTIPLE AND MINING TALERS OF BRUNSWICK-LUNEBERG
2406:
Year: 1620–1621; Composition: Silver; Weight: 28,4 gram; Diameter: 42 mm -
2341:
2181:
2078:
2067:
2024:
2023:. It fixed the weight of the guldengroschen weight at 29.232 g (or 1/8th a
1998:
1939:
1849:
1716:
1664:
1638:
1610:
1547:
1472:
1414:
1334:
1277:
1260:
1256:
1153:
1011:
899:
798:
793:
716:
537:
483:
216:
191:
176:
2316:, with the silver Vereinsthaler remaining unlimited legal tender at three
1451:
1204:
minted armored half bust rijksdaalders until the end of the 17th century.
2763:
2114:
2110:
1841:
1830:
1744:
was adopted as the standard coin by most German states as well as in the
1543:
1369:
647:
562:
374:
332:
220:
103:
2650:
2005:
1748:. Vereinsthalers were issued until 1871 in Germany and 1867 in Austria.
1655:
At the beginning of the 19th century the South German states valued the
1435:
1045:
1033:
663:
478:
The development of large silver coins is an innovation of the beginning
262:
151:
2254:
1388:
1220:
1185:
1173:
232:
283:). By the late 16th century, the word was variously spelled as German
2317:
2084:
1618: The Reichsthaler was valued at 24 groschen, or 90 kreuzer, or 1
1169:
1000:
742:
693:
In the 17th century, some Joachimsthalers were in circulation in the
506:
200:
currency unit emerged, which by the 19th century became par with the
2102:
financial crisis which destroyed Germany's various monetary systems.
2047:
2028:
1041:
981:
957:
651:
2250:. The kronenthaler had a weight of 29.45 g and a fineness of .873.
1723:, at 14 to a Mark, though with varying subdivisions. In 1857, the
1514:
of 26.7 g fine silver as its most widely used thaler, valued at 4
2188:
2032:
1974:
1209:
1197:
1177:
675:
2887:
2531:
1520:
1201:
741:, respectively, both names taken from what had originally been
548:
237:
1775:. The Maria Theresa taler became the de facto currency of the
1352:
67:
2897:
2192:
2004:
1518: The first coin actually called a "Thaler" is minted in
1813:
1792:
575:
528:
in excess of 6 grams, a substantial increase over the 4-gram
502:
494:
or "thick penny". These rarely exceeded a weight of 6 grams.
61:
1609:
These currencies in Denmark and Sweden were replaced by the
432:
The corresponding English silver coin of the period was the
2019:
is the first attempt at a standard currency system for the
1981:
1503:
985:
754:
510:
235:
items for collectors. The current derivative of the name,
2542:
2483:
Künker Auktion 316, Numismatischer Verlag Künker (2019),
26:
1148:(depicting the Cross of Burgundy) in 1567, and then the
733:
in German, while in England and France, they were named
136: in) and a weight of about 25 to 30 grams (roughly
1918:
survives in various modern currency names, in the form
1027:
Half portugalöser (five ducats) minted in Hamburg, 1679
30:
Four thalers and one double thaler, compared to a U.S.
1621:. Norway joined the Monetary Union and introduced the
540:
issued the first truly revolutionary silver coin, the
497:
Even these coins were increasingly debased due to the
16:
Large silver coin used in 16th- to 19th-century Europe
2008:, Bohemia, Holy Roman Empire, also weighing 29.232 g.
1980:
1493: Switzerland issues its first Guldengroschen at
1251:. The latter survives to this day in the form of the
838:
634:
were popping up everywhere in central Europe. In the
122:
size silver coin has a diameter of about 40 mm (
76:
2331:
1363:
in the 1530s enabled the massive minting of Spain's
64:
58:
1933:
1300:
in currency even after the discontinuation of the 1
1207:The pace of depreciation of the small-denomination
55:
2061:1566: Protestations over the disappearance of the
1506:and many Western Swiss cantons adopted the French
802:("imperial thaler") defined in 1566 as containing
482:. The largest medieval silver coins were known as
257:is recorded from the 1530s, as an abbreviation of
2408:https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces94533.html
1889:minted in German-speaking Europe; e.g. the Swiss
1572:The name thaler was introduced to Scandinavia as
547:Finally, with the silver deposits—being mined at
2951:
2054:1559: After the death of the Holy Roman Emperor
1524:of Bern. In 1798 this system was adopted by the
764:The first large silver coin standardized by the
438:. The Low German word was adopted in English as
2203:were minted from a Cologne mark of fine silver.
1219:was then founded in 1608 to establish a stable
1018:
2199:down to just 22.272 g and a .750 fineness. 14
1617:in 1873, the new currencies introduced by the
307:. In 18th to 19th-century German orthography,
2558:
1914:Unrelated to specific coins, the name of the
702:
650:— of similar physical size but slightly less
532:of France. However, it was only in 1484 that
2305:, 30 silbergroschen, and other subdivisions.
1359:The discovery of massive silver supplies in
454:was increasingly understood to refer to the
201:
174:
166:
141:
106:minted in the states and territories of the
97:
857:specie coin; this thaler was worth 12 to a
682:, was portrayed on the coin along with the
388:
378:
2565:
2551:
2046:1551: A new money ordinance is decreed in
662:at a rich source near Joachimsthal (today
1606:was chosen as the currency name in 1816.
1584:was minted from 1560. Later Scandinavian
1580:coins were minted in 1534. The Norwegian
1061:in Germany. The first were minted in the
745:. The thaler size silver coins minted in
393:. From 1754, many German states used the
1951:
1812:
1684:- hence 9.545 g fine silver per gulden.
1646:
1450:
1434:
1346:
1338:
1158:Republic of the Seven United Netherlands
1022:
465:
173:of 1524, its longest-lived coin was the
25:
1628:
883:) by the 1840s. Furthermore, in 1754 a
2952:
2490:
2419:Gold medallic portugalöser (10 ducats)
984:design on coins from the mints in the
707:) – a distortion of the name Joachim.
674:(Tal) means "valley" in German. Saint
638:, then ruled together with Hungary by
2546:
1997:weighing 29.232 grams, or eight to a
161:While the first standard coin of the
91:
2514:
1528:with the first Swiss franc equal to
710:
2141:of the original Speciethaler (or 10
2131:gulden or 90 kreuzer, but equal to
1779:in the late 18th century, with the
1324:
917:as their standard coin until 1875.
13:
2449:"Production of the Leeuwendaalder"
14:
2991:
2696:Austrian Netherlands kronenthaler
2524:
2312:was adopted by the newly unified
1763:, the most famous example of the
1475:, Lucerne, Zug, Basel, Fribourg,
1343:The Spanish 8-real coin or dollar
1076:
569:
2649:
2530:
2348:
2334:
2065:resulted in the issuance of the
1934:Chronology of thaler development
1455:40 batzen minted in Zurich, 1813
1160:had to follow up with their own
1120:
1104:
1089:
993:
965:
942:
922:
853:) of less value to the standard
839:chronology of thaler development
612:of a 1525 Joachimsthaler of the
596:
584:
51:
1930:(before adoption of the euro).
658:, from the silver mined by the
461:
2965:Coins of the Holy Roman Empire
2477:
2459:
2441:
2423:
2412:
2400:
2393:as the English translation of
2375:
1553:
1424:
1239:The bank's success helped the
654:—that was named in German the
551:—to work with and his mint at
140:). The word is shortened from
1:
2431:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
2369:
227:until 1935, and the Austrian
2715:Danish West Indian rigsdaler
2467:"Lion Dollar – Introduction"
1969:of Tirol issues his 31.93 g
1885:Modern silver commemorative
1083:Dutch guilder § History
1019:City view thalers and lösers
311:became standard, changed to
248:
7:
2327:
2253:From 1837: the Prussia-led
1795:and throughout much of the
1619:Scandinavian Monetary Union
1391:therefore introduced a new
1314:piece in the 19th century.
1063:Duchy of Brunswick-Luneburg
277:means "of the valley" (cf.
10:
2996:
2980:Modern obsolete currencies
2572:
2383:Teutsch-Englisches Lexicon
2011:1524: The money ordinance
1937:
1827:North German Confederation
1825:currency unit used in the
1809:Bullion coin § Silver
1806:
1632:
1557:
1431:Swiss franc § History
1428:
1328:
1080:
714:
573:
399:as well as a lower-valued
18:
2906:
2880:
2797:
2756:
2658:
2647:
2580:
2184:, 36 mariengroschen, etc.
2094:gulden on the eve of the
1852:and the various pesos of
1802:
1769:Francis Joseph of Austria
1651:German 5 Mark coin (1888)
774:Imperial Minting Standard
703:
697:, where they were called
2975:Denominations (currency)
2600:Danish West Indian daler
2508:
2290:Austro-Hungarian florins
2229:Austro-Hungarian florins
1820:, 25.0 grams, 90% silver
1276:. In 1754 it issued the
875:after 1754, and 14 to a
223:coin until 1928, the US
2798:15th and 16th centuries
2180:gulden, 90 kreuzer, 24
1989:1500: The first German
1413:. Finally, in 1795 the
1287:continued to refer to 1
772:in 1524. Under the new
757:and in English as the "
446:by about 1600. English
21:Thaler (disambiguation)
2515:Duve, Gebhard (1966).
2498:German monetary system
2197:Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
1961:
1821:
1652:
1526:Helvetic Confederation
1456:
1448:
1356:
1344:
1028:
978:Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
849:currency (also called
753:, later also known as
475:
389:
379:
261:. The silver mines at
202:
175:
167:
142:
102:) is one of the large
98:
88:
38:
2970:Currencies of Germany
2634:Greenlandic rigsdaler
2588:Norwegian speciedaler
2519:. Johannseburg: Duve.
2098:of 1618–1648 and the
1955:
1938:Further information:
1908:American Silver Eagle
1816:
1807:Further information:
1650:
1588:coins included the
1564:Norwegian speciedaler
1502:By the 18th century,
1465:Old Swiss Confederacy
1454:
1438:
1350:
1342:
1050:one-point perspective
1026:
1008:Sigismund II Augustus
980:with the traditional
889:was developed by the
715:Further information:
630:of similar weight to
469:
442:by 1550, modified to
219:until 1914, the five
96:, previously spelled
29:
2672:Maria Theresa thaler
2539:at Wikimedia Commons
2244:Austrian Netherlands
2221:North German thalers
2071:(known later as the
1880:Maria Theresa thaler
1761:Maria Theresa thaler
1629:19th-century Germany
1576:. The first Swedish
1419:Latin Monetary Union
1274:Austrian Netherlands
1216:Amsterdam Wisselbank
1136:and the independent
1099:or lion thaler, 1660
678:, the father of the
644:Jagiellonian dynasty
499:Great Bullion Famine
456:United States dollar
317:1902 spelling reform
229:Maria Theresa thaler
19:For other uses, see
2770:North German thaler
2741:Norwegian rigsdaler
2729:Hesse-Kassel thaler
2303:South German gulden
2269:South German gulden
2248:South German gulden
2233:South German gulden
2157:North German thaler
1977:and .9375 fineness.
1944:North German thaler
1899:, and the Austrian
1818:Swiss 5 francs coin
1742:South German gulden
1729:North German thaler
1689:North German thaler
1682:South German gulden
1661:South German gulden
1635:South German gulden
1134:Spanish Netherlands
721:North German thaler
542:half Guldengroschen
480:Early Modern period
423:and afterwards the
402:North German thaler
197:North German thaler
116:Early Modern period
2822:Swiss Confederacy
2817:Dutch rijksdaalder
2735:Mecklenburg thaler
2640:Westphalian thaler
2435:www.etymonline.com
2381:Christian Ludwig,
2356:Numismatics portal
2119:Brunswick-Lüneburg
1962:
1822:
1653:
1457:
1449:
1357:
1345:
1166:William the Silent
1162:Dutch rijksdaalder
1029:
893:minted at 10 to a
636:Kingdom of Bohemia
614:Kingdom of Bohemia
534:Archduke Sigismund
476:
373:Units used in the
181:, which contained
39:
2947:
2946:
2782:Swedish riksdaler
2684:Hanoverian thaler
2678:Conventionsthaler
2535:Media related to
2208:Conventionsthaler
2100:Kipper und Wipper
2096:Thirty Years' War
2021:Holy Roman Empire
2013:Reichsmünzordnung
1948:Conventionsthaler
1797:Arabian Peninsula
1765:Conventionsthaler
1753:German gold marks
1703:Conventionsthaler
1657:Conventionsthaler
1600:unit. In Norway,
1590:Swedish riksdaler
1568:Swedish riksdaler
1245:Thirty Years' War
1142:Holy Roman Empire
886:Conventionsthaler
766:Holy Roman Empire
725:Conventionsthaler
711:Holy Roman Empire
695:Tsardom of Russia
660:Counts of Schlick
646:, a guldiner was
396:Conventionsthaler
163:Holy Roman Empire
112:Habsburg monarchy
108:Holy Roman Empire
37:
34:(bottom center):
2987:
2940:
2934:
2929:
2923:
2918:
2912:
2709:Danish rigsdaler
2653:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2544:
2543:
2534:
2520:
2503:
2496:MAIN reference:
2494:
2488:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2471:www.coins.nd.edu
2463:
2457:
2456:
2453:www.coins.nd.edu
2445:
2439:
2438:
2427:
2421:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2379:
2358:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2344:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2225:Prussian thalers
2219:
2218:
2214:
2201:Prussian thalers
2179:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2113:between Saxony,
2093:
2092:
2088:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1777:Ethiopian Empire
1740:
1739:
1735:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1594:Danish rigsdaler
1592:(1604) and the
1560:Danish rigsdaler
1546:at par with the
1537:
1536:
1532:
1479:, Schaffhausen,
1461:Thirteen Cantons
1399:and worth three
1325:Spain and France
1309:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1144:. It issued the
1124:
1108:
1093:
997:
969:
946:
926:
912:
911:
907:
870:
869:
865:
825:
824:
820:
811:
810:
806:
791:
790:
786:
706:
705:
610:Electrotype copy
600:
588:
492:denarius grossus
418:
417:
413:
392:
382:
207:
190:
189:
185:
180:
172:
145:
135:
134:
130:
127:
101:
95:
93:[ˈtaːlɐ]
79:
74:
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
57:
35:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2916:
2910:
2902:
2876:
2865:Stolberg thaler
2793:
2752:
2703:Prussian thaler
2654:
2645:
2576:
2571:
2527:
2511:
2506:
2495:
2491:
2482:
2478:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2354:
2349:
2347:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2242:for use in the
2240:Austrian Empire
2216:
2212:
2211:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2090:
2086:
2085:
1993:is issued from
1950:
1936:
1928:Slovenian tolar
1866:
1862:
1861:
1854:Spanish America
1846:Canadian dollar
1811:
1805:
1746:Habsburg Empire
1737:
1733:
1732:
1721:Prussian thaler
1711:
1707:
1706:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1669:Prussian thaler
1645:
1631:
1623:Norwegian krone
1570:
1556:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1516:livres (francs)
1433:
1427:
1401:livres tournois
1387:. In 1641 King
1374:Canadian dollar
1365:eight-real coin
1361:Spanish America
1337:
1327:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1156:, however, the
1128:
1125:
1116:
1109:
1100:
1094:
1085:
1079:
1021:
1014:
998:
989:
970:
961:
947:
938:
931:County of Tyrol
927:
909:
905:
904:
891:Austrian Empire
881:Prussian thaler
867:
863:
862:
822:
818:
817:
808:
804:
803:
788:
784:
783:
751:eight real coin
727:
713:
624:
623:
622:
621:
606:
605:
604:
601:
593:
592:
589:
578:
572:
464:
421:Prussian thaler
415:
411:
410:
251:
187:
183:
182:
150:coin minted in
146:, the original
132:
128:
125:
123:
77:
54:
50:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2993:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2930:
2919:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2805:Reichsguldiner
2801:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2570:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2526:
2525:External links
2523:
2522:
2521:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2489:
2476:
2458:
2440:
2422:
2411:
2399:
2391:dollar, doller
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2345:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2306:
2277:Vereinsthalers
2272:
2251:
2236:
2204:
2185:
2152:
2111:Abbey of Zinna
2103:
2082:
2063:guldengroschen
2059:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2009:
2002:
1991:Guldengroschen
1987:
1984:
1978:
1971:Guldengroschen
1935:
1932:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1897:Helvetia-Taler
1883:
1858:Ethiopian birr
1804:
1801:
1789:Eastern Africa
1785:Horn of Africa
1781:Ethiopian birr
1671:was fixed at 1
1630:
1627:
1555:
1552:
1426:
1423:
1397:Spanish dollar
1393:Louis d'Argent
1331:Spanish dollar
1326:
1323:
1249:Ottoman Empire
1241:Dutch Republic
1194:West Friesland
1150:leeuwendaalder
1138:Dutch Republic
1130:
1129:
1126:
1119:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1101:
1097:leeuwendaalder
1095:
1088:
1078:
1077:Dutch Republic
1075:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
999:
992:
990:
971:
964:
962:
948:
941:
939:
929:thaler of the
928:
921:
861:after 1690, 13
770:Guldengroschen
759:Spanish dollar
747:Habsburg Spain
712:
709:
668:Czech Republic
656:Joachimsthaler
632:guldengroschen
608:
607:
602:
595:
594:
590:
583:
582:
581:
580:
579:
571:
570:Joachimsthaler
568:
558:Guldengroschen
472:Guldengroschen
463:
460:
390:leeuwendaalder
273:1540). German
250:
247:
169:Guldengroschen
143:Joachimsthaler
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2992:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2937:
2931:
2926:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:See also
2879:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2788:Wechselthaler
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2776:Speciesthaler
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2723:Danzig thaler
2721:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2666:Bremen thaler
2664:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:Vereinsthaler
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2563:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2502:
2501:. p. 360–393.
2499:
2493:
2486:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2374:
2365:
2364:Ausbeutetaler
2362:
2361:
2357:
2346:
2343:
2332:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2314:German Empire
2311:
2310:gold standard
2307:
2304:
2291:
2278:
2273:
2270:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2158:
2153:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2074:Speciesthaler
2070:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1958:Vereinsthaler
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1892:Schützentaler
1888:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1835:gold standard
1832:
1828:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1773:Vereinsthaler
1770:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1730:
1726:
1725:Vereinsthaler
1722:
1718:
1704:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1649:
1644:
1643:Vereinsthaler
1640:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1615:Swedish krona
1612:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1453:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1395:equal to the
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1349:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1310:gulden or 30
1299:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1253:Bulgarian lev
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1222:
1221:bank currency
1218:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1025:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1002:
996:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
972:17th-century
968:
963:
959:
955:
951:
945:
940:
936:
932:
925:
920:
919:
918:
916:
902:
901:
896:
892:
888:
887:
882:
878:
874:
860:
856:
852:
851:Reichsthalers
848:
847:
844:North German
841:
840:
834:
832:
828:
827:Reichsthalers
815:
812:th a Cologne
801:
800:
795:
782:) it weighed
781:
780:
779:Reichsmünzfuß
775:
771:
767:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
726:
722:
718:
708:
700:
696:
691:
687:
685:
684:Bohemian lion
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
619:
615:
611:
599:
587:
577:
567:
564:
560:
559:
554:
550:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
530:gros tournois
527:
524:
523:Venetian lira
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
473:
468:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
436:
430:
428:
427:
426:Vereinsthaler
422:
408:
404:
403:
398:
397:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
360:
359:Schützentaler
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:Albertustaler
339:
335:
334:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
299:; Low German
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
281:
280:Neanderthaler
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
259:Joachimstaler
256:
246:
244:
243:first Spanish
240:
239:
234:
230:
226:
225:silver dollar
222:
218:
214:
209:
206:
205:
204:Vereinsthaler
199:
198:
193:
179:
178:
171:
170:
164:
159:
158:, from 1520.
157:
153:
149:
144:
139:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
100:
94:
90:
86:
82:
81:
72:
48:
44:
33:
28:
22:
2939:}}
2933:{{
2928:}}
2922:{{
2917:}}
2911:{{
2871:Wendenthaler
2811:Reichsthaler
2757:17th century
2747:Saxon thaler
2690:Kronenthaler
2659:18th century
2622:Hesse-Kassel
2594:Baden thaler
2581:19th century
2573:
2516:
2500:
2492:
2479:
2470:
2461:
2452:
2443:
2434:
2425:
2414:
2402:
2394:
2390:
2382:
2377:
2342:Money portal
2182:gutegroschen
2109:made at the
2079:Cologne Mark
2072:
2068:Reichsthaler
2066:
2062:
2025:Cologne Mark
2006:Joachimsthal
1999:Cologne Mark
1940:Reichsthaler
1919:
1915:
1913:
1901:Haller-Taler
1900:
1896:
1895:, the Swiss
1890:
1886:
1872:
1850:Mexican peso
1839:
1823:
1758:
1750:
1717:Cologne Mark
1691:, valued at
1686:
1665:Kronenthaler
1654:
1639:Kronenthaler
1611:Danish krone
1608:
1601:
1597:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1571:
1548:French franc
1540:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1496:
1489:
1458:
1444:
1440:
1415:French franc
1410:
1404:
1400:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1358:
1335:French franc
1319:rijksdaalder
1318:
1316:
1311:
1297:
1284:
1282:
1278:Kronenthaler
1271:
1265:
1261:Moldovan leu
1257:Romanian leu
1238:
1214:
1208:
1206:
1154:reichsthaler
1149:
1146:kruisdaalder
1145:
1131:
1113:rijksdaalder
1112:
1096:
1071:portugalöser
1070:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1030:
1012:Vilnius Mint
1010:, minted in
1003:
973:
956:, minted in
950:Reichsthaler
949:
914:
900:Reichsthaler
898:
894:
884:
876:
872:
858:
855:Reichsthaler
854:
850:
845:
837:
835:
830:
826:
813:
799:Reichsthaler
797:
794:Cologne Mark
777:
769:
763:
738:
734:
730:
728:
717:Reichsthaler
698:
692:
688:
671:
655:
631:
627:
625:
556:
546:
541:
519:
514:
496:
491:
487:
477:
462:Predecessors
451:
447:
443:
439:
433:
431:
424:
407:Reichsthaler
406:
400:
394:
385:rijksdaalder
384:
377:include the
372:
368:Speciethaler
367:
363:
357:
353:
350:Kronenthaler
349:
345:
341:
337:
331:
327:
323:
321:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
278:
274:
266:
258:
254:
252:
236:
217:Mexican peso
212:
210:
195:
192:Cologne Mark
177:Reichsthaler
160:
152:Joachimsthal
147:
119:
104:silver coins
46:
42:
40:
2764:Bancothaler
2711:(late 18C)
2612:Mecklenburg
2159:further to
2115:Brandenburg
1924:Samoan tālā
1842:U.S. dollar
1831:Scandinavia
1603:speciedaler
1582:speciedaler
1554:Scandinavia
1544:Swiss franc
1538:th an écu.
1497:Vögelitaler
1425:Switzerland
1370:U.S. dollar
903:specie of 9
680:Virgin Mary
563:Renaissance
375:Netherlands
338:Silbertaler
333:Reichstaler
263:Joachimstal
221:Swiss franc
114:during the
2954:Categories
2867:(late 15C)
2847:St. Gallen
2819:(late 16C)
2743:(late 18C)
2370:References
2318:gold marks
2308:1873: The
2258:fixed at 1
2255:Zollverein
2015:issued at
1882:trade coin
1856:, and the
1633:See also:
1558:See also:
1512:laubthaler
1481:St. Gallen
1445:laubthaler
1429:See also:
1411:laubthaler
1389:Louis XIII
1329:See also:
1186:Overijssel
1174:Gelderland
1081:See also:
1036:thaler of
1001:Lithuanian
988:mountains.
976:coin from
743:gold coins
574:See also:
364:Bankthaler
354:Ortsthaler
346:Laubthaler
233:numismatic
2842:Solothurn
2231:, or 2.4
2223:, or 1.4
2107:agreement
2105:1667: An
2056:Charles V
2043:guldiner.
2017:Esslingen
1967:Sigismund
1956:Austrian
1625:in 1876.
1477:Solothurn
1421:of 1865.
1283:The term
1170:Friesland
1038:Rudolf II
954:Leopold I
935:Leopold V
628:guldiners
626:By 1518,
507:porcelain
474:(obverse)
470:The 1486
336:(1566),
322:The name
249:Etymology
2914:Groschen
2627:Hannover
2385:(1789),
2328:See also
2048:Augsburg
2029:groschen
1975:Kreuzers
1926:and the
1844:and the
1727:worth 1
1492:Reformed
1471:(1512),
1385:testoons
1372:and the
1046:Nürnberg
1042:Augsburg
1034:Lüneburg
982:woodwose
960:in 1692.
958:Kremnitz
836:See the
768:was the
749:was the
670:) where
664:Jáchymov
652:fineness
640:Louis II
618:Louis II
515:Groschen
490:), from
488:Groschen
486:(German
387:and the
352:(1755),
348:(1726),
344:(1612),
315:in the
165:was the
110:and the
2936:Pfennig
2692:(1755)
2617:Prussia
2608:(1857)
2297:⁄
2284:⁄
2263:⁄
2227:, or 2
2215:⁄
2189:Prussia
2175:⁄
2164:⁄
2146:⁄
2136:⁄
2126:⁄
2089:⁄
2033:kreuzer
1865:⁄
1736:⁄
1710:⁄
1696:⁄
1676:⁄
1659:at 2.4
1533:⁄
1463:of the
1439:French
1312:stuiver
1305:⁄
1292:⁄
1285:daalder
1228:⁄
1210:stuiver
1198:Zeeland
1190:Utrecht
1178:Holland
937:- 1621.
908:⁄
866:⁄
829:to the
821:⁄
807:⁄
787:⁄
699:yefimok
676:Joachim
666:in the
642:of the
603:Reverse
591:Obverse
414:⁄
380:daalder
370:, etc.
297:thaller
271:Alberus
253:German
186:⁄
156:Bohemia
138:1 ounce
131:⁄
32:quarter
2960:Thaler
2925:Gulden
2888:Dollar
2857:Zürich
2852:Valais
2837:Geneva
2828:(1542)
2813:(1566)
2807:(1559)
2790:(1670)
2784:(1604)
2778:(1622)
2772:(1690)
2766:(1619)
2749:(18C?)
2737:(18C?)
2731:(18C?)
2725:(18C?)
2717:(1784)
2705:(1750)
2686:(1754)
2680:(1754)
2674:(1741)
2668:(1740)
2642:(1807)
2636:(1874)
2602:(1849)
2596:(1821)
2590:(1816)
2574:Thaler
2537:Thaler
2395:Thaler
2389:gives
2195:, and
2117:, and
2040:Saxony
2038:1534:
2031:or 60
1995:Saxony
1973:of 60
1965:1486:
1960:(1855)
1946:, and
1920:dollar
1916:thaler
1887:Talers
1848:, the
1803:Legacy
1641:, and
1566:, and
1521:batzen
1518:or 40
1485:Geneva
1469:Zürich
1381:francs
1298:gulden
1259:, and
1234:gulden
1202:Zwolle
1200:, and
1182:Kampen
1115:, 1622
1111:Dutch
1044:1627,
1004:Thaler
974:thaler
846:thaler
731:Thaler
723:, and
704:ефимок
648:minted
549:Schwaz
503:spices
452:dollar
448:thaler
444:dollar
409:worth
383:, the
328:thaler
309:Thaler
305:dahler
293:thaler
275:-taler
238:dollar
213:thaler
148:thaler
120:thaler
99:Thaler
85:German
43:thaler
2898:Tolar
2873:(16C)
2859:(16C)
2832:Berne
2826:Basel
2509:Books
2387:c.448
2193:Hesse
1793:India
1715:to a
1705:or 13
1598:daler
1586:daler
1578:daler
1574:daler
1067:Löser
1058:Löser
913:to a
879:(the
871:to a
792:th a
735:crown
576:Tolar
538:Tirol
484:groat
440:daler
435:crown
324:taler
313:Taler
301:daler
289:toler
285:taler
267:taler
255:taler
89:Taler
47:taler
2893:Tālā
1982:Bern
1906:The
1878:The
1829:and
1759:The
1731:or 1
1687:The
1613:and
1504:Bern
1490:The
1483:and
1473:Bern
1459:The
1383:and
1355:1784
1333:and
1317:The
1132:The
986:Harz
915:Mark
895:Mark
877:Mark
873:Mark
859:Mark
831:Mark
814:Mark
755:peso
737:and
672:Thal
553:Hall
526:tron
511:silk
269:(so
211:The
118:. A
80:-lər
2485:282
2292:, 1
1510:or
1508:écu
1499:).
1443:or
1441:écu
1406:écu
1353:écu
1006:of
952:of
761:".
739:écu
536:of
405:or
366:,
340:,
78:TAH
45:or
41:A
2956::
2469:.
2451:.
2433:.
2191:,
1942:,
1837:.
1799:.
1791:,
1787:,
1701:a
1637:,
1562:,
1487:.
1376:.
1351:1
1263:.
1255:,
1236:.
1196:,
1192:,
1188:,
1184:,
1180:,
1176:,
1172:,
1168:.
1052:.
933:,
833:.
719:,
686:.
509:,
505:,
458:.
429:.
362:,
356:,
326:,
319:.
303:,
295:,
291:,
287:,
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154:,
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83:;
68:ər
62:ɑː
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2473:.
2455:.
2437:.
2397:.
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2265:4
2261:3
2217:3
2213:1
2177:2
2173:1
2170:1
2166:4
2162:3
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2134:6
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2001:.
1903:.
1867:2
1863:1
1738:4
1734:3
1712:3
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1678:4
1674:3
1535:4
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1307:2
1303:1
1294:2
1290:1
1230:2
1226:1
910:4
906:1
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819:1
809:9
805:1
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785:1
776:(
701:(
620:.
416:4
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