378:
1116:
568:
1250:
1102:
87:
20:
485:
gained a 25-year concession over the production of the MTT. The
Italians blocked non-Italian banks and bullion traders from obtaining the coin and so France, Belgium, and the UK started producing the coin to support their economic interests in the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and East Coast of Africa. In
486:
1961 the 25-year concession ended and
Austria made diplomatic approaches to the relevant governments requesting they cease production of the coin. The UK was the last government to agree formally to the request in February 1962.
647:
denominated in thalers. Starting in 1935 the
Italians minted the MTT at the mint in Rome for use in their conquest of Ethiopia. Then during World War II, the British minted some 18 million MTTs in Bombay to use in their
525:
region was such that merchants would not accept any other type of currency. The
Italian government produced a similarly designed coin in the hope of replacing the Maria Theresa thaler, but it never gained acceptance.
247:
was effectively adopted across the German-speaking world when it was accepted formally in the
Bavarian monetary convention. This new, post-1751 thaler has continued as a trade coin ever since.
377:
481:. Between 1751 and 2000, some 389 million were minted. These various mints distinguished their issues by slight differences in the design, with some of these evolving over time. In 1935
385:
The inscription on the obverse of this coin is in Latin: "M. THERESIA D. G. R. IMP. HU. BO. REG." The
Reverse reads "ARCHID. AVST. DUX BURG. CO. TYR. 1780 X". It is an abbreviation of
366:
The thaler is 39.5–41 mm (1.56–1.61 in) in diameter and 2.5 mm (0.098 in) thick, weighs 28.0668 grams (0.99003 oz) and contains 23.386 grams (0.752
639:
unsuccessfully attempted to mint
Menelik thalers locally, with his effigy, but styled following the model of the MTT, and force their use. The newly established
533:
on the Arabia peninsula. There it was widely used for traditional jewellery, both as a source of silver, and as a decoration itself. The coin remains popular in
254:
declared the Maria
Theresa thaler to be an official trade coinage. A little over a year later, on 31 October 1858, it lost its status as a currency in Austria.
890:
793:
309:
1005:
Pankhurst, Richard (1970). "The
Perpetuation of the Maria Theresa Dollar and Currency Problems in Italian-Occupied Ethiopia, 1936–1941".
619:
388:
Maria
Theresia, Dei Gratia Romanorum Imperatrix, Hungariae Bohemiaeque Regina, Archidux Austriae, Dux Burgundiae, Comes Tyrolis. 1780 ☓
151:
403:, and was added in 1750 indicating the new debased standard of the thaler. Around the rim of the coin is the motto of her reign:
123:
320:
104:
130:
649:
374:. Note: Rome mint struck MTTs are marginally lighter being produced in finer 835-standard instead of 833-standard silver.
823:
556:
1132:– Provides information including history, description of variants, strike dates, valuation list, medals, and forgeries.
137:
1294:
1056:
462:
417:
The MTT quickly became a standard trade coin and several nations began striking Maria Theresa thalers. The following
170:
684:
395:, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, Archduchess of Austria, Duchess of Burgundy, Countess of Tyrol. 1780'. The "☓" is a
1163:
529:
The Maria Theresa thaler was also formerly the currency of the Hejaz, Yemen, and the Aden Protectorate, as well as
119:
1568:
894:
108:
989:
843:
426:
341:
was not affected). Hence 20th-century references to this coin in German and Austrian sources are found under
250:
Since the death of Maria Theresa in 1780, the coin has always been dated 1780. On 19 September 1857, Emperor
1313:
826:, section 27(1), as read with the Forgery and Counterfeiting (Protected Coins) Order 1981 (S.I. 1981/505),
607:
313:
312:
in World War II, enough people preferred it to the money issued by the occupying forces that the American
851:
632:, also hoping to impose it on the commerce with Ethiopia. They remained, however, largely unsuccessful.
1220:
1225:
1210:
801:
251:
1198:
910:
734:
669:
541:
to this day in its original form: a silver coin with a portrait of the ruler on the front and the
144:
615:
97:
555:, the Maria Theresa thaler bearing the date of 1780 is a "protected coin" for of Part II of the
1573:
1215:
636:
297:, literally the 'French riyal'). This coin was therefore the predecessor to, among others, the
827:
1563:
1232:
1186:
831:
489:
The MTT came to be used as currency in large parts of Africa and the Middle East until after
370:) of fine silver. It has a silver content of .833 and a copper content of .166 of its total
1578:
1156:
586:
754:
8:
1368:
1339:
1327:
371:
960:
Gervais, Raymond (1982). "Pre-Colonial Currencies: A Note on the Maria Theresa Thaler".
1415:
1333:
1238:
1121:
1035:
977:
392:
873:
1512:
1445:
1380:
1282:
1276:
1079:
Tschoegl, Adrian E. (2001). "Maria Theresa's Thaler: A Case of International Money".
1052:
640:
603:
estimate that over 20% of 245 million coins minted until 1931 ended up in Ethiopia.
593:, the coin, not debased as other currencies, dominated the areas he visited in 1768.
242:
50:
908:
Tschoegl, Adrian E (2001). "Maria Theresa's Thaler: A Case of International Money".
1534:
1491:
1440:
1307:
1027:
969:
780:
545:
438:
400:
1455:
1558:
1523:
1463:
1301:
1149:
692:
629:
622:, took MTTs with them to pay local expenses. In 1890 the Italians introduced the
567:
530:
422:
270:
1403:
947:
Fenn, Ian (2010). "The Twentieth Century Minting of the Maria Theresa Thaler".
552:
446:
302:
285:, and initially thought to be of French origin, the MTT acquired the Arab name
282:
1552:
1450:
1435:
1386:
1374:
1321:
1264:
1204:
865:
594:
458:
355:
351:
58:
27:
1469:
1430:
1424:
1409:
1345:
1288:
1192:
1107:
534:
490:
262:
202:
186:
46:
934:
Duggar, Jan Warren (1967). "The Development of Money Supply in Ethiopia".
19:
1362:
611:
590:
538:
418:
367:
298:
23:
1249:
454:
111: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1039:
1018:
Pond, Shepard (1941). "The Maria Theresa Thaler: A Famous Trade Coin".
981:
714:
510:
434:
54:
644:
482:
1068:
The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society
1031:
973:
86:
732:
M. R. Broome (1972). "The 1780 Restrike Talers of Maria Theresia".
582:
542:
506:
498:
466:
450:
430:
274:
57:
continuously since it was first minted in 1741. It is named after
522:
494:
396:
70:
66:
62:
1486:
1172:
1135:
478:
474:
347:. The spelling in English-speaking countries was not affected.
206:
43:
1496:
518:
502:
470:
278:
266:
1129:
878:
Chapter 13 describes currencies used in pre-WWII Abyssinia.
514:
442:
258:
670:"The Historical Framework of the Currency of Saudi Arabia"
1141:
992:(1963). "The Maria Theresa Dollar in Pre-War Ethiopia".
316:
created counterfeit MTTs for use by resistance forces.
1049:
A Silver Legend: The Story of the Maria Theresa Thaler
755:"TWO RARE VARIETIES OF THE 1780 MARIA THERESIA THALER"
1097:
391:, which means, 'Maria Theresa, by the grace of God,
229:
fine (with a fine silver content of 23.39 grams, or
183:In 1741, the first MTT was struck according to the
1066:Stride, H. G. (1956). "The Maria Theresa Thaler".
1138:– The place where the coin is minted to this day.
1550:
73:from 1740 to 1780 and is depicted on the coin.
239:of a Cologne mark). In 1751 this new standard
205:of fine silver, or 25.98 grams. In 1750 a new
1157:
864:
623:
412:
731:
598:
581:The MTT is first recorded as circulating in
381:Reverse of the restrike Maria Theresa thaler
342:
336:
330:
324:
310:Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies
292:
286:
240:
184:
1020:Bulletin of the Business Historical Society
404:
386:
257:The MTT could also be found throughout the
1164:
1150:
319:In German-speaking countries, following a
1004:
988:
842:
171:Learn how and when to remove this message
1078:
907:
791:
566:
376:
350:The MTT continues to be produced by the
18:
959:
652:to drive the Italians out of Ethiopia.
1551:
1065:
1046:
933:
858:
682:
1145:
872:(in German and Czech). Translated by
628:, styled after the MTT, in their new
513:, and also in the Arabian Peninsula (
493:. It was common from North Africa to
1017:
946:
752:
589:(1730–1755). According to traveller
571:Shipping crates of MTT in Ethiopia,
109:adding citations to reliable sources
80:
824:Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981
767:Alan McRae, "A Famous Trade Coin,"
557:Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981
293:
13:
926:
409:, meaning 'Justice and Clemency'.
335:(the spelling of given names like
323:that took effect two years later,
209:was struck with a gross weight of
14:
1590:
1295:Austrian Netherlands kronenthaler
1093:
1248:
1114:
1100:
683:Lovell, Stanley P. (July 1963).
85:
901:
883:
836:
281:. Being of similar size to the
96:needs additional citations for
949:New Zealand Numismatic Journal
816:
792:Harrigan, P. (February 2002).
785:
774:
761:
746:
725:
707:
676:
662:
1:
1130:The Maria Theresia Taler 1780
893:. 30 May 2008. Archived from
572:
358:and uncirculated conditions.
1314:Danish West Indian rigsdaler
1007:Journal of Ethiopian Studies
994:Journal of Ethiopian Studies
848:Economic History of Ethiopia
655:
597:and Ludwig Hyun in the book
314:Office of Strategic Services
219:of 1 Vienna mark of silver,
7:
852:Haile Selassie I University
753:Fenn, Ian (December 2009).
685:"Deadly Gadgets of the OSS"
620:Field Marshal Robert Napier
608:British military expedition
562:
337:
325:
287:
273:, in Africa, especially in
10:
1595:
1171:
413:Minting outside of Austria
361:
321:spelling reform dated 1901
76:
16:Iconic silver bullion coin
1505:
1479:
1396:
1355:
1257:
1246:
1179:
614:, the capital of Emperor
521:). Its popularity in the
354:and is available in both
252:Francis Joseph of Austria
241:
185:
1199:Danish West Indian daler
1081:Eastern Economic Journal
962:African Economic History
911:Eastern Economic Journal
735:The Numismatic Chronicle
719:www.muenzeoesterreich.at
1397:15th and 16th centuries
616:Tewodros II of Ethiopia
283:Spanish eight-real coin
1047:Semple, Clare (2006).
769:Australian Coin Review
624:
599:
578:
405:
387:
382:
343:
331:
120:"Maria Theresa thaler"
53:that has been used in
31:
1569:Currencies of Austria
1233:Greenlandic rigsdaler
1187:Norwegian speciedaler
1051:. Barzan Publishing.
650:East African Campaign
570:
449:, in addition to the
406:Justitia et Clementia
393:Empress of the Romans
380:
344:Maria-Theresien-Taler
261:world, especially in
22:
1271:Maria Theresa thaler
635:In the early 1900s,
587:Iyasu II of Ethiopia
505:, down the coast of
105:improve this article
36:Maria Theresa thaler
1369:North German thaler
1340:Norwegian rigsdaler
1328:Hesse-Kassel thaler
936:Middle East Journal
794:"Tales of a Thaler"
372:millesimal fineness
1421:Swiss Confederacy
1416:Dutch rijksdaalder
1334:Mecklenburg thaler
1239:Westphalian thaler
1122:Numismatics portal
990:Pankhurst, Richard
897:on 28 August 2015.
891:"Eritrean Tallero"
868:; Hyun L. (1935).
844:Pankhurst, Richard
804:on 21 January 2013
798:Saudi Aramco World
738:. Seventh Series.
579:
421:have struck MTTs:
383:
288:al-riyal al-fransi
32:
1546:
1545:
1381:Swedish riksdaler
1283:Hanoverian thaler
1277:Conventionsthaler
641:Bank of Abyssinia
243:Conventionsthaler
181:
180:
173:
155:
51:Conventionsthaler
1586:
1539:
1533:
1528:
1522:
1517:
1511:
1308:Danish rigsdaler
1252:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1143:
1142:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1088:
1075:
1070:. Sixth Series.
1062:
1043:
1014:
1001:
985:
956:
943:
920:
919:
905:
899:
898:
887:
881:
880:
862:
856:
855:
840:
834:
820:
814:
813:
811:
809:
800:. Archived from
789:
783:
778:
772:
765:
759:
758:
750:
744:
743:
729:
723:
722:
711:
705:
704:
702:
701:
689:
680:
674:
673:
666:
627:
602:
577:
574:
408:
401:Burgundian cross
390:
346:
340:
334:
328:
296:
295:
290:
246:
245:
238:
237:
233:
228:
227:
223:
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213:
200:
199:
195:
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189:
176:
169:
165:
162:
156:
154:
113:
89:
81:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1501:
1475:
1464:Stolberg thaler
1392:
1351:
1302:Prussian thaler
1253:
1244:
1175:
1170:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1091:
1059:
1032:10.2307/3110662
974:10.2307/3601220
929:
927:Further reading
924:
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906:
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888:
884:
874:Milena Jesenská
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850:. Addis Ababa:
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837:
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805:
790:
786:
779:
775:
766:
762:
751:
747:
730:
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715:"Austrian Mint"
713:
712:
708:
699:
697:
693:Popular Science
687:
681:
677:
668:
667:
663:
658:
625:Tallero Eritreo
575:
565:
531:Muscat and Oman
415:
364:
271:Muscat and Oman
235:
231:
230:
225:
221:
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211:
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193:
192:
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17:
12:
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5:
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866:Kalmer, Joseph
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854:. p. 468.
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630:colony Eritrea
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303:Ethiopian birr
294:الريال الفرنسى
191:standard with
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49:and a type of
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1375:Speciesthaler
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918:(4): 445–464.
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633:
631:
626:
621:
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613:
609:
606:In 1868, the
604:
601:
596:
595:Joseph Kalmer
592:
588:
585:from Emperor
584:
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560:
558:
554:
549:
548:on the back.
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122: –
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117:
116:Find sources:
110:
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99:
94:This section
92:
88:
83:
82:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
59:Maria Theresa
56:
52:
48:
45:
41:
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29:
28:Maria Theresa
25:
21:
1564:Silver coins
1538:}}
1532:{{
1527:}}
1521:{{
1516:}}
1510:{{
1470:Wendenthaler
1410:Reichsthaler
1356:17th century
1346:Saxon thaler
1289:Kronenthaler
1270:
1258:18th century
1221:Hesse-Kassel
1193:Baden thaler
1180:19th century
1108:Money portal
1087:(4): 443–62.
1084:
1080:
1071:
1067:
1048:
1026:(2): 26–31.
1023:
1019:
1013:(2): 89–117.
1010:
1006:
997:
993:
965:
961:
952:
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939:
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915:
909:
903:
895:the original
885:
877:
869:
860:
847:
838:
818:
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802:the original
797:
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768:
763:
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727:
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691:
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634:
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535:North Africa
528:
491:World War II
488:
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263:Saudi Arabia
256:
249:
203:Cologne mark
187:Reichsthaler
182:
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148:
141:
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127:
115:
103:Please help
98:verification
95:
47:bullion coin
39:
35:
33:
1579:Trade coins
1363:Bancothaler
1310:(late 18C)
1211:Mecklenburg
781:Oman silver
771:356 p. 30.
591:James Bruce
576: 1910
539:Middle East
368:troy ounces
329:is written
308:During the
299:Saudi riyal
55:world trade
24:Silver coin
1553:Categories
1466:(late 15C)
1446:St. Gallen
1418:(late 16C)
1342:(late 18C)
1000:(1): 8–26.
870:Abessinien
700:2009-12-01
637:Menelik II
600:Abessinien
511:Mozambique
423:Birmingham
161:April 2024
131:newspapers
61:who ruled
1441:Solothurn
1074:: 339–43.
828:article 2
656:Citations
645:banknotes
483:Mussolini
463:Karlsburg
453:mints in
1513:Groschen
1226:Hannover
846:(1968).
832:Schedule
808:2 August
618:, under
583:Ethiopia
563:Ethiopia
543:Habsburg
537:and the
507:Tanzania
499:Ethiopia
467:Kremnica
455:Günzburg
451:Habsburg
431:Brussels
301:and the
275:Ethiopia
1535:Pfennig
1291:(1755)
1216:Prussia
1207:(1857)
1040:3110662
982:3601220
955:: 9–39.
696:: 56–58
612:Magdala
551:In the
523:Red Sea
495:Somalia
447:Utrecht
397:saltire
362:Details
338:Theresa
234:⁄
224:⁄
214:⁄
196:⁄
145:scholar
77:History
71:Bohemia
67:Hungary
63:Austria
42:) is a
1559:Thaler
1524:Gulden
1487:Dollar
1456:Zürich
1451:Valais
1436:Geneva
1427:(1542)
1412:(1566)
1406:(1559)
1389:(1670)
1383:(1604)
1377:(1622)
1371:(1690)
1365:(1619)
1348:(18C?)
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1304:(1750)
1285:(1754)
1279:(1754)
1273:(1741)
1267:(1740)
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1195:(1821)
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479:Vienna
477:, and
475:Prague
445:, and
435:London
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1425:Basel
1036:JSTOR
978:JSTOR
688:(PDF)
519:Yemen
503:Kenya
471:Milan
439:Paris
419:mints
356:proof
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201:of a
152:JSTOR
138:books
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