1122:. In animals, noise can increase the risk of death by altering predator or prey detection and avoidance, interfere with reproduction and navigation, and contribute to permanent hearing loss. A substantial amount of the noise that humans produce occurs in the ocean. Up until recently, most research on noise impacts has been focused on marine mammals, and to a lesser degree, fish. In the past few years, scientists have shifted to conducting studies on invertebrates and their responses to anthropogenic sounds in the marine environment. This research is essential, especially considering that invertebrates make up 75% of marine species, and thus compose a large percentage of ocean food webs. Of the studies that have been conducted, a sizable variety in families of invertebrates have been represented in the research. A variation in the complexity of their sensory systems exists, which allows scientists to study a range of characteristics and develop a better understanding of anthropogenic noise impacts on living organisms.
1908:. The squid was exposed to sounds of construction known as pile driving, which impacts the sea bed directly and produces intense substrate-borne and water-borne vibrations. The squid reacted by jetting, inking, pattern change and other startle responses. Since the responses recorded are similar to those identified when faced with a predator, it is implied that the squid initially viewed the sounds as a threat. However, it was also noted that the alarm responses decreased over a period of time, signifying that the squid had likely acclimated to the noise. Regardless, it is apparent that stress occurred in the squid, and although further investigation has not been pursued, researchers suspect that other implications exist that may alter the squid's survival habits.
2520:, and roadway development. Noise laws and ordinances vary widely among municipalities and indeed do not even exist in some cities. An ordinance may contain a general prohibition against making noise that is a nuisance, or it may set out specific guidelines for the level of noise allowable at certain times of the day and for certain activities. Noise laws classify sound into three categories. First is ambient noise, which refers to sound pressure of all-encompassing noise associated with a given environment. The second is continuous noise, which could be steady or fluctuating, but continues for more than an hour. The third is cyclically varying noise, which could be steady or fluctuating, but occurs repetitively at reasonably uniform intervals of time.
2502:(HUD) noise standards as described in 24 CFR part 51, Subpart B provides minimum national standards applicable to HUD programs to protect citizen against excessive noise in their communities and places of residence. For instance, all sites whose environmental or community noise exposure exceeds the day night average sound level (DNL) of 65 (dB) are considered noise-impacted areas, it defines "Normally Unacceptable" noise zones where community noise levels are between 65 and 75 dB, for such locations, noise abatement and noise attenuation features must be implemented. Locations where the DNL is above 75 dB are considered "Unacceptable" and require approval by the Assistant Secretary for Community Planning and Development.
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provides support that the oysters detect noise at low acoustic energy levels. While we generally understand that marine noise pollution influences charismatic megafauna like whales and dolphins, understanding how invertebrates like oysters perceive and respond to human generated sound can provide further insight about the effects of anthropogenic noise on the larger ecosystem. The aquatic ecosystems are known to use sound to navigate, find food, and protect themselves. In 2020, one of the worst mass stranding of whales occurred in
Australia. Experts suggest that noise pollution plays a major role in the mass stranding of whales.
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use sounds to communicate with others of their species, whether that is for reproduction purposes, navigation, or to notify others of prey or predators. However, anthropogenic noises inhibit species from detecting these sounds, affecting overall communication within the population. Species such as birds, amphibians, reptiles, fishes, mammals, and invertebrates are examples of biological groups that are impacted by noise pollution. If animals cannot communicate with one another, this would result in reproduction to decline (not able to find mates), and higher mortality (lack of communication for predator detection).
1797:. Those with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) can have hyperacusis, which is an abnormal sensitivity to sound. People with ASD who experience hyperacusis may have unpleasant emotions, such as fear and anxiety, and uncomfortable physical sensations in noisy environments with loud sounds. This can cause individuals with ASD to avoid environments with noise pollution, which in turn can result in isolation and negatively affect their quality of life. Sudden explosive noises typical of high-performance car exhausts and car alarms are types of noise pollution that can affect people with ASD.
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1940:, such as whales and dolphins, diversity decreases. Noise pollution has also impaired fish hearing, killed and isolated whale populations, intensified stress response in marine species, and changed species' physiology. Because marine species are sensitive to noise, most marine wildlife are located in undisturbed habitats or areas not exposed to significant anthropogenic noise, limiting suitable habitats to forage and mate. Whales have changed their migration route to avoid anthropogenic noise, as well as altering their calls.
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2092:. Anthropogenic noise can alter conditions in the environment that have a negative effect on invertebrate survival. Although embryos can adapt to normal changes in their environment, evidence suggests they are not well adapted to endure the negative effects of noise pollution. Studies have been conducted on the sea hare to determine the effects of boat noise on the early stages of life and the development of embryos. Researchers have studied sea hares from the lagoon of
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1193:, C-weighting, and Z-weighting. A-weighting mirrors the range of hearing, with frequencies of 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. This gives more weight to higher frequencies and less weight to lower frequencies. C-weighting has been used to measure peak sound pressure or impulse noise, similar to loud short-lived noises from machinery in occupational settings. Z-weighting, also known as zero-weighting, represents noise levels without any frequency weights.
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2096:, French Polynesia. In the study, recordings of boat noise were made by using a hydrophone. In addition, recordings of ambient noise were made that did not contain boat noise. In contrast to ambient noise playbacks, mollusks exposed to boat noise playbacks had a 21% reduction in embryonic development. Additionally, newly hatched larvae experienced an increased mortality rate of 22% when exposed to boat noise playbacks.
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health outcomes. The guidelines provide recommendations for limits and preventive measures regarding various noise sources (road traffic, railway, aircraft, wind turbine) for day-evening-night average and nighttime average levels. Recommendations for leisure noise in 2018 were conditional and based on the equivalent sound pressure level during an average 24-hour period in a year without weights for nighttime noise (LA
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1716:, met all acceptability criteria. Of these 10 apps, only 4 apps met accuracy criteria within 2 dB(A) from the reference standard. As a result of this study, they created the NIOSH Sound Level Meter App to increase accessibility and decrease costs of monitoring noise using crowdsourcing data with a tested and highly accurate application. The app is compliant with ANSI S1.4 and IEC 61672 requirements.
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1174:, measured in Watts per meters-squared, represents the flow of sound over a particular area. Although sound pressure and intensity differ, both can describe the level of loudness by comparing the current state to the threshold of hearing; this results in decibel units on the logarithmic scale. The logarithmic scale accommodates the vast range of sound heard by the human ear.
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on species of coral larvae, which are crucial for the expansion of coral reefs, discovered that the larvae oriented towards the sound of healthy reefs. The noise created by anthropogenic activities could mask this soundscape, hindering the larvae from swimming towards the reef. Noise pollution ultimately poses a threat to the behavioral patterns of several coral organisms.
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such subjectivity is conditioned by culture. Schafer notes that sound is an expression of power in material culture. As such, fast cars or Harley
Davidson motorcycles with aftermarket pipes tend to have louder engines not only for safety reasons, but for expressions of power by dominating the soundscape with a particular sound.
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2509:'s Bureau of Transportation Statistics has created a to provide access to comprehensive aircraft and road noise data on national and county levels. The map aims to assist city planners, elected officials, scholars, and residents to gain access to up-to-date aviation and Interstate highway noise information.
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hearing abilities encompasses frequencies within the range of 100 Hz to 1kHz. Several different types of anthropogenic noise are at the same frequencies as marine organisms in coral reefs use for navigation, communication, and other purposes, which disturbs the natural sound environment of the coral reefs.
1915:). The dolphins were exposed to elevated noise levels due to construction in the Pearl River Estuary in China, specifically caused by the world's largest vibration hammer—the OCTA-KONG. The study suggested that while the dolphin's clicks were not affected, their whistles were because of susceptibility to
2174:), were uncommon in noisy environments (western scrub-jay are sensitive to noise). Therefore, reproductive success for nesting prey communities was higher due to the lack of predators. Noise pollution can alter the distribution and abundance of prey species, which can then impact predator populations.
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In 2007, the
Egyptian National Research Center found that the average noise level in central Cairo was 90 decibels and that the noise never fell below 70 decibels. Noise limits set by law in 1994 are not enforced. In 2018, the World Hearing Index declared Cairo to be the world's second-noisiest city.
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experienced stress which caused a reduction in surface relocation. The anthropogenic noise caused the clams to close their valves and relocate to an area above the interface of the sediment-water. This response inhibits the clam from mixing the top layer of the sediment profile and hinders suspension
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ecosystems. Coral reefs are among the most important ecosystems of the earth, as well as they are of great importance to several communities and cultures around the world, that depend on the reefs for the services they provide, such as fishing and tourism. The reefs contribute substantially to global
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The ability to detect vibration through mechanosensory structures is most important in invertebrates and fish. Mammals, also, depend on pressure detector ears to perceive the noise around them. Therefore, it is suggested that marine invertebrates are likely perceiving the effects of noise differently
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Researchers with the US National Park
Service found that human activity doubles the background-noise levels in 63 percent of protected spaces like national parks, and increases them tenfold in 21 percent. In the latter places, "if you could have heard something 100 feet away, now you can only hear it
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issues enforceable standards to protect workers from occupational noise hazards. The permissible exposure limit (PEL) for noise is a TWA of 90 dB(A) for an eight-hour work day. However, in manufacturing and service industries, if the TWA is greater than 85 dB(A), employers must implement a
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The
Supreme Court of India had banned playing of music on loudspeakers after 10pm. In 2015, The National Green Tribunal directed authorities in Delhi to ensure strict adherence to guidelines on noise pollution, saying noise is more than just a nuisance as it can produce serious psychological stress.
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is a non-governmental organization in India working to control noise pollution from various sources through advocacy, public interest litigation, awareness, and educational campaigns since 2003. Despite increased enforcement and stringency of laws now being practiced in urban areas, rural areas are
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The white damselfish, a coral reef fish, has been found to have a compromised anti-predator behavior as a result to ship noise. The distraction of anthropogenic noise is possibly distracting the fish, and thereby affecting the escape response and routine swimming of the coral fish. A study conducted
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Noise generated by traffic, ships, vehicles, and aircraft can affect the survivability of wildlife species and can reach undisturbed habitats. Although sounds are commonly present in the environment, anthropogenic noises are distinguishable due to differences in frequency and amplitude. Many animals
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It is less clear how humans adapt to noise subjectively. Tolerance for noise is frequently independent of decibel levels. Murray
Schafer's soundscape research was groundbreaking in this regard. In his work, he makes compelling arguments about how humans relate to noise on a subjective level, and how
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Frequency, or pitch, is measured in Hertz (Hz) and reflects the number of sound waves propagated through the air per second. The range of frequencies heard by the human ear range from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz; however, sensitivity to hearing higher frequencies decreases with age. Some organisms,
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for an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) or work shift of 85 dB(A) and for impulse noise (instant events such as bangs or crashes) of 140 dB(A). The agency published this recommendation along with its origin, noise measurement devices, hearing loss prevention programs, and research needs
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Anthropogenic noise can have negative effects on invertebrates that aid in controlling environmental processes that are crucial to the ecosystem. There are a variety of natural underwater sounds produced by waves in coastal and shelf habitats, and biotic communication signals that do not negatively
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that are shorter and primarily low frequency and amplitude, in response to the male's song. Research has found that this species of grasshopper changes its mating call in response to loud traffic noise. Lampe and
Schmoll (2012) found that male grasshoppers from quiet habitats have a local frequency
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can have a detrimental effect on animals, increasing the risk of death by changing the delicate balance in predator or prey detection and avoidance, and interfering with the use of the sounds in communication, especially in relation to reproduction, and in navigation and echolocation. These effects
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Noise pollution is common in marine ecosystems, affecting at least 55 marine species. For many marine populations, sound is their primary sense used for their survival; able to detect sound hundreds to thousands of kilometers away from a source, while vision is limited to tens of meters underwater.
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Other key research in this area can be seen in Fong's comparative analysis of soundscape differences between
Bangkok, Thailand, and Los Angeles, California, US. Based on Schafer's research, Fong's study showed how soundscapes differ based on the level of urban development in the area. He found that
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The app calculates the following measures: total run time, instantaneous sound level, A-weighted equivalent sound level (LAeq), maximum level (LAmax), C-weighted peak sound level, time-weighted average (TWA), dose, and projected dose. Dose and projected dose are based on sound level and duration of
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This measures the average sound energy over a given period for constant or continuous noise, such as road traffic. LAeq can be further broken up into different types of noise based on time of day; however, cutoffs for evening and nighttime hours may differ between countries, with the United States,
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subsequently released other versions of the guidelines, with the most recent version circulated in 2018. The guidelines provide the most up-to-date evidence from research conducted in Europe and other parts of the world on non-occupational noise exposure and its relationship to physical and mental
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and richness declining. Certain avian species are more sensitive to noises compared to others, resulting in highly-sensitive birds migrating to less disturbed habitats. There has also been evidence of indirect positive effects of anthropogenic noises on avian populations. It was found that nesting
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and productivity, and is a critical part of the support systems of the earth. Anthropogenic noise, originating from human activities, has increased underwater noise in the natural sound environment of the reefs. The preeminent sources of noise pollution on coral reefs are boat and ship activities.
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Cargo ships generate high levels of noise due to propellers and diesel engines. This noise pollution significantly raises the low-frequency ambient noise levels above those caused by wind. Animals such as whales that depend on sound for communication can be affected by this noise in various ways.
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physical behaviors exhibited a stress response to noise. When the hermit crab and mussel were exposed to different types of noise, significant variation in the valve gape occurred in the blue mussel. The hermit crab responded to the noise by lifting the shell off of the ground multiple times, then
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than marine mammals. It is reported that invertebrates can detect a large range of sounds, but noise sensitivity varies substantially between each species. Generally, however, invertebrates depend on frequencies under 10 kHz. This is the frequency at which a great deal of ocean noise occurs.
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living in urban environments are more likely to sing at night in places with high levels of noise pollution during the day, suggesting that they sing at night because it is quieter, and their message can propagate through the environment more clearly. The same study showed that daytime noise was a
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Sound can also be measured using a noise dosimeter, a device similar to a sound level meter. Individuals have used dosimeters to measure personal exposure levels in occupational settings given their smaller, more portable size. Unlike many sound level meters, a dosimeter microphone attaches to the
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by specifying the maximum noise level that individual civil aircraft can emit through requiring aircraft to meet certain noise certification standards. These standards designate changes in maximum noise level requirements by "stage" designation. The U.S. noise standards are defined in the Code of
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concept is often used to reduce noise in the environment or the workplace. Engineering noise controls can be used to reduce noise propagation and protect individuals from overexposure. When noise controls are not feasible or adequate, individuals can also take steps to protect themselves from the
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transporting goods, significantly amplifies disturbances to the natural marine soundscape. Noise from shipping and small boats is at the same frequency as sounds generated by marine organisms, and therefore acts as a disruptive element in the sound environment of coral reefs. Both longer-term and
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use sound for purposes such as navigating, foraging, communicating, and reproductive activities. The sensitivity and range of hearing varies across different organisms within the coral reef ecosystem. Among coral reef fish, sound detection and generation can span from 1 Hz to 200 kHz, while their
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The sound created by the crossing of boats and ships overlaps with the natural sounds of the coral reef organisms. This pollution impacts the various organisms inhabiting the coral reefs in different ways, and ultimately damages the capabilities of the reef and may cause permanent deterioration.
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Using the phone's internal microphone (or an attached external microphone), the NIOSH Sound Level Meter measures instantaneous sound levels in real time and converts sound into electrical energy to calculate measurements in A-, C-, or Z-weighted decibels. App users are able to generate, save, and
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This measurement, commonly used in
European countries, assesses the 24 hour average in a year (similar to DNL); however, this measurement separates evening (4 hours, 19:00-23:00 or 7:00pm–11:00pm) from night hours (8 hours, 23:00-7:00 or 11:00pm–7:00am) and adds a 5 dB penalty to evening and
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The anthropogenic noise produced by human activity has been shown to negatively impact oysters. Studies have revealed that wide and relaxed valves are indicative of healthy oysters. The oysters are stressed when they do not open their valves as frequently in response to environmental noise. This
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In contrast, male grasshoppers exposed to loud traffic noise can create signals with a higher local frequency maximum of 7622 Hz. The higher frequencies are produced by the grasshoppers to prevent background noise from drowning out their signals. This information reveals that anthropogenic noise
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Proper selection of hermit crab shells strongly contributes to their ability to survive. Shells offer protection against predators, high salinity and desiccation. However, researchers determined that approach to shell, investigation of shell, and habitation of shell, occurred over a shorter time
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This measurement represents the total energy for a particular event. SEL is used to describe discrete events in terms of A-weighted sound. The difference between SEL and LAmax is that SEL is derived using multiple time points of a particular event in calculating sound levels rather than the peak
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phased out the office's funding in 1982 as part of a shift in federal noise control policy to transfer the primary responsibility of regulating noise to state and local governments. However, the Noise
Control Act of 1972 and the Quiet Communities Act of 1978 were never rescinded by Congress and
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was a behavioral response to varying degrees of acoustic amplitude levels and noise frequencies. Oysters perceive near-field sound vibrations by utilizing statocysts. In addition, they have superficial receptors that detect variations in water pressure. Sound pressure waves from shipping can be
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Anthropogenic noise is essentially a persistent stressor on coral reefs and its inhabitants. Both temporary and permanent noise pollution has been found to induce changes in the distributional, physiological, and behavioral patterns of coral reef organisms. Some of the observed changes has been
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Many of the studies that were conducted on invertebrate exposure to noise found that a physiological or behavioral response was triggered. Most of the time, this related to stress, and provided concrete evidence that marine invertebrates detect and respond to noise. Some of the most informative
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Several reasons have been identified relating to hypersensitivity in invertebrates when exposed to anthropogenic noise. Invertebrates have evolved to pick up sound, and a large portion of their physiology is adapted for the purpose of detecting environmental vibrations. Antennae or hairs on the
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Type 0 devices are not required to meet the same criteria expected of types 1 and 2 since scientists use these as laboratory reference standards. Type 1 (precision) instruments are to study the precision of capturing sound measurements, while type 2 instruments are for general field use. Type 1
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Underwater noise pollution due to human activities is also prevalent in the sea, and given that sound travels faster through water than through air, is a major source of disruption of marine ecosystems and does significant harm to sea life, including marine mammals, fish and invertebrates. The
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Therefore, not only does anthropogenic noise often mask invertebrate communication, but it also negatively impacts other biological system functions through noise-induced stress. Another one of the leading causes of noise effects in invertebrates is because sound is used in multiple behavioral
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In recent years, scientists and audio engineers have been developing smartphone apps to conduct sound measurements, similar to the standalone sound level meters and dosimeters. In 2014, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) within the Centers for Disease Control and
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Belgium, and New Zealand noting evening hours from 19:00-22:00 or 7:00pm–10:00pm and nighttime hours from 22:00-7:00 or 10:00pm–7:00am and most European countries noting evening hours from 19:00-23:00 or 7:00pm–11:00pm and nighttime hours from 23:00-7:00 or 11:00pm–7:00am). LAeq terms include:
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Noise pollution has also altered avian communities and diversity. Anthropogenic noises have a similar effect on bird population as seen in marine ecosystems, where noises reduce reproductive success; cannot detect predators due to interferences of anthropogenic noises, minimize nesting areas,
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once-calm sea environment is now noisy and chaotic due to ships, oil drilling, sonar equipment, and seismic testing. The principal anthropogenic noise sources come from merchant ships, naval sonar operations, underwater explosions (nuclear), and seismic exploration by oil and gas industries.
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While the elderly may have cardiac problems due to noise, according to the World Health Organization, children are especially vulnerable to noise, and the effects that noise has on children may be permanent. Noise poses a serious threat to a child's physical and psychological health, and may
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These invertebrates play an important role in transporting substances for benthic nutrient cycling. As a result, ecosystems are negatively impacted when species cannot perform natural behaviors in their environment. Locations with shipping lanes, dredging, or commercial harbors are known as
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Directive 2002/49/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 June 2002 relating to the assessment and management of environmental noise - Declaration by the Commission in the Conciliation Committee on the Directive relating to the assessment and management of environmental
1679:(1 second, used for calculating averages over widely varying sound levels). Sound level meters meet the required standards set by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and in the United States, the American National Standards Institute as type 0, 1, or 2 instruments.
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disturbs the acoustic signals produced by insects for communication. Similar processes of behavior perturbation, behavioral plasticity, and population level shifts in response to noise likely occur in sound-producing marine invertebrates, but more experimental research is needed.
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1919:. The noise from the OCTA-KONG was found to have been detectable by the dolphins up to 3.5 km away from the original source, and while the noise was not found to be life-threatening it was indicated that prolonged exposure to this noise could be responsible for auditory damage.
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cities in the periphery have different soundscapes than inner city areas. Fong's findings tie not only soundscape appreciation to subjective views of sound, but also demonstrates how different sounds of the soundscape are indicative of class differences in urban environments.
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vacating the shell to examine it before returning inside. The results from the hermit crab trials were ambiguous with respect to causation; more studies must be conducted in order to determine whether the behavior of the hermit crab can be attributed to the noise produced.
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become less faithful to their partners when exposed to traffic noise. This could alter a population's evolutionary trajectory by selecting traits, sapping resources normally devoted to other activities and thus leading to profound genetic and evolutionary consequences.
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Noise may be described in terms of its statistical distribution over a set time, in which investigators may obtain values, or cut-points, at any percentile level. The L90 is the sound level that exceeds 90% of the time period; this is commonly referred to as background
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has received more complaints per head of population than any other district in the UK with 9,814 grievances about noise, which equates to 42.32 complaints per thousand residents. Eight of the top 10 councils ranked by complaints per 1,000 residents are located in
2120:) that are affected by sounds resembling shipping and building noises. The three invertebrates in the experiment were exposed to continuous broadband noise and impulsive broadband noise. The anthropogenic noise impeded the bioirrigation and burying behavior of
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duration with anthropogenic noise as a factor. This indicated that assessment and decision-making processes of the hermit crab were both altered, even though hermit crabs are not known to evaluate shells using any auditory or mechanoreception mechanisms.
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continuous broadband sound. Pile-driving, and construction are sources that exhibit impulsive broadband noise. The different types of broadband noise have different effects on the varying species of invertebrates and how they behave in their environment.
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1083:, is the propagation of noise or sound with ranging impacts on the activity of human or animal life, most of which are harmful to a degree. The source of outdoor noise worldwide is mainly caused by machines, transport and propagation systems. Poor
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as required by the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1970. The regulations requires promulgation of traffic noise-level criteria for various land use activities, and describe procedures for the abatement of highway traffic noise and construction noise.
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has set an input value of 80 dB for maximum sound exposure for eight hours. In workplaces where there is a need to be able to converse comfortably the background noise level should not exceed 40 dB. The government of Sweden has taken
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Terrestrial anthropogenic noise affects the acoustic communications in grasshoppers while producing sound to attract a mate. The fitness and reproductive success of a grasshopper is dependent on its ability to attract a mating partner. Male
2031:, oil and gas exploration and fishing. The principal cause of noise pollution on coral reefs is boat and ship activities. The use of smaller motorboats, for purposes as fishing or tourism within coral reef areas, and larger vessels, such as
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contexts by many groups. This includes regularly sound produced or perceived in the context of aggression or predator avoidance. Invertebrates also utilize sound to attract or locate mates, and often employ sound in the courtship process.
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over 24 hrs) of the year, with a 10 dB(A) penalty or weight added to nighttime noise measurements given the increased sensitivity to noise at night. This is calculated from the following equation (United States, Belgium, New
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Many conflicts over noise pollution are handled by negotiation between the emitter and the receiver. Escalation procedures vary by country, and may include action in conjunction with local authorities, in particular the police.
1998:. A study conducted on noise pollution in the Yangtze River suggested that the elevated levels of noise pollution altered the temporal hearing threshold of the finless porpoises and posed a significant threat to their survival.
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Wang ZT, Akamatsu T, Duan PX, Zhou L, Yuan J, Li J, et al. (July 2020). "Underwater noise pollution in China's Yangtze River critically endangers Yangtze finless porpoises (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis)".
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notices or citations under the terms of the Anti-Social Behavior (Scotland) Act. In the last 12 months, 524 confiscations of equipment have been authorized involving the removal of powerful speakers, stereos and televisions.
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For many marine organisms, sound is the primary means of learning about their environments. For example, many species of marine mammals and fish use sound as their primary means of navigating, communicating, and foraging.
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Noise pollution affects both health and behavior. Unwanted sound (noise) can damage physiological health and mental health. Noise pollution is associated with several health conditions, including cardiovascular disorders,
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may give rise to noise disintegration or pollution, side-by-side industrial and residential buildings can result in noise pollution in the residential areas. Some of the main sources of noise in residential areas include
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tribesmen, who were insignificantly exposed to transportation or industrial noise, to a typical U.S. population showed that chronic exposure to moderately high levels of environmental noise contributes to hearing loss.
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programs and initiatives have arisen in an effort to combat occupational noise exposures. These programs promote the purchase of quieter tools and equipment and encourage manufacturers to design quieter equipment.
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organism pick up particle motion. Anthropogenic noise created in the marine environment, such as pile driving and shipping, are picked up through particle motion; these activities exemplify near-field stimuli.
1107:. Research suggests that noise pollution in the United States is the highest in low-income and racial minority neighborhoods, and noise pollution associated with household electricity generators is an emerging
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Underwater noise pollution is not only limited to oceans, and can occur in freshwater environments as well. Noise pollution has been detected in the Yangtze River, and has resulted in the endangerment of
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Codarin A, Wysocki LE, Ladich F, Picciulin M (December 2009). "Effects of ambient and boat noise on hearing and communication in three fish species living in a marine protected area (Miramare, Italy)".
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10 dB penalty to nighttime hours. This is calculated from the following equation (most of Europe):
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Fong J (2014). "Making Operative Concepts from Murray Schafer's Soundscapes Typology: A Qualitative and Comparative Analysis of Noise Pollution in Bangkok, Thailand and Los Angeles, California".
1752:, hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and other harmful and disturbing effects. According to a 2019 review of the existing literature, noise pollution was associated with faster cognitive decline.
1974:), have been shown to be negatively affected by ship noise. Larger crabs were noted to be negatively affected more by the sounds than smaller crabs. Repeated exposure to the sounds did lead to
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reaching their settlement areas. Ultimately, the outcome of such changes results in reduced survival rates and altered patterns which potentially alters the entirety of the reef ecosystem.
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1170:(SPL) represents the amount of pressure relative to atmospheric pressure during sound wave propagation that can vary with time; this is also known as the sum of the amplitudes of a wave.
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Researchers use different weights to account for noise frequency with intensity, as humans do not perceive sound at the same loudness level. The most commonly used weighted levels are
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such as elephants, can register frequencies between 0 and 20 Hz (infrasound), and others, such as bats, can recognize frequencies above 20,000 Hz (ultrasound) to echolocate.
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2785:. Proceedings of the ASCE Urban Transportation Division Environment Impact Specialty Conference. Chicago, Illinois: American Society of Civil Engineers. Urban Transportation Division.
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also pursues a program of aircraft noise control in cooperation with the aviation community. The FAA has set up a process to report for anyone who may be impacted by aircraft noise.
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1759:, it estimated 113 million people are affected by road traffic noise levels above 55 decibels, the threshold at which noise becomes harmful to human health by the WHO's definition.
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2281:, traffic operations, and hypothetical mitigation. Costs of building-in mitigation can be modest, provided these solutions are sought in the planning stage of a roadway project.
1593:{\displaystyle L_{den}=10\cdot \log _{10}{\frac {1}{24}}\left(12\cdot 10^{\frac {L_{day}}{10}}+4\cdot 10^{\frac {L_{evening}+5}{10}}+8\cdot 10^{\frac {L_{night}+10}{10}}\right)}
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Celestina M, Hrovat J, Kardous CA (October 1, 2018). "Smartphone-based sound level measurement apps: Evaluation of compliance with international sound level meter standards".
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5048:"Assessing the underwater acoustics of the world's largest vibration hammer (OCTA-KONG) and its potential effects on the Indo-Pacific humpbacked dolphin (Sousa chinensis)"
1129:, often the largest equity held by a home owner, personal stakes in the noise environment and the civic politics surrounding the noise environment can run extremely high.
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McKenna MF, Ross D, Wiggins SM, Hildebrand JA (2011). "Measurements of radiated underwater noise from modern merchant ships relevant to noise impacts on marine mammals".
1671:, and a time meter. Sound level meters can measure noise at different frequencies (usually A- and C-weighted levels). There are two settings for response time constants,
1619:
This measurement represents the maximal noise level when examining point sources or single events of noise; however, this value does not factor in duration of the event.
5245:
André M, van der Schaar M, Zaugg S, Houégnigan L, Sánchez AM, Castell JV (2011). "Listening to the Deep: live monitoring of ocean noise and cetacean acoustic signals".
1146:
More than a quarter of US residences have average outside noise levels exceeding the maximum nighttime outside noise level recommended by the World Health Organization.
3332:
7410:
The effects of noisy urban environment may cause the loss of memory to elderly person (abstract published in 1st World Congress of Health and Urban Environment book.)
3155:
7178:
2499:
3038:
2019:
Healthy coral reefs are naturally noisy, consisting of the sounds of breaking waves and tumbling rocks, as well as the sounds produced by fish and other organisms.
3427:
4377:
5819:
Fristrup KM, Hatch LT, Clark CW (June 2003). "Variation in humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) song length in relation to low-frequency sound broadcasts".
2426:
of 1972 established a U.S. national policy to promote an environment for all Americans free from noise that jeopardizes their health and welfare. In the past,
2232:
harmful effects of noise pollution. If people must be around loud sounds, they can protect their ears with hearing protection (e.g., ear plugs or ear muffs).
2149:
produced below 200Hz. Pile driving generates noise between 20 and 1000 Hz. In addition, large explosions can create frequencies ranging from 10 to 200Hz.
2439:
4283:
6719:
7228:
6642:
6932:
6903:
3271:
2105:
impact the ecosystem. The changes in behavior of invertebrates vary depending on the type of anthropogenic noise and is similar to natural noisescapes.
1928:
As anthropogenic noises continue to increase, doubling every decade, this compromises the survivability of marine species. One study discovered that as
1762:
Sound becomes unwanted when it either interferes with normal activities such as sleep or conversation, or disrupts or diminishes one's quality of life.
7003:
6802:
3177:
2400:
received 315,838 complaints about noise pollution from private residences. This resulted in environmental health officers across the UK serving 8,069
7124:
3510:
3361:
6882:
7340:
7074:
7021:
4068:
8676:
7099:
985:
5488:
5455:
5111:
2356:
How noise emissions should be reduced, without the industry being hit too hard, is a major problem in environmental care in Sweden today. The
6961:
4246:
2530:
Noise Code includes potential fines of up to $ 5000 per infraction and is the basis for other major U.S. and Canadian city noise ordinances.
2455:
2431:
1683:
devices acceptable by the standards have a margin of error of ±1.5 dB, while type 2 instruments meet a margin of error of ±2.3 dB.
3693:
1692:
worker and monitors levels throughout a work shift. Additionally, dosimeters can calculate the percent dose or time-weighted average (TWA).
1196:
Understanding sound pressure levels is key to assessing measurements of noise pollution. Several metrics describing noise exposure include:
5631:
4908:. Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics. Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics. Vol. 27. Acoustical Society of America. p. 010029.
3532:
1833:, to which the phenomenon often is attributed. Anthropogenic noise reduced the species richness of birds found in Neotropical urban parks.
1368:{\displaystyle L_{dn}=10\cdot \log _{10}{\frac {1}{24}}\left(15\cdot 10^{\frac {L_{day}}{10}}+9\cdot 10^{\frac {L_{night}+10}{10}}\right)}
8371:
4128:
3117:
1063:
751:
4824:
3395:
2871:"Race/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, Residential Segregation, and Spatial Variation in Noise Exposure in the Contiguous United States"
4990:
Jones IT, Stanley JA, Mooney TA (January 2020). "Impulsive pile driving noise elicits alarm responses in squid (Doryteuthis pealeii)".
2506:
2443:
5183:"'Gas and fat embolic syndrome' involving a mass stranding of beaked whales (family Ziphiidae) exposed to anthropogenic sonar signals"
7419:
7310:
3303:
7199:
6744:
5570:
2479:
Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 14 Part 36 – Noise Standards: Aircraft Type and Airworthiness Certification (14 CFR Part 36). The
1801:
negatively interfere with a child's learning and behavior. Exposure to persistent noise pollution shows how important maintaining
9248:
8897:
8610:
2918:
Menkiti NU, Agunwamba JC (2015). "Assessment of noise pollution from electricity generators in a high-density residential area".
2707:
9064:
7435:
3478:
1782:
and other health issues. Occupational hearing loss is one of the most common work-related illnesses in the U.S. and worldwide.
8653:
5979:
5936:
3773:
3630:
1378:
970:
6123:
4942:
Roberts L, Elliott M (October 2017). "Good or bad vibrations? Impacts of anthropogenic vibration on the marine epibenthos".
3324:
3224:
9401:
7941:
7753:
3946:
3147:
2848:
1709:
Prevention (CDC) published a study examining the efficacy of 192 sound measurement apps on Apple and Android smartphones.
244:
7174:
3730:(Report). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. June 1998.
3242:
7906:
7799:
7469:
7153:
3048:
371:
291:
4346:
9258:
8671:
8648:
7827:
7487:
6519:"Anthropogenic sources of underwater sound can modify how sediment-dwelling invertebrates mediate ecosystem properties"
6405:"Staying tuned: grasshoppers from noisy roadside habitats produce courtship signals with elevated frequency components"
3419:
2357:
965:
879:
321:
4906:
Exposure of benthic invertebrates to sediment vibration: From laboratory experiments to outdoor simulated pile-driving
4370:
3654:
9140:
9054:
8713:
8460:
8346:
7840:
7835:
5679:
Weilgart L (November 2007). "The impacts of anthropogenic ocean noise on cetaceans and implications for management".
4157:
3969:"Cardiovascular conditions, hearing difficulty, and occupational noise exposure within US industries and occupations"
2677:
2459:
821:
726:
1990:. Researchers have found that humpback whales' song lengths were longer when low-frequency sonar was active nearby.
8640:
1720:
noise exposure in relation to the NIOSH recommended exposure limit of 85 dB(A) for an eight-hour work shift.
3724:
3225:
Berglund B, Lindvall T, Schwela DH, World Health Organization. Occupational and Environmental Health Team (1999).
9395:
9243:
9094:
8772:
8386:
8123:
7513:
4275:
4102:
2480:
2471:
2427:
2393:
1056:
766:
529:
111:
6715:
5181:
Fernández A, Edwards JF, Rodríguez F, Espinosa de los Monteros A, Herráez P, Castro P, et al. (July 2005).
1881:
studies in this category focus on hermit crabs. In one study, it was found that the behavior of the hermit crab
7249:
6668:
3043:
2487:
7424:
7224:
4304:
Stiegler LN, Davis R (2010). "Understanding Sound Sensitivity in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders".
8928:
8721:
8696:
8001:
7053:
6451:"Anthropogenic noise playback impairs embryonic development and increases mortality in a marine invertebrate"
3263:
2155:
can detect these noise sources because their sensory system can detect sound in the 10 to < 1000Hz range.
1208:
1001:
451:
3169:
9304:
9211:
8172:
7921:
7901:
7653:
3915:
2464:
2228:
539:
391:
366:
161:
2314:
Up until the 1970s governments tended to view noise as a "nuisance" rather than an environmental problem.
1872:
An exaggerated sound from machines used for the care of greenery. A four-story apartments complex area in
1724:
e-mail measurement reports. The NIOSH Sound Level Meter is currently only available on Apple iOS devices.
9059:
8781:
8277:
7931:
3502:
2262:, use of traffic controls that smooth vehicle flow to reduce braking and acceleration, and tyre design.
2137:
to experience changes in physiological processes which results in irregularity of bioturbation behavior.
1756:
650:
401:
6857:
6794:
3353:
2451:
in 1972 (later revised June 1998) as an approach in preventing occupational noise-related hearing loss.
2430:
coordinated all federal noise control activities through its Office of Noise Abatement and Control. The
8705:
8605:
8528:
7936:
7766:
7596:
3450:
2447:
2335:
Noise pollution is a major problem in India. The government of India has rules and regulations against
1779:
1763:
1049:
406:
256:
7017:
6192:
5999:
1904:
Another study that demonstrates a stress response in invertebrates was conducted on the squid species
9406:
9354:
8984:
8877:
8408:
8366:
8328:
7893:
7687:
5514:"Size-dependent physiological responses of shore crabs to single and repeated playback of ship noise"
5349:"Individual differences show that only some bats can cope with noise-induced masking and distraction"
4678:
Milius S (September 30, 2009). "High volume, low fidelity: Birds are less faithful as sounds blare".
3911:
2667:
2544:
1738:
1108:
781:
746:
706:
359:
326:
176:
5998:
Ferrier-Pagès C, Leal MC, Calado R, Schmid DW, Bertucci F, Lecchini D, et al. (April 1, 2021).
5655:
5150:"Application of the maximum signal to interference ratio criterion to the adaptive microphone array"
4421:"Evidence of the environmental impact of noise pollution on biodiversity: a systematic map protocol"
1605:
This measurement assesses daytime noise, usually from 7:00-19:00 (7am-7pm), yet may vary by country.
9437:
8403:
7926:
7867:
7778:
6583:
Charifi M, Sow M, Ciret P, Benomar S, Massabuau JC (October 25, 2017). Fernández Robledo JS (ed.).
5466:
5125:
2647:
2406:
1995:
1965:
1911:
An additional study examined the impact noise exposure had on the Indo-Pacific humpbacked dolphin (
776:
396:
331:
268:
5706:
Arveson PT, Vendittis DJ (January 2000). "Radiated noise characteristics of a modern cargo ship".
9462:
9452:
9268:
8857:
8615:
8381:
7911:
7462:
7395:
6998:
4904:
Breithaupt T, Elliott M, Roberts L, Simpson S, Bruintjes R, Harding H, et al. (April 2020).
3682:
2702:
2692:
2126:
1142:
1119:
806:
761:
381:
5592:
5591:
Duarte CM, Chapuis L, Collin SP, Costa DP, Devassy RP, Eguiluz VM, et al. (February 2021).
2036:
acute effects have been documented on coral reefs organisms after exposure to noise pollution.
9191:
9126:
9089:
8574:
7964:
5120:
3556:
Buxton RT, McKenna MF, Mennitt D, Brown E, Fristrup K, Crooks KR, et al. (December 2019).
2642:
2366:
2063:
2027:
Anthropogenic sources of noise are generated by a range of different human activities, such as
1713:
944:
431:
5484:
5400:"Testing the AC/DC hypothesis: Rock and roll is noise pollution and weakens a trophic cascade"
4124:
3387:
2997:
Hoffmann B, Moebus S, Stang A, Beck EM, Dragano N, Möhlenkamp S, et al. (November 2006).
1873:
9457:
9380:
9225:
9069:
8544:
8376:
8252:
8160:
7850:
7743:
7543:
4816:
4034:
1611:
This measurement assesses nighttime noise, depending on country cutoff hours discussed above.
914:
756:
622:
534:
231:
1986:
Higher ambient noise levels also cause animals to vocalize more loudly, which is called the
1945:
9289:
8806:
8351:
8006:
7702:
6596:
6530:
6462:
6416:
6344:
6277:
6204:
6079:
6011:
5875:
5828:
5793:
5758:
5715:
5411:
5311:
5254:
5059:
4999:
4951:
4777:
4480:
4432:
3812:
3569:
3146:
Baumgaertner E, Kao J, Lutz E, Sedgwick J, Taylor R, Throop N, et al. (June 9, 2023).
3079:
2657:
2374:
2200:
2170:
1802:
1167:
456:
189:
7298:
3295:
3039:"Results and Discussion – Effects – Noise Effect On Wildlife – Noise – Environment – FHWA"
2088:
Boat-noise has been shown to affect the embryonic development and fitness of the sea hare
8:
9049:
9044:
8862:
8765:
8750:
8418:
8356:
8323:
8262:
8194:
8059:
8054:
8032:
7606:
6740:
6000:"Noise pollution on coral reefs? — A yet underestimated threat to coral reef communities"
5971:
3725:
Criteria for a recommended standard... occupational noise exposure, revised criteria 1998
2662:
2389:
2133:
1159:
791:
736:
701:
627:
554:
504:
499:
484:
141:
7404:
7046:"Occupational Noise Exposure - Overview | Occupational Safety and Health Administration"
6600:
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6466:
6420:
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6281:
6208:
6083:
6015:
5879:
5832:
5797:
5762:
5719:
5562:
5415:
5315:
5258:
5063:
5003:
4955:
4781:
4484:
4436:
3816:
3573:
3083:
9467:
9447:
9442:
9105:
8995:
8731:
8692:
8625:
8600:
8595:
8413:
8290:
8084:
7956:
7720:
7591:
7518:
7455:
6619:
6584:
6551:
6518:
6483:
6450:
6375:
6332:
6308:
6265:
6246:
6043:
5942:
5899:
5623:
5538:
5513:
5432:
5399:
5375:
5348:
5212:
5130:
5082:
5047:
5023:
4876:
4851:
4736:
4711:
4646:
4599:
4574:
4550:
4525:
4506:
4321:
4225:
4044:
4017:
3993:
3968:
3873:
3833:
3800:
3622:
3595:
2935:
2895:
2870:
2840:
2737:
2151:
1025:
786:
662:
424:
206:
146:
116:
63:
6144:
Slabbekoorn H, Bouton N, van Opzeeland I, Coers A, ten Cate C, Popper AN (July 2010).
5918:
1953:") effects. Acoustic overexposure can lead to temporary or permanent loss of hearing.
9319:
9314:
9110:
8934:
8831:
8816:
8796:
8620:
8480:
8300:
8209:
8177:
8094:
8047:
7974:
7946:
7715:
7710:
7508:
6696:
6688:
6624:
6556:
6488:
6380:
6362:
6313:
6295:
6238:
6230:
6193:"Multiscale spatio-temporal patterns of boat noise on U.S. Virgin Island coral reefs"
6173:
6165:
6097:
6047:
6035:
6027:
5975:
5946:
5932:
5903:
5891:
5844:
5731:
5627:
5615:
5543:
5437:
5380:
5329:
5280:
5204:
5087:
5027:
5015:
4967:
4881:
4741:
4712:"The importance of invertebrates when considering the impacts of anthropogenic noise"
4604:
4555:
4498:
4325:
4151:
4049:
3998:
3877:
3838:
3626:
3599:
3587:
3095:
3020:
2979:
2939:
2900:
2832:
2747:
2722:
2712:
2423:
2258:, limitation of vehicle speeds, alteration of roadway surface texture, limitation of
2164:
1664:
1651:
1646:
674:
597:
590:
544:
411:
201:
196:
106:
6250:
6216:
6067:
6023:
5266:
5216:
5134:
5011:
4963:
4650:
4510:
4229:
3467:
3091:
2869:
Casey JA, Morello-Frosch R, Mennitt DJ, Fristrup K, Ogburn EL, James P (July 2017).
2844:
40:
9412:
9385:
9359:
8939:
8872:
8836:
8564:
8465:
8423:
8391:
8285:
8239:
8199:
8106:
8074:
8042:
8027:
8011:
7986:
7771:
7725:
6825:"Freedom from noise pollution will be true independence (Comment: Special to IANS)"
6680:
6614:
6604:
6546:
6538:
6478:
6470:
6424:
6370:
6352:
6303:
6285:
6220:
6212:
6157:
6087:
6019:
5967:
5924:
5923:. Coral Reefs of the World. Vol. 14. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
5883:
5836:
5801:
5766:
5723:
5688:
5607:
5533:
5525:
5427:
5419:
5370:
5360:
5319:
5270:
5262:
5194:
5161:
5077:
5067:
5007:
4959:
4919:
4909:
4871:
4863:
4795:
4785:
4731:
4723:
4687:
4638:
4594:
4586:
4545:
4537:
4488:
4440:
4313:
4217:
4039:
4029:
3988:
3980:
3869:
3865:
3828:
3820:
3731:
3618:
3577:
3234:
3087:
3010:
2969:
2927:
2890:
2882:
2824:
2732:
2527:
2340:
2304:
2020:
1916:
1654:
is one of the main tools for measuring sounds in the environment and the workplace.
934:
831:
771:
657:
610:
559:
519:
494:
479:
461:
436:
376:
261:
211:
33:
3765:
2931:
1704:
Measuring the noise level from a leaf blower using the NIOSH Sound Level Meter app
1213:
This measurement assesses the cumulative exposure to sound for a 24-hour period (L
1103:
Documented problems associated with noise in urban environments go back as far as
9390:
9344:
9309:
9299:
9177:
8826:
8428:
8338:
8304:
8189:
8143:
8069:
7996:
7916:
7761:
7616:
7385:
6766:"Cairo cacophony: Noise pollution 'kills in much the same way as chronic stress'"
6609:
6449:
Nedelec SL, Radford AN, Simpson SD, Nedelec B, Lecchini D, Mills SC (July 2014).
6357:
6290:
5887:
5398:
Barton BT, Hodge ME, Speights CJ, Autrey AM, Lashley MA, Klink VP (August 2018).
5300:"Bats perceptually weight prey cues across sensory systems when hunting in noise"
5180:
5072:
4691:
4018:"Ambient Air Pollution, Noise, and Late-Life Cognitive Decline and Dementia Risk"
2828:
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2401:
2041:
1975:
1970:
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719:
679:
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446:
386:
251:
151:
7414:
6331:
Vermeij MJ, Marhaver KL, Huijbers CM, Nagelkerken I, Simpson SD (May 14, 2010).
6266:"Vessel noise affects routine swimming and escape response of a coral reef fish"
6191:
Dinh JP, Suca JJ, Lillis A, Apprill A, Llopiz JK, Mooney TA (November 1, 2018).
4624:"Anthropogenic noise reduces bird species richness and diversity in urban parks"
3936:
2956:
Münzel T, Schmidt FP, Steven S, Herzog J, Daiber A, Sørensen M (February 2018).
2196:
9019:
8964:
8944:
8758:
8741:
8475:
8361:
8318:
8312:
8308:
8153:
8138:
8089:
8079:
7991:
7845:
7601:
7572:
6684:
6643:"Noise pollution affects dolphins' ability to communicate: What new study says"
6161:
6146:"A noisy spring: the impact of globally rising underwater sound levels on fish"
3477:. Environmental Research and Consultancy Department, Civil Aviation Authority.
3226:
3015:
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1987:
1825:
1115:
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696:
689:
684:
441:
136:
29:
7149:
6517:
Solan M, Hauton C, Godbold JA, Wood CL, Leighton TG, White P (February 2016).
5928:
5298:
Gomes DG, Page RA, Geipel I, Taylor RC, Ryan MJ, Halfwerk W (September 2016).
4493:
4468:
4445:
4420:
21:
9431:
9375:
9349:
9084:
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8912:
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7420:
EEA draws the first map of Europe's noise exposure – All press releases — EEA
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2093:
1957:
1929:
1020:
856:
346:
341:
336:
94:
48:
6429:
6404:
5784:
Wenz GM (1962). "Acoustic Ambient Noise in the Ocean: Spectra and Sources".
5611:
5324:
5299:
5046:
Wang Z, Wu Y, Duan G, Cao H, Liu J, Wang K, et al. (October 22, 2014).
4790:
4765:
4247:"Autism & Anxiety: Parents seek help for extreme reaction to loud noise"
2548:
1956:
Noise pollution may have caused the death of certain species of whales that
1885:, when attempting to choose a shell, was modified when subjected to noise.
1860:
1125:
Because the local civic noise environment can impact the perceived value of
9074:
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8516:
8490:
8470:
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8257:
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7804:
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4002:
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3735:
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2386:
2336:
2068:
2012:
1745:
1104:
1097:
889:
851:
836:
667:
632:
577:
296:
156:
7431:
Noise-Planet: app to make an open source noise map of environmental noise
6403:
Lampe U, Schmoll T, Franzke A, Reinhold K (December 2012). Patek S (ed.).
4152:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (February 6, 2018).
2999:"Residence close to high traffic and prevalence of coronary heart disease"
52:
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9079:
9014:
9006:
8949:
8882:
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7567:
4764:
Nedelec SL, Campbell J, Radford AN, Simpson SD, Merchant ND (July 2016).
4153:
2292:
2278:
2219:
1836:
1190:
1126:
811:
509:
489:
126:
7425:
Scientific American: How does background noise affect our concentration?
5365:
5199:
5182:
3325:"Can Animals Predict Disaster? | Listening to Infrasound | Nature | PBS"
1793:
Noise pollution can have negative affects on adults and children on the
1766:
can be caused by prolonged exposure to noise levels above 85 A-weighted
1700:
9001:
8990:
8974:
8969:
8801:
8630:
8247:
7562:
7555:
7538:
7523:
4924:
4800:
4622:
Perillo A, Mazzoni LG, Passos LF, Goulart VD, Duca C, Young RJ (2017).
3984:
3558:"Anthropogenic noise in US national parks – sources and spatial extent"
3238:
2687:
2672:
2547:
European Region released guidelines on regulating community noise. The
2288:
2274:
2032:
2007:
1949:
then may alter more interactions within a community through indirect ("
1089:
861:
617:
121:
6542:
6474:
6225:
6092:
5961:
5840:
5805:
5770:
5423:
5275:
5166:
5149:
4914:
4642:
3824:
2512:
States and local governments typically have very specific statutes on
9294:
8559:
8511:
8485:
8433:
8267:
8229:
7979:
7969:
7641:
7503:
7478:
7253:
5727:
4418:
3582:
3557:
2727:
2652:
2235:
2208:
2204:
2072:
1668:
1163:
1080:
929:
884:
846:
796:
731:
637:
101:
71:
7415:
Clive Thompson on How Man-Made Noise May Be Altering Earth's Ecology
5692:
4469:"Noise pollution changes avian communities and species interactions"
4098:
2446:
researches noise exposure in occupational settings and recommends a
8204:
8148:
7809:
7658:
7626:
7075:"C 36-1H – Noise Levels for U.S. Certificated and Foreign Aircraft"
6143:
6121:
5920:
Coral Reefs of the Western Pacific Ocean in a Changing Anthropocene
3941:
3354:"How do bats echolocate and how are they adapted to this activity?"
2886:
2193:
2108:
Experiments have examined the behavior and physiology of the clam (
2028:
1749:
1155:
301:
7045:
6330:
5244:
4766:"Particle motion: the missing link in underwater acoustic ecology"
4069:"One in five Europeans exposed to harmful noise pollution – study"
2920:
African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development
2868:
2223:
A man inserting an earplug in his ear to reduce the noise exposure
2144:
Another study found that the valve closures in the Pacific oyster
8165:
7668:
7646:
7533:
7528:
7436:
Noise Pollution Hurts Animals. Here's How to Turn The Volume Down
7177:. US Department of Housing and Urban Development. April 1, 2013.
6068:"Anthropogenic and natural sources of ambient noise in the ocean"
2560:
2018 WHO European Regional Office Environmental Noise Guidelines
2188:
1937:
1810:
1767:
81:
44:
7274:
6933:"Strictly Adhere To Supreme Court Guidelines On Noise Pollution"
6904:"Strictly Adhere To Supreme Court Guidelines On Noise Pollution"
4526:"The effects of anthropogenic noise on animals: a meta-analysis"
3907:
2242:
Noise from roadways and other urban factors can be mitigated by
1177:
8979:
8569:
8549:
8443:
8118:
7611:
7399:
6669:"The costs of chronic noise exposure for terrestrial organisms"
4903:
2411:
1950:
1771:
1100:, electrical generators, wind turbines, explosions and people.
939:
919:
826:
816:
524:
26:
7373:
7338:
2295:
and time of day runway has benefited residents near airports.
2124:. In addition, the decapod exhibited a reduction in movement.
1712:
The authors found that only 10 apps, all of which were on the
1201:
Energy average equivalent level of the A-weighted sound, LAeq:
9201:
9162:
9155:
8852:
8579:
8521:
7862:
7794:
7692:
7584:
6853:
6585:"The sense of hearing in the Pacific oyster, Magallana gigas"
5997:
5960:
Sheppard C, Davy S, Pilling G, Graham N (November 23, 2017).
4763:
4419:
Sordello R, De Lachapelle FF, Livoreil B, Vanpeene S (2019).
4122:
3068:
2697:
2440:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
2392:
manufacturer, based on responses from local authorities to a
2045:
1961:
1960:
themselves after being exposed to the loud sound of military
1933:
1806:
1151:
949:
894:
286:
7447:
6741:"CDC – Buy Quiet – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topics"
6448:
5748:
3966:
1675:
time constant = 0.125 seconds, similar to human hearing) or
8554:
7675:
7663:
7579:
7368:
7077:. U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. November 15, 2001.
6402:
5456:"Bahamas Marine Mammal Stranding Event of 15–16 March 2000"
4621:
3967:
Kerns E, Masterson EA, Themann CL, Calvert GM (June 2018).
3145:
2526:
instituted the first comprehensive noise code in 1985. The
924:
171:
166:
131:
8780:
7405:
World Health Organization – Guidelines for Community Noise
5113:
The Impact of Ocean Noise Pollution on Marine Biodiversity
4575:"Daytime noise predicts nocturnal singing in urban robins"
7102:. U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. January 9, 2018.
6122:
International Coral Reef Initiative (December 15, 2023).
5959:
5397:
3801:"Evaluation of smartphone sound measurement applications"
3555:
2955:
2783:
The relationship between highway planning and urban noise
1861:
Stress recorded in physiological and behavioral responses
1096:(traffic, rail, airplanes, etc.), lawn care maintenance,
7341:"Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region"
5590:
3302:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
1829:
stronger predictor of nocturnal singing than night-time
5916:
3231:
Institutional Repository for Information Sharing (IRIS)
2996:
2435:
remain in effect today, although essentially unfunded.
2006:
Noise pollution has emerged as a prominent stressor on
1778:
Noise exposure in the workplace can also contribute to
6582:
6516:
5917:
Zhang J, Yeemin T, Morrison RJ, Hong GH, eds. (2022).
4852:"Noise affects resource assessment in an invertebrate"
3855:
3683:"ANSI S1.4-1983, Specification for Sound Level Meters"
3388:"sound level frequency weightings - acoustic glossary"
3170:"What is Sound Pressure Level and how is it measured?"
2265:
An important factor in applying these strategies is a
1630:
Percentile-derived measurements (L10, L50, L90, etc.):
7227:. U.S. Department of Transportation. March 28, 2018.
6263:
6190:
5297:
3420:"Understanding A, C and Z noise frequency weightings"
2396:(FOI) request reveal in the period April 2008 – 2009
1389:
1224:
6666:
6264:
Jimenez LV, Fakan EP, McCormick MI (July 23, 2020).
5864:
5147:
4306:
Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities
4123:
National Institutes of Health N (February 7, 2017).
2456:
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
2339:
and loudspeakers, but enforcement is extremely lax.
6667:Barber JR, Crooks KR, Fristrup KM (March 1, 2010).
2958:"Environmental Noise and the Cardiovascular System"
5818:
5511:
5507:
5505:
5148:Jovicic ST, Saric ZM, Turajlic SR (October 2005).
4989:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4709:
4572:
4016:Paul KC, Haan M, Mayeda ER, Ritz BR (April 2019).
4015:
1592:
1367:
4466:
3148:"Noise Could Take Years Off Your Life Here's How"
2348:However, implementation of the law remains poor.
1843:
32:passes close to houses shortly before landing at
9429:
7152:. Federal Highway Administration. June 6, 2017.
6795:"Cairo ranked second noisiest city in the world"
5821:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
5786:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
5751:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
5708:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
5705:
5105:
5103:
5101:
4710:Morley EL, Jones G, Radford AN (February 2014).
4414:
4412:
4410:
3805:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
3139:
2917:
2444:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
2071:to produce courtship songs. The females produce
1118:effects in humans and an increased incidence of
7252:. Noise Pollution Clearinghouse. Archived from
5656:"Noise Pollution | National Geographic Society"
5563:"Noise pollution 'drowns out ocean soundscape'"
5502:
4937:
4935:
4892:
4849:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4573:Fuller RA, Warren PH, Gaston KJ (August 2007).
4462:
4460:
4458:
4456:
3111:
3109:
2823:(3). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins: 287–294.
2309:
2168:bird predators, such as the western scrub-jay (
7020:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1982.
7018:"EPA History: Noise and the Noise Control Act"
5512:Wale MA, Simpson SD, Radford AN (April 2013).
4941:
4705:
4703:
4701:
3468:"ERCD Report 0904: Metrics for Aircraft Noise"
3118:"Noise Seriously Impacts Marine Invertebrates"
2771:. S. Rep. No. 1160, 92nd Congress. 2nd session
2556:); WHO set the recommended limit to 70 dB(A).
2490:(FHWA) developed noise regulations to control
2298:
2215:without detracting from the area's aesthetics.
1623:Sound exposure level of A-weighted sound, SEL:
1379:Day-evening-night average level, DENL or Lden:
8766:
7463:
6879:"Rising festival noise undoing past efforts'"
5346:
5098:
5045:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4467:Francis CD, Ortega CP, Cruz A (August 2009).
4407:
4303:
2962:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
2040:compromised hearing, increased heart rate in
1057:
4932:
4814:
4752:
4453:
4280:American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
3106:
3062:
2810:
2780:
2533:
1968:) Even marine invertebrates, such as crabs (
7250:"Noise Pollution Clearinghouse Law Library"
6994:"London is home to the noisiest neighbours"
5476:
5347:Gomes DG, Goerlitz HR (December 18, 2020).
4698:
4523:
3897:, Archives of Otolaryngology, 82:236 (1965)
3798:
3766:"NIOSH Sound Level Meter App | NIOSH | CDC"
3465:
3233:(Report). World Health Organization (WHO).
2500:Department of Housing and Urban Development
2055:
8773:
8759:
7470:
7456:
6856:. Indian Central Pollution Control Board.
6065:
5593:"The soundscape of the Anthropocene ocean"
5229:
4978:
4850:Walsh EP, Arnott G, Kunc HP (April 2017).
4838:
3613:Webster RC (2001). "Noise and Vibration".
3268:It's a Noisy Planet. Protect Their Hearing
1695:
1667:, a device consisting of a microphone, an
1064:
1050:
80:
16:Excessive, displeasing environmental noise
6618:
6608:
6550:
6482:
6428:
6374:
6356:
6307:
6289:
6224:
6091:
5537:
5485:"Loud Noise Makes Crabs Even More Crabby"
5431:
5374:
5364:
5323:
5274:
5198:
5165:
5124:
5081:
5071:
4923:
4913:
4875:
4799:
4789:
4735:
4598:
4549:
4517:
4492:
4444:
4043:
4033:
3992:
3832:
3581:
3014:
2973:
2894:
2769:Noise Pollution and Abatement Act of 1972
2083:
1663:Sound can be measured in the air using a
7389:) is being considered for deletion. See
7127:. U.S. Federal Aviation Administration.
5678:
5109:
4817:"Shipping and Underwater Radiated Noise"
4376:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
4101:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
4035:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-044058
3889:
3887:
3562:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
2781:Hogan CM, Latshaw GL (May 21–23, 1973).
2218:
2187:
1864:
1699:
1645:
1176:
1141:
39:
20:
9249:Signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio
8611:Pollutant release and transfer register
7339:WHO Regional Office for Europe (2018).
7334:
7332:
7330:
7275:"Borough of Brielle, NJ: NOISE CONTROL"
7040:
7038:
6854:"Central Pollution Control Board: FAQs"
5482:
4192:
4177:
3973:American Journal of Industrial Medicine
3895:Hearing Loss and Coronary Heart Disease
3612:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3115:
2708:Noise and vibration on maritime vessels
2099:
9430:
9065:Equivalent pulse code modulation noise
6963:Arbetsmiljövärkets Författningssamling
6333:"Coral Larvae Move toward Reef Sounds"
6117:
6115:
6113:
6111:
6061:
6059:
6057:
5993:
5991:
5860:
5858:
5041:
5039:
5037:
4677:
4147:
4145:
4066:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3290:
3288:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3194:
2273:, that is capable of addressing local
2067:grasshoppers attract females by using
8754:
7451:
7202:. U.S. Department of Transportation.
6713:
6578:
6576:
6574:
6572:
6570:
6512:
6510:
6508:
6506:
6504:
6502:
6444:
6442:
6440:
6398:
6396:
6394:
4241:
4239:
4096:
3884:
3738:. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 98–126
3690:American National Standards Institute
3461:
3459:
3446:
3444:
3414:
3412:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3044:Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)
2761:
1658:
9188:(energy per symbol to noise density)
8701:
7942:Electromagnetic radiation and health
7327:
7035:
6822:
5783:
5560:
4944:The Science of the Total Environment
4524:Kunc HP, Schmidt R (November 2019).
4276:"Tinnitus and Hyperacusis: Overview"
4207:
3530:
2951:
2949:
2800:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2795:
1114:High noise levels can contribute to
8717:
8709:
7800:Radium and radon in the environment
7225:"National Transportation Noise Map"
7200:"National Transportation Noise Map"
7125:"Aviation-related noise complaints"
6108:
6054:
5988:
5855:
5034:
4371:"Noise and Its Effects on Children"
4154:"Noise and Hearing Loss Prevention"
4142:
3937:"Road noise link to blood pressure"
3787:
3749:
3710:
3668:
3285:
3191:
3162:
1209:Day-night average level, DNL or LDN
1137:
1132:
292:Radium and radon in the environment
13:
9259:Signal-to-quantization-noise ratio
6567:
6499:
6437:
6391:
5972:10.1093/oso/9780198787341.001.0001
4400:"The Effects of Noise on Health".
4236:
3799:Kardous CA, Shaw PB (April 2014).
3466:Jones K, Cadoux R (January 2009).
3456:
3441:
3409:
3375:
2813:"Noise Pollution: A Modern Plague"
2570:Day-Evening-Night Average Level (L
2538:
2385:Figures compiled by rockwool, the
2358:Swedish Work Environment Authority
1641:
14:
9479:
9173:(energy per bit to noise density)
9141:Carrier-to-receiver noise density
9055:Effective input noise temperature
7393:to help reach a consensus. ›
7362:
6673:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
6150:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
6066:Hildebrand J (December 3, 2009).
5154:Acoustics Research Letters Online
3647:"IEC 61672-1:2013 | IEC Webstore"
3503:"Fundamentals of Noise and Sound"
2946:
2875:Environmental Health Perspectives
2811:Goines L, Hagler L (March 2007).
2678:International Noise Awareness Day
2380:
2044:and a reduction in the number of
1892:In another study that focused on
1609:Nighttime level, LAeqN or Lnight:
8784:(physics and telecommunications)
8735:
8725:
8716:
8708:
8700:
8688:
8687:
7291:
7267:
7242:
7217:
7192:
7167:
7142:
7117:
7092:
7067:
7010:
6986:
6954:
6925:
6896:
6871:
6846:
6816:
6787:
6758:
6733:
6707:
6124:"Noise pollution in coral reefs"
5660:education.nationalgeographic.org
4770:Methods in Ecology and Evolution
4716:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
3623:10.1016/b978-075067328-0/50044-6
3533:"How Animals Perceive the World"
3158:from the original on 2023-06-09.
2448:Recommended Exposure Limit (REL)
2417:
2287:can be reduced by using quieter
2177:
1936:increases in marine ecosystems,
1755:Across Europe, according to the
1181:Depiction of frequency weighting
1031:
1019:
9396:Block-matching and 3D filtering
9244:Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)
9095:Noise, vibration, and harshness
7514:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
7374:Noise effects. Beyond annoyance
7347:from the original on 2020-12-13
7313:from the original on 2011-07-15
7231:from the original on 2020-03-26
7206:from the original on 2018-01-21
7181:from the original on 2018-06-29
7156:from the original on 2020-04-01
7131:from the original on 2018-07-28
7106:from the original on 2012-01-10
7081:from the original on 2020-03-26
7056:from the original on 2020-11-29
7024:from the original on 2020-04-16
6976:from the original on 2020-06-15
6943:from the original on 2018-03-21
6914:from the original on 2018-03-21
6860:from the original on 2018-07-02
6835:from the original on 2016-09-08
6805:from the original on 2020-07-31
6776:from the original on 2021-08-12
6747:from the original on 2016-08-08
6722:from the original on 2016-12-16
6660:
6635:
6324:
6257:
6217:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.09.009
6184:
6137:
6024:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112129
5953:
5910:
5812:
5777:
5742:
5699:
5672:
5648:
5637:from the original on 2021-05-10
5584:
5573:from the original on 2021-02-08
5554:
5491:from the original on 2020-04-23
5448:
5391:
5340:
5291:
5267:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.04.038
5238:
5223:
5174:
5141:
5012:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110792
4964:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.117
4827:from the original on 2020-08-03
4808:
4671:
4660:from the original on 2019-04-28
4615:
4566:
4394:
4383:from the original on 2017-08-29
4363:
4352:from the original on 2020-09-19
4332:
4297:
4286:from the original on 2019-04-12
4268:
4257:from the original on 2019-05-13
4201:
4186:
4171:
4160:from the original on 2018-06-29
4131:from the original on 2020-04-14
4116:
4105:from the original on 2016-06-22
4090:
4079:from the original on 2020-03-05
4060:
4009:
3960:
3949:from the original on 2021-09-29
3929:
3918:from the original on 2010-01-08
3900:
3849:
3776:from the original on 2021-09-01
3699:from the original on 2021-02-11
3657:from the original on 2021-01-26
3639:
3606:
3549:
3524:
3513:from the original on 2020-12-03
3495:
3484:from the original on 2021-08-12
3430:from the original on 2020-11-25
3398:from the original on 2020-11-03
3364:from the original on 2020-11-09
3346:
3335:from the original on 2020-11-11
3317:
3306:from the original on 2020-11-01
3274:from the original on 2020-11-17
3256:
3245:from the original on 2020-10-30
3180:from the original on 2020-11-17
3128:from the original on 2020-08-13
3116:Kershaw F (December 15, 2006).
3092:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.07.011
2851:from the original on 2020-01-28
2767:Senate Public Works Committee.
2545:World Health Organization (WHO)
2472:Federal Aviation Administration
2428:Environmental Protection Agency
1732:
112:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
6072:Marine Ecology Progress Series
4022:Annual Review of Public Health
3870:10.1016/j.apacoust.2018.04.011
3227:Guidelines for community noise
3031:
2990:
2911:
2862:
2804:
2789:
2774:
2488:Federal Highway Administration
2163:increase stress response, and
2001:
1922:
1844:Why invertebrates are affected
981:Least polluted cities by PM2.5
1:
8929:Additive white Gaussian noise
8002:Electrical resistance heating
7477:
7378:
7369:Noise Pollution Clearinghouse
7175:"Noise Abatement and Control"
4345:. World Health Organization.
2932:10.1080/20421338.2015.1082370
2754:
2254:can be reduced by the use of
1686:
1603:Daytime level, LAeqD or Lday:
452:Electrical resistance heating
9305:Interference (communication)
9212:Signal-to-interference ratio
9202:Signal, noise and distortion
7654:Persistent organic pollutant
7309:. City of Portland, Oregon.
6610:10.1371/journal.pone.0185353
6358:10.1371/journal.pone.0010660
6291:10.1371/journal.pone.0235742
5888:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114310
5234:. San Diego: Academic Press.
5073:10.1371/journal.pone.0110590
4692:10.1002/scin.2007.5591720804
4125:"Noise-Induced Hearing Loss"
2829:10.1097/SMJ.0b013e3180318be5
2507:Department of Transportation
2465:Hearing Conservation Program
2310:Country-specific regulations
1111:in many developing nations.
162:Persistent organic pollutant
86:Air pollution from a factory
7:
9060:Equivalent noise resistance
8664:Least polluted cities by PM
7279:Borough of Brielle, NJ Code
5966:. Oxford University Press.
5681:Canadian Journal of Zoology
5561:Gill V (February 4, 2021).
5483:McClain C (April 3, 2013).
4815:Hallander J, Lee D (2015).
3475:UK Civil Aviation Authority
3392:www.acoustic-glossary.co.uk
2635:
2299:Legal status and regulation
1816:
1757:European Environment Agency
10:
9484:
8606:Pollution haven hypothesis
8529:Brain health and pollution
7767:Ecological light pollution
7597:Internal combustion engine
6714:NIOSH (February 5, 2018).
6685:10.1016/j.tree.2009.08.002
6162:10.1016/j.tree.2010.04.005
5963:The Biology of Coral Reefs
4067:Harvey F (March 5, 2020).
2975:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.12.015
2580:Nighttime Average Noise (L
2394:Freedom of Information Act
2302:
2181:
2076:maximum of about 7319 Hz.
1780:noise-induced hearing loss
1764:Noise-induced hearing loss
1736:
1727:
9368:
9355:Total variation denoising
9337:
9328:
9282:
9119:
9035:
8921:
8845:
8789:
8685:
8639:
8588:
8537:
8504:
8409:Nonpoint source pollution
8337:
8329:War and environmental law
8276:
8238:
8220:
8020:
7955:
7892:
7818:
7787:
7752:
7736:
7701:
7688:Volatile organic compound
7494:
7485:
6197:Marine Pollution Bulletin
6004:Marine Pollution Bulletin
5929:10.1007/978-3-030-97189-2
5247:Marine Pollution Bulletin
4992:Marine Pollution Bulletin
4494:10.1016/j.cub.2009.06.052
4446:10.1186/s13750-019-0146-6
3912:World Health Organization
3615:Plant Engineer's Handbook
3072:Marine Pollution Bulletin
2798:The Machine in the Garden
2668:Health effects from noise
2534:World Health Organization
2351:
1996:Yangtze finless porpoises
1739:Health effects from noise
1109:environmental degradation
707:War and environmental law
327:Health effects from noise
177:Volatile organic compound
51:pollution in cities like
7868:Marine mammals and sonar
7779:Radio spectrum pollution
7391:templates for discussion
6823:IANS (August 29, 2016).
5232:Marine Mammals and Noise
4318:10.1177/1088357610364530
4222:10.1177/0042098014562333
3531:Yong E (June 13, 2022).
3264:"How is Sound Measured?"
3016:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl278
2817:Southern Medical Journal
2648:Aircraft noise pollution
2407:Westminster City Council
2330:
2321:
2211:, is designed to reduce
2116:), and the brittlestar (
2056:Impacts on communication
1966:Marine mammals and sonar
332:Marine mammals and sonar
9269:Contrast-to-noise ratio
8714:WikiProject Environment
8672:Most polluted countries
8616:Polluter pays principle
8347:Agricultural wastewater
7150:"Highway Traffic Noise"
7100:"Aircraft Noise Issues"
6999:London Evening Standard
6829:Business Standard India
6430:10.1111/1365-2435.12000
5868:Environmental Pollution
5612:10.1126/science.aba4658
5325:10.1126/science.aaf7934
4791:10.1111/2041-210x.12544
4404:. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
2703:Noise Abatement Society
2693:Loudspeakers in mosques
2127:Ruditapes philippinarum
2110:Ruditapes philippinarum
1696:Smartphone applications
1120:coronary artery disease
807:Freshwater salinization
727:Agricultural wastewater
34:London Heathrow Airport
9192:Modulation error ratio
9127:Carrier-to-noise ratio
9090:Noise spectral density
8732:Environment portal
7965:Agricultural pollution
5530:10.1098/rsbl.2012.1194
5230:Richardson WJ (1995).
4868:10.1098/rsbl.2017.0098
4728:10.1098/rspb.2013.2683
4591:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0134
4542:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0649
4425:Environmental Evidence
3945:. September 10, 2009.
3893:S. Rosen and P. Olin,
3736:10.26616/NIOSHPUB98126
3424:Pulsar Instruments Plc
3296:"The Science of Sound"
3174:Pulsar Instruments Plc
3003:European Heart Journal
2643:Acoustical engineering
2248:better design of roads
2224:
2216:
2171:Aphelocoma californica
2131:feeding. Sound causes
2084:Impacts on development
1896:and the blue mussel, (
1877:
1748:, high stress levels,
1705:
1655:
1594:
1369:
1182:
1147:
1026:Environment portal
56:
47:is the main source of
37:
9407:Denoising autoencoder
9381:Anisotropic diffusion
9226:Signal-to-noise ratio
9070:Impulse noise (audio)
8985:Johnson–Nyquist noise
8873:Government regulation
8387:Industrial wastewater
8253:Clutter (advertising)
8161:Municipal solid waste
8007:Soil guideline values
7851:Sustainable transport
7744:Information pollution
7544:Open burning of waste
7299:"Chapter 18.02 Title
5404:Ecology and Evolution
2229:Hierarchy of Controls
2222:
2191:
2090:Stylocheilus striatus
2064:Corthippus biguttulus
1871:
1703:
1649:
1617:Maximum level, LAmax:
1595:
1370:
1180:
1145:
767:Industrial wastewater
535:Municipal solid waste
457:Soil guideline values
43:
24:
9290:List of noise topics
8659:Most polluted cities
8352:Biological pollution
8263:Overhead power lines
6937:Green Tribunal, NDTV
6908:Green Tribunal, NDTV
6772:. January 26, 2008.
5187:Veterinary Pathology
5110:Weilgart LS (2008).
4340:"Children and Noise"
3914:. December 8, 2018.
3617:. pp. 707–719.
3270:. January 28, 2019.
2658:Environmental hazard
2375:active noise control
2100:Impacts on ecosystem
1803:environmental health
1387:
1222:
1168:Sound pressure level
1150:Researchers measure
976:Most polluted cities
628:Overhead power lines
9050:Circuit noise level
9045:Channel noise level
8722:WikiProject Ecology
8419:Ocean acidification
8324:Unexploded ordnance
8195:Post-consumer waste
8055:Foam food container
8033:Biodegradable waste
7607:Global distillation
6601:2017PLoSO..1285353C
6535:2016NatSR...620540S
6467:2014NatSR...4E5891N
6421:2012FuEco..26.1348L
6349:2010PLoSO...510660V
6282:2020PLoSO..1535742V
6209:2018MarPB.136..282D
6084:2009MEPS..395....5H
6016:2021MarPB.16512129F
5880:2020EPoll.26214310W
5833:2003ASAJ..113.3411F
5798:1962ASAJ...34.1936W
5763:2011ASAJ..129.2368M
5720:2000ASAJ..107..118A
5416:2018EcoEv...8.7649B
5366:10.7717/peerj.10551
5316:2016Sci...353.1277G
5310:(6305): 1277–1280.
5259:2011MarPB..63...18A
5200:10.1354/vp.42-4-446
5064:2014PLoSO...9k0590W
5004:2020MarPB.15010792J
4956:2017ScTEn.595..255R
4782:2016MEcEv...7..836N
4485:2009CBio...19.1415F
4437:2019EnvEv...8....8S
3817:2014ASAJ..135L.186K
3574:2019FrEE...17..559B
3358:Scientific American
3084:2009MarPB..58.1880C
2663:Environmental noise
2578:Recommendation for
2568:Recommendation for
2561:
2549:WHO European Region
2460:Department of Labor
2134:Amphiura filiformis
2122:Nephrops norvegicus
2118:Amphiura filiformis
2114:Nephrops norvegicus
1946:Anthropogenic noise
1906:Doryteuthis pealeii
1874:Tomaszów Mazowiecki
792:Ocean acidification
702:Unexploded ordnance
623:Advertising clutter
555:Post-consumer waste
500:Foam food container
485:Biodegradable waste
142:Global distillation
9106:Pseudorandom noise
8996:Quantization error
8807:Noise cancellation
8742:Ecology portal
8626:Waste minimisation
8601:Industrial ecology
8596:Cleaner production
8414:Nutrient pollution
8291:Herbicidal warfare
8085:Construction waste
7721:Introduced species
7592:Indoor air quality
7519:Chlorofluorocarbon
7444:. August 23, 2022.
6801:. March 14, 2018.
6649:. January 16, 2023
6647:The Indian Express
6523:Scientific Reports
6455:Scientific Reports
6409:Functional Ecology
5606:(6529): eaba4658.
4823:. SSPA Sweden AB.
4722:(1776): 20132683.
4193:Schafer M (1977).
4178:Schafer M (1977).
3985:10.1002/ajim.22833
3811:(4): EL186–EL192.
3152:The New York Times
2738:Occupational noise
2629:no recommendation
2559:
2225:
2217:
2165:species abundances
1894:Pagurus bernhardus
1883:Pagurus bernhardus
1878:
1770:. A comparison of
1706:
1659:Sound level meters
1656:
1590:
1365:
1183:
1148:
1038:Ecology portal
663:Herbicidal warfare
207:Introduced species
147:Indoor air quality
117:Chlorofluorocarbon
57:
38:
9425:
9424:
9421:
9420:
9360:Wavelet denoising
9320:Thermal radiation
9315:Spectrum analyzer
9111:Statistical noise
8935:Atmospheric noise
8832:Noise temperature
8817:Noise measurement
8797:Acoustic quieting
8748:
8747:
8621:Pollution control
8301:Nuclear holocaust
8210:Thermal treatment
8178:Plastic pollution
8095:Mercury poisoning
8048:Battery recycling
7947:Radioactive waste
7716:Genetic pollution
7711:Biological hazard
7509:Air quality index
6799:Egypt Independent
6543:10.1038/srep20540
6475:10.1038/srep05891
6093:10.3354/meps08353
5981:978-0-19-182942-0
5938:978-3-030-97188-5
5841:10.1121/1.1573637
5806:10.1121/1.1909155
5792:(12): 1936–1956.
5771:10.1121/1.3587665
5687:(11): 1091–1116.
5487:. Deep Sea News.
5424:10.1002/ece3.4273
5410:(15): 7649–7656.
5167:10.1121/1.1989785
4915:10.1121/2.0000324
4643:10.1111/ibi.12481
4099:"Noise Pollution"
3908:"Noise Pollution"
3858:Applied Acoustics
3825:10.1121/1.4865269
3772:. June 22, 2020.
3632:978-0-7506-7328-0
3078:(12): 1880–1887.
3009:(22): 2696–2702.
2748:World Hearing Day
2723:Noise measurement
2713:Noise calculation
2633:
2632:
2424:Noise Control Act
2369:actions, such as
1869:
1795:autistic spectrum
1665:sound level meter
1652:sound level meter
1582:
1531:
1474:
1436:
1357:
1306:
1268:
1074:
1073:
1009:
1008:
675:Nuclear holocaust
598:Urban heat island
412:Radioactive waste
197:Biological hazard
107:Air quality index
9475:
9413:Deep Image Prior
9402:Shrinkage Fields
9386:Bilateral filter
9335:
9334:
8940:Background noise
8837:Phase distortion
8775:
8768:
8761:
8752:
8751:
8740:
8739:
8738:
8730:
8729:
8720:
8719:
8712:
8711:
8704:
8703:
8691:
8690:
8565:Legacy pollution
8424:Oil exploitation
8286:Chemical warfare
8200:Waste management
8107:Industrial waste
8075:Biomedical waste
8043:Electronic waste
8028:Advertising mail
8012:Phytoremediation
7987:Land degradation
7772:Overillumination
7726:Invasive species
7472:
7465:
7458:
7449:
7448:
7356:
7355:
7353:
7352:
7336:
7325:
7322:
7319:
7318:
7307:Auditor's Office
7295:
7289:
7288:
7286:
7285:
7271:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7261:
7246:
7240:
7239:
7237:
7236:
7221:
7215:
7214:
7212:
7211:
7196:
7190:
7189:
7187:
7186:
7171:
7165:
7164:
7162:
7161:
7146:
7140:
7139:
7137:
7136:
7121:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7111:
7096:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7086:
7071:
7065:
7064:
7062:
7061:
7042:
7033:
7032:
7030:
7029:
7014:
7008:
7007:
7002:. Archived from
6990:
6984:
6983:
6982:
6981:
6975:
6968:
6958:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6948:
6929:
6923:
6922:
6920:
6919:
6900:
6894:
6893:
6891:
6890:
6881:. Archived from
6875:
6869:
6868:
6866:
6865:
6850:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6840:
6820:
6814:
6813:
6811:
6810:
6791:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6781:
6762:
6756:
6755:
6753:
6752:
6737:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6727:
6716:"Noise Controls"
6711:
6705:
6704:
6664:
6658:
6657:
6655:
6654:
6639:
6633:
6632:
6622:
6612:
6595:(10): e0185353.
6580:
6565:
6564:
6554:
6514:
6497:
6496:
6486:
6446:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6415:(6): 1348–1354.
6400:
6389:
6388:
6378:
6360:
6328:
6322:
6321:
6311:
6293:
6261:
6255:
6254:
6228:
6188:
6182:
6181:
6141:
6135:
6134:
6128:
6119:
6106:
6105:
6095:
6063:
6052:
6051:
5995:
5986:
5985:
5957:
5951:
5950:
5914:
5908:
5907:
5862:
5853:
5852:
5827:(6): 3411–3424.
5816:
5810:
5809:
5781:
5775:
5774:
5746:
5740:
5739:
5728:10.1121/1.428344
5703:
5697:
5696:
5676:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5652:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5642:
5636:
5597:
5588:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5558:
5552:
5551:
5541:
5509:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5480:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5465:. Archived from
5460:
5452:
5446:
5445:
5435:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5378:
5368:
5344:
5338:
5337:
5327:
5295:
5289:
5288:
5278:
5242:
5236:
5235:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5202:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5145:
5139:
5138:
5128:
5118:
5107:
5096:
5095:
5085:
5075:
5043:
5032:
5031:
4987:
4976:
4975:
4939:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4917:
4901:
4890:
4889:
4879:
4847:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4793:
4761:
4750:
4749:
4739:
4707:
4696:
4695:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4659:
4628:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4602:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4553:
4536:(11): 20190649.
4521:
4515:
4514:
4496:
4464:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4416:
4405:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4382:
4375:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4351:
4344:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4243:
4234:
4233:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4197:. Destiny Books.
4190:
4184:
4183:
4182:. Destiny Books.
4175:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4149:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4047:
4037:
4013:
4007:
4006:
3996:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3904:
3898:
3891:
3882:
3881:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3836:
3796:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3762:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3729:
3721:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3698:
3687:
3679:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3585:
3583:10.1002/fee.2112
3553:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3483:
3472:
3463:
3454:
3448:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3416:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3384:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3331:. June 3, 2008.
3321:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3292:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3222:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3113:
3104:
3103:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3047:. Archived from
3035:
3029:
3028:
3018:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2977:
2953:
2944:
2943:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2898:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2778:
2772:
2765:
2733:Noise regulation
2562:
2558:
2474:(FAA) regulates
2344:still affected.
2341:Awaaz Foundation
2305:Noise regulation
2112:), the decapod (
2073:acoustic signals
2021:Marine organisms
1917:auditory masking
1870:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1571:
1570:
1548:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1520:
1519:
1491:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1454:
1437:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1405:
1404:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1346:
1345:
1323:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1286:
1269:
1261:
1256:
1255:
1237:
1236:
1138:Metrics of noise
1133:Noise assessment
1066:
1059:
1052:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1024:
1023:
955:
954:
658:Chemical warfare
560:Waste management
520:Industrial waste
495:Electronic waste
480:Advertising mail
462:Phytoremediation
437:Land degradation
377:Depleted uranium
262:Overillumination
212:Invasive species
84:
74:
59:
58:
9483:
9482:
9478:
9477:
9476:
9474:
9473:
9472:
9438:Noise pollution
9428:
9427:
9426:
9417:
9391:Non-local means
9364:
9345:Low-pass filter
9330:
9324:
9310:Noise generator
9300:Colors of noise
9278:
9185:
9181:
9170:
9166:
9115:
9037:
9031:
9011:Coherent noise
8987:(thermal noise)
8917:
8841:
8827:Noise reduction
8785:
8779:
8749:
8744:
8736:
8734:
8724:
8681:
8667:
8635:
8584:
8533:
8500:
8439:Pharmaceuticals
8429:Oil exploration
8333:
8305:Nuclear fallout
8272:
8234:
8216:
8190:Packaging waste
8144:Deep sea mining
8070:Hazardous waste
8016:
7997:Open defecation
7951:
7917:Nuclear fallout
7912:Nuclear fission
7888:
7814:
7783:
7754:Electromagnetic
7748:
7732:
7697:
7617:Ozone depletion
7490:
7481:
7476:
7396:Noise pollution
7394:
7365:
7360:
7359:
7350:
7348:
7337:
7328:
7316:
7314:
7297:
7296:
7292:
7283:
7281:
7273:
7272:
7268:
7259:
7257:
7248:
7247:
7243:
7234:
7232:
7223:
7222:
7218:
7209:
7207:
7198:
7197:
7193:
7184:
7182:
7173:
7172:
7168:
7159:
7157:
7148:
7147:
7143:
7134:
7132:
7123:
7122:
7118:
7109:
7107:
7098:
7097:
7093:
7084:
7082:
7073:
7072:
7068:
7059:
7057:
7044:
7043:
7036:
7027:
7025:
7016:
7015:
7011:
6992:
6991:
6987:
6979:
6977:
6973:
6966:
6960:
6959:
6955:
6946:
6944:
6931:
6930:
6926:
6917:
6915:
6902:
6901:
6897:
6888:
6886:
6877:
6876:
6872:
6863:
6861:
6852:
6851:
6847:
6838:
6836:
6821:
6817:
6808:
6806:
6793:
6792:
6788:
6779:
6777:
6764:
6763:
6759:
6750:
6748:
6739:
6738:
6734:
6725:
6723:
6712:
6708:
6665:
6661:
6652:
6650:
6641:
6640:
6636:
6581:
6568:
6515:
6500:
6447:
6438:
6401:
6392:
6329:
6325:
6276:(7): e0235742.
6262:
6258:
6189:
6185:
6142:
6138:
6126:
6120:
6109:
6064:
6055:
5996:
5989:
5982:
5958:
5954:
5939:
5915:
5911:
5863:
5856:
5817:
5813:
5782:
5778:
5747:
5743:
5704:
5700:
5693:10.1139/z07-101
5677:
5673:
5664:
5662:
5654:
5653:
5649:
5640:
5638:
5634:
5595:
5589:
5585:
5576:
5574:
5559:
5555:
5524:(2): 20121194.
5518:Biology Letters
5510:
5503:
5494:
5492:
5481:
5477:
5469:
5458:
5454:
5453:
5449:
5396:
5392:
5345:
5341:
5296:
5292:
5243:
5239:
5228:
5224:
5179:
5175:
5146:
5142:
5116:
5108:
5099:
5058:(10): e110590.
5044:
5035:
4988:
4979:
4940:
4933:
4902:
4893:
4862:(4): 20170098.
4856:Biology Letters
4848:
4839:
4830:
4828:
4821:SSPA Highlights
4813:
4809:
4762:
4753:
4708:
4699:
4676:
4672:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4626:
4620:
4616:
4579:Biology Letters
4571:
4567:
4530:Biology Letters
4522:
4518:
4473:Current Biology
4465:
4454:
4417:
4408:
4402:hms.harvard.edu
4399:
4395:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4373:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4302:
4298:
4289:
4287:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4260:
4258:
4245:
4244:
4237:
4206:
4202:
4191:
4187:
4176:
4172:
4163:
4161:
4150:
4143:
4134:
4132:
4121:
4117:
4108:
4106:
4095:
4091:
4082:
4080:
4065:
4061:
4014:
4010:
3965:
3961:
3952:
3950:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3921:
3919:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3892:
3885:
3854:
3850:
3797:
3788:
3779:
3777:
3764:
3763:
3750:
3741:
3739:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3711:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3669:
3660:
3658:
3651:webstore.iec.ch
3645:
3644:
3640:
3633:
3611:
3607:
3568:(10): 559–564.
3554:
3550:
3541:
3539:
3529:
3525:
3516:
3514:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3470:
3464:
3457:
3449:
3442:
3433:
3431:
3418:
3417:
3410:
3401:
3399:
3386:
3385:
3376:
3367:
3365:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3338:
3336:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3309:
3307:
3294:
3293:
3286:
3277:
3275:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3248:
3246:
3223:
3192:
3183:
3181:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3144:
3140:
3131:
3129:
3114:
3107:
3067:
3063:
3054:
3052:
3037:
3036:
3032:
2995:
2991:
2954:
2947:
2916:
2912:
2867:
2863:
2854:
2852:
2809:
2805:
2796:Marx L (1964).
2794:
2790:
2779:
2775:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2683:Light pollution
2638:
2583:
2573:
2555:
2541:
2539:European Region
2536:
2420:
2402:noise abatement
2383:
2354:
2333:
2324:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2186:
2180:
2146:Magallana gigas
2102:
2086:
2058:
2004:
1976:acclimatization
1971:Carcinus maenas
1925:
1913:Sousa chinensis
1898:Mytilus edulis)
1865:
1863:
1846:
1831:light pollution
1826:European robins
1819:
1741:
1735:
1730:
1698:
1689:
1661:
1644:
1642:Instrumentation
1638:10 feet away,"
1554:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1459:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1419:
1415:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1251:
1247:
1229:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1172:Sound intensity
1140:
1135:
1077:Noise pollution
1070:
1032:
1030:
1018:
1011:
1010:
910:
902:
901:
875:
867:
866:
802:Pharmaceuticals
782:Nonpoint source
722:
712:
711:
680:Nuclear fallout
653:
643:
642:
613:
603:
602:
593:
583:
582:
573:
565:
564:
550:Packaging waste
515:Hazardous waste
475:
467:
466:
427:
417:
416:
387:Nuclear fallout
382:Nuclear fission
362:
352:
351:
317:
307:
306:
282:
274:
273:
247:
245:Electromagnetic
237:
236:
227:
219:
218:
192:
182:
181:
152:Ozone depletion
97:
87:
72:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9481:
9471:
9470:
9465:
9463:Urban planning
9460:
9455:
9453:Sounds by type
9450:
9445:
9440:
9423:
9422:
9419:
9418:
9416:
9415:
9410:
9404:
9399:
9393:
9388:
9383:
9378:
9372:
9370:
9366:
9365:
9363:
9362:
9357:
9352:
9347:
9341:
9339:
9332:
9326:
9325:
9323:
9322:
9317:
9312:
9307:
9302:
9297:
9292:
9286:
9284:
9283:Related topics
9280:
9279:
9277:
9276:
9266:
9256:
9246:
9241:
9223:
9209:
9199:
9189:
9183:
9179:
9174:
9168:
9164:
9159:
9152:
9138:
9123:
9121:
9117:
9116:
9114:
9113:
9108:
9103:
9098:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9041:
9039:
9033:
9032:
9030:
9029:
9028:
9027:
9022:
9020:Gradient noise
9017:
9009:
9004:
8999:
8993:
8988:
8982:
8977:
8972:
8967:
8965:Gaussian noise
8962:
8957:
8952:
8947:
8945:Brownian noise
8942:
8937:
8932:
8925:
8923:
8922:Class of noise
8919:
8918:
8916:
8915:
8910:
8908:Transportation
8905:
8900:
8895:
8890:
8885:
8880:
8875:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8855:
8849:
8847:
8843:
8842:
8840:
8839:
8834:
8829:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8809:
8804:
8799:
8793:
8791:
8787:
8786:
8778:
8777:
8770:
8763:
8755:
8746:
8745:
8686:
8683:
8682:
8680:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8665:
8661:
8656:
8654:Law by country
8651:
8645:
8643:
8637:
8636:
8634:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8592:
8590:
8586:
8585:
8583:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8541:
8539:
8535:
8534:
8532:
8531:
8526:
8525:
8524:
8519:
8508:
8506:
8502:
8501:
8499:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8476:Surface runoff
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8457:
8456:
8451:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8400:
8399:
8389:
8384:
8379:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8362:Eutrophication
8359:
8354:
8349:
8343:
8341:
8335:
8334:
8332:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8319:Scorched earth
8316:
8313:nuclear winter
8309:nuclear famine
8298:
8288:
8282:
8280:
8274:
8273:
8271:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8244:
8242:
8236:
8235:
8233:
8232:
8226:
8224:
8218:
8217:
8215:
8214:
8213:
8212:
8207:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8186:
8185:
8175:
8170:
8169:
8168:
8158:
8157:
8156:
8154:Uranium mining
8151:
8146:
8141:
8139:Surface mining
8136:
8131:
8121:
8116:
8115:
8114:
8104:
8103:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8090:Lead poisoning
8087:
8082:
8080:Chemical waste
8077:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8051:
8050:
8040:
8035:
8030:
8024:
8022:
8018:
8017:
8015:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7992:Bioremediation
7989:
7984:
7983:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7961:
7959:
7953:
7952:
7950:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7907:Bioremediation
7904:
7898:
7896:
7890:
7889:
7887:
7886:
7881:
7878:
7875:
7872:
7871:
7870:
7860:
7855:
7854:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:Transportation
7824:
7822:
7816:
7815:
7813:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7791:
7789:
7785:
7784:
7782:
7781:
7776:
7775:
7774:
7769:
7758:
7756:
7750:
7749:
7747:
7746:
7740:
7738:
7734:
7733:
7731:
7730:
7729:
7728:
7718:
7713:
7707:
7705:
7699:
7698:
7696:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7684:
7683:
7673:
7672:
7671:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7650:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7602:Global dimming
7599:
7594:
7589:
7588:
7587:
7577:
7576:
7575:
7573:Diesel exhaust
7565:
7560:
7559:
7558:
7548:
7547:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7500:
7498:
7492:
7491:
7486:
7483:
7482:
7475:
7474:
7467:
7460:
7452:
7446:
7445:
7433:
7428:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7376:
7371:
7364:
7363:External links
7361:
7358:
7357:
7326:
7301:Noise Control"
7290:
7266:
7241:
7216:
7191:
7166:
7141:
7116:
7091:
7066:
7034:
7009:
7006:on 2013-01-14.
6985:
6969:(in Swedish),
6953:
6924:
6895:
6870:
6845:
6815:
6786:
6770:The Daily Star
6757:
6732:
6706:
6679:(3): 180–189.
6659:
6634:
6566:
6498:
6436:
6390:
6323:
6256:
6183:
6156:(7): 419–427.
6136:
6107:
6053:
5987:
5980:
5952:
5937:
5909:
5854:
5811:
5776:
5741:
5714:(1): 118–129.
5698:
5671:
5647:
5583:
5553:
5501:
5475:
5472:on 2017-02-01.
5463:NOAA Fisheries
5447:
5390:
5339:
5290:
5253:(1–4): 18–26.
5237:
5222:
5173:
5160:(4): 232–237.
5140:
5126:10.1.1.542.534
5097:
5033:
4977:
4931:
4891:
4837:
4807:
4751:
4697:
4670:
4637:(3): 638–646.
4614:
4585:(4): 368–370.
4565:
4516:
4479:(16): 1415–9.
4452:
4406:
4393:
4362:
4331:
4296:
4267:
4235:
4216:(1): 173–192.
4200:
4195:The Soundscape
4185:
4180:The Soundscape
4170:
4141:
4115:
4089:
4059:
4028:(1): 203–220.
4008:
3979:(6): 477–491.
3959:
3928:
3899:
3883:
3848:
3786:
3748:
3709:
3667:
3638:
3631:
3605:
3548:
3523:
3494:
3455:
3440:
3408:
3374:
3345:
3316:
3284:
3255:
3190:
3161:
3138:
3105:
3061:
3030:
2989:
2968:(6): 688–697.
2945:
2926:(4): 306–312.
2910:
2887:10.1289/EHP898
2861:
2803:
2788:
2773:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2743:Safe listening
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2626:45 dB(A)
2624:
2620:
2619:
2618:40 dB(A)
2616:
2615:45 dB(A)
2613:
2609:
2608:
2607:44 dB(A)
2605:
2604:54 dB(A)
2602:
2598:
2597:
2596:45 dB(A)
2594:
2593:53 dB(A)
2591:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2553:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2518:urban planning
2514:building codes
2476:aircraft noise
2419:
2416:
2382:
2381:United Kingdom
2379:
2371:noise barriers
2353:
2350:
2332:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2311:
2308:
2303:Main article:
2300:
2297:
2285:Aircraft noise
2267:computer model
2260:heavy vehicles
2256:noise barriers
2244:urban planning
2182:Main article:
2179:
2176:
2101:
2098:
2085:
2082:
2057:
2054:
2003:
2000:
1988:Lombard effect
1930:seismic noises
1924:
1921:
1862:
1859:
1845:
1842:
1818:
1815:
1805:is in keeping
1737:Main article:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1697:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1660:
1657:
1643:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1588:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1473:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1375:
1363:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1305:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1214:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1116:cardiovascular
1094:transportation
1085:urban planning
1072:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1028:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1004:
996:
995:
991:
990:
989:
988:
983:
978:
973:
971:Law by country
968:
960:
959:
953:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
911:
908:
907:
904:
903:
900:
899:
898:
897:
892:
882:
876:
873:
872:
869:
868:
865:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
842:Surface runoff
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
742:Eutrophication
739:
734:
729:
723:
718:
717:
714:
713:
710:
709:
704:
699:
697:Scorched earth
694:
693:
692:
690:Nuclear winter
687:
685:Nuclear famine
682:
672:
671:
670:
660:
654:
649:
648:
645:
644:
641:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
614:
609:
608:
605:
604:
601:
600:
594:
589:
588:
585:
584:
581:
580:
574:
571:
570:
567:
566:
563:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
476:
473:
472:
469:
468:
465:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
442:Bioremediation
439:
434:
428:
423:
422:
419:
418:
415:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
372:Bioremediation
369:
363:
358:
357:
354:
353:
350:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
322:Transportation
318:
313:
312:
309:
308:
305:
304:
299:
294:
289:
283:
280:
279:
276:
275:
272:
271:
269:Radio spectrum
266:
265:
264:
259:
248:
243:
242:
239:
238:
235:
234:
228:
225:
224:
221:
220:
217:
216:
215:
214:
204:
199:
193:
188:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
137:Global dimming
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
98:
93:
92:
89:
88:
85:
77:
76:
68:
67:
30:Boeing 747-400
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9480:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9451:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9441:
9439:
9436:
9435:
9433:
9414:
9411:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9376:Gaussian blur
9374:
9373:
9371:
9367:
9361:
9358:
9356:
9353:
9351:
9350:Median filter
9348:
9346:
9343:
9342:
9340:
9336:
9333:
9327:
9321:
9318:
9316:
9313:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9303:
9301:
9298:
9296:
9293:
9291:
9288:
9287:
9285:
9281:
9274:
9270:
9267:
9264:
9260:
9257:
9254:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9239:
9235:
9231:
9227:
9224:
9221:
9217:
9213:
9210:
9207:
9203:
9200:
9197:
9193:
9190:
9187:
9186:
9175:
9172:
9171:
9160:
9158:
9157:
9153:
9150:
9146:
9142:
9139:
9136:
9132:
9128:
9125:
9124:
9122:
9118:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9104:
9102:
9099:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9085:Noise shaping
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9042:
9040:
9034:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9018:
9016:
9013:
9012:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:(or q. noise)
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8986:
8983:
8981:
8978:
8976:
8973:
8971:
8968:
8966:
8963:
8961:
8960:Flicker noise
8958:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8930:
8927:
8926:
8924:
8920:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8903:Sound masking
8901:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8850:
8848:
8844:
8838:
8835:
8833:
8830:
8828:
8825:
8823:
8820:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8812:Noise control
8810:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8794:
8792:
8788:
8783:
8776:
8771:
8769:
8764:
8762:
8757:
8756:
8753:
8743:
8733:
8728:
8723:
8715:
8707:
8698:
8694:
8684:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8646:
8644:
8642:
8638:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8593:
8591:
8587:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8542:
8540:
8536:
8530:
8527:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8514:
8513:
8510:
8509:
8507:
8503:
8497:
8496:Water quality
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8447:
8446:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8398:
8395:
8394:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8344:
8342:
8340:
8336:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8314:
8310:
8306:
8302:
8299:
8296:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8283:
8281:
8279:
8275:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8258:Traffic signs
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8245:
8243:
8241:
8237:
8231:
8228:
8227:
8225:
8223:
8219:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8202:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8184:
8183:Microplastics
8181:
8180:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8173:Nanomaterials
8171:
8167:
8164:
8163:
8162:
8159:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8126:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8113:
8112:Lead smelting
8110:
8109:
8108:
8105:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8072:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8049:
8046:
8045:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8025:
8023:
8019:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7967:
7966:
7963:
7962:
7960:
7958:
7954:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7932:Radioactivity
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7899:
7897:
7895:
7891:
7885:
7884:Noise control
7882:
7879:
7876:
7873:
7869:
7866:
7865:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7831:
7830:
7829:
7826:
7825:
7823:
7821:
7817:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7792:
7790:
7786:
7780:
7777:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7764:
7763:
7760:
7759:
7757:
7755:
7751:
7745:
7742:
7741:
7739:
7735:
7727:
7724:
7723:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7708:
7706:
7704:
7700:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7682:
7679:
7678:
7677:
7674:
7670:
7667:
7666:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7632:Metal working
7630:
7628:
7625:
7624:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7586:
7583:
7582:
7581:
7578:
7574:
7571:
7570:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7557:
7554:
7553:
7552:
7549:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7526:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7501:
7499:
7497:
7493:
7489:
7484:
7480:
7473:
7468:
7466:
7461:
7459:
7454:
7453:
7450:
7443:
7442:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7397:
7392:
7388:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7366:
7346:
7342:
7335:
7333:
7331:
7324:
7321:
7312:
7306:
7303:
7302:
7294:
7280:
7276:
7270:
7256:on 1998-06-11
7255:
7251:
7245:
7230:
7226:
7220:
7205:
7201:
7195:
7180:
7176:
7170:
7155:
7151:
7145:
7130:
7126:
7120:
7105:
7101:
7095:
7080:
7076:
7070:
7055:
7051:
7047:
7041:
7039:
7023:
7019:
7013:
7005:
7001:
7000:
6995:
6989:
6972:
6965:
6964:
6957:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6928:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6899:
6885:on 2013-05-17
6884:
6880:
6874:
6859:
6855:
6849:
6834:
6830:
6826:
6819:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6790:
6775:
6771:
6767:
6761:
6746:
6742:
6736:
6721:
6717:
6710:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6678:
6674:
6670:
6663:
6648:
6644:
6638:
6630:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6579:
6577:
6575:
6573:
6571:
6562:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6513:
6511:
6509:
6507:
6505:
6503:
6494:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6445:
6443:
6441:
6431:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6414:
6410:
6406:
6399:
6397:
6395:
6386:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6343:(5): e10660.
6342:
6338:
6334:
6327:
6319:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6260:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6187:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6140:
6132:
6131:icriforum.org
6125:
6118:
6116:
6114:
6112:
6103:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6062:
6060:
6058:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5994:
5992:
5983:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5964:
5956:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5921:
5913:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5861:
5859:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5815:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5780:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5745:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5702:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5675:
5661:
5657:
5651:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5594:
5587:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5557:
5549:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5508:
5506:
5490:
5486:
5479:
5468:
5464:
5457:
5451:
5443:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5394:
5386:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5343:
5335:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5294:
5286:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5241:
5233:
5226:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5193:(4): 446–57.
5192:
5188:
5184:
5177:
5168:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5144:
5136:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5115:
5114:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5093:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5042:
5040:
5038:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4938:
4936:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4907:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4887:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4846:
4844:
4842:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4811:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4776:(7): 836–42.
4775:
4771:
4767:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4747:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4674:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4625:
4618:
4610:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4569:
4561:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4520:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4447:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4403:
4397:
4379:
4372:
4366:
4348:
4341:
4335:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4300:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4271:
4256:
4252:
4251:Autism Speaks
4248:
4242:
4240:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4210:Urban Studies
4204:
4196:
4189:
4181:
4174:
4159:
4155:
4148:
4146:
4130:
4126:
4119:
4104:
4100:
4097:Jefferson C.
4093:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4063:
4055:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4012:
4004:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3963:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3932:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3903:
3896:
3890:
3888:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3844:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3737:
3733:
3726:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3695:
3691:
3684:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3634:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3609:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3552:
3538:
3534:
3527:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3480:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3460:
3453:
3447:
3445:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3413:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3289:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3142:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3110:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3065:
3051:on 2015-12-22
3050:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3034:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2993:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2950:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2881:(7): 077017.
2880:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2799:
2792:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2764:
2760:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2718:Noise control
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2628:
2625:
2623:Wind turbine
2622:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2590:Road traffic
2589:
2588:
2585:
2577:
2575:
2567:
2565:Noise Source
2564:
2563:
2557:
2550:
2546:
2543:In 1995, the
2531:
2529:
2525:
2524:New York City
2521:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2508:
2503:
2501:
2496:
2493:
2492:highway noise
2489:
2484:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2418:United States
2415:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2365:and acoustic
2364:
2363:soundproofing
2359:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2319:
2315:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2271:roadway noise
2268:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2252:Roadway noise
2249:
2245:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2221:
2214:
2213:roadway noise
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2184:Noise control
2178:Noise control
2175:
2173:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2097:
2095:
2094:Moorea Island
2091:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2053:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2014:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1875:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1841:
1838:
1837:Zebra finches
1834:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1715:
1710:
1702:
1693:
1684:
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1648:
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1628:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
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1607:
1604:
1601:
1586:
1579:
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1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1446:
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1439:
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1430:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1361:
1354:
1350:
1347:
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1339:
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1333:
1330:
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1319:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1303:
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1295:
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1288:
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1275:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1144:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1029:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1003:
1000:
999:
998:
997:
993:
992:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
963:
962:
961:
957:
956:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
912:
906:
905:
896:
893:
891:
888:
887:
886:
883:
881:
878:
877:
871:
870:
863:
860:
858:
857:Water quality
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
724:
721:
716:
715:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
677:
676:
673:
669:
666:
665:
664:
661:
659:
656:
655:
652:
647:
646:
639:
636:
634:
633:Traffic signs
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
615:
612:
607:
606:
599:
596:
595:
592:
587:
586:
579:
576:
575:
569:
568:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
540:Nanomaterials
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
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483:
481:
478:
477:
471:
470:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
429:
426:
421:
420:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
402:Radioactivity
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
364:
361:
356:
355:
348:
347:Soundproofing
345:
343:
342:Noise control
340:
338:
337:Noise barrier
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
319:
316:
311:
310:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
284:
278:
277:
270:
267:
263:
260:
258:
255:
254:
253:
250:
249:
246:
241:
240:
233:
230:
229:
223:
222:
213:
210:
209:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
194:
191:
186:
185:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
99:
96:
91:
90:
83:
79:
78:
75:
70:
69:
65:
61:
60:
55:, shown here.
54:
50:
46:
42:
35:
31:
28:
23:
19:
9458:Urbanization
9272:
9262:
9252:
9237:
9233:
9229:
9219:
9215:
9205:
9195:
9176:
9161:
9154:
9148:
9144:
9134:
9130:
9075:Noise figure
9036:Engineering
9025:Worley noise
8955:Cosmic noise
8878:Human health
8867:
8575:Point source
8517:Heavy metals
8491:Urban runoff
8471:Sulfur water
8449:Septic tanks
8295:Agent Orange
8149:Mining waste
7975:Manure waste
7819:
7805:Volcanic ash
7681:Black carbon
7637:Oil refining
7622:Particulates
7551:Construction
7441:ScienceAlert
7439:
7427:(2010-01-04)
7384:
7349:. Retrieved
7323:
7315:. Retrieved
7308:
7304:
7300:
7293:
7282:. Retrieved
7278:
7269:
7258:. Retrieved
7254:the original
7244:
7233:. Retrieved
7219:
7208:. Retrieved
7194:
7183:. Retrieved
7169:
7158:. Retrieved
7144:
7133:. Retrieved
7119:
7108:. Retrieved
7094:
7083:. Retrieved
7069:
7058:. Retrieved
7050:www.osha.gov
7049:
7026:. Retrieved
7012:
7004:the original
6997:
6988:
6978:, retrieved
6962:
6956:
6945:. Retrieved
6936:
6927:
6916:. Retrieved
6907:
6898:
6887:. Retrieved
6883:the original
6873:
6862:. Retrieved
6848:
6837:. Retrieved
6828:
6818:
6807:. Retrieved
6798:
6789:
6778:. Retrieved
6769:
6760:
6749:. Retrieved
6735:
6724:. Retrieved
6709:
6676:
6672:
6662:
6651:. Retrieved
6646:
6637:
6592:
6588:
6529:(1): 20540.
6526:
6522:
6458:
6454:
6412:
6408:
6340:
6336:
6326:
6273:
6269:
6259:
6200:
6196:
6186:
6153:
6149:
6139:
6130:
6075:
6071:
6007:
6003:
5962:
5955:
5919:
5912:
5871:
5867:
5824:
5820:
5814:
5789:
5785:
5779:
5754:
5750:
5744:
5711:
5707:
5701:
5684:
5680:
5674:
5663:. Retrieved
5659:
5650:
5639:. Retrieved
5603:
5599:
5586:
5575:. Retrieved
5566:
5556:
5521:
5517:
5493:. Retrieved
5478:
5467:the original
5462:
5450:
5407:
5403:
5393:
5356:
5352:
5342:
5307:
5303:
5293:
5250:
5246:
5240:
5231:
5225:
5190:
5186:
5176:
5157:
5153:
5143:
5112:
5055:
5051:
4995:
4991:
4947:
4943:
4905:
4859:
4855:
4829:. Retrieved
4820:
4810:
4773:
4769:
4719:
4715:
4683:
4680:Science News
4679:
4673:
4662:. Retrieved
4634:
4630:
4617:
4582:
4578:
4568:
4533:
4529:
4519:
4476:
4472:
4428:
4424:
4401:
4396:
4385:. Retrieved
4365:
4354:. Retrieved
4334:
4312:(2): 67–75.
4309:
4305:
4299:
4288:. Retrieved
4279:
4270:
4259:. Retrieved
4250:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4194:
4188:
4179:
4173:
4162:. Retrieved
4133:. Retrieved
4118:
4107:. Retrieved
4092:
4081:. Retrieved
4073:The Guardian
4072:
4062:
4025:
4021:
4011:
3976:
3972:
3962:
3951:. Retrieved
3940:
3931:
3920:. Retrieved
3902:
3894:
3861:
3857:
3851:
3808:
3804:
3778:. Retrieved
3769:
3740:. Retrieved
3701:. Retrieved
3689:
3659:. Retrieved
3650:
3641:
3614:
3608:
3565:
3561:
3551:
3540:. Retrieved
3537:The Atlantic
3536:
3526:
3515:. Retrieved
3506:
3497:
3486:. Retrieved
3474:
3432:. Retrieved
3423:
3400:. Retrieved
3391:
3366:. Retrieved
3357:
3348:
3337:. Retrieved
3328:
3319:
3308:. Retrieved
3299:
3276:. Retrieved
3267:
3258:
3247:. Retrieved
3230:
3182:. Retrieved
3173:
3164:
3151:
3141:
3130:. Retrieved
3121:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3053:. Retrieved
3049:the original
3042:
3033:
3006:
3002:
2992:
2965:
2961:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2878:
2874:
2864:
2853:. Retrieved
2820:
2816:
2806:
2797:
2791:
2782:
2776:
2768:
2763:
2579:
2569:
2542:
2522:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2485:
2469:
2453:
2437:
2421:
2387:mineral wool
2384:
2355:
2346:
2337:firecrackers
2334:
2325:
2316:
2313:
2293:flight paths
2283:
2264:
2241:
2234:
2226:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2089:
2087:
2078:
2069:stridulation
2062:
2059:
2050:
2038:
2026:
2018:
2013:biodiversity
2005:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1969:
1964:. (see also
1955:
1942:
1926:
1912:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1835:
1824:
1820:
1799:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1761:
1754:
1746:hypertension
1742:
1733:Human health
1722:
1718:
1711:
1707:
1690:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1662:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1616:
1608:
1602:
1377:
1207:
1200:
1195:
1188:
1184:
1154:in terms of
1149:
1124:
1113:
1105:ancient Rome
1102:
1098:construction
1076:
1075:
945:Point source
890:Heavy metals
852:Urban runoff
837:Sulfur water
812:Septic tanks
668:Agent Orange
578:Space debris
432:Agricultural
314:
297:Volcanic ash
157:Particulates
18:
9101:Phase noise
9080:Noise floor
9015:Value noise
9007:White noise
8950:Burst noise
8868:Environment
8863:Electronics
8846:Noise in...
8822:Noise power
8545:Area source
8454:Pit latrine
8377:Groundwater
8134:Gold mining
8129:Coal mining
8100:Toxic waste
8065:Green waste
8038:Brown waste
8021:Solid waste
7568:Exhaust gas
7379:‹ The
6461:(1): 5891.
6203:: 282–290.
5757:(4): 2368.
4950:: 255–268.
4925:10871/30440
4801:10871/30438
3864:: 119–128.
3770:www.cdc.gov
3507:www.faa.gov
3300:X-59 QueSST
3239:10665/66217
3122:New Science
2458:within the
2398:UK councils
2291:. Altering
2289:jet engines
2279:meteorology
2033:cargo ships
2002:Coral Reefs
1934:naval sonar
1923:Marine life
1191:A-weighting
1127:real estate
1079:, or sound
915:Area source
757:Groundwater
510:Green waste
490:Brown waste
474:Solid waste
232:Information
127:Exhaust gas
9432:Categories
9369:2D (Image)
9002:Shot noise
8991:Pink noise
8975:Infrasound
8970:Grey noise
8802:Distortion
8697:by country
8693:Categories
8631:Zero waste
8512:Pollutants
8466:Stagnation
8404:Monitoring
8372:Freshwater
8248:Air travel
8060:Food waste
7980:Pesticides
7970:Herbicides
7874:Industrial
7703:Biological
7563:Demolition
7556:Renovation
7539:Joss paper
7524:Combustion
7351:2020-11-30
7317:2009-04-20
7284:2022-06-16
7260:2018-06-29
7235:2018-07-27
7210:2018-07-27
7185:2018-06-29
7160:2018-06-29
7135:2018-07-27
7110:2018-06-29
7085:2018-06-29
7060:2020-11-30
7028:2018-06-29
6980:2019-05-09
6947:2018-03-21
6918:2018-03-21
6889:2012-10-31
6864:2018-07-02
6839:2016-08-31
6809:2020-09-20
6780:2020-09-20
6751:2015-09-25
6726:2018-06-29
6653:2023-02-06
6226:1912/10781
6010:: 112129.
5874:: 114310.
5665:2022-08-05
5641:2021-05-25
5577:2021-02-09
5495:2013-04-04
5359:: e10551.
5276:2117/12808
5119:(Thesis).
4998:: 110792.
4831:2020-05-13
4686:(8): 116.
4664:2019-09-24
4387:2018-03-21
4356:2020-10-05
4290:2019-04-12
4261:2018-11-05
4164:2018-06-29
4135:2018-06-29
4109:2013-09-24
4083:2020-03-05
3953:2009-09-10
3922:2008-04-20
3780:2020-11-27
3742:2022-12-06
3703:2020-11-28
3661:2020-11-29
3542:2022-06-14
3517:2020-11-29
3488:2020-11-29
3434:2020-11-29
3402:2020-11-29
3368:2020-11-10
3339:2020-11-10
3310:2020-11-11
3278:2020-11-10
3249:2020-11-11
3184:2020-11-10
3132:2020-05-12
3055:2015-12-21
2855:2015-12-21
2755:References
2688:Loud music
2673:Infrasound
2554:eq, 24 hrs
2390:insulation
2275:topography
2201:Flemington
2197:sound tube
2042:coral fish
2008:coral reef
1687:Dosimeters
1090:loud music
1002:By country
994:Categories
885:Pollutants
862:Wastewater
832:Stagnation
777:Monitoring
752:Freshwater
618:Air travel
505:Food waste
447:Defecation
257:Ecological
190:Biological
122:Combustion
62:Part of a
9468:Acoustics
9448:Audiology
9443:Pollution
9295:Acoustics
8858:Buildings
8589:Responses
8560:Garbology
8486:Turbidity
8434:Oil spill
8367:Firewater
8268:Vandalism
8230:Satellite
7927:Poisoning
7922:Plutonium
7902:Actinides
7894:Radiation
7642:Wood dust
7504:Acid rain
7479:Pollution
6693:0169-5347
6367:1932-6203
6300:1932-6203
6235:0025-326X
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