1876:
2613:
1836:
1674:
1128:
4961:
987:
1431:
1260:. This time has been much reduced by moving the converter closer to the exhaust manifold and even more so placing a small yet quick-to-heat-up converter directly at the exhaust manifold. The small converter handles the start-up emissions, which allows enough time for the larger main converter to heat up. Further improvements can be realised in many ways, including electric heating, thermal battery, chemical reaction preheating, flame heating and superinsulation.
4923:
4971:
999:
4952:
4944:
4936:
1660:
reaches a stage in its life where it reaches this EGT limit, the engine will require specific maintenance in order to rectify the problem. The amount the EGT is below the EGT limit is called EGT margin. The EGT margin of an engine will be greatest when the engine is new, or has been overhauled. For most airlines, this information is also monitored remotely by the airline maintenance department by means of
1224:
44:
1749:
1855:. A 2005 U.S. EPA report gives road vehicles as the second largest source of VOCs in the U.S. at 26% and 19% are from non road equipment which is mostly gasoline and diesel stations. 27% of VOC emissions are from solvents which are used in the manufacturer of paints and paint thinners and other uses.
1659:
In aircraft gas turbine engines, "exhaust gas temperature" (EGT) is a primary measure of engine health. Typically the EGT is compared with a primary engine power indication called "engine pressure ratio" (EPR). For example: at full power EPR there will be a maximum permitted EGT limit. Once an engine
3144:
IPCC, 2013: Summary for
Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V.
1343:
In 2000, the United States
Environmental Protection Agency began to implement more stringent emissions standards for light duty vehicles. The requirements were phased in beginning with 2004 vehicles and all new cars and light trucks were required to meet the updated standards by the end of 2007.
1610:
The 10% oxygen for "diesel" is likely if the engine was idling, e.g. in a test rig. It is much less if the engine is running under load, although diesel engines always operate with an excess of air over fuel. The CO content for petrol engines varies from ≈15 ppm for well tuned engine with fuel
2144:
Researchers from the
University of California, Los Angeles School of Public Health say preliminary results of their statistical study of children listed in the California Cancer Registry born between 1998 and 2007 found that traffic pollution may be associated with a 5% to 15% increase in the
1901:, which blocks the transport of oxygen. At concentrations above 1000ppm it is considered immediately dangerous and is the most immediate health hazard from running engines in a poorly ventilated space. In 2011, 52% of carbon monoxide emissions were created by mobile vehicles in the U.S.
1995:
installed, while the United States has mandated it for diesel only. In 2022, British testing specialist
Emissions Analytics estimated that the 300 million or so gasoline vehicles in the US over the subsequent decade would emit around 1.6 septillion harmful particles.
1119:(MIT) indicates that 53,000 early deaths occur per year in the United States alone because of vehicle emissions. According to another study from the same university, traffic fumes alone cause the death of 5,000 people every year just in the United Kingdom.
2135:
engines is that they produce smaller quantities of toxic pollutants (e.g. oxides of nitrogen) than petrol and diesel engines of the same power. They produce larger quantities of carbon dioxide but less carbon monoxide due to more efficient combustion.
2173:
is due to car emissions. Concentrations of pollutants emitted from combustion engines may be particularly high around signalized intersections because of idling and accelerations. Computer models often miss this kind of detail.
2322:
Caiazzo, Fabio; Ashok, Akshay; Waitz, Ian A.; Yim, Steve H.L.; Barrett, Steven R.H. (November 2013). "Air pollution and early deaths in the United States. Part I: Quantifying the impact of major sectors in 2005".
2128:) of marine exhaust gases. The regulations on marine sulfur dioxide emissions are tightening, however only a small number of special areas worldwide have been designated for low sulfur diesel fuel use only.
3189:
1788:
vapor and related particles. Small particles can penetrate deeply into sensitive lung tissue and damage it, causing premature death in extreme cases. Inhalation of NO species increases the risk of
1975:. Because of the size of the particles, they can penetrate the deepest part of the lungs. A 2011 UK study estimates 90 deaths per year due to passenger vehicle PM. In a 2006 publication, the
3399:
Scientific Study of
Harmful Effects of Diesel Exhaust: Acute Inflammatory Responses in the Airways and Peripheral Blood After Short-Term Exposure to Diesel Exhaust in Healthy Human Volunteers
1231:
During the first two minutes after starting the engine of a car that has not been operated for several hours, the amount of emissions can be very high. This occurs for two main reasons:
4672:
767:
4897:
946:
4892:
941:
1246:, which diminishes only as the engine reaches operating temperature. The duration of this start-up phase has been reduced by advances in materials and technology, including
3126:
1455:
the gases resulting from combustion of the fuel and air mix are called exhaust gases. The composition varies from petrol to diesel engines, but is around these levels:
2452:
3241:
1611:
injection and a catalytic converter up to 100,000 ppm (10%) for a richly tuned carburetor engine, such as typically found on small generators and garden equipment.
3157:
1627:
vapour, which is corrosive, and when inhaled causes a muscular reaction making it impossible to breathe. People who are likely to be exposed to it should wear a
2685:
2664:
2837:
2752:
2605:
4910:
1715:
951:
3393:
1804:
3403:
3369:
4605:
1029:
717:
3171:
3099:
2295:
Omidvarborna; et al. (2014). "Characterization of particulate matter emitted from transit buses fueled with B20 in idle modes".
1348:
United States Light-Duty
Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, and Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicle—Tier 2 Exhaust Emission Standards (for Bin 5)
4844:
2780:
5014:
3353:
4887:
2254:
1116:
936:
4175:
3987:
3432:
210:
2703:
4140:
4033:
3703:
2067:
There has been research into ways that troops in deserts can recover drinkable water from their vehicles' exhaust gases.
337:
257:
2477:
4905:
4882:
4061:
3721:
3284:
Int Panis L; et al. (2006). "Modelling instantaneous traffic emission and the influence of traffic speed limits".
2219:
1757:
931:
845:
287:
2556:
Turner, MC; Krewski, D; Diver, WR; Pope CA, 3rd; Burnett, RT; Jerrett, M; Marshall, JD; Gapstur, SM (21 August 2017).
1270:
U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency estimates of average passenger car emissions in the United States for April 2000
4947:
4694:
4580:
4074:
4069:
787:
692:
1867:, causing coughing, choking, and reduced lung capacity. It also has many negative effects throughout the ecosystem.
4874:
3341:
2376:
Pulkrabek W.W. (2004) Engineering
Fundamentals of the Internal Combustion Engine. Pearson Prentice Hall, new Jersey
2269:
3384:
U.S. Department of Labor
Occupational Safety & Health Administration: Safety and Health Topics: Diesel Exhaust
4620:
4357:
3747:
3556:
2194:
1155:) (except for fuels without carbon); these are not toxic or noxious (although water vapor and carbon dioxide are
1022:
732:
495:
77:
3259:
3334:
2158:
1976:
1960:
1188:
3158:"Commission plans legislative framework to ensure the EU meets its target for cutting CO2 emissions from cars"
2408:"Light-Duty Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, and Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicle -- Tier 2 Exhaust Emission Standards"
4955:
4930:
4235:
2869:
2204:
2023:
concentrations in the atmosphere which according to the vast majority of the scientific community is causing
1875:
1212:
967:
417:
4406:
4155:
4135:
3887:
3627:
3561:
1446:
505:
357:
332:
127:
4511:
4165:
2249:
2224:
2032:
1792:
and colorectal cancer. and inhalation of such particles may cause or worsen respiratory diseases such as
1337:
616:
367:
3143:
2855:
4939:
4839:
4762:
4170:
4000:
3830:
3551:
3523:
1247:
1208:
1097:
1015:
372:
222:
3478:
1991:). In Chinese, European, and Indian markets, both diesel and gasoline vehicles are required to have a
1956:
1730:
terminology the exhaust is steam that is now so low in pressure that it can no longer do useful work.
4642:
4600:
4562:
4127:
3921:
2274:
2146:
2132:
1992:
1886:
1844:
1365:
1238:: When a cold engine is started, the fuel does not vaporize completely, creating higher emissions of
747:
712:
672:
325:
292:
142:
2645:"The Regional Transport of Ozone: New EPA Rulemaking on Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (EPA-456/F-98-006)"
2612:
1939:. Benzene causes leukemia and is associated with other blood cancers and pre-cancers of the blood.
4637:
4160:
4101:
4012:
3536:
3425:
1163:). A relatively small part of combustion gas is undesirable, noxious, or toxic substances, such as
742:
362:
297:
234:
2184:
2092:
contained in the exhaust gases from vehicles as well as from industrial flue gas stacks and other
4849:
4615:
4145:
3696:
3642:
3586:
3566:
2988:
Babadjouni, RM; Hodis, DM; Radwanski, R; Durazo, R; Patel, A; Liu, Q; Mack, WJ (September 2017).
2509:"Lung Cancer and Exposure to Nitrogen Dioxide and Traffic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
772:
727:
347:
4994:
4808:
4198:
3493:
2189:
2101:
2080:
910:
397:
4778:
4610:
4486:
4394:
4084:
3977:
3777:
2599:
2407:
1452:
1257:
880:
722:
588:
500:
197:
2199:
4585:
4240:
3936:
3398:
3293:
3063:
2766:
2507:
Hamra, GB; Laden, F; Cohen, AJ; Raaschou-Nielsen, O; Brauer, M; Loomis, D (November 2015).
2332:
422:
155:
3103:
2027:. Motor vehicles are calculated to generate about 20% of the European Union's man-made CO
8:
4652:
4590:
4557:
4496:
4428:
4293:
4288:
4266:
3840:
3418:
2170:
2117:
2043:
emissions figure dropped by 5.4% in the year to the first quarter of 2010, down to 145.6
2039:
emissions of new passenger cars and light vehicles. The
European Union average new car CO
1204:
757:
702:
667:
593:
520:
470:
465:
450:
107:
3388:
3361:
3297:
3067:
2359:
2336:
1835:
5019:
4965:
4926:
4859:
4834:
4829:
4647:
4524:
4318:
4190:
3954:
3825:
3752:
3689:
3546:
3014:
2989:
2965:
2940:
2916:
2891:
2582:
2557:
2533:
2508:
2425:
2209:
1909:
1864:
1817:
1571:
1434:
991:
752:
628:
390:
172:
112:
82:
25:
2815:
4854:
4714:
4534:
4443:
4411:
4328:
4281:
4208:
4180:
3949:
3944:
3742:
3601:
3581:
3541:
3309:
3207:
3081:
3019:
2970:
2921:
2819:
2788:
2746:
2587:
2538:
2453:"Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Operating Fossil Fuel Engines Inside Buildings (AEN-206)"
2244:
2214:
2085:
2076:
1898:
1863:
Ozone is beneficial in the upper atmosphere, but at ground level ozone irritates the
1694:
1082:
640:
563:
556:
510:
377:
167:
162:
72:
3305:
3102:. U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Commission. 2006. Archived from
2626:
4999:
4798:
4699:
4657:
4625:
4519:
4473:
4433:
4340:
4308:
4276:
4261:
4245:
4220:
4005:
3959:
3665:
3483:
3330:
3301:
3071:
3052:"Air Quality Impacts of Climate Mitigation: UK Policy and Passenger Vehicle Choice"
3009:
3001:
2960:
2952:
2911:
2903:
2811:
2577:
2569:
2528:
2520:
2387:"Average Annual Emissions and Fuel Consumption for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks"
2344:
2340:
2304:
1073:. According to the type of engine, it is discharged into the atmosphere through an
900:
797:
737:
623:
576:
525:
485:
460:
445:
427:
402:
342:
227:
177:
4662:
4572:
4538:
4423:
4377:
4303:
4230:
4150:
4053:
3995:
3850:
3670:
3652:
3576:
2907:
2264:
1890:
1673:
1558:
1243:
1179:, but typically shown simply as "HC" on emissions-test slips) from unburnt fuel,
1164:
685:
645:
515:
480:
412:
352:
280:
217:
117:
2711:
1913:
5004:
4975:
4709:
4595:
4552:
4546:
4542:
4387:
4372:
4323:
4313:
4225:
4079:
3835:
3806:
3596:
3513:
3227:
3127:"Lacking filters, U.S. cars set to emit a septillion more particles - research"
3005:
2956:
2308:
2234:
2024:
2012:
2008:
1765:
1642:
1596:
1545:
1496:
1180:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1078:
1003:
807:
707:
662:
655:
650:
407:
102:
3147:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
2558:"Ambient Air Pollution and Cancer Mortality in the Cancer Prevention Study II"
2386:
2120:
in cars intend to break down the pollution of exhaust gases using a catalyst.
5009:
4988:
4960:
4729:
4630:
4416:
4345:
4117:
3865:
3729:
3441:
2485:
2162:
2105:
2093:
1988:
1932:
1753:
1698:
1690:
1215:. EGT is also a measure of engine health in gas-turbine engines (see below).
1108:
1093:
986:
822:
312:
307:
302:
60:
3394:
Diesel Exhaust Particulates: Reasonably Anticipated to Be A Human Carcinogen
1816:
came from on road motor vehicles, with the second largest contributor being
4750:
4724:
4704:
4528:
4491:
4455:
4091:
4038:
3914:
3870:
3855:
3784:
3591:
3531:
3508:
3383:
3313:
3085:
3023:
2990:"Clinical effects of air pollution on the central nervous system; a review"
2974:
2925:
2823:
2591:
2542:
2259:
2239:
2097:
2056:
1727:
1620:
1406:
1127:
1074:
855:
817:
802:
633:
598:
543:
262:
122:
49:
3342:"California Air Pollution Kills More People Than Car Crashes, Study Shows"
2734:
4687:
4682:
4367:
4362:
4333:
4298:
4271:
3632:
3473:
3463:
1968:
1928:
1893:
is colorless, odorless and tasteless, but highly toxic. It combines with
1789:
1785:
1624:
1583:
1509:
1430:
1239:
1168:
1062:
1054:
777:
475:
455:
2939:
Bourdrel, T; Bind, MA; Béjot, Y; Morel, O; Argacha, JF (November 2017).
2524:
2019:
emissions are part of the anthropogenic contribution to the growth of CO
4864:
4481:
3796:
3789:
3772:
3757:
3622:
3242:"Smog Exposure During Pregnancy Might Raise Child's Cancer Risk: Study"
2710:. United States Geological Survey (USGS). 12 April 2013. Archived from
1987:
emissions came from the exhaust of on-road motor vehicles (mostly from
1894:
1797:
1686:
1050:
827:
583:
87:
3076:
3051:
2802:
Omaye ST. (2002). "Metabolic modulation of carbon monoxide toxicity".
2644:
1250:, shorter intake lengths, and pre-heating of fuel and/or inducted air.
4793:
4745:
4719:
4667:
4501:
4463:
4213:
4203:
3875:
3737:
3712:
3660:
3617:
3468:
2096:
exhaust sources in various large-scale industrial facilities such as
2089:
1936:
1793:
1777:
1256:: Catalytic converters are very inefficient until warmed up to their
1203:
Exhaust gas temperature (EGT) is important to the functioning of the
1101:
895:
850:
812:
762:
697:
603:
67:
33:
2573:
1823:
The resulting nitric acid may be washed into soil, where it becomes
4438:
4382:
4043:
3892:
3860:
3637:
3498:
3488:
3458:
3230:
AP 42, Fifth Edition, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors
2229:
2121:
2113:
2109:
1678:
1628:
1619:
Exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine whose fuel includes
1483:
1136:
1066:
1058:
1046:
267:
2633:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 14 February 2013.
2414:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 14 November 2012.
1889:
is the most common type of fatal air poisoning in many countries.
4399:
3902:
3880:
3767:
3762:
3571:
3503:
2844:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 25 October 2013.
2692:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 25 October 2013.
2686:"State and County Emission Summaries: Volatile Organic Compounds"
2671:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 25 October 2013.
1917:
1824:
1781:
16:
Gases emitted as a result of fuel reactions in combustion engines
2858:. Automobile Association Developments Limited. 23 February 2012.
2650:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. September 1998.
2396:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 19 August 2015.
2149:
study found that diesel fumes cause an increase in lung cancer.
4803:
4783:
4677:
4352:
3845:
2506:
1964:
1879:
1522:
905:
885:
792:
782:
490:
43:
3410:
2987:
4813:
4755:
4096:
4028:
3926:
3818:
1972:
1848:
1661:
915:
860:
252:
48:
This diesel-powered truck emits an exhaust gas full of black
3681:
4788:
3909:
3897:
3813:
3444:
2166:
2112:
production plants. However, these are often referred to as
2044:
1963:
have been widely studied in humans and animals and include
1852:
1646:
1192:
1112:
1070:
890:
137:
132:
97:
3036:
Region 4: Laboratory and Field Operations — PM 2.5 (2008).
2856:"Exhaust emissions: What comes out of your car's exhaust?"
1839:
Non-road equipment is mostly gasoline and diesel stations.
1223:
3172:"EU Average New Car CO2 Emissions Down 5.4 Percent in Q1"
2555:
2427:
Self-Study Programme 230: Motor Vehicle Exhaust Emissions
1773:
1748:
3389:
Partial List of Chemicals Associated with Diesel Exhaust
3100:"Transportation Air Quality: Selected Facts and Figures"
2360:"Traffic pollution kills 5,000 a year in UK, says study"
3354:"Automotive Exhaust Chemicals: disease causing effects"
2031:
emissions, with passenger cars contributing about 12%.
1931:. It can also cause excessive bleeding and depress the
1847:(VOCs) react in the presence of sunlight, ground level
3190:"recovering water from diesel exhaust - Google Search"
2938:
2838:"State and County Emission Summaries: Carbon Monoxide"
2665:"State and County Emission Summaries: Nitrogen Oxides"
1942:
1882:
satellite computer image of carbon monoxide March 2010
2457:
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
1677:
What looks like exhaust from jet engines is actually
1254:
Inefficient catalytic converter under cold conditions
1085:. It often disperses downwind in a pattern called an
2795:
2321:
1979:(FHWA) state that in 2002 about 1 per-cent of all PM
1904:
1440:
3376:. Union of Concerned Scientists. 3 September 2013.
2889:
1264:
2781:"Ecosystem Effects | Ground-level Ozone | US EPA"
1668:
4986:
3049:
2890:Kurt, OK; Zhang, J; Pinkerton, KE (March 2016).
2879:. United States Environmental Protection Agency.
2288:
2124:in ships intend to remove the sulfur dioxide (SO
1733:
1236:Rich air-fuel ratio requirement in cold engines
1107:Motor vehicle emissions are a common source of
3208:"EPA Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act"
2732:
1820:which is mostly gasoline and diesel stations.
1425:
1187:) from excessive combustion temperatures, and
1111:and are a major ingredient in the creation of
3697:
3426:
3125:Lewis, Barbara; Carey, Nick (27 April 2022).
2297:Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering
1830:
1776:) (whether produced this way or naturally by
1023:
2751:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2294:
1104:blow-by and evaporation of unused gasoline.
3283:
2892:"Pulmonary health effects of air pollution"
2604:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1340:EURO III as it was applied in October 2000
1135:The largest part of most combustion gas is
1115:in some large cities. A 2013 study by the
3704:
3690:
3433:
3419:
3277:
3124:
3050:Mazzi, Eric A.; Dowlatabadi, Hadi (2007).
2680:
2678:
2659:
2657:
1198:
1030:
1016:
42:
3360:. Environmed Research Inc. Archived from
3260:"IARC Diesel engine exhaust carcinogenic"
3092:
3075:
3013:
2964:
2941:"Cardiovascular effects of air pollution"
2915:
2801:
2581:
2532:
2418:
2161:found in studies that 50% or more of the
3239:
2357:
1874:
1834:
1784:, moisture, and other compounds to form
1747:
1672:
1614:
1429:
1222:
1147:O) (except with pure-carbon fuels), and
1126:
4845:Pollutant release and transfer register
3160:. European Commission. 7 February 2007.
2675:
2654:
1999:
1870:
4987:
3056:Environmental Science & Technology
2070:
1653:
3685:
3414:
3404:Diesel exhaust: what you need to know
3040:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
2896:Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine
2255:Motor vehicle emissions and pregnancy
1827:, which is useful to growing plants.
1117:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
4935:
4176:Electromagnetic radiation and health
3339:
2767:"Air Quality Planning and Standards"
2152:
1709:
1411:0.015 grams/mile (0.0092 g/km)
1371:0.075 grams/mile (0.046 g/km)
4951:
4943:
4034:Radium and radon in the environment
2945:Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases
2704:"Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)"
1977:U.S. Federal Highway Administration
1971:, cardiovascular issues, premature
1851:is formed, a primary ingredient in
1398:0.05 grams/mile (0.0305 g/km)
258:Radium and radon in the environment
13:
2708:Toxic Substances Hydrology Program
2412:Emission Standards Reference Guide
2220:Environmental effects of transport
2185:Air pollution#Most polluted cities
2131:One of the advantages claimed for
1843:When oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and
1300:20.9 grams/mile (13.06 g/km)
1248:computer-controlled fuel injection
14:
5031:
3370:"Cars, Trucks, and Air Pollution"
3340:Cone, Tracie (13 November 2008).
3324:
3240:Reinberg, Steven (9 April 2013).
2735:"Ozone Layer Protection - US EPA"
2562:Environmental Health Perspectives
2513:Environmental Health Perspectives
2139:
2062:
1905:Hazardous air pollutants (toxics)
1697:which in some applications shows
1634:
1441:Spark-ignition and Diesel engines
1316:1.39 grams/mile (0.87 g/km)
1289:2.80 grams/mile (1.75 g/km)
1167:(CO) from incomplete combustion,
4969:
4959:
4950:
4942:
4934:
4922:
4921:
3286:Science of the Total Environment
2994:Journal of Clinical Neuroscience
2870:"Air Toxics from Motor Vehicles"
2611:
2270:United States emission standards
1721:
1324:Carbon dioxide - greenhouse gas
997:
985:
3748:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
3557:2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol
3440:
3306:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.08.017
3252:
3233:
3221:
3200:
3182:
3164:
3150:
3137:
3118:
3043:
3030:
2981:
2932:
2883:
2862:
2848:
2830:
2773:
2759:
2726:
2696:
2637:
2619:
2549:
2500:
2200:Automobile#Environmental impact
2195:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
2145:likelihood of some cancers. A
2050:
1807:study the largest emissions of
1462:Combustion-engine exhaust gases
1382:3.4 grams/mile (2.1 g/km)
1265:Passenger car emissions summary
1227:Steam from tailpipe of cold car
1218:
1096:emissions (and from stationary
78:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
3335:California Air Resources Board
3178:. SoftNews NET. 19 April 2010.
3038:PM 2.5 Objectives and History.
2877:Transportation and Air Quality
2470:
2445:
2400:
2394:Transportation and Air Quality
2379:
2370:
2351:
2345:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.05.081
2315:
2159:California Air Resources Board
2055:Vehicle exhaust contains much
1704:
1669:Jet engines and rocket engines
1330:11,450 pounds (5,190 kg)
1122:
1049:is emitted as a result of the
947:Least polluted cities by PM2.5
1:
5015:Transport and the environment
4236:Electrical resistance heating
3711:
2816:10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00387-6
2281:
1213:exhaust gas temperature gauge
418:Electrical resistance heating
3888:Persistent organic pollutant
3628:Automatic transmission fluid
3562:Dinonylnaphthylsulfonic acid
3514:Racing fuel (Tetraethyllead)
2908:10.1097/MCP.0000000000000248
1734:Main motor vehicle emissions
1447:Automobile emissions control
128:Persistent organic pollutant
52:when starting up the engine.
7:
4898:Least polluted cities by PM
3145:Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)
2250:Mobile source air pollution
2225:European emission standards
2177:
2033:European emission standards
1961:airborne particulate matter
1935:, increasing the chance of
1426:Internal-combustion engines
1414:0.41 pounds (0.19 kg)
1338:European emission standards
1319:38.2 pounds (17.3 kg)
1292:77.1 pounds (35.0 kg)
1211:. It may be measured by an
1098:internal combustion engines
1092:It is a major component of
10:
5036:
4840:Pollution haven hypothesis
4763:Brain health and pollution
4001:Ecological light pollution
3831:Internal combustion engine
3552:Dimethyl methylphosphonate
3006:10.1016/j.jocn.2017.04.028
2957:10.1016/j.acvd.2017.05.003
2478:"Race Fuel - Nitromethane"
2309:10.1016/j.jece.2014.09.020
2074:
1845:volatile organic compounds
1831:Volatile organic compounds
1640:
1444:
1401:1.4 pounds (0.64 kg)
1374:2.1 pounds (0.95 kg)
1366:Volatile organic compounds
1327:415 grams/mile (258 g/km)
1209:internal combustion engine
1100:), which can also include
4919:
4873:
4822:
4771:
4738:
4643:Nonpoint source pollution
4571:
4563:War and environmental law
4510:
4472:
4454:
4254:
4189:
4126:
4052:
4021:
3986:
3970:
3935:
3922:Volatile organic compound
3728:
3719:
3651:
3610:
3522:
3451:
2275:Vehicle emissions control
2147:World Health Organization
2133:advanced steam technology
1887:Carbon monoxide poisoning
1466:
1359:Annual pollution emitted
1303:575 pounds (261 kg)
1281:Annual pollution emitted
1131:Emission of gas at sunset
673:War and environmental law
293:Health effects from noise
143:Volatile organic compound
4102:Marine mammals and sonar
4013:Radio spectrum pollution
3537:Butylated hydroxytoluene
3331:Health and Air Pollution
2733:EPA, OAR, OAP, SPD, US.
1983:and 2 per-cent of all PM
1912:(long-term) exposure to
1858:
1420:
1171:(properly indicated as C
298:Marine mammals and sonar
4948:WikiProject Environment
4906:Most polluted countries
4850:Polluter pays principle
4581:Agricultural wastewater
3643:Windshield washer fluid
3587:Methyl tert-butyl ether
3567:2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol
3479:Lead Replacement Petrol
2325:Atmospheric Environment
1385:94 pounds (43 kg)
1199:Exhaust gas temperature
1069:, biodiesel blends, or
773:Freshwater salinization
693:Agricultural wastewater
4966:Environment portal
4199:Agricultural pollution
3494:Compressed natural gas
3380:About diesel exhaust:
2190:Alternative propulsion
2102:natural gas processing
2081:Vehicle-specific power
1943:Particulate matter (PM
1883:
1840:
1761:
1738:
1682:
1453:spark-ignition engines
1437:
1228:
1132:
992:Environment portal
4621:Industrial wastewater
4487:Clutter (advertising)
4395:Municipal solid waste
4241:Soil guideline values
4085:Sustainable transport
3978:Information pollution
3778:Open burning of waste
1878:
1838:
1751:
1676:
1615:Nitromethane additive
1433:
1258:operating temperature
1226:
1130:
733:Industrial wastewater
501:Municipal solid waste
423:Soil guideline values
4893:Most polluted cities
4586:Biological pollution
4497:Overhead power lines
2842:Air Emission Sources
2690:Air emission sources
2669:Air emission sources
2482:www.turbofast.com.au
2118:Catalytic converters
2098:petroleum refineries
1871:Carbon monoxide (CO)
1336:Comparable with the
942:Most polluted cities
594:Overhead power lines
4956:WikiProject Ecology
4653:Ocean acidification
4558:Unexploded ordnance
4429:Post-consumer waste
4289:Foam food container
4267:Biodegradable waste
3841:Global distillation
3333:Publication of the
3298:2006ScTEn.371..270I
3068:2007EnST...41..387M
2714:on 5 September 2015
2525:10.1289/ehp.1408882
2337:2013AtmEn..79..198C
2171:Southern California
2071:Pollution reduction
2015:. Motor vehicle CO
1800:and heart disease.
1756:as viewed from the
1654:Gas-turbine engines
1349:
1271:
1205:catalytic converter
1159:that contribute to
758:Ocean acidification
668:Unexploded ordnance
589:Advertising clutter
521:Post-consumer waste
466:Foam food container
451:Biodegradable waste
108:Global distillation
4976:Ecology portal
4860:Waste minimisation
4835:Industrial ecology
4830:Cleaner production
4648:Nutrient pollution
4525:Herbicidal warfare
4319:Construction waste
3955:Introduced species
3826:Indoor air quality
3753:Chlorofluorocarbon
3547:1,2-Dichloroethane
3228:US EPA Publication
2433:. AUDI. April 2000
2210:Congestion pricing
2088:focus on reducing
2086:Emission standards
2000:Carbon dioxide (CO
1884:
1865:respiratory system
1841:
1818:non-road equipment
1762:
1758:World Trade Center
1695:propelling nozzles
1683:
1572:particulate matter
1438:
1435:Automobile exhaust
1347:
1269:
1229:
1189:particulate matter
1133:
1004:Ecology portal
629:Herbicidal warfare
173:Introduced species
113:Indoor air quality
83:Chlorofluorocarbon
50:particulate matter
4982:
4981:
4855:Pollution control
4535:Nuclear holocaust
4444:Thermal treatment
4412:Plastic pollution
4329:Mercury poisoning
4282:Battery recycling
4181:Radioactive waste
3950:Genetic pollution
3945:Biological hazard
3743:Air quality index
3679:
3678:
3602:Tetranitromethane
3582:Metal deactivator
3542:1,2-Dibromoethane
3077:10.1021/es060517w
2245:Low-emission zone
2215:Emission standard
2153:Localised effects
2077:Air suction valve
1899:carboxyhemoglobin
1710:From burning coal
1608:
1607:
1418:
1417:
1334:
1333:
1143:), water vapor (H
1083:propelling nozzle
1059:gasoline (petrol)
1053:of fuels such as
1040:
1039:
975:
974:
641:Nuclear holocaust
564:Urban heat island
378:Radioactive waste
163:Biological hazard
73:Air quality index
5027:
4974:
4973:
4972:
4964:
4963:
4954:
4953:
4946:
4945:
4938:
4937:
4925:
4924:
4799:Legacy pollution
4658:Oil exploitation
4520:Chemical warfare
4434:Waste management
4341:Industrial waste
4309:Biomedical waste
4277:Electronic waste
4262:Advertising mail
4246:Phytoremediation
4221:Land degradation
4006:Overillumination
3960:Invasive species
3706:
3699:
3692:
3683:
3682:
3666:MTBE controversy
3435:
3428:
3421:
3412:
3411:
3377:
3365:
3349:
3318:
3317:
3292:(1–3): 270–285.
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3194:www.google.co.uk
3186:
3180:
3179:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3154:
3148:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3079:
3047:
3041:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3017:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2968:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2919:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2874:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2787:. Archived from
2777:
2771:
2770:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2750:
2742:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2682:
2673:
2672:
2661:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2631:Nitrogen Dioxide
2623:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2595:
2585:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2536:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2488:on 13 March 2018
2484:. Archived from
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2432:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2391:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2303:(4): 2335–2342.
2292:
1815:
1601:possible traces
1458:
1457:
1379:Carbon Monoxide
1350:
1346:
1297:Carbon monoxide
1272:
1268:
1157:greenhouse gases
1032:
1025:
1018:
1002:
1001:
1000:
990:
989:
921:
920:
624:Chemical warfare
526:Waste management
486:Industrial waste
461:Electronic waste
446:Advertising mail
428:Phytoremediation
403:Land degradation
343:Depleted uranium
228:Overillumination
178:Invasive species
46:
36:
21:
20:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5024:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4978:
4970:
4968:
4958:
4915:
4901:
4869:
4818:
4767:
4734:
4673:Pharmaceuticals
4663:Oil exploration
4567:
4539:Nuclear fallout
4506:
4468:
4450:
4424:Packaging waste
4378:Deep sea mining
4304:Hazardous waste
4250:
4231:Open defecation
4185:
4151:Nuclear fallout
4146:Nuclear fission
4122:
4048:
4017:
3988:Electromagnetic
3982:
3966:
3931:
3851:Ozone depletion
3724:
3715:
3710:
3680:
3675:
3671:Pay at the pump
3647:
3606:
3577:Ethylenediamine
3518:
3459:Gasoline/petrol
3447:
3439:
3368:
3364:on 5 July 2014.
3352:
3346:Huffington Post
3327:
3322:
3321:
3282:
3278:
3268:
3266:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3238:
3234:
3226:
3222:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3142:
3138:
3123:
3119:
3109:
3107:
3106:on 16 June 2006
3098:
3097:
3093:
3048:
3044:
3035:
3031:
2986:
2982:
2951:(11): 634–642.
2937:
2933:
2888:
2884:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2800:
2796:
2791:on 18 May 2012.
2779:
2778:
2774:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2744:
2743:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2715:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2684:
2683:
2676:
2663:
2662:
2655:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2597:
2596:
2574:10.1289/EHP1249
2554:
2550:
2519:(11): 1107–12.
2505:
2501:
2491:
2489:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2356:
2352:
2320:
2316:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2265:Space jellyfish
2180:
2155:
2142:
2127:
2083:
2073:
2065:
2053:
2042:
2038:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2006:
2003:
1993:tailpipe filter
1986:
1982:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1925:
1921:
1907:
1891:Carbon monoxide
1873:
1861:
1833:
1814:
1808:
1771:
1766:nitrogen oxides
1746:
1744:
1736:
1724:
1712:
1707:
1693:, exhaust from
1671:
1656:
1649:
1637:
1617:
1559:carbon monoxide
1546:nitrogen oxides
1534:Trace elements
1464:
1449:
1443:
1428:
1423:
1395:
1313:
1267:
1244:carbon monoxide
1221:
1201:
1186:
1181:nitrogen oxides
1178:
1174:
1165:carbon monoxide
1154:
1146:
1142:
1125:
1036:
998:
996:
984:
977:
976:
876:
868:
867:
841:
833:
832:
768:Pharmaceuticals
748:Nonpoint source
688:
678:
677:
646:Nuclear fallout
619:
609:
608:
579:
569:
568:
559:
549:
548:
539:
531:
530:
516:Packaging waste
481:Hazardous waste
441:
433:
432:
393:
383:
382:
353:Nuclear fallout
348:Nuclear fission
328:
318:
317:
283:
273:
272:
248:
240:
239:
213:
211:Electromagnetic
203:
202:
193:
185:
184:
158:
148:
147:
118:Ozone depletion
63:
53:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5033:
5023:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4980:
4979:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4890:
4888:Law by country
4885:
4879:
4877:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4742:
4740:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4710:Surface runoff
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4596:Eutrophication
4593:
4588:
4583:
4577:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4553:Scorched earth
4550:
4547:nuclear winter
4543:nuclear famine
4532:
4522:
4516:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4478:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4460:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4409:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4388:Uranium mining
4385:
4380:
4375:
4373:Surface mining
4370:
4365:
4355:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4324:Lead poisoning
4321:
4316:
4314:Chemical waste
4311:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4226:Bioremediation
4223:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4195:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4141:Bioremediation
4138:
4132:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4094:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:Transportation
4058:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3992:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3952:
3947:
3941:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3836:Global dimming
3833:
3828:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3807:Diesel exhaust
3799:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3734:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3709:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3686:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3657:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3597:Tetraethyllead
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3528:
3526:
3524:Fuel additives
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3438:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3378:
3374:Clean Vehicles
3366:
3350:
3337:
3326:
3325:External links
3323:
3320:
3319:
3276:
3251:
3232:
3220:
3199:
3181:
3163:
3149:
3136:
3117:
3091:
3042:
3029:
2980:
2931:
2882:
2861:
2847:
2829:
2810:(2): 139–150.
2794:
2772:
2758:
2725:
2695:
2674:
2653:
2636:
2618:
2548:
2499:
2469:
2444:
2417:
2399:
2378:
2369:
2358:Roland Pease.
2350:
2314:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2235:Kyoto Protocol
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2154:
2151:
2141:
2140:Health studies
2138:
2125:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2063:Water recovery
2061:
2052:
2049:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2025:climate change
2020:
2016:
2013:greenhouse gas
2009:Carbon dioxide
2005:
2001:
1998:
1989:diesel engines
1984:
1980:
1957:health effects
1952:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1923:
1919:
1906:
1903:
1872:
1869:
1860:
1857:
1832:
1829:
1810:
1769:
1745:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1699:shock diamonds
1691:rocket engines
1670:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1643:Diesel exhaust
1636:
1635:Diesel engines
1633:
1616:
1613:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1597:sulfur dioxide
1593:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1497:carbon dioxide
1493:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1442:
1439:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:Emission Rate
1354:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:Emission Rate
1276:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1251:
1220:
1217:
1200:
1197:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1161:climate change
1152:
1149:carbon dioxide
1144:
1140:
1124:
1121:
1079:flue gas stack
1038:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1006:
994:
979:
978:
973:
972:
971:
970:
962:
961:
957:
956:
955:
954:
949:
944:
939:
937:Law by country
934:
926:
925:
919:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
877:
874:
873:
870:
869:
866:
865:
864:
863:
858:
848:
842:
839:
838:
835:
834:
831:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
808:Surface runoff
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
708:Eutrophication
705:
700:
695:
689:
684:
683:
680:
679:
676:
675:
670:
665:
663:Scorched earth
660:
659:
658:
656:Nuclear winter
653:
651:Nuclear famine
648:
638:
637:
636:
626:
620:
615:
614:
611:
610:
607:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
580:
575:
574:
571:
570:
567:
566:
560:
555:
554:
551:
550:
547:
546:
540:
537:
536:
533:
532:
529:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
442:
439:
438:
435:
434:
431:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
408:Bioremediation
405:
400:
394:
389:
388:
385:
384:
381:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
338:Bioremediation
335:
329:
324:
323:
320:
319:
316:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
288:Transportation
284:
279:
278:
275:
274:
271:
270:
265:
260:
255:
249:
246:
245:
242:
241:
238:
237:
235:Radio spectrum
232:
231:
230:
225:
214:
209:
208:
205:
204:
201:
200:
194:
191:
190:
187:
186:
183:
182:
181:
180:
170:
165:
159:
154:
153:
150:
149:
146:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
103:Global dimming
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
64:
59:
58:
55:
54:
47:
39:
38:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5032:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4995:Air pollution
4993:
4992:
4990:
4977:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4949:
4941:
4932:
4928:
4918:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4821:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4764:
4761:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4737:
4731:
4730:Water quality
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4492:Traffic signs
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4418:
4417:Microplastics
4415:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4407:Nanomaterials
4405:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4346:Lead smelting
4344:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4166:Radioactivity
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4118:Noise control
4116:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3866:Metal working
3864:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3707:
3702:
3700:
3695:
3693:
3688:
3687:
3684:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3436:
3431:
3429:
3424:
3422:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3280:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3224:
3209:
3203:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3177:
3176:autoevolution
3173:
3167:
3159:
3153:
3146:
3140:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3062:(2): 387–92.
3061:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3033:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2984:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2902:(2): 138–43.
2901:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2878:
2871:
2865:
2857:
2851:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2768:
2762:
2754:
2748:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2679:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2646:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2614:
2607:
2601:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2568:(8): 087013.
2567:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2429:
2428:
2421:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2395:
2388:
2382:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2287:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2205:Clean Air Act
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2163:air pollution
2160:
2150:
2148:
2137:
2134:
2129:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2106:petrochemical
2103:
2099:
2095:
2094:air pollution
2091:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2060:
2058:
2048:
2046:
2034:
2026:
2014:
2010:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1933:immune system
1930:
1926:
1915:
1911:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1877:
1868:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1837:
1828:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1813:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1780:) react with
1779:
1775:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1754:New York City
1750:
1743:
1731:
1729:
1722:Steam engines
1717:
1714:
1713:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1680:
1675:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1623:will contain
1622:
1612:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1448:
1436:
1432:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1286:Hydrocarbons
1285:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1150:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:air pollution
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:motor vehicle
1090:
1088:
1087:exhaust plume
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1005:
995:
993:
988:
983:
982:
981:
980:
969:
966:
965:
964:
963:
959:
958:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
929:
928:
927:
923:
922:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
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823:Water quality
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599:Traffic signs
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506:Nanomaterials
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368:Radioactivity
366:
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313:Soundproofing
311:
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301:
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37:
32:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
4809:Point source
4751:Heavy metals
4725:Urban runoff
4705:Sulfur water
4683:Septic tanks
4529:Agent Orange
4383:Mining waste
4209:Manure waste
4039:Volcanic ash
3915:Black carbon
3871:Oil refining
3856:Particulates
3801:
3785:Construction
3592:Nitromethane
3532:Butyl rubber
3509:Butanol fuel
3373:
3362:the original
3358:Alpha Online
3357:
3345:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3267:. Retrieved
3263:
3254:
3245:
3235:
3223:
3211:. Retrieved
3202:
3193:
3184:
3175:
3166:
3152:
3139:
3130:
3120:
3108:. Retrieved
3104:the original
3094:
3059:
3055:
3045:
3037:
3032:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2948:
2944:
2934:
2899:
2895:
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2876:
2864:
2850:
2841:
2832:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2789:the original
2784:
2775:
2761:
2738:
2728:
2716:. Retrieved
2712:the original
2707:
2698:
2689:
2668:
2639:
2630:
2621:
2600:cite journal
2565:
2561:
2551:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2490:. Retrieved
2486:the original
2481:
2472:
2460:. Retrieved
2456:
2447:
2435:. Retrieved
2426:
2420:
2411:
2402:
2393:
2381:
2372:
2363:
2353:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2260:Rolling coal
2240:Landfill gas
2156:
2143:
2130:
2084:
2066:
2057:water vapour
2054:
2051:Water vapour
2035:limit the CO
2007:
1959:of inhaling
1954:
1908:
1885:
1862:
1842:
1822:
1811:
1802:
1763:
1741:
1728:steam engine
1725:
1684:
1621:nitromethane
1618:
1609:
1584:hydrocarbons
1461:
1450:
1407:Formaldehyde
1392:
1342:
1335:
1310:
1253:
1240:hydrocarbons
1235:
1230:
1219:Cold engines
1202:
1169:hydrocarbons
1134:
1106:
1091:
1086:
1075:exhaust pipe
1042:
1041:
911:Point source
856:Heavy metals
818:Urban runoff
803:Sulfur water
778:Septic tanks
634:Agent Orange
544:Space debris
398:Agricultural
263:Volcanic ash
123:Particulates
92:
18:
4779:Area source
4688:Pit latrine
4611:Groundwater
4368:Gold mining
4363:Coal mining
4334:Toxic waste
4299:Green waste
4272:Brown waste
4255:Solid waste
3802:Exhaust gas
3633:Brake fluid
3484:Electricity
3474:Biogasoline
2785:www.epa.gov
2331:: 198–208.
2108:plants and
1969:lung cancer
1929:bone marrow
1897:to produce
1790:lung cancer
1786:nitric acid
1705:Other types
1687:jet engines
1625:nitric acid
1578:< 0.045
1566:< 0.045
1510:water vapor
1467:% of total
1123:Composition
1063:diesel fuel
1055:natural gas
1043:Exhaust gas
881:Area source
723:Groundwater
476:Green waste
456:Brown waste
440:Solid waste
198:Information
93:Exhaust gas
4989:Categories
4931:by country
4927:Categories
4865:Zero waste
4746:Pollutants
4700:Stagnation
4638:Monitoring
4606:Freshwater
4482:Air travel
4294:Food waste
4214:Pesticides
4204:Herbicides
4108:Industrial
3937:Biological
3797:Demolition
3790:Renovation
3773:Joss paper
3758:Combustion
3623:Antifreeze
3452:Fuel types
2804:Toxicology
2492:23 January
2282:References
2114:flue gases
2090:pollutants
2075:See also:
1927:) damages
1895:hemoglobin
1803:In a 2005
1798:bronchitis
1641:See also:
1604:< 0.03
1591:< 0.03
1588:< 0.25
1553:< 0.15
1550:< 0.25
1445:See also:
1353:Component
1275:Component
1051:combustion
968:By country
960:Categories
851:Pollutants
828:Wastewater
798:Stagnation
743:Monitoring
718:Freshwater
584:Air travel
471:Food waste
413:Defecation
223:Ecological
156:Biological
88:Combustion
24:Part of a
5020:Pollution
4823:Responses
4794:Garbology
4720:Turbidity
4668:Oil spill
4601:Firewater
4502:Vandalism
4464:Satellite
4161:Poisoning
4156:Plutonium
4136:Actinides
4128:Radiation
3876:Wood dust
3738:Acid rain
3713:Pollution
3661:Fuel card
3618:Motor oil
3469:Biodiesel
3000:: 16–24.
2122:Scrubbers
1937:infection
1794:emphysema
1778:lightning
1768:NO and NO
1679:contrails
1537:< 0.6
1472:Compound
1102:crankcase
896:Garbology
813:Turbidity
763:Oil spill
713:Firewater
698:Biosolids
604:Vandalism
363:Poisoning
358:Plutonium
333:Actinides
326:Radiation
68:Acid rain
35:Pollution
4911:Treaties
4883:Diseases
4695:Shipping
4591:Diseases
4439:Landfill
4114:Abstract
4111:Military
4044:Wildfire
3893:Smelting
3861:Asbestos
3638:Gear oil
3499:Hydrogen
3489:Kerosene
3314:17049967
3110:14 April
3086:17310696
3024:28528896
2975:28735838
2926:26761628
2824:12324190
2747:cite web
2627:"Health"
2592:28886601
2543:25870974
2437:23 March
2364:BBC News
2230:Flue gas
2178:See also
2110:chemical
2104:plants,
1805:U.S. EPA
1752:Smog in
1716:Flue gas
1629:gas mask
1484:nitrogen
1191:(mostly
1137:nitrogen
1067:fuel oil
1047:flue gas
952:Treaties
932:Diseases
788:Shipping
753:Nutrient
703:Diseases
268:Wildfire
5000:Engines
4940:Commons
4715:Thermal
4616:Hypoxia
4400:Garbage
4171:Uranium
4022:Natural
3971:Digital
3903:Aerosol
3881:Welding
3768:Biomass
3763:Biofuel
3722:History
3572:Ecalene
3504:Ethanol
3294:Bibcode
3269:18 June
3264:iarc.fr
3213:18 June
3131:Reuters
3064:Bibcode
3015:5544553
2966:5963518
2917:4776742
2583:5783657
2534:4629738
2462:18 June
2333:Bibcode
1914:benzene
1910:Chronic
1825:nitrate
1782:ammonia
1760:in 1988
1478:Diesel
1475:Petrol
846:History
728:Hypoxia
557:Thermal
511:Plastic
373:Uranium
247:Natural
192:Digital
168:Genetic
4804:Midden
4784:Debris
4739:Topics
4678:Sewage
4631:debris
4626:Marine
4474:Visual
4358:Mining
4353:Litter
3846:Mining
3653:Retail
3611:Fluids
3464:Diesel
3312:
3246:USNews
3084:
3022:
3012:
2973:
2963:
2924:
2914:
2822:
2739:US EPA
2718:2 June
2590:
2580:
2541:
2531:
1965:asthma
1947:and PM
1880:MOPITT
1563:1 - 2
1540:~ 0.3
1523:oxygen
1364:NMOG (
1207:of an
906:Midden
901:Legacy
886:Debris
840:Topics
793:Sludge
783:Sewage
738:Marine
577:Visual
496:Mining
491:Litter
26:series
5005:Gases
4875:Lists
4814:Waste
4756:Paint
4573:Water
4456:Space
4097:Sonar
4092:Urban
4070:Water
4054:Noise
4029:Ozone
3996:Light
3927:Waste
3819:Smoke
3445:fuels
3442:Motor
2873:(PDF)
2648:(PDF)
2431:(PDF)
2390:(PDF)
2169:) in
2011:is a
1973:death
1859:Ozone
1849:ozone
1764:Mono-
1662:ACARS
1421:Types
1081:, or
924:Lists
916:Waste
861:Paint
686:Water
538:Space
281:Noise
253:Ozone
218:Light
5010:Smog
4789:Dust
4772:Misc
4191:Soil
4080:Rail
4066:Land
3910:Soot
3898:Smog
3814:Haze
3310:PMID
3271:2023
3215:2023
3112:2010
3082:PMID
3020:PMID
2971:PMID
2922:PMID
2820:PMID
2753:link
2720:2014
2606:link
2588:PMID
2539:PMID
2494:2008
2464:2023
2439:2012
2167:smog
2157:The
2079:and
2045:g/km
1955:The
1853:smog
1796:and
1689:and
1647:Soot
1645:and
1242:and
1193:soot
1113:smog
1071:coal
891:Dust
875:Misc
391:Soil
138:Soot
133:Smog
98:Haze
4900:2.5
4512:War
4075:Air
3730:Air
3302:doi
3290:371
3072:doi
3010:PMC
3002:doi
2961:PMC
2953:doi
2949:110
2912:PMC
2904:doi
2812:doi
2808:180
2578:PMC
2570:doi
2566:125
2529:PMC
2521:doi
2517:123
2341:doi
2305:doi
1985:2.5
1949:2.5
1774:NOx
1726:In
1685:In
1529:10
1517:11
1514:13
1504:12
1501:14
1491:67
1488:71
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1045:or
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1967:,
1945:10
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