Introduced species

1631: 392:, a species is considered "introduced" when its transport into an area outside of its native range is human mediated. Introductions by humans can be described as either intentional or accidental. Intentional introductions have been motivated by individuals or groups who either (1) believe that the newly introduced species will be in some way beneficial to humans in its new location or, (2) species are introduced intentionally but with no regard to the potential impact. Unintentional or accidental introductions are most often a byproduct of human movements and are thus unbound to human motivations. Subsequent range expansion of introduced species may or may not involve human activity. 6540: 1635: 6576: 252:". The transition from introduction, to establishment and to invasion has been described in the context of plants. Introduced species are essentially "non-native" species. Invasive species are those introduced species that spread widely or quickly and cause harm, be that to the environment, human health, other valued resources, or the economy. There have been calls from scientists to consider a species "invasive" only in terms of their spread and reproduction rather than the harm they may cause. 6564: 6505: 1375: 6467: 396: 41: 880: 292: 450:

oriental bittersweet, and honeysuckle produce fruit that is used by a handful of fruit-eating bird species. The invasive plants can also be a source of pollen and nectar for many insects, such as bees. These invasive plants were able to help their ecosystem thriving, and increase the native animal's chances of survival. Several introduced exotic trees served as nest sites for resident waterbird species in Udaipur city, India.

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and rapid response is the most effective strategy for regulating a pest species and reducing economic and environmental impacts of an introduction. Management of invasion pathways are on the forefront of eliminating unwanted invasive species this would include preliminary steps; educating the public, cooperation from industries and government resources.

256:"invasive species" as "an alien species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health". The biological definition of invasive species, on the other hand, makes no reference to the harm they may cause, only to the fact that they spread beyond the area of original introduction. 1011:

which was intentionally introduced into many countries in North America, Europe, and Africa as an ornamental plant. This species has become invasive in Australia, where it threatens native rare plants and causes erosion and soil slumping around river banks. It has also become invasive in France where

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According to a practical definition, an invasive species is one that has been introduced and become a pest in its new location, spreading (invading) by natural means. The term is used to imply both a sense of urgency and actual or potential harm. For example, U.S. Executive Order 13112 (1999) defines

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There are many terms associated with introduced species that represent subsets of introduced species, and the terminology associated with introduced species is now in flux for various reasons. Examples of these terms are "invasive", "acclimatized", "adventive", "naturalized", and "immigrant" species.

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Species that humans intentionally transport to new regions can subsequently become successfully established in two ways. In the first case, organisms are purposely released for establishment in the wild. It is sometimes difficult to predict whether a species will become established upon release, and

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In the broadest and most widely used sense, an introduced species is synonymous with "non-native" and therefore applies as well to most garden and farm organisms; these adequately fit the basic definition given above. However, some sources add to that basic definition "and are now reproducing in the

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has adopted an approach that comes close to this). Regulations require a definitional distinction between non-natives that are deemed especially onerous and all others. Introduced "pest" species, that are officially listed as invasive, best fit the definition of an invasive species. Early detection

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van den Burg, Matthijs P.; Daltry, Jennifer C.; Angin, Baptiste; Boman, Erik; Brisbane, Jeanelle L. K.; Collins, Katrina; Haakonsson, Jane E.; Hill, Arica; Horrocks, Julia A.; Mukhida, Farah; Providence, FitzGerald; Questel, Karl; Ramnanan, Naitram; Steele, Sophia; Vique Bosquet, Isabel M.; Knapp,

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When a new species is introduced, the species could potentially breed with members of native species, producing hybrids. The effect of the creating of hybrids can range from having little effect, a negative effect, to having devastating effects on native species. Potential negative effects include

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that earn much of their profit through the selling of genetically modified seeds has added to the controversy surrounding introduced species. The effect of genetically modified organisms varies from organism to organism and is still being researched today, however, the rise of genetically modified

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Although most introduced species have negative impacts on the ecosystems they enter into, there are still some species that have affected the ecosystem in a positive way. For example, in New Hampshire invasive plants can provide some benefits to some species. Invasive species such as autumn olive,

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In the second case, species intentionally transported into a new region may escape from captive or cultivated populations and subsequently establish independent breeding populations. Escaped organisms are included in this category because their initial transport to a new region is human motivated.

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Acclimatized species are introduced species that have changed physically and/or behaviorally in order to adjust to their new environment. Acclimatized species are not necessarily optimally adjusted to their new environment and may just be physically/behaviorally sufficient for the new environment.

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and may be regarded as beneficial as an alternative to pesticides in agriculture for example. In some instances the potential for being beneficial or detrimental in the long run remains unknown. The effects of introduced species on natural environments have gained much scrutiny from scientists,

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The exotic pet trade has also been a large source of introduced species. The species favored as pets have more general habitat requirements and larger distributions. Therefore, as these pets escape or are released, unintentionally or intentionally, they are more likely to survive and establish

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Most accidentally or intentionally introduced species do not become invasive as the ones mentioned above. For instance, Some 179 coccinellid species have been introduced to the U.S. and Canada; about 27 of these non-native species have become established, and only a handful can be considered

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Unintentional introductions occur when species are transported by human vectors. Increasing rates of human travel are providing accelerating opportunities for species to be accidentally transported into areas in which they are not considered native. For example, three species of

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In plants, introduced species have been observed to undergo rapid evolutionary change to adapt to their new environments, with changes in plant height, size, leaf shape, dispersal ability, reproductive output, vegetative reproduction ability, level of dependence on the

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Knapp, Charles R.; Grant, Tandora D.; Pasachnik, Stesha A.; Angin, Baptiste; Boman, Erik; Brisbane, Jeanelle; Buckner, Sandra D.; Haakonsson, Jane E.; Harlow, Peter S.; Mukhida, Farah; Thomas-Moko, Nunia; Burg, Matthijs P.; Wasilewski, Joseph A. (6 November 2020).

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Perhaps the most common motivation for introducing a species into a new place is that of economic gain. Non-native species can become such a common part of an environment, culture, and even diet that little thought is given to their geographic origin. For example,

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In other cases, species have been translocated for reasons of "cultural nostalgia", which refers to instances in which humans who have migrated to new regions have intentionally brought with them familiar organisms. Famous examples include the introduction of

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are often introduced species that do not need human help to reproduce and maintain their population in an area outside their native range (no longer adventive), but that also applies to populations migrating and establishing in a novel environment (e.g.: in

1348:, as hybrids appear to have higher fitness than native iguanas, leading to competitive outcompetition and replacement. Numerous populations have already become extinct and hybridization continues to reduce the number of native iguanas on multiple islands. 419:

if not initially successful, humans have made repeated introductions to improve the probability that the species will survive and eventually reproduce in the wild. In these cases, it is clear that the introduction is directly facilitated by human desires.

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are non-native species to North America. Collectively, non-native crops and livestock account for 98% of US food. These and other benefits from non-natives are so vast that, according to the Congressional Research Service, they probably exceed the costs.

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activity, directly or indirectly, and either deliberately or accidentally. Non-native species can have various effects on the local ecosystem. Introduced species that become established and spread beyond the place of introduction are considered

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van den Burg, Matthijs P.; Brisbane, Jeanelle L. K.; Knapp, Charles R. (14 October 2019). "Post-hurricane relief facilitates invasion and establishment of two invasive alien vertebrate species in the Commonwealth of Dominica, West Indies".

164:), while other introduced species may have little or no negative impact (no invasiveness), and integrate well into the ecosystem they have been introduced to. Some species have been introduced intentionally to combat pests. They are called 639:, who, it is rumoured, wanted to introduce all of the birds mentioned in Shakespeare's plays into the United States. He deliberately released eighty starlings into Central Park in New York City in 1890, and another forty in 1891. 925:

and becoming invasive. Studies have shown that introduced species display a greater likeliness of naturalizing when there is an appropriate environmental match, the plant species are short lived herbs or cultivate from seeds.

775:. The Mediterranean and Black Seas, with their high volume shipping from exotic sources, are most impacted by this problem. Busy harbors are all potential hotspots as well: over 200 species have been introduced to the 1682: 802:) was introduced accidentally in Pennsylvania. Another form of unintentional introductions is when an intentionally introduced plant carries a parasite or herbivore with it. Some become invasive, for example, the 2911:

Whalley, R. D. B.; Price, J. N.; Macdonald, M. J.; Berney, P. J. (2011). "Drivers of change in the Social-Ecological Systems of the Gwydir Wetlands and Macquarie Marshes in northern New South Wales, Australia".

2948:. Collection Patrimoines naturels. Vol. 1. Muséum national d'histoire naturelle. Paris: Muséum national d'histoire naturelle Conservatoire botanique national de Porquerolles Ministère de l'environnement. 701:

A special case of introduction is the reintroduction of a species that has become locally endangered or extinct, done in the interests of conservation. Examples of successful reintroductions include wolves to

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Fitzpatrick, Sarah W.; Gerberich, Jill C.; Angeloni, Lisa M.; Bailey, Larissa L.; Broder, Emily D.; Torres-Dowdall, Julian; Handelsman, Corey A.; López-Sepulcre, Andrés; Reznick, David N. (2016-08-01).

3446:"Genetic Evidence of Hybridization between the Endangered Native Species Iguana delicatissima and the Invasive Iguana iguana (Reptilia, Iguanidae) in the Lesser Antilles: Management Implications" 3583:

Lupisella, M.; Bleacher, J.; Lewis, R.; Dworkin, J.; Wright, M.; Burton, A.; Rubins, K.; Wallace, S.; Stahl, S.; John, K.; Archer, D.; Niles, P.; Regberg, A.; Smith, D.; Race, M. (2018-02-01).

1136:, the success of introduced bird species was related to their native range size and body size; larger species with larger native range sizes were found to have larger introduced range sizes. 530:) from California to Australia and New Zealand as a commercial timber crop. These examples represent only a small subsample of species that have been moved by humans for economic interests. 1303:

population when high levels of escape from Atlantic Salmon farms into the wild populations resulted in hybrids that had reduced survival. Potential positive effects include adding to the

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Adventive species are often considered synonymous with "introduced species", but this term is sometimes applied exclusively to introduced species that are not permanently established.

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in other star systems some time in the future. In preparation for this, projects have been proposed to see if anything is still alive from any of the feces left behind during the six

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The impact of introduced species is highly variable. Some have a substantial negative effect on a local ecosystem (in which case they are also classified more specifically as an

2111: 968:, which have become an essential source of early season nectar for both native and introduced pollinators, and do not meaningfully compete with native grasses or flowers. 1161:

in the late 1800s for pest control. Since then, it has thrived on prey unequipped to deal with its speed, nearly leading to the local extinction of a variety of species.

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prevents the introduction of any animal not naturally occurring in the wild or any of a list of both animals or plants introduced previously and proved to be invasive.

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McGinnity, Philip; Prodöhl, Paulo; Ferguson, Andy; Hynes, Rosaleen; Maoiléidigh, Niall ó; Baker, Natalie; Cotter, Deirdre; O'Hea, Brendan; Cooke, Declan (2003-12-07).

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it has been listed as an invasive plant species of concern in the Mediterranean region, where it can form monocultures that threaten critical conservation habitats.

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species has become widely distributed across the country. Though non-native, its leaves attract insects which serve as a food source for populations of native birds.

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was released in Southeast Asia with the intent that it be used as a protein source, and subsequently to places like Hawaii to establish a food industry. In Alaska,

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Lundgren, E.J.; Ramp, D.; Rowan, J.; Middleton, O.; Schowanek, S.D.; Sanisidro, O.; Carroll, S.P.; Davis, M.; Sandom, C.J.; Svenning, J.-C.; Wallach, A.D. (2020).

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use has and continues to be a source of many introductions. Some of these species have escaped horticultural control and become invasive. Notable examples include

1985: 1944: 2746: 248:, "established", or "wild non-native species". If they further spread beyond the place of introduction and cause damage to nearby species, they are called " 1196:

non-native populations in the wild. Among the popular exotic pets that have become alien or invasive species are parrots, frogs, terrapins, and iguanas.

2685:"Field guide to recently introduced species of coccinellidae (Coleoptera) in North America, with a revised key to north American genera of coccinellini" 236:

Immigrant species are species that travel, sometimes by themselves, but often with human help, between two habitats. Invasiveness is not a requirement.

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The term "invasive" is used to describe introduced species that cause ecological, economic, or other damage to the area in which they were introduced.

3265:"Fitness reduction and potential extinction of wild populations of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, as a result of interactions with escaped farm salmon" 2847: 2037: 3323:"Gene flow from an adaptively divergent source causes rescue through genetic and demographic factors in two wild populations of Trinidadian guppies" 739:

are sometimes transported to areas far beyond their native range by riding in shipments of tropical fruit. This was seen during the introduction of

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Introduction of a species outside its native range is all that is required to be qualified as an "introduced species". Such species might be termed

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Intentional introductions have also been undertaken with the aim of ameliorating environmental problems. A number of fast spreading plants such as

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Riley, Seth P. D.; Shaffer, H. Bradley; Voss, S. Randal; Fitzpatrick, Benjamin M. (2003). "Hybridization Between a Rare, Native Tiger Salamander (

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From a regulatory perspective, it is neither desirable nor practical to list as undesirable or outright ban all non-native species (although the

1748: 956:. Many introduced species require continued human intervention to survive in the new environment. Others may become feral, but do not seriously 6454: 4430: 3683: 2768: 901:, has been introduced across most of Europe and parts of North America as an ornamental plant. Introduced to the United Kingdom in 1616, this 2797:

Dong, Bi-Cheng; Yang, Qiang; Kinlock, Nicole L.; Pouteau, Robin; Pyšek, Petr; Weigelt, Patrick; Yu, Fei-Hai; van Kleunen, Mark (April 2024).

178: 2008:"Can you nest where you roost? Waterbirds use different sites but similar cues to locate roosting and breeding sites in a small Indian city" 1579: 2870:

Xu, Cheng-Yuan; Tang, Shaoqing; Fatemi, Mohammad; Gross, Caroline L.; Julien, Mic H.; Curtis, Caitlin; van Klinken, Rieks D. (2015-09-01).

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Many plants have been introduced with the intent of aesthetically improving public recreation areas or private properties. The introduced

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have also been frequently transported into new areas by humans, and their escapes have resulted in several introductions, such as feral

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is "A species that has been intentionally or inadvertently brought into a region or area. Also called an exotic or non-native species".

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Introductions have also been important in supporting recreation activities or otherwise increasing human enjoyment. Numerous fish and

851:. However the small percentage of introduced species that become invasive can produce profound ecological changes. In North America, 4216: 3008:

Su, S.; Cassey, P.; Dyer, E. E.; Blackburn, T. M. (2017). "Geographical range expansion of alien birds and environmental matching".

2102: 714:, which advocates the introduction of new individuals into genetically depauperate populations of endangered or threatened species. 4181: 1311:

ability of the population and increase the number of healthy individuals within a population. This was seen in the introduction of

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has added another potential economic advantage to introducing new/modified species into different environments. Companies such as

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from the Red Sea, or as an accidental introduction from an aquarium. Another troublesome plant species is the terrestrial plant

4654: 4382: 1657: 1022:, a dietary supplement. It can grow in building foundations, threatening their stability, and spreads quite quickly. Mesquite ( 328: 3132: 185:

wild", which means that species growing in a garden, farm, or house may not meet the criteria unless they escape and persist.

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Lowe, Sarah (2000). "00 of the world's worst invasive alien species: a selection from the global invasive species database".

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were introduced to many islands to create new populations for the fur trade. About twenty species of African and European

335: 5684: 5577: 5247: 4847: 3136: 1026:) has spread very widely across the Indian subcontinent and is impacting a range of wild species including urban birds. 309: 710:

to parts of England and Scotland. Introductions or translocations of species have also been proposed in the interest of

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is seldom understood in the beginning, and many non-native ornamentals languish in the trade for years before suddenly

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in an effort to reduce the impact of livestock manure. The timber industry promoted the introduction of Monterey pine (

194: 6491: 6238: 6124: 5618: 5613: 3936: 2872:"Population structure and genetic diversity of invasive Phyla canescens: implications for the evolutionary potential" 1977: 1048:

Most introduced species do not become invasive. Examples of introduced animals that have become invasive include the

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Foster, Jennifer; Sandberg, L. Anders (2004). "Friends or Foe? Invasive Species and Public Green Space in Toronto".

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grows profusely in many nations. Human beings introduced it into many places in the 19th century. It is a source of

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Richardson, David M.; Pysek, Petr; Rejmanek, Marcel; Barbour, Michael G.; Panetta, F. Dane; West, Carol J. (2000).

1165: 636: 4397: 2267:"Rarely naturalized, but widespread and even invasive: the paradox of a popular pet terrapin expansion in Eurasia" 2215: 1781: 1632:"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment. September 16, 2003. Introduced species" 6164: 5901: 5291: 4679: 4392: 4259: 3971: 3551:"Assessment of Planetary Protection and Contamination Control Technologies for Future Planetary Science Missions" 2407:

Moritz, Craig (2004). "Conservation Units and Translocations: Strategies for Conserving Evolutionary Processes".

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Vuillaume, Barbara; Valette, Victorien; Lepais, Olivier; Grandjean, Frédéric; Breuil, Michel (5 June 2015).

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hybrids that are less fit for their environment resulting in a population decrease. This was seen in the

647: 2971:"Reduction in avian diversity due to exotic tree plantations on the native savannas of Pune city, India" 6530: 6483: 6383: 6306: 5714: 5544: 5374: 4964: 4684: 4171: 3888: 3785: 795: 2343:"On the Origin of the Common Wall Lizards Podarcis muralis (Reptilia: Lacertidae) in Cincinnati, Ohio" 1851: 6186: 6144: 6106: 5671: 5465: 5145: 4757: 4649: 4507: 4492: 4487: 4166: 3878: 1709: 957: 703: 3661: 2495: 6181: 5704: 5645: 5556: 5135: 5130: 5100: 4904: 4367: 4249: 1487: 1040: 922: 438: 245: 213: 117: 52: 4408: 4039: 2509:

Cohen, A. N.; Carlton, James T. (1998). "Accelerating Invasion Rate in a Highly Invaded Estuary".

1000:. The origin of the alga in the Mediterranean was thought to be either as a migration through the 6393: 6159: 5689: 5240: 4979: 4842: 4752: 4620: 4502: 4472: 4329: 4294: 4014: 3981: 3956: 3658:

Ecologists challenge the categories that identify some species as natives and others as invaders.

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have been introduced for the purposes of sport fishing and hunting. The introduced amphibian (

124:, in which species spread to new areas through "natural" (non-human) means such as storms and 6544: 6322: 6154: 6030: 5938: 5628: 5521: 5321: 5029: 4974: 4837: 4822: 4605: 4562: 4552: 4547: 4304: 4284: 4140: 4130: 4072: 4067: 3903: 3755: 2482: 2031: 1141: 1073: 711: 20: 2101: 1335:. Wide-spread introductions of non-native iguanas are causing devastating effects on native 1290:

have introduced around the world, causing dramatic changes in native freshwater ecosystems.

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of the target species with the intention of reducing its numbers or controlling its spread.

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Introduced Species in U.S. Coastal Waters: Environmental Impacts and Management Priorities

932:, for example, originated in China, and have been carried to much of the populated world. 8: 6196: 6134: 6101: 6040: 5972: 5837: 5832: 5810: 5384: 5205: 5180: 5044: 5014: 4959: 4872: 4762: 4747: 4694: 4527: 4462: 4344: 4274: 4206: 3805: 2799:"Naturalization of introduced plants is driven by life-form-dependent cultivation biases" 1467: 1353: 992:. By 1997, it had covered some 50 km. It has a strong potential to overgrow natural 826: 3600: 3584: 3461: 3338: 3178: 3081: 2986: 2814: 2574: 2522: 2383: 2311: 2193: 1889: 1819: 1728: 6575: 6568: 6509: 6470: 6403: 6378: 6373: 6191: 6068: 5862: 5734: 5369: 5296: 5233: 5216: 5165: 5160: 4969: 4932: 4674: 4595: 4452: 4377: 4279: 4211: 4201: 4135: 4082: 3893: 3838: 3800: 3725: 3557: 3532: 3488: 3475: 3445: 3426: 3410: 3363: 3322: 3297: 3264: 3197: 3162: 3113: 3100: 3065: 2665: 2649: 2610: 2586: 2542: 2323: 2319: 2158: 2082: 1903: 1548: 1513: 1447: 976: 687: 655: 632: 620: 556: 140: 3643: 2023: 909:

Many non-native plants have been introduced into new territories, initially as either

6398: 6258: 6078: 5987: 5955: 5872: 5825: 5752: 5724: 5493: 5488: 5286: 5105: 5074: 4862: 4689: 4497: 4362: 4339: 4077: 3853: 3765: 3750: 3735: 3715: 3623: 3528: 3515:; Hartley, Stephen (2010). "Is rapid evolution common in introduced plant species?". 3493: 3430: 3418: 3368: 3350: 3302: 3284: 3245: 3202: 3117: 3105: 2949: 2893: 2828: 2669: 2657: 2614: 2602: 2594: 2534: 2474: 2455: 2420: 2392: 2367: 2327: 2150: 2074: 1898: 1873: 1828: 1803: 1740: 1553: 1535: 1472: 1457: 1356:, and level of phenotype plasticity appearing on timescales of decades to centuries. 1320: 1304: 1221: 1205: 1015: 985: 960:

with natives, but simply increase the biodiversity of the area. One example would be

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for example occupies a prominent status in many of Canada's parks. The transport of

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organisms has added complexity to the conversations surrounding introduced species.

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into the population. The results of this introduction included increased levels of

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Yet another prominent example of an introduced species that became invasive is the

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A systematic study of the genus Phyla Lour. (Verbenaceae: Verbenoideae, Lantanae)

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because he missed hunting them. A more recent example is the introduction of the

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The widespread phenomena of intentional introduction has also been described as

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in the aftermath of natural disasters. This occurred during relief efforts for

612: 551: 485: 3163:"Invasiveness is linked to greater commercial success in the global pet trade" 2451: 2283: 2266: 520:

have established themselves in Australia after deliberate introduction by the

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One notoriously devastating introduced species is the small Indian mongoose (

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Further there are numerous examples of marine organisms being transported in

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Some argue that "invasive" is a loaded word and harm is difficult to define.

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Yet another unintentional pathway of introduction is during the delivery of

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Pimentel, David; Lach, Lori; Zuniga, Rodolfo; Morrison, Doug (2000-01-01).

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Mehta, Kanishka; Koli, Vijay K.; Kittur, Swati; Sundar, K. S. Gopi (2024).

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In some cases, introduced animals may unintentionally promote the cause of

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was first introduced to the United States as a potential food source. The

19:"Alien species" redirects here. For life on planets other than Earth, see 6231: 6226: 5911: 5906: 5877: 5842: 5815: 5345: 4477: 4024: 3986: 3961: 3951: 3916: 3863: 3843: 3644:

National Estuarine and Marine Exotic Species Information System (NEMESIS)

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in this manner making it the most heavily invaded estuary in the world.

608: 579: 509: 501: 497: 489: 406: 1710:"A uniform terminology on bioinvasions: a chimera or an operative tool?" 1374: 6408: 6025: 5340: 5333: 5316: 5301: 5190: 4767: 4732: 4372: 4324: 4269: 4239: 4145: 4062: 4006: 3883: 3833: 3620:

Inheritors of the Earth: How Nature Is Thriving in an Age of Extinction

1804:"Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: concepts and definitions" 1422: 1308: 1269: 1185: 1049: 1001: 961: 791: 757: 663: 616: 477: 422: 316: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 165: 3405: 3388: 3346: 3240: 3221: 3021: 2823: 2798: 2250: 2233: 1773: 395: 40: 6337: 6289: 6263: 6211: 6045: 6007: 5757: 5747: 5419: 5281: 5256: 5095: 5049: 4777: 4221: 4191: 3991: 3946: 3921: 3858: 3848: 3823: 3815: 3760: 3691: 3220:

Kotov, Alexey A.; Karabanov, Dmitry P.; Van Damme, Kay (2022-09-09).

3066:"Introduced herbivores restore Late Pleistocene ecological functions" 2684: 1342: 1209: 1105: 1097: 997: 953: 879: 728: 481: 469: 3133:"Pablo Escobar's hippos may help counteract a legacy of extinctions" 2925: 2201: 496:

Other examples of species introduced for the purposes of benefiting

291: 5982: 5926: 5587: 5436: 5404: 5150: 5079: 4610: 4438: 4117: 4029: 3976: 3931: 2234:"The Number and Distribution of Introduced and Naturalized Parrots" 1316: 1177: 949: 917:

control, stock feed, or forestry. Whether an exotic will become an

884: 822: 807: 732: 707: 538: 401: 226: 144: 56: 3319: 2133:

Naylor, R. L. (2001). "Aquaculture—A Gateway for Exotic Species".

566:) was introduced to California as a source of bait for fishermen. 5943: 5446: 5424: 5311: 5306: 5140: 4947: 4817: 4812: 4439: 4387: 4047: 3692: 3269:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences

1482: 1312: 1280: 1274: 1181: 1117: 1101: 1085: 993: 972: 941: 914: 898: 683: 465: 120:. The process of human-caused introduction is distinguished from 100: 3389:"The global need to address threats from invasive alien iguanas" 2626: 2624: 861:

and probably accounts for more observations than all the native

6347: 6327: 6221: 5896: 5389: 3443: 1337: 1324: 1237: 1224:, have been introduced very widely. In addition there are some 1173: 1158: 1133: 1121: 1109: 1089: 1077: 989: 933: 894: 746: 736: 593: 575: 263: 218: 60: 1801: 635:, a lover of the works of Shakespeare and the chairman of the 6357: 6299: 5640: 5572: 5470: 5362: 3582: 3556:. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. January 24, 2011. Archived from 3262: 2621: 2561:

Charles R. (7 May 2021). "Biosecurity for humanitarian aid".

2368:"Assisted colonization under the U.S. Endangered Species Act" 1249: 1233: 1169: 1150: 945: 937: 929: 679: 667: 650:, a British landowner, had rabbits released on his estate in 473: 112: 5225: 2559: 971:

A very troublesome marine species in southern Europe is the

592:), a native of East Asia, has been introduced into parts of 453: 6332: 5453: 5441: 5357: 2910: 2553: 2231: 2175: 2070:

10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0053:EAECON]2.3.CO;2

1708:

Occhipinti-Ambrogi, Anna; Galil, Bella S. (November 2004).

1257: 1253: 1146: 1093: 230: 3437: 3063: 2939:

Olivier, Louis; Galland, Jean-Paul; Maurin, Hervé (1995).

2475:"Alien marine organisms introduced by ships - An overview" 2232:

Calzada Preston, Carlos E.; Pruett-Jones, Stephen (2021).

2050: 1034: 837:

were introduced with the former two becoming established.

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boy, George Rau, around 1950 after a family vacation to

177:

The formal definition of an introduced species from the

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to the United States. The insect commonly known as the

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Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington

147:) relationships. Neobiota can further be divided into 6528: 2005: 806:, accidentally introduced with the ornamental plant, 2938: 1945:"Invasive Species Program. Clemson University – DPI" 1874:"A neutral terminology to define 'invasive' species" 673: 560:) that threatens the endemic California salamander ( 3510: 1576:

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service - Endangered Species

1199: 132:captures the characteristic that these species are 3160: 1978:"Can invasive species be beneficial for wildlife?" 1180:may play ecological roles similar to those of the 151:(also: neozoons, sing. neozoon, i.e. animals) and 2869: 2434:C.M.Z.S, Rev O. P. Cambridge M. A. (1879-09-01). 1774:"Immigration, Extinction, and Island Equilibrium" 841:invasive, including the intentionally introduced 694:. This involves the purposeful introduction of a 6588: 2682: 1871: 1044:, from Asia, introduced in the rest of the world 3617: 3167:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3070:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2968: 1872:Colautti, Robert I.; MacIsaac, Hugh J. (2004). 1518:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 786:(AHB), known colloquially as "killer bees") or 686:control. Other species have been introduced as 405:introduced worldwide from its place of origin ( 3656:The Naked Scientists Invasive Species Articles 2366:Shirey, Patrick D.; Lamberti, Gary A. (2010). 2365: 2297: 996:, and represents a major risk for sublittoral 717: 5241: 4424: 3677: 2036:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 ( 1676: 1674: 1512:Sax, Dov F.; Gaines, Steven D. (2008-08-12). 504:or other economic activities are widespread. 179:United States Environmental Protection Agency 139:to their environment in terms of established 3057: 2508: 782:There is also the accidental release of the 413: 3589:Deep Space Gateway Concept Science Workshop 3047:Auckland: Invasive Species Specialist Group 2852:(Thesis). The University of Texas at Austin 2472: 2264: 5248: 5234: 4645:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity 4431: 4417: 3684: 3670: 1671: 281: 3487: 3469: 3404: 3362: 3296: 3239: 3196: 3186: 3124: 3099: 3089: 3029: 2942:Livre rouge de la flore menacée de France 2887: 2822: 2769:"Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum)" 2391: 2282: 2249: 2068: 1897: 1827: 1547: 1529: 1511: 1307:of the population which can increase the 454:Motivations for intentional introductions 376:Learn how and when to remove this message 4543:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations 4182:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense 3567:3.1.1 Microbial Reduction Methodologies: 2340: 1844:"IUCN SSC - Species Survival Commission" 1701: 1145:). Originating in a region encompassing 1033: 878: 421: 394: 39: 36:introduced but not naturalized worldwide 25: 6389:Pollutant release and transfer register 4575:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model 2845: 2473:Briand, Frederic; Galil, Bella (2002). 2433: 2099: 1680: 6589: 4383:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense 2739:"Horse chestnut | The Wildlife Trusts" 2683:Gordon, R. D.; Vandenberg, N. (1991), 2440:Annals and Magazine of Natural History 2406: 2132: 1359: 745:(Noble false widow) worldwide through 188: 5229: 4412: 3665: 3161:Gippet, JMW; Bertelsmeier, C (2021). 3130: 2265:Reshetnikov, Andrey N. (2023-01-24). 1961: 1029: 6479: 5720:Electromagnetic radiation and health 4398:Predator avoidance in schooling fish 3044: 1754:from the original on 29 January 2021 1417:after the former is introduced by a 1369: 868: 314:adding citations to reliable sources 285: 16:Species introduced by human activity 6495: 6487: 5578:Radium and radon in the environment 4848:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis 2341:Deichsel, Guntram; Gist, Daniel H. 2114:from the original on 17 August 2022 1650:"Glossary | Chesapeake Bay Program" 682:have been introduced as a means of 239: 13: 4601:Ecological effects of biodiversity 3611: 2969:Choudaj, K.; Wankhede, V. (2021). 2320:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2004.tb00166.x 1582:from the original on 28 March 2019 948:(corn), and tobacco are native to 545: 195:Glossary of invasion biology terms 14: 6613: 3937:Generalist and specialist species 3637: 2766: 2024:10.1007/s11252-023-01454-5towards 1685:(Report). Pew Oceans Commission. 674:Addressing environmental problems 631:to North America by the American 276:Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 225:are well established since early 169:governments, farmers and others. 111:, but which has arrived there by 6574: 6562: 6550: 6538: 6513: 6503: 6494: 6486: 6478: 6466: 6465: 4660:Occupancy–abundance relationship 3529:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01759.x 2727:from the original on 2017-05-03. 2421:10.1111/j.1601-5223.1999.00217.x 2393:10.1111/j.1755-263x.2009.00083.x 2180:) and its Introduced Congener". 2100:Johnson, Tim (9 November 2003). 1962:Tobin, Patrick C. (2018-10-23). 1899:10.1111/j.1366-9516.2004.00061.x 1829:10.1046/j.1472-4642.2000.00083.x 1689:from the original on 29 May 2019 1612:from the original on 28 May 2019 1373: 1200:Most commonly introduced species 637:American Acclimatization Society 290: 5292:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 4680:Relative abundance distribution 4393:Plant defense against herbivory 4260:Competitive exclusion principle 3972:Mesopredator release hypothesis 3576: 3543: 3504: 3313: 3256: 3213: 3154: 3143:from the original on 2020-03-28 3038: 3001: 2962: 2932: 2904: 2863: 2839: 2790: 2779:from the original on 2021-11-03 2760: 2749:from the original on 2021-04-14 2731: 2709: 2699:from the original on 2017-05-25 2676: 2502: 2466: 2427: 2400: 2359: 2334: 2291: 2258: 2225: 2208: 2169: 2126: 2093: 2044: 1999: 1988:from the original on 2022-12-13 1970: 1955: 1937: 1914: 1865: 1836: 1784:from the original on 2021-06-11 1737:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.08.011 1660:from the original on 2022-06-04 1232:species that frequently become 301:needs additional citations for 4265:Consumer–resource interactions 1932:President of the United States 1795: 1766: 1642: 1624: 1594: 1564: 1505: 1405:It has been hypothesized that 535:genetically modified organisms 522:Australian Dung Beetle Project 172: 1: 5780:Electrical resistance heating 5255: 5111:Biological data visualization 4938:Environmental niche modelling 4665:Population viability analysis 1524:(supplement_1): 11490–11497. 1498: 952:, but were introduced to the 857:has become the most abundant 5432:Persistent organic pollutant 4596:Density-dependent inhibition 3471:10.1371/journal.pone.0127575 2531:10.1126/science.279.5350.555 1850:. 2007-03-03. Archived from 1366:Interplanetary contamination 644:European rabbit in Australia 229:though they originated from 7: 6442:Least polluted cities by PM 5065:Liebig's law of the minimum 4900:Resource selection function 3791:Metabolic theory of ecology 2803:Diversity and Distributions 1878:Diversity and Distributions 1808:Diversity and Distributions 1436: 1293: 1153:, it was introduced to the 835:Venezuela snouted tree frog 718:Unintentional introductions 458: 10: 6618: 6384:Pollution haven hypothesis 6307:Brain health and pollution 5545:Ecological light pollution 5375:Internal combustion engine 4965:Niche apportionment models 4685:Relative species abundance 3889:Primary nutritional groups 3786:List of feeding behaviours 2995:10.1007/s42965-021-00158-1 2646:10.1007/s10530-019-02107-5 1681:Carlton, James T. (2002). 1572:"Foreign Species Overview" 1363: 1204:Some species, such as the 988:in 1984, off the coast of 984:was first observed in the 872: 796:brown marmorated stink bug 790:to Brazil in 1957 and the 765:, the dangerous bacterium 756:, among them the invasive 192: 63:as a forage and cover crop 18: 6463: 6417: 6366: 6315: 6282: 6187:Nonpoint source pollution 6115: 6107:War and environmental law 6054: 6016: 5998: 5798: 5733: 5670: 5596: 5565: 5530: 5514: 5479: 5466:Volatile organic compound 5272: 5263: 5214: 5146:Ecosystem based fisheries 5088: 4988: 4913: 4786: 4758:Interspecific competition 4723: 4650:Minimum viable population 4583: 4508:Maximum sustainable yield 4493:Intraspecific competition 4488:Effective population size 4451: 4368:Anti-predator adaptations 4353: 4232: 4159: 4116: 4038: 4005: 3902: 3879:Photosynthetic efficiency 3814: 3708: 3327:Evolutionary Applications 2846:Kennedy, Kathryn (1992). 2452:10.1080/00222937908679818 2284:10.3897/neobiota.81.90473 2108:The Burlington Free Press 1964:Managing invasive species 1717:Marine Pollution Bulletin 704:Yellowstone National Park 414:Intentional introductions 5646:Marine mammals and sonar 5557:Radio spectrum pollution 5136:Ecological stoichiometry 5101:Alternative stable state 3618:Chris D. Thomas (2017). 1966:(Report). F1000Research. 1488:Naturalisation (biology) 1188:there at the end of the 1176:that have gone feral in 1041:Gallus gallus domesticus 825:, it was found that the 596:for ornamental reasons. 439:biological globalization 6492:WikiProject Environment 6450:Most polluted countries 6394:Polluter pays principle 6125:Agricultural wastewater 4980:Ontogenetic niche shift 4843:Ideal free distribution 4753:Ecological facilitation 4503:Malthusian growth model 4473:Consumer-resource model 4330:Paradox of the plankton 4295:Energy systems language 4015:Chemoorganoheterotrophy 3982:Optimal foraging theory 3957:Heterotrophic nutrition 3188:10.1073/pnas.2016337118 3091:10.1073/pnas.1915769117 2583:10.1126/science.abj0449 2182:Ecological Applications 2178:Ambystoma Californiense 2147:10.1126/science.1064875 1531:10.1073/pnas.0802290105 1168:. For example, escaped 1126:common brushtail possum 533:The rise in the use of 282:Nature of introductions 128:. The Latin expression 122:biological colonization 6510:Environment portal 5743:Agricultural pollution 5126:Ecological forecasting 5070:Marginal value theorem 4868:Landscape epidemiology 4803:Cross-boundary subsidy 4738:Biological interaction 4088:Microbial intelligence 3776:Green world hypothesis 3573: 3281:10.1098/rspb.2003.2520 2743:www.wildlifetrusts.org 2490:Cite journal requires 2026:(inactive 2024-04-04). 1463:Colonisation (biology) 1045: 906: 890:Aesculus hippocastanum 833:, and potentially the 784:Africanized honey bees 662:to North America by a 445:Positive Introductions 430: 410: 93:non-indigenous species 64: 37: 33:Bos primigenius taurus 6165:Industrial wastewater 6031:Clutter (advertising) 5939:Municipal solid waste 5785:Soil guideline values 5629:Sustainable transport 5522:Information pollution 5322:Open burning of waste 5131:Ecological humanities 5030:Ecological energetics 4975:Niche differentiation 4838:Habitat fragmentation 4606:Ecological extinction 4553:Small population size 4305:Feed conversion ratio 4285:Ecological succession 4217:San Francisco Estuary 4131:Ecological efficiency 4073:Microbial cooperation 3569: 2914:The Rangeland Journal 1921:Exec. Order No. 13112 1654:www.chesapeakebay.net 1037: 882: 706:in the U.S., and the 425: 398: 43: 29: 21:Extraterrestrial life 6437:Most polluted cities 6130:Biological pollution 6041:Overhead power lines 5156:Evolutionary ecology 5121:Ecological footprint 5116:Ecological economics 5040:Ecological threshold 5035:Ecological indicator 4905:Source–sink dynamics 4858:Land change modeling 4853:Insular biogeography 4705:Species distribution 4444:Modelling ecosystems 4103:Microbial metabolism 3942:Intraguild predation 3731:Biogeochemical cycle 3697:Modelling ecosystems 2889:10.1890/ES14-00374.1 2721:Lost Ladybug Project 2717:"Summary by Species" 2634:Biological Invasions 2372:Conservation Letters 1453:Biological dispersal 1413:could contaminate a 1218:ring-necked pheasant 712:genetic conservation 325:"Introduced species" 310:improve this article 6602:Ecology terminology 6500:WikiProject Ecology 6197:Ocean acidification 6102:Unexploded ordnance 5973:Post-consumer waste 5833:Foam food container 5811:Biodegradable waste 5385:Global distillation 5206:Theoretical ecology 5181:Natural environment 5045:Ecosystem diversity 5015:Ecological collapse 5005:Bateman's principle 4960:Limiting similarity 4873:Landscape limnology 4695:Species homogeneity 4533:Population modeling 4528:Population dynamics 4345:Trophic state index 3601:2018LPICo2063.3032L 3462:2015PLoSO..1027575V 3393:Animal Conservation 3339:2016EvApp...9..879F 3275:(1532): 2443–2450. 3179:2021PNAS..11816337G 3082:2020PNAS..117.7871L 2987:2021TrEco..62..499C 2815:2024DivDi..30...55D 2575:2021Sci...372..581V 2523:1998Sci...279..555C 2384:2010ConL....3...45S 2312:2004GeoRv..94..178F 2300:Geographical Review 2194:2003EcoAp..13.1263R 2141:(5547): 1655–1656. 2110:. pp. 2D, 3D. 1890:2004DivDi..10..135C 1820:2000DivDi...6...93R 1729:2004MarPB..49..688O 1468:Directed panspermia 1433:from 1969 to 1972. 1360:On a planetary body 1354:mycorrhizal network 1341:populations in the 827:common green iguana 214:Naturalized species 189:Subset descriptions 103:living outside its 6597:Introduced species 6520:Ecology portal 6404:Waste minimisation 6379:Industrial ecology 6374:Cleaner production 6192:Nutrient pollution 6069:Herbicidal warfare 5863:Construction waste 5499:Introduced species 5370:Indoor air quality 5297:Chlorofluorocarbon 5217:Outline of ecology 5166:Industrial ecology 5161:Functional ecology 5025:Ecological deficit 4970:Niche construction 4933:Ecosystem engineer 4710:Species–area curve 4631:Introduced species 4446:: Other components 4378:Deimatic behaviour 4280:Ecological network 4212:North Pacific Gyre 4197:hydrothermal vents 4136:Ecological pyramid 4083:Microbial food web 3894:Primary production 3839:Foundation species 3649:2019-08-27 at the 3517:Journal of Ecology 3131:Rowan, J. (2020). 2103:"Invasive Species" 1926:(February 3, 1999) 1448:Adventitious plant 1385:. You can help by 1323:and introduce new 1046: 1030:Introduced animals 1024:Prosopis juliflora 977:Caulerpa taxifolia 936:are native to the 907: 690:agents to control 688:biological control 656:common wall lizard 633:Eugene Schieffelin 621:purple loosestrife 586:Lophura nycthemera 557:Ambystoma tigrinum 431: 411: 141:biological network 97:non-native species 69:introduced species 65: 51:), introduced and 38: 6526: 6525: 6399:Pollution control 6079:Nuclear holocaust 5988:Thermal treatment 5956:Plastic pollution 5873:Mercury poisoning 5826:Battery recycling 5725:Radioactive waste 5494:Genetic pollution 5489:Biological hazard 5287:Air quality index 5223: 5222: 5106:Balance of nature 4863:Landscape ecology 4748:Community ecology 4690:Species diversity 4626:Indicator species 4621:Gradient analysis 4498:Logistic function 4406: 4405: 4363:Animal coloration 4340:Trophic mutualism 4078:Microbial ecology 3869:Photoheterotrophs 3854:Myco-heterotrophy 3766:Ecosystem ecology 3751:Carrying capacity 3716:Abiotic component 3622:. PublicAffairs. 3511:Buswell, Joanna; 3406:10.1111/acv.12660 3347:10.1111/eva.12356 3241:10.3390/w14182806 3076:(14): 7871–7878. 3022:10.1111/ibi.12418 2955:978-2-86515-092-2 2824:10.1111/ddi.13788 2767:Trust, Woodland. 2569:(6542): 581–582. 2517:(5350): 555–558. 2251:10.3390/d13090412 1723:(9–10): 688–694. 1602:"Foreign Species" 1473:Genetic pollution 1458:Biological hazard 1427:habitable planets 1403: 1402: 1321:population growth 1305:genetic diversity 1222:European starling 1206:Western honey bee 1142:Urva auropunctata 1016:Japanese knotweed 986:Mediterranean Sea 911:ornamental plants 869:Introduced plants 854:Harmonia axyridis 849:Asian lady beetle 844:Harmonia axyridis 800:Halyomorpha halys 777:San Francisco Bay 771:, or the fouling 762:Mnemiopsis leidyi 660:Podarcis muralis) 605:ornamental plants 386: 385: 378: 360: 85:immigrant species 81:adventive species 6609: 6579: 6578: 6567: 6566: 6555: 6554: 6553: 6543: 6542: 6541: 6534: 6518: 6517: 6516: 6508: 6507: 6498: 6497: 6490: 6489: 6482: 6481: 6469: 6468: 6343:Legacy pollution 6202:Oil exploitation 6064:Chemical warfare 5978:Waste management 5885:Industrial waste 5853:Biomedical waste 5821:Electronic waste 5806:Advertising mail 5790:Phytoremediation 5765:Land degradation 5550:Overillumination 5504:Invasive species 5250: 5243: 5236: 5227: 5226: 4923:Ecological niche 4895:selection theory 4715:Umbrella species 4700:Species richness 4636:Invasive species 4616:Flagship species 4523:Population cycle 4518:Overexploitation 4483:Ecological yield 4433: 4426: 4419: 4410: 4409: 4315:Mesotrophic soil 4255:Climax community 4187:Marine food webs 4126:Biomagnification 3927:Chemoorganotroph 3781:Keystone species 3741:Biotic component 3686: 3679: 3672: 3663: 3662: 3633: 3605: 3604: 3580: 3574: 3564: 3562: 3555: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3491: 3473: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3408: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3366: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3300: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3243: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3200: 3190: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3148: 3137:U. Mass. Amherst 3128: 3122: 3121: 3103: 3093: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2975:Tropical Ecology 2966: 2960: 2959: 2947: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2891: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2858: 2857: 2843: 2837: 2836: 2826: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2785: 2784: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2755: 2754: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2705: 2704: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2628: 2619: 2618: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2493: 2488: 2486: 2478: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2395: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2354: 2353: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2295: 2289: 2288: 2286: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2220: 2212: 2206: 2205: 2188:(5): 1263–1275. 2173: 2167: 2166: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2105: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2072: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2035: 2027: 2012:Urban Ecosystems 2003: 1997: 1996: 1994: 1993: 1974: 1968: 1967: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1947:. Archived from 1941: 1935: 1929: 1925: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1901: 1869: 1863: 1862: 1860: 1859: 1840: 1834: 1833: 1831: 1799: 1793: 1792: 1790: 1789: 1770: 1764: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1753: 1714: 1705: 1699: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1678: 1669: 1668: 1666: 1665: 1646: 1640: 1639: 1634:. Archived from 1628: 1622: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1598: 1592: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1568: 1562: 1561: 1551: 1533: 1509: 1493:Invasive species 1407:invasive species 1398: 1395: 1377: 1370: 1236:; these include 1082:Tierra del Fuego 919:invasive species 899:Balkan peninsula 815:humanitarian aid 742:Steatoda nobilis 692:invasive species 629:common starlings 563:A. californiense 381: 374: 370: 367: 361: 359: 318: 294: 286: 250:invasive species 240:Invasive species 162:invasive species 6617: 6616: 6612: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6607: 6606: 6587: 6586: 6585: 6573: 6561: 6551: 6549: 6539: 6537: 6529: 6527: 6522: 6514: 6512: 6502: 6459: 6445: 6413: 6362: 6311: 6278: 6217:Pharmaceuticals 6207:Oil exploration 6111: 6083:Nuclear fallout 6050: 6012: 5994: 5968:Packaging waste 5922:Deep sea mining 5848:Hazardous waste 5794: 5775:Open defecation 5729: 5695:Nuclear fallout 5690:Nuclear fission 5666: 5592: 5561: 5532:Electromagnetic 5526: 5510: 5475: 5395:Ozone depletion 5268: 5259: 5254: 5224: 5219: 5210: 5196:Systems ecology 5084: 5055:Extinction debt 5020:Ecological debt 5010:Bioluminescence 4991: 4984: 4953:marine habitats 4928:Ecological trap 4909: 4789: 4782: 4725: 4719: 4675:Rapoport's rule 4670:Priority effect 4611:Endemic species 4579: 4538:Population size 4454: 4447: 4437: 4407: 4402: 4355: 4349: 4335:Trophic cascade 4245:Bioaccumulation 4228: 4155: 4112: 4034: 4001: 3898: 3810: 3771:Ecosystem model 3704: 3690: 3651:Wayback Machine 3640: 3630: 3614: 3612:Further reading 3609: 3608: 3581: 3577: 3565: 3560: 3553: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3509: 3505: 3456:(6): e0127575. 3442: 3438: 3384: 3380: 3318: 3314: 3261: 3257: 3218: 3214: 3159: 3155: 3146: 3144: 3129: 3125: 3062: 3058: 3043: 3039: 3006: 3002: 2967: 2963: 2956: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2926:10.1071/rj11002 2909: 2905: 2868: 2864: 2855: 2853: 2844: 2840: 2795: 2791: 2782: 2780: 2765: 2761: 2752: 2750: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2702: 2700: 2681: 2677: 2629: 2622: 2558: 2554: 2507: 2503: 2491: 2489: 2480: 2479: 2471: 2467: 2446:(21): 190–215. 2432: 2428: 2405: 2401: 2364: 2360: 2351: 2349: 2339: 2335: 2296: 2292: 2263: 2259: 2230: 2226: 2218: 2214: 2213: 2209: 2202:10.1890/02-5023 2174: 2170: 2131: 2127: 2117: 2115: 2098: 2094: 2049: 2045: 2029: 2028: 2004: 2000: 1991: 1989: 1976: 1975: 1971: 1960: 1956: 1943: 1942: 1938: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1870: 1866: 1857: 1855: 1842: 1841: 1837: 1800: 1796: 1787: 1785: 1772: 1771: 1767: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1712: 1706: 1702: 1692: 1690: 1679: 1672: 1663: 1661: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1630: 1629: 1625: 1615: 1613: 1600: 1599: 1595: 1585: 1583: 1570: 1569: 1565: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1439: 1399: 1393: 1390: 1383:needs expansion 1368: 1362: 1346:Lesser Antilles 1333:population size 1301:Atlantic Salmon 1296: 1202: 1076:in Europe, the 1032: 1007:Phyla canescens 877: 875:Adventive plant 871: 847:, multicolored 831:Cuban tree frog 819:Hurricane Maria 788:Africanized bee 768:Vibrio cholerae 720: 676: 590:silver pheasant 548: 546:Human enjoyment 461: 456: 428:silver pheasant 416: 382: 371: 365: 362: 319: 317: 307: 295: 284: 264:State of Hawaii 242: 197: 191: 175: 107:distributional 89:foreign species 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6615: 6605: 6604: 6599: 6584: 6583: 6571: 6559: 6547: 6545:Earth sciences 6524: 6523: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6434: 6432:Law by country 6429: 6423: 6421: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6370: 6368: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6319: 6317: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6309: 6304: 6303: 6302: 6297: 6286: 6284: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6254:Surface runoff 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6235: 6234: 6229: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6178: 6177: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6140:Eutrophication 6137: 6132: 6127: 6121: 6119: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6097:Scorched earth 6094: 6091:nuclear winter 6087:nuclear famine 6076: 6066: 6060: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6022: 6020: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6010: 6004: 6002: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5992: 5991: 5990: 5985: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5953: 5948: 5947: 5946: 5936: 5935: 5934: 5932:Uranium mining 5929: 5924: 5919: 5917:Surface mining 5914: 5909: 5899: 5894: 5893: 5892: 5882: 5881: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5868:Lead poisoning 5865: 5860: 5858:Chemical waste 5855: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5829: 5828: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5802: 5800: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5770:Bioremediation 5767: 5762: 5761: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5739: 5737: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5685:Bioremediation 5682: 5676: 5674: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5664: 5659: 5656: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5648: 5638: 5633: 5632: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606:Transportation 5602: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5569: 5567: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5559: 5554: 5553: 5552: 5547: 5536: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5524: 5518: 5516: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5496: 5491: 5485: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5462: 5461: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5428: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5380:Global dimming 5377: 5372: 5367: 5366: 5365: 5355: 5354: 5353: 5351:Diesel exhaust 5343: 5338: 5337: 5336: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5278: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5253: 5252: 5245: 5238: 5230: 5221: 5220: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5176:Microecosystem 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5092: 5090: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5082: 5077: 5075:Thorson's rule 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 5000:Assembly rules 4996: 4994: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4956: 4955: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4919: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4885: 4883:Patch dynamics 4880: 4878:Metapopulation 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4794: 4792: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4780: 4775: 4773:Storage effect 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4729: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4655:Neutral theory 4652: 4647: 4642: 4640:Native species 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4587: 4585: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4571: 4570: 4565: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4513:Overpopulation 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4459: 4457: 4449: 4448: 4436: 4435: 4428: 4421: 4413: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4359: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4320:Nutrient cycle 4317: 4312: 4310:Feeding frenzy 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4290:Energy quality 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4250:Cascade effect 4247: 4242: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4226: 4225: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4163: 4161: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4122: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4093:Microbial loop 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4058:Lithoautotroph 4055: 4050: 4044: 4042: 4040:Microorganisms 4036: 4035: 4033: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4011: 4009: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3999: 3997:Prey switching 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3908: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3874:Photosynthesis 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3829:Chemosynthesis 3826: 3820: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3721:Abiotic stress 3718: 3712: 3710: 3706: 3705: 3689: 3688: 3681: 3674: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3653: 3639: 3638:External links 3636: 3635: 3634: 3629:978-1610397278 3628: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3606: 3575: 3563:on 2014-03-19. 3542: 3523:(1): 214–224. 3503: 3436: 3399:(5): 717–719. 3378: 3333:(7): 879–891. 3312: 3255: 3212: 3153: 3123: 3056: 3037: 3031:10019.1/121016 3016:(1): 193–203. 3000: 2981:(4): 499–507. 2961: 2954: 2931: 2903: 2862: 2838: 2789: 2773:Woodland Trust 2759: 2730: 2708: 2675: 2640:(2): 195–203. 2620: 2552: 2501: 2492:|journal= 2465: 2426: 2415:(3): 217–228. 2399: 2358: 2347:www.lacerta.de 2333: 2306:(2): 178–198. 2290: 2257: 2224: 2207: 2168: 2125: 2092: 2043: 1998: 1984:. 2018-09-26. 1969: 1954: 1951:on 2010-05-30. 1936: 1913: 1884:(2): 135–141. 1864: 1835: 1794: 1780:. 2016-12-14. 1765: 1700: 1670: 1641: 1638:on 2020-05-29. 1623: 1606:NOAA Fisheries 1593: 1563: 1503: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1438: 1435: 1415:planetary body 1411:microbial life 1401: 1400: 1380: 1378: 1364:Main article: 1361: 1358: 1329:heterozygosity 1295: 1292: 1201: 1198: 1031: 1028: 885:horse chestnut 870: 867: 865:put together. 804:oleander aphid 719: 716: 675: 672: 613:water hyacinth 547: 544: 486:American bison 460: 457: 455: 452: 415: 412: 384: 383: 298: 296: 289: 283: 280: 241: 238: 223:house sparrows 190: 187: 174: 171: 77:exotic species 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6614: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6558: 6548: 6546: 6536: 6535: 6532: 6521: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6493: 6485: 6476: 6472: 6462: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6416: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6365: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6314: 6308: 6305: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6292: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6281: 6275: 6274:Water quality 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6114: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6077: 6074: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6053: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6036:Traffic signs 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6015: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5997: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5962: 5961:Microplastics 5959: 5958: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5951:Nanomaterials 5949: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5940: 5937: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5904: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5891: 5890:Lead smelting 5888: 5887: 5886: 5883: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5827: 5824: 5823: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5797: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5732: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5710:Radioactivity 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5669: 5663: 5662:Noise control 5660: 5657: 5654: 5651: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5564: 5558: 5555: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5529: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5513: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5478: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5452: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5410:Metal working 5408: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5359: 5356: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5330: 5327: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5262: 5258: 5251: 5246: 5244: 5239: 5237: 5232: 5231: 5228: 5218: 5213: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5201:Urban ecology 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5087: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5060:Kleiber's law 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4987: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4912: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4833:Foster's rule 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4785: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4576: 4573: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4560: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4450: 4445: 4441: 4434: 4429: 4427: 4422: 4420: 4415: 4414: 4411: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4189: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4158: 4152: 4151:Trophic level 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4115: 4109: 4108:Phage ecology 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4098:Microbial mat 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4053:Bacteriophage 4051: 4049: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4037: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4020:Decomposition 4018: 4016: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4004: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3967:Mesopredators 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3912:Apex predator 3910: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3746:Biotic stress 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3687: 3682: 3680: 3675: 3673: 3668: 3667: 3664: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3641: 3631: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3615: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3579: 3572: 3568: 3559: 3552: 3546: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3513:Moles, Angela 3507: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3382: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3316: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3259: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3228: 3223: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3157: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3127: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3041: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3004: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2965: 2957: 2951: 2944: 2943: 2935: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2882:(9): art162. 2881: 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