Chlorofluorocarbon

2332:(UNEP) in a 2006 report titled "Illegal Trade in Ozone Depleting Substances". UNEP estimates that between 16,000–38,000 tonnes of CFCs passed through the black market in the mid-1990s. The report estimated between 7,000 and 14,000 tonnes of CFCs are smuggled annually into developing countries. Asian countries are those with the most smuggling; as of 2007, China, India and South Korea were found to account for around 70% of global CFC production, South Korea later to ban CFC production in 2010. Possible reasons for continued CFC smuggling were also examined: the report noted that many of the refrigeration systems that were designed to be operated utilizing the banned CFC products have long lifespans and continue to operate. The cost of replacing the equipment of these items is sometimes cheaper than outfitting them with a more ozone-friendly appliance. Additionally, CFC smuggling is not considered a significant issue, so the perceived penalties for smuggling are low. In 2018 public attention was drawn to the issue, that at an unknown place in east Asia an estimated amount of 13,000 metric tons annually of CFCs have been produced since about 2012 in violation of the protocol. While the eventual phaseout of CFCs is likely, efforts are being taken to stem these current non-compliance problems. 2467: 2044: 2280: 3262:. Vapors displace air and can cause asphyxiation in confined spaces. Dermal absorption of chlorofluorocarbons is possible, but low. Where the pulmonary uptake of inhaled chlorofluorocarbons occurs quickly with peak blood concentrations occurring in as little as 15 seconds with steady concentrations evening out after 20 minutes. Absorption of orally ingested chlorofluorocarbons is 35 to 48 times lower compared to inhalation. Although non-flammable, their combustion products include hydrofluoric acid and related species. Normal occupational exposure is rated at 0.07% and does not pose any serious health risks. 8796: 990: 2832:

of CFCs into the ocean makes them extremely useful as transient tracers to estimate rates and pathways of ocean circulation and mixing processes. However, due to production restrictions of CFCs in the 1980s, atmospheric concentrations of CFC-11 and CFC-12 has stopped increasing, and the CFC-11 to CFC-12 ratio in the atmosphere have been steadily decreasing, making water dating of water masses more problematic. Incidentally, production and release of sulfur hexafluoride (SF

8758: 1203:). The CFCs have still higher boiling points because the chloride is even more polarizable than fluoride. Because of their polarity, the CFCs are useful solvents, and their boiling points make them suitable as refrigerants. The CFCs are far less flammable than methane, in part because they contain fewer C-H bonds and in part because, in the case of the chlorides and bromides, the released halides quench the free radicals that sustain flames. 2320: 2810:

Nonroad Vehicles and Servicing Fittings for Small Refrigerant Cans. This ruling allows HFO-1234yf to take over in applications where ozone depleting CFCs such as R-12, and high GWP HFCs such as R-134a were once used. The phaseout and replacement of CFCs and HFCs in the automotive industry will ultimately reduce the release of these gases to atmosphere and in turn have a positive contribution to the mitigation of climate change.

8806: 1002: 5737: 2064: 51: 8787: 8779: 8771: 2254:. In a self-funded research expedition ending in 1973, Lovelock went on to measure CFC-11 in both the Arctic and Antarctic, finding the presence of the gas in each of 50 air samples collected, and concluding that CFCs are not hazardous to the environment. The experiment did however provide the first useful data on the presence of CFCs in the atmosphere. The damage caused by CFCs was discovered by 2196:, various chloroalkanes were in standard use in military aircraft, although these early halons suffered from excessive toxicity. Nevertheless, after the war they slowly became more common in civil aviation as well. In the 1960s, fluoroalkanes and bromofluoroalkanes became available and were quickly recognized as being highly effective fire-fighting materials. Much early research with 2186: 2500:, were used in place of CFC-12 in automobile air conditioners. Hydrocarbon refrigerants (a propane/isobutane blend) were also used extensively in mobile air conditioning systems in Australia, the US and many other countries, as they had excellent thermodynamic properties and performed particularly well in high ambient temperatures. 3654:

Mandin, J.-Y.; Massie, S.T.; Mikhailenko, S.N.; Miller, C.E.; Moazzen-Ahmadi, N.; Naumenko, O.V.; Nikitin, A.V.; Orphal, J.; Perevalov, V.I.; Perrin, A.; Predoi-Cross, A.; Rinsland, C.P.; Rotger, M.; Šimečková, M.; Smith, M.A.H.; Sung, K.; Tashkun, S.A.; Tennyson, J.; Toth, R.A.; Vandaele, A.C.; Vander Auwera, J. (June 2009).

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others. Approximately one-third of these CFCs are projected to be emitted over the next decade if action is not taken, posing a threat to both the ozone layer and the climate. A proportion of these CFCs can be safely captured and destroyed by means of high temperature, controlled incineration which destroys the CFC molecule.

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numeral gives the number of fluorine atoms. The rest of the unaccounted carbon bonds are occupied by chlorine atoms. The value of this equation is always a three figure number. An easy example is that of CFC-12, which gives: 90+12=102 -> 1 carbon, 0 hydrogens, 2 fluorine atoms, and hence 2 chlorine atoms resulting in CCl

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conjunction with other industrial peers DuPont formed a lobbying group, the "Alliance for Responsible CFC Policy", to combat regulations of ozone-depleting compounds. In 1986 DuPont, with new patents in hand, reversed its previous stance and publicly condemned CFCs. DuPont representatives appeared before the

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Production of new stocks ceased in most (probably all) countries in 1994. However many countries still require aircraft to be fitted with halon fire suppression systems because no safe and completely satisfactory alternative has been discovered for this application. There are also a few other, highly

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did not cover bromofluoroalkanes under the same restrictions, instead, the consumption of bromofluoroalkanes was frozen at 1986 levels. This is due to the fact that emergency discharge of extinguishing systems was thought to be too small in volume to produce a significant impact, and too important to

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in which the pCFC directly corresponds to the year with the same. The difference between the corresponding date and the collection date of the seawater sample is the average age for the water parcel. The age of a parcel of water can also be calculated using the ratio of two CFC partial pressures or

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will replace HCFCs. Unlike CFCs and HCFCs, HFCs have an ozone depletion potential (ODP) of 0. DuPont began producing hydrofluorocarbons as alternatives to Freon in the 1980s. These included Suva refrigerants and Dymel propellants. Natural refrigerants are climate friendly solutions that are enjoying

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In 1978 the United States banned the use of CFCs such as Freon in aerosol cans, the beginning of a long series of regulatory actions against their use. The critical DuPont manufacturing patent for Freon ("Process for Fluorinating Halohydrocarbons", U.S. Patent #3258500) was set to expire in 1979. In

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CFCs and HCFCs are used in various applications because of their low toxicity, reactivity and flammability. Every permutation of fluorine, chlorine and hydrogen based on methane and ethane has been examined and most have been commercialized. Furthermore, many examples are known for higher numbers of

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Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are anthropogenic compounds that have been released into the atmosphere since the 1930s in various applications such as in air-conditioning, refrigeration, blowing agents in foams, insulations and packing materials, propellants in aerosol cans, and as solvents. The entry

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While the production and consumption of CFCs are regulated under the Montreal Protocol, emissions from existing banks of CFCs are not regulated under the agreement. In 2002, there were an estimated 5,791 kilotons of CFCs in existing products such as refrigerators, air conditioners, aerosol cans and

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Growth in CFCs continued over the following decades leading to peak annual sales of over 1 billion USD with greater than 1 million metric tonnes being produced annually. It wasn't until 1974 that it was first discovered by two University of California chemists, Professor F. Sherwood Rowland and Dr.

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Western, Luke M.; Daniel, John S.; Vollmer, Martin K.; Clingan, Scott; Crotwell, Molly; Fraser, Paul J.; Ganesan, Anita L.; Hall, Brad; Harth, Christina M.; Krummel, Paul B.; Mühle, Jens; O’Doherty, Simon; Salameh, Peter K.; Stanley, Kieran M.; Reimann, Stefan; Vimont, Isaac; Young, Dickon; Rigby,

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who, after hearing a lecture on the subject of Lovelock's work, embarked on research resulting in the first publication suggesting the connection in 1974. It turns out that one of CFCs' most attractive features—their low reactivity—is key to their most destructive effects. CFCs' lack of reactivity

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The warming influence of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has increased substantially in recent years. The rising presence of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel burning is the largest overall driver. The relatively smaller but significant warming impact from releases of the most abundantly produced

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Rothman, L.S.; Gordon, I.E.; Barbe, A.; Benner, D.Chris; Bernath, P.F.; Birk, M.; Boudon, V.; Brown, L.R.; Campargue, A.; Champion, J.-P.; Chance, K.; Coudert, L.H.; Dana, V.; Devi, V.M.; Fally, S.; Flaud, J.-M.; Gamache, R.R.; Goldman, A.; Jacquemart, D.; Kleiner, I.; Lacome, N.; Lafferty, W.J.;

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as a tracer of ocean circulation allows for the derivation of rates for ocean processes due to the time-dependent source function. The elapsed time since a subsurface water mass was last in contact with the atmosphere is the tracer-derived age. Estimates of age can be derived based on the partial

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Hydrofluoroolefins serve as functional replacements for applications where high GWP hydrofluorocarbons were once used. In April 2022, the EPA signed a pre-published final rule Listing of HFO-1234yf under the Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) Program for Motor Vehicle Air Conditioning in

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Among the natural refrigerants (along with ammonia and carbon dioxide), hydrocarbons have negligible environmental impacts and are also used worldwide in domestic and commercial refrigeration applications, and are becoming available in new split system air conditioners. Various other solvents and

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While new production of these refrigerants has been banned, large volumes still exist in older systems and have been said to pose an immediate threat to our environment. Preventing the release of these harmful refrigerants has been ranked as one of the single most effective actions we can take to

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where is the measured CFC concentration (pmol kg) and F is the solubility of CFC gas in seawater as a function of temperature and salinity. The CFC partial pressure is expressed in units of 10–12 atmospheres or parts-per-trillion (ppt). The solubility measurements of CFC-11 and CFC-12 have been

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Another equation that can be applied to get the correct molecular formula of the CFC/R/Freon class compounds is to take the numbering and add 90 to it. The resulting value will give the number of carbons as the first numeral, the second numeral gives the number of hydrogen atoms, and the third

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The development of Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) as replacements for Hydrochlorofluorocarbons and Hydrofluorocarbons began after the Kigali amendment to the Montreal Protocol in 2016, which called for the phase out of high global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants and to replace them with other

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was, initially, mainly developed in the UK. By the late 1960s they were standard in many applications where water and dry-powder extinguishers posed a threat of damage to the protected property, including computer rooms, telecommunications switches, laboratories, museums and art collections.

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began using R-11 in the worlds first self-contained home air conditioning unit known as the "atmospheric cabinet". As a result of CFCs being largely non-toxic, they quickly became the coolant of choice in large air-conditioning systems. Public health codes in cities were revised to designate

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Rossberg, Manfred; Lendle, Wilhelm; Pfleiderer, Gerhard; Tögel, Adolf; Dreher, Eberhard-Ludwig; Langer, Ernst; Rassaerts, Heinz; Kleinschmidt, Peter; Strack, Heinz; Cook, Richard; Beck, Uwe; Lipper, Karl-August; Torkelson, Theodore R.; Löser, Eckhard; Beutel, Klaus K.; Mann, Trevor (2006).

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Since the time history of CFC concentrations in the atmosphere is relatively well known, they have provided an important constraint on ocean circulation. CFCs dissolve in seawater at the ocean surface and are subsequently transported into the ocean interior. Because CFCs are inert, their

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The atmospheric impacts of CFCs are not limited to their role as ozone-depleting chemicals. Infrared absorption bands prevent heat at that wavelength from escaping Earth's atmosphere. CFCs have their strongest absorption bands from C-F and C-Cl bonds in the spectral region of 7.8–15.3

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Because the only CFCs available to countries adhering to the treaty is from recycling, their prices have increased considerably. A worldwide end to production should also terminate the smuggling of this material. However, there are current CFC smuggling issues, as recognized by the

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According to their material safety data sheets, CFCs and HCFCs are colorless, volatile, non-toxic liquids and gases with a faintly sweet ethereal odor. Overexposure at concentrations of 11% or more may cause dizziness, loss of concentration, central nervous system depression or

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cleavage of the C-Cl bond. In 1976, under the Toxic Substances Control Act, the EPA banned commercial manufacturing and use of CFCs and aerosol propellants. This was later superseded in the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act to address stratospheric ozone depletion.

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Prinn, R. G.; Weiss, R. F.; Fraser, P. J.; Simmonds, P. G.; Cunnold, D. M.; Alyea, F. N.; O'Doherty, S.; Salameh, P.; Miller, B. R.; Huang, J.; Wang, R. H. J.; Hartley, D. E.; Harth, C.; Steele, L. P.; Sturrock, G.; Midgley, P. M.; McCulloch, A. (27 July 2000).

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By the early 1980s, bromofluoroalkanes were in common use on aircraft, ships, and large vehicles as well as in computer facilities and galleries. However, concern was beginning to be expressed about the impact of chloroalkanes and bromoalkanes on the

2339:, it was realised that deliberate and accidental discharges during system tests and maintenance accounted for substantially larger volumes than emergency discharges, and consequently halons were brought into the treaty, albeit with many exceptions. 2806:

refrigerants with a lower GWP, closer to that of carbon dioxide. HFOs have an ozone depletion potential of 0.0, compared to the 1.0 of principal CFC-11, and a low GWP which make them environmentally safer alternatives to CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs.

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and they have contributed to more chlorine buildup there than originally predicted. Later alternatives lacking the chlorine, the hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) have an even shorter lifetimes in the lower atmosphere. One of these compounds,

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Mario Molina, that the use of chlorofluorocarbons were causing a significant depletion in atmospheric ozone concentrations. This initiated the environmental effort which eventually resulted in the enactment of the Montreal Protocol.

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A special numbering system is to be used for fluorinated alkanes, prefixed with Freon-, R-, CFC- and HCFC-, where the rightmost value indicates the number of fluorine atoms, the next value to the left is the number of hydrogen atoms

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specialized uses. These programs recycle halon through "halon banks" coordinated by the Halon Recycling Corporation to ensure that discharge to the atmosphere occurs only in a genuine emergency and to conserve remaining stocks.

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of General Motors is credited for synthesizing the first chlorofluorocarbons. The Frigidaire corporation was issued the first patent, number 1,886,339, for the formula for CFCs on December 31, 1928. In a demonstration for the

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Prior to, and during the 1920s, refrigerators used toxic gases as refrigerants, including ammonia, sulphur dioxide, and chloromethane. Later in the 1920s after a series of fatal accidents involving the leaking of

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Lee, Bing-Sun; Chiou, Chung-Biau (October 2008). "The Relationship of Meteorological and Anthropogenic Factors to Time Series Measurements of CFC-11, CFC-12, and CH3CCl3 Concentrations in the Urban Atmosphere".

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The hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are less stable in the lower atmosphere, enabling them to break down before reaching the ozone layer. Nevertheless, a significant fraction of the HCFCs do break down in the

5064: 2504:(HCFC-141b) has replaced HFC-134a, due to its low ODP and GWP values. And according to the Montreal Protocol, HCFC-141b is supposed to be phased out completely and replaced with zero ODP substances such as 4439: 2315:

and voted to significantly strengthen the Montreal Protocol by calling for a complete elimination of CFCs by 2000. By 2010, CFCs should have been completely eliminated from developing countries as well.

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By 1930, General Motors and Du Pont formed the Kinetic Chemical Company to produce Freon, and by 1935, over 8 million refrigerators utilizing R-12 were sold by Frigidaire and its competitors. In 1932,

4656: 1484:. The main advantage of this method of deducing the molecular composition in comparison with the method described in the paragraph above is that it gives the number of carbon atoms of the molecule. 1180:

symmetry. Because the fluorine and chlorine atoms differ greatly in size and effective charge from hydrogen and from each other, the methane-derived CFCs deviate from perfect tetrahedral symmetry.

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Bromofluoroalkanes have been largely phased out and the possession of equipment for their use is prohibited in some countries like the Netherlands and Belgium, from 1 January 2004, based on the

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in 2018, the hole in the ozone layer has begun to recover as a result of CFC bans. However, research released in 2019 reports an alarming increase in CFCs, pointing to unregulated use in China.

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concentration; the increase in temperature is roughly logarithmic. Conversely, the low concentration of CFCs allow their effects to increase linearly with mass, so that chlorofluorocarbons are

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The strength of CFC absorption bands and the unique susceptibility of the atmosphere at wavelengths where CFCs (indeed all covalent fluorine compounds) absorb radiation creates a "super"

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Min, Dong-Ha; Warner, Mark J.; Bullister, John L. (August 2010). "Estimated rates of carbon tetrachloride removal in the thermocline and deep waters of the East Sea (Sea of Japan)".

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Bullister, John L.; Wisegarver, David P. (August 2008). "The shipboard analysis of trace levels of sulfur hexafluoride, chlorofluorocarbon-11 and chlorofluorocarbon-12 in seawater".

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is close to saturation with high concentrations and few infrared absorption bands, the radiation budget and hence the greenhouse effect has low sensitivity to changes in CO

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from refrigerators, a major collaborative effort began between American corporations Frigidaire, General Motors, and DuPont to develop a safer, non-toxic alternative.

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Boccuzzi, S. J; Wogen, J; Roehm, J. B (2000). "Use of hydrofluoroalkane propellant delivery system for inhaled albuterol in patients receiving asthma medications".

2209:, in the 1970s, bromofluoroalkanes also progressively came to be associated with rapid knockdown of severe fires in confined spaces with minimal risk to personnel. 6428: 6166: 6119: 5375:

Watanabe, Yutaka W.; Shimamoto, Akifumi; Ono, Tsuneo (2003). "Comparison of Time-Dependent Tracer Ages in the Western North Pacific: Oceanic Background Levels of (

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Freon-12, for example, indicates a methane derivative (only two numbers) containing two fluorine atoms (the second 2) and no hydrogen (1-1=0). It is therefore CCl

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The interim replacements for CFCs are hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), which deplete stratospheric ozone, but to a much lesser extent than CFCs. Ultimately,

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Siegemund, Günter; Schwertfeger, Werner; Feiring, Andrew; Smart, Bruce; Behr, Fred; Vogel, Herward; McKusick, Blaine (2000). "Fluorine Compounds, Organic".

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atoms. In general, they are volatile but less so than their parent alkanes. The decreased volatility is attributed to the molecular polarity induced by the

6196: 6187: 4158:"Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World, by J. R. McNeill (2001), New York: Norton. Reviewed by Michael Bess" 8864: 3628: 4841: 4239: 4107:

Scientific American inventions and discoveries : all the milestones in ingenuity—from the discovery of fire to the invention of the microwave oven

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Brominated derivatives are generated by free-radical reactions of hydrochlorofluorocarbons, replacing C-H bonds with C-Br bonds. The production of the

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The densities of CFCs are higher than their corresponding alkanes. In general, the density of these compounds correlates with the number of chlorides.

5798: 4343: 4035: 5921: 4670: 3192:{\displaystyle \ln F=a_{1}+a_{2}\left({\frac {100}{T}}\right)+a_{3}\ln \left({\frac {T}{100}}\right)+a_{4}\left({\frac {T}{100}}\right)^{2}+S\left} 8745: 954: 5718: 5178: 2956:

by Wanninkhof et al. and Bullister et al. Theses authors mentioned above have expressed the solubility (F) at a total pressure of 1 atm as:

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Bullister, John L; Wisegarver, David P; Menzia, Frederick A (January 2002). "The solubility of sulfur hexafluoride in water and seawater".

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concentration in the ocean interior reflects simply the convolution of their atmospheric time evolution and ocean circulation and mixing.

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On September 21, 2007, approximately 200 countries agreed to accelerate the elimination of hydrochlorofluorocarbons entirely by 2020 in a

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CFCs and HCFCs are usually produced by halogen exchange starting from chlorinated methanes and ethanes. Illustrative is the synthesis of

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are constants to be determined from the least squares fit to the solubility measurements. This equation is derived from the integrated

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It was reported that levels of HCFCs in the atmosphere had started to fall in 2021 due to their phase out under the Montreal Protocol.

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Use of certain chloroalkanes as solvents for large scale application, such as dry cleaning, have been phased out, for example, by the

7498: 2773: 1973: 4540: 2165:, Midgley flamboyantly demonstrated all these properties by inhaling a breath of the gas and using it to blow out a candle in 1930. 3202:

where F = solubility expressed in either mol l or mol kg atm, T = absolute temperature, S = salinity in parts per thousand (ppt), a

5807: 1191:, which induces intermolecular interactions. Thus, methane boils at −161 °C whereas the fluoromethanes boil between −51.7 (CF 8679: 7503: 3744:

Bera, Partha P.; Francisco, Joseph S.; Lee, Timothy J. (12 November 2009). "Identifying the Molecular Origin of Global Warming".

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previously measured by Warner and Weiss Additionally, the solubility measurement of CFC-113 was measured by Bu and Warner and SF

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increasing support from large companies and governments interested in reducing global warming emissions from refrigeration and

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Roehl, C. M.; Boglu, D.; Brühl, C.; Moortgat, G. K. (April 1995). "Infrared band intensities and global warming potentials of

3505: 8722: 5678: 5319: 4610: 4360: 4147: 3844: 3455: 3422: 1684: 1661: 939: 5752: 2455:, agreed with the accelerated phase out schedule. India successfully achieved the complete phase out of HCFC-141 b in 2020. 8884: 8010: 7822: 2483:

Work on alternatives for chlorofluorocarbons in refrigerants began in the late 1970s after the first warnings of damage to

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is also an inert gas and is not affected by oceanic chemical or biological activities. Thus, using CFCs in concert with SF

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It can be noted that the solubility of CFCs increase with decreasing temperature at approximately 1% per degree Celsius.

2031:. Ozone absorbs UV-B radiation, so its depletion allows more of this high energy radiation to reach the Earth's surface. 340: 260: 8740: 8717: 7896: 7556: 4811: 4461: 3800:

Ramanathan, V; Y. Feng (2009). "Air pollution, greenhouse gases and climate change: Global and regional perspectives".

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urging that CFCs be banned worldwide and stated that their new HCFCs would meet the worldwide demand for refrigerants.

2043: 1776: 934: 848: 290: 8782: 8529: 8415: 7909: 7904: 4114: 3489: 790: 695: 5591:

Wanninkhof, Rik; Ledwell, James R.; Watson, Andrew J. (15 May 1991). "Analysis of sulfur hexafluoride in seawater".

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Warner, M.J.; Weiss, R.F. (December 1985). "Solubilities of chlorofluorocarbons 11 and 12 in water and seawater".

8455: 8192: 7582: 6572: 4795: 3603: 2117:. This "atmospheric window" absorption is intensified by the low concentration of each individual CFC. Because CO 1025: 735: 498: 80: 4140:

Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World (The Global Century Series)

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Since the late 1970s, the use of CFCs has been heavily regulated because of their destructive effects on the

1730: 1707: 1106:(R-12). R-12 is also commonly called Freon and was used as a refrigerant. Many CFCs have been widely used as 970: 420: 4559: 1437: 1329:

Hydro-chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs): when derived from methane and ethane these compounds have the formula CCl

8834: 8829: 8241: 7990: 7970: 7722: 6356: 5795: 4366: 508: 360: 335: 130: 4541:"HFCs and PFCs: Current and Future Supply, Demand and Emissions, plus Emissions of CFCs, HCFCs and Halons" 4214: 2027:). The radical Cl is long-lived in the upper atmosphere, where it catalyzes the conversion of ozone into O 8879: 8346: 8000: 2501: 1818: 1795: 619: 370: 5048: 4432:"Ozone hole-forming chemical emissions increasing and mysterious source in East Asia may be responsible" 8774: 8674: 8597: 8005: 7835: 7665: 6975: 6565: 6270: 5832: 5714: 2452: 2378: 2201: 1642: 1494:, which are common for ethane and propane derivatives, are indicated by letters following the numbers: 1155: 1018: 375: 225: 2400: 2311:

nations agreed to ban the production of all CFCs by the end of the century. In 1990, diplomats met in

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Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): when derived from methane and ethane these compounds have the formulae CCl

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pressure of an individual compound and the ratio of the partial pressure of CFCs to each other (or SF

2665: 2235: 2162: 750: 715: 675: 328: 295: 145: 5556:

Bu, Xin; Warner, Mark J. (July 1995). "Solubility of chlorofluorocarbon 113 in water and seawater".

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Domestic Sources of International Environmental Policy: Industry, Environmentalists, and U.S. Power

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The physical properties of CFCs and HCFCs are tunable by changes in the number and identity of the

1167: 1119: 745: 365: 300: 237: 8684: 8450: 7980: 7531: 7485: 6258: 5306: 4970:"A decrease in radiative forcing and equivalent effective chlorine from hydrochlorofluorocarbons" 4061: 3227: 2096: 1541: 1294: 1279: 1103: 775: 730: 350: 8894: 8643: 8033: 7385: 6320: 6287: 6233: 4997: 2023:

The chlorine atom, written often as Cl, behaves very differently from the chlorine molecule (Cl

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chlorofluorocarbons as the only gases that could be used as refrigerants in public buildings.

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Ramanathan, V (1975). "Greenhouse Effect Due to Chlorofluorocarbons: Climatic Implications".

3278: 3240:) is derived, it is then compared to the atmospheric time histories for CFC-11, CFC-12, or SF 2272: 2197: 1603: 1583: 1286: 1210: 883: 725: 591: 503: 200: 5796:

Process using pyrolysis in an ultra high temperature plasma arc, for the elimination of CFCs

5023: 4750:"A history of chemically and radiatively important gases in air deduced from ALE/GAGE/AGAGE" 3581: 2263:

gives them a lifespan that can exceed 100 years, giving them time to diffuse into the upper

8420: 8075: 7771: 7461: 6906: 6403: 6395: 6249: 6157: 6140: 6110: 6074: 5635: 5600: 5565: 5525: 5487: 5396: 5349: 4876: 4761: 4299: 3809: 3753: 3702: 3667: 3321: 2516: 2111: 1443: 425: 158: 20: 5763: 8: 8487: 8425: 8392: 8331: 8263: 8128: 8123: 8101: 7675: 6767: 6148: 5955: 5456: 5408: 2104: 2048:

CFCs (CFC11 and CFC12) will continue to persist for many further decades into the future.

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Rusch, George M. (2018). "The development of environmentally acceptable fluorocarbons".

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Velders, G. J. M.; Andersen, S. O.; Daniel, J. S.; Fahey, D. W.; McFarland, M. (2007).

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The age of a water parcel can be estimated by the CFC partial pressure (pCFC) age or SF

2800: 2719: 2308: 2247: 2157: 2136:

Groups are actively disposing of legacy CFCs to reduce their impact on the atmosphere.

2100: 2092: 994: 755: 631: 393: 175: 115: 32: 5647: 5113: 3556: 2794: 8689: 8549: 8369: 8278: 8246: 8163: 8116: 8043: 8015: 7784: 7779: 7577: 7451: 7421: 7179: 6801: 6495: 6003: 5973: 5783: 5674: 5577: 5499: 5460: 5315: 5305:

Plummer, L. N.; Busenberg, E. (2006). "Chlorofluorocarbons in aquatic environments".

5152: 5117: 4921: 4904: 4606: 4356: 4190:"NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory - Halocarbons and other Atmospheric Trace Species" 4143: 4120: 4110: 4080: 3840: 3779: 3557:"NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory - Halocarbons and other Atmospheric Trace Species" 3485: 3451: 3418: 2615: 2425: 2389: 2358: 2336: 2307:, which called for drastic reductions in the production of CFCs. On 2 March 1989, 12 2304: 2084: 2053: 1361: 1143: 1139: 1135: 643: 566: 559: 513: 380: 170: 165: 75: 5164: 4545:

IPCC/TEAP Special Report: Safeguarding the Ozone Layer and the Global Climate System

4326: 3730: 2279: 8633: 8534: 8492: 8460: 8354: 8308: 8268: 8175: 8143: 8111: 8096: 8080: 8055: 7840: 7794: 7156: 6650: 6588: 6217: 6024: 5666: 5643: 5608: 5573: 5533: 5495: 5452: 5404: 5357: 5279: 5144: 5109: 4977: 4943:"India achieves complete phase out of one the most potent ozone depleting chemical" 4894: 4884: 4769: 4638: 4512: 4311: 4307: 4169: 3986: 3821: 3817: 3769: 3761: 3710: 3675: 3477: 3443: 3410: 3329: 2421: 2405: 2088: 2035:

atoms are even more efficient catalysts; hence brominated CFCs are also regulated.

903: 800: 740: 626: 579: 528: 488: 463: 448: 430: 405: 345: 230: 180: 5812: 5537: 5148: 4240:"Back from the brink: how the world rapidly sealed a deal to save the ozone layer" 3481: 2844:

as a tracer resolves the water dating issues due to decreased CFC concentrations.

2461: 8839: 8497: 8407: 8373: 8258: 8212: 8138: 8065: 7985: 7888: 7830: 7685: 7375: 7134: 7129: 7112: 7095: 6896: 6645: 5982: 5943: 5877: 5802: 5790: 5700: 5087: 5068: 4929: 4819: 4799: 4731: 4563: 4383: 3447: 2519:(MDI), a non-ozone effecting substitute was developed as a propellant, known as " 2231: 2077: 2057: 2003:

The reaction of the CFCs which is responsible for the depletion of ozone, is the

1127: 688: 648: 518: 483: 415: 355: 283: 220: 120: 3714: 3679: 8810: 8544: 8430: 8387: 8381: 8377: 8222: 8207: 8158: 8148: 8060: 7914: 7670: 7641: 7446: 7441: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7100: 7067: 6851: 6833: 6823: 6050: 6012: 5080: 4982: 4969: 4264: 2836:) have rapidly increased in the atmosphere since the 1970s. Similar to CFCs, SF 2436: 2417: 2382: 2374: 2255: 2239: 2169: 2126: 1006: 810: 710: 665: 658: 653: 410: 105: 5361: 4642: 4556:

Chlorofluorocarbons: An Overlooked Climate Threat, EESI Congressional Briefing

2295:

By 1987, in response to a dramatic seasonal depletion of the ozone layer over

2242:

was the first to detect the widespread presence of CFCs in the air, finding a

8823: 8795: 8564: 8465: 8251: 8180: 7952: 7700: 7564: 7466: 7414: 7345: 7231: 7221: 7216: 7206: 7201: 7151: 7146: 7062: 7057: 7047: 6901: 6856: 6818: 6806: 6777: 6655: 6033: 5935: 5894: 5885: 5204: 4325:

Auer, Charles; Kover, Frank; Aidala, James; Greenwood, Marks (1 March 2016).

3602:. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Spring 2023. 3414: 2444: 2243: 2153: 1275: 989: 825: 315: 310: 305: 63: 4889: 4124: 4036:"NASA Study: First Direct Proof of Ozone Hole Recovery Due to Chemicals Ban" 3774: 2443:

summit. Developing nations were given until 2030. Many nations, such as the

8585: 8559: 8539: 8363: 8326: 8290: 7926: 7873: 7749: 7705: 7690: 7619: 7397: 7284: 7279: 7256: 7007: 6846: 6772: 6709: 6704: 6682: 6638: 6623: 6613: 5903: 5693: 5464: 5254: 5156: 5121: 4968:

Matt; Weiss, Ray F.; Prinn, Ronald G.; Montzka, Stephen A. (11 June 2024).

4908: 3783: 2505: 2492: 2484: 2264: 2259: 2193: 1107: 1061: 858: 820: 805: 636: 601: 546: 265: 125: 3655: 8522: 8517: 8202: 8197: 8168: 8133: 8106: 7636: 7456: 7409: 7370: 7251: 7139: 7124: 7119: 7107: 6672: 6667: 6633: 6628: 6618: 6596: 5912: 5848: 4998:"Emissions of several ozone-depleting chemicals are larger than expected" 4774: 4749: 2284: 2268: 2214: 1271: 1177: 1111: 1064: 780: 478: 458: 95: 4487: 3310:"Hydrocarbon pollution of the sea and its influence on marine organisms" 8699: 8316: 7631: 7624: 7607: 7592: 7365: 7356: 7236: 7191: 7087: 7052: 7042: 6982: 6918: 6841: 6789: 6132: 6058: 4174: 4157: 3722: 3438:

Plummer, L. Niel; Busenberg, Eurybiades (2000). "Chlorofluorocarbons".

3334: 3309: 2595: 2296: 2180: 2080:

due to the relative transparency of the atmosphere within this region.

1234: 1214: 1131: 830: 586: 90: 5612: 4788: 4629:

Smith, Brigitte (1998). "Ethics of Du Pont's CFC Strategy 1975–1995".

3990: 3765: 3595: 8628: 8580: 8554: 8502: 8336: 8298: 8048: 8038: 7710: 7572: 7547: 7332: 7246: 7211: 7196: 7184: 7027: 7002: 6811: 6179: 2611: 2129:

with a much higher potential to enhance the greenhouse effect than CO

1364:

have formulae similar to the CFCs and HCFCs but also include bromine.

1270:

carbon as well as related compounds containing bromine. Uses include

1237: 898: 853: 815: 765: 700: 606: 70: 40: 6557: 5081:

Use of Ozone Depleting Substances in Laboratories. TemaNord 516/2003

2470:

Freon tanks awaiting CFC reclamation and container recycling in 2012

8273: 8217: 7878: 7727: 7695: 7340: 7294: 7261: 6957: 6863: 6737: 6692: 6677: 6204: 2795:

Development of Hydrofluoroolefins as alternatives to CFCs and HCFCs

2497: 2440: 2432:

and the recognition of halocarbon contributions to climate change.

2319: 2300: 1458: 1123: 1080: 1076: 1072: 270: 4384:"S. Korea to ban import, production of freon, halon gases in 2010" 1134:, the manufacture of such compounds has been phased out under the 8234: 7737: 7715: 7602: 7597: 7302: 7226: 7077: 7072: 7037: 7022: 7017: 6987: 6970: 6794: 6721: 6687: 5864: 5856: 4555: 4005:"One overlooked way to fight climate change? Dispose of old CFCs" 3625:

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report

3506:"Ice Breaker: Refrigerant Numbering System Explained | ACHR News" 3404: 2251: 2206: 2087:

from CFCs and other unreactive fluorine-containing gases such as

2063: 2032: 1376: 1368: 1184: 1173: 1115: 1096: 1088: 50: 5229: 2822: 1453:

1, and the next value to the left is the number of carbon atoms

8638: 8618: 8512: 8187: 7680: 7390: 7322: 7166: 6875: 6868: 6762: 6743: 6732: 6716: 6662: 5817: 4865:"The importance of the Montreal Protocol in protecting climate" 2859: 2512:

methods have replaced the use of CFCs in laboratory analytics.

2462:

Properly collecting, controlling, and destroying CFCs and HCFCs

2385:

in 1997. Permitted chlorofluoroalkane uses are medicinal only.

2312: 2200:

was conducted under the auspices of the US Armed Forces, while

1491: 1380: 1372: 1188: 1151: 1147: 1092: 1068: 908: 888: 795: 785: 493: 8648: 8590: 7931: 7863: 7761: 7653: 7271: 7241: 7174: 7032: 6997: 6992: 6965: 6913: 6880: 6784: 6608: 3646: 3470: 1487: 918: 863: 255: 7516: 5255:"Automobile Air Conditioners and Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)" 5205:"What are HFO Refrigerants? Their Benefits and Applications" 4805: 2073: 1300: 8623: 7744: 7732: 7648: 6699: 5431:

Fine, Rana A. (15 January 2011). "Observations of CFCs and

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Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer

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Freon 113, R-113, CFC-113, 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane

1138:, and they are being replaced with other products such as 5625: 4265:"Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer" 1457:

one (zeroes are not stated), and the remaining atoms are

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CFCs negatively affecting stratospheric ozone production

5628:

Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers

5590: 5558:

Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers

5480:

Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers

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Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers

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Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer

2185: 1161: 5335: 5333: 5331: 3351:"Ozone layer treaty could tackle super polluting HFCs" 4834:"A Novel Tactic in Climate Fight Gains Some Traction" 4062:"Scientists discover the source of new CFC emissions" 3790: 2965: 2881: 2872:) age. The pCFC age of a water sample is defined as: 1712:

Freon 114, R-114, CFC-114, Dichlorotetrafluoroethane

1438:

Refrigerant § Refrigerants by class and R-number

5374: 5314:. International Atomic Energy Agency. pp. 1–8. 5308:

Use of Chlorofluorocarbons in Hydrology: A Guidebook

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Commercial development and use in fire extinguishing

1282:

in medicinal applications, and degreasing solvents.

19:"CFCs" redirects here. For other singular uses, see 5339: 5328: 4697:"Management of Environmental Protection in Defence" 3230:and the logarithmic Setchenow salinity dependence. 2630:)); HFC 410 (a 1:1 azeotropic mixture of HFC-32 (CF 1758:Freon 115, R-115, CFC-115, Chloropentafluoroethane 5515: 5099: 4932:. Epa.gov (28 June 2006). Retrieved on 2011-09-24. 3656:"The HITRAN 2008 molecular spectroscopic database" 3314:Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 3191: 2940: 1490:containing bromine are signified by four numbers. 3799: 1383:, these compounds have the respective formulae CF 8821: 5304: 5298: 5002:MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology 4657:"Phaseout of Class I Ozone-Depleting Substances" 3743: 3437: 2411: 4869:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4831: 5717:. International Programme on Chemical Safety. 3835:Harnung, Sven E.; Johnson, Matthew S. (2012). 3834: 3588: 3474:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 3407:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2813: 2287:, if chlorofluorocarbons had not been banned. 7532: 6573: 5833: 3596:"The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI)" 3440:Environmental Tracers in Subsurface Hydrology 2755:Solvents, degreasing agents, cleaning agents 2038: 1367:Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs): when derived from 1026: 5511: 5509: 4754:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 4734:. Halon.org. Retrieved on 24 September 2011. 4513:"Phase out of Halons : Firesafe.org.uk" 4327:Toxic Substances: A Half Century of Progress 4033: 3249:partial pressure to a CFC partial pressure. 2860:Partial pressure and ratio dating techniques 5779:Class II Ozone-Depleting Substances (HCFCs) 5551: 5549: 5547: 5477: 5471: 4566:. Eesi.org. Retrieved on 24 September 2011. 4345:Illegal Trade in Ozone Depleting Substances 3839:. Cambridge University Press. p. 365. 3737: 3236:Once the partial pressure of the CFC (or SF 2283:NASA projection of stratospheric ozone, in 8865:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 7539: 7525: 6580: 6566: 5840: 5826: 5661:Tsai, W.T. (2014). "Chlorofluorocarbons". 3692: 2508:, HFOs, and HFC-345a before January 2020. 1948:1,1-Dichloro-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropane 1033: 1019: 49: 5506: 4981: 4898: 4888: 4773: 4624: 4622: 4215:"Chlorofluorocarbons and Ozone Depletion" 4173: 3773: 3333: 3271: 1974:1,3-Dichloro-1,2,2,3,3-pentafluoropropane 1301:Classes of compounds and Numbering System 5555: 5544: 5230:"Association of Equipment Manufacturers" 5071:. (PDF). Retrieved on 24 September 2011. 4600: 4288: 4104: 4098: 3529: 2465: 2351: 2318: 2278: 2271:radiation is strong enough to cause the 2184: 2062: 2042: 1289:are produced annually as a precursor to 8680:Pollutant release and transfer register 5715:"Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons" 5593:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 5426: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5418: 4742: 4740: 4155: 4137: 4131: 3307: 2941:{\displaystyle pCFC={\frac {}{F(T,S)}}} 2529:Applications and replacements for CFCs 2416:Hydrofluorocarbons are included in the 1911:1-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane 8822: 4619: 4353:United Nations Environmental Programme 4078: 4072: 4042:from the original on 24 September 2020 3464: 2475:mitigate catastrophic climate change. 2392:and guidelines of the European Union. 2364: 2330:United Nations Environmental Programme 2267:. Once in the stratosphere, the sun's 1929:2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 1731:1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 1708:1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 1238:2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 1126:. As a result of CFCs contributing to 7520: 6587: 6561: 5821: 5134: 4628: 3532:"Numbering of refrigerants • Darment" 3348: 2545:Refrigeration & air-conditioning 1685:1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane 1662:1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 1293:, the monomer that is converted into 8770: 8011:Electromagnetic radiation and health 5660: 5457:10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163933 5430: 5415: 5179:"The Environmental Benefits of HFOs" 4791:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 4737: 4442:from the original on 9 November 2020 4156:Shmelev, Stanislav (December 2002). 3634:from the original on 13 October 2017 3342: 2479:Development of alternatives for CFCs 1754:1-Chloro-1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethane 1647:BCF, Halon 1211, H-1211, Freon 12B1 1162:Structure, properties and production 8786: 8778: 7869:Radium and radon in the environment 5813:Phasing out halons in extinguishers 5784:History of halon-use by the US Navy 5202: 4832:Broder, John M. (9 November 2010). 4412:from the original on 5 October 2020 3746:The Journal of Physical Chemistry A 1431: 1357:, where m, n, x, and y are nonzero. 261:Radium and radon in the environment 13: 5774:Class I Ozone-Depleting Substances 5671:10.1016/B978-0-12-386454-3.01118-0 5409:10.1023/B:JOCE.0000009600.12070.1a 3530:Sievänen, Esa (26 February 2020). 3289:from the original on 19 March 2021 2651:Propellants in medicinal aerosols 1777:2-Chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane 14: 8906: 5728: 4332:(Report). EPA Alumni Association. 3606:from the original on 24 May 2023. 2827:tracer-derived age of ocean water 2342: 8804: 8794: 8785: 8777: 8769: 8757: 8756: 5847: 5735: 5721:from the original on 5 May 2012. 5203:Dey, Anup Kumar (11 July 2023). 4844:from the original on 20 May 2013 4724:Welcome to the Halon Corporation 4462:"Halon essential use exemptions" 1496: 1000: 988: 7583:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 5712: 5706: 5687: 5654: 5619: 5584: 5445:Annual Review of Marine Science 5387:, CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-113". 5368: 5272: 5247: 5222: 5196: 5171: 5128: 5093: 5074: 5061:"Greenpeace, Cool Technologies" 5054: 5042: 5016: 4990: 4960: 4935: 4915: 4856: 4782: 4717: 4689: 4663: 4649: 4601:DeSombre, Elizabeth R. (2000). 4594: 4569: 4549: 4530: 4505: 4480: 4454: 4424: 4394: 4376: 4336: 4318: 4282: 4257: 4232: 4207: 4182: 4079:Bellis, Mary (12 August 2016). 4054: 4034:Samson Reiny (4 January 2018). 4027: 4011:. 29 April 2019. Archived from 3997: 3853: 3828: 3686: 3610: 3574: 3549: 3349:Darby, Megan (19 August 2014). 2234:. After the development of his 1264: 1240:("halothane") is illustrative: 1176:, carbon in the CFCs bond with 81:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 5137:Critical Reviews in Toxicology 4577:"The cool way to destroy CFCs" 4312:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.05.042 3822:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.063 3523: 3498: 3431: 3398: 3373: 3301: 2932: 2920: 2912: 2900: 2430:Global Warming Potential (GWP) 2222:human safety for restriction. 1889:1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane 1866:Tetrachloro-1,1-difluoroethane 1842:Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane 950:Least polluted cities by PM2.5 1: 8071:Electrical resistance heating 7546: 5648:10.1016/S0967-0637(01)00051-6 5538:10.1016/j.marchem.2010.03.008 5149:10.1080/10408444.2018.1504276 5114:10.1016/S0149-2918(00)88482-9 4142:. W. W. Norton. p. 421. 4081:"Where Does Freon Come From?" 3837:Chemistry and the Environment 3482:10.1002/14356007.a06_233.pub2 3265: 2412:Phasing-out of HFCs and HCFCs 2225: 2052:CFCs were phased out via the 1870:Freon 112a, R-112a, CFC-112a 1689:Freon 113a, R-113a, CFC-113a 421:Electrical resistance heating 7723:Persistent organic pollutant 5578:10.1016/0967-0637(95)00052-8 5500:10.1016/0198-0149(85)90099-8 5183:sustainability.honeywell.com 4675:Ministry for the Environment 4671:"Ozone depleting substances" 4162:Journal of Political Ecology 3979:Geophysical Research Letters 3472:"Chlorinated Hydrocarbons". 3448:10.1007/978-1-4615-4557-6_15 2420:and are regulated under the 1998: 131:Persistent organic pollutant 55:Air pollution from a factory 7: 8885:Environmental controversies 8733:Least polluted cities by PM 4812:Freon : 1930. In Depth 3715:10.1126/science.190.4209.50 3680:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2009.02.013 2814:Tracer of ocean circulation 2502:1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1819:1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane 1796:1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1102:The most common example is 10: 8911: 8675:Pollution haven hypothesis 8598:Brain health and pollution 7836:Ecological light pollution 7666:Internal combustion engine 5694:Material Safety Data Sheet 5663:Encyclopedia of Toxicology 5086:February 27, 2008, at the 5049:acp.copernicus.org article 4983:10.1038/s41558-024-02038-7 4631:Journal of Business Ethics 4408:(in German). 16 May 2018. 2798: 2379:volatile organic compounds 2323:Ozone-depleting gas trends 2146: 2039:Impact as greenhouse gases 1893:Freon 113, R-113, CFC-113 1846:Freon 112, R-112, CFC-112 1643:Bromochlorodifluoromethane 1441: 1435: 1165: 18: 16:Class of organic compounds 8754: 8708: 8657: 8606: 8573: 8478:Nonpoint source pollution 8406: 8398:War and environmental law 8345: 8307: 8289: 8089: 8024: 7961: 7887: 7856: 7821: 7805: 7770: 7757:Volatile organic compound 7563: 7554: 7475: 7434: 7354: 7331: 7293: 7270: 7165: 7086: 6956: 6933: 6889: 6832: 6755: 6730: 6595: 6544: 6216: 6049: 5934: 5876: 5855: 5362:10.1016/j.dsr.2008.03.014 4789:"Ozone Layer Depletion", 4605:. MIT Press. p. 93. 4219:American Chemical Society 4105:Carlisle, Rodney (2004). 3252: 2693:Blowing agents for foams 2528: 2401:hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) 2236:electron capture detector 2163:American Chemical Society 1499: 1285:Billions of kilograms of 676:War and environmental law 296:Health effects from noise 146:Volatile organic compound 7937:Marine mammals and sonar 7848:Radio spectrum pollution 3415:10.1002/14356007.a11_349 1627:Freon 31, R-31, HCFC-31 1168:Organofluorine chemistry 1120:gaseous fire suppression 1054:hydrochlorofluorocarbons 301:Marine mammals and sonar 8783:WikiProject Environment 8741:Most polluted countries 8685:Polluter pays principle 8416:Agricultural wastewater 7486:chemical classification 5703:. National Refrigerants 5389:Journal of Oceanography 4890:10.1073/pnas.0610328104 4643:10.1023/A:1005789810145 4292:Atmospheric Environment 3802:Atmospheric Environment 3308:Mironov, O. G. (1968). 2428:due to their very high 2381:(VOC) directive of the 1569:Freon-13, R-13, CFC-13 1546:Freon-12, R-12, CFC-12 1542:Dichlorodifluoromethane 1526:Freon-11, R-11, CFC-11 1104:dichlorodifluoromethane 776:Freshwater salinization 696:Agricultural wastewater 8801:Environment portal 8034:Agricultural pollution 4922:HCFC Phaseout Schedule 4138:McNeill, J.R. (2001). 3193: 2942: 2622:CHF2) and HFC-143a (CF 2487:ozone were published. 2471: 2324: 2292: 2189: 2068: 2049: 2005:photo-induced scission 1565:Chlorotrifluoromethane 1522:Trichlorofluoromethane 1199:) and −128 °C (CF 1060:) are fully or partly 995:Environment portal 8456:Industrial wastewater 8322:Clutter (advertising) 8230:Municipal solid waste 8076:Soil guideline values 7920:Sustainable transport 7813:Information pollution 7613:Open burning of waste 7493:chemical nomenclature 5102:Clinical Therapeutics 4974:Nature Climate Change 4802:accessed 25 June 2008 4488:"| Ozone Secretariat" 3194: 2943: 2868:partial pressure (pSF 2517:Metered-dose inhalers 2469: 2453:resisted such efforts 2451:, who had previously 2352:Regulation and DuPont 2322: 2303:forged a treaty, the 2282: 2188: 2066: 2056:due to their part in 2046: 1604:Chlorodifluoromethane 1584:Dichlorofluoromethane 1427:, where m is nonzero. 1326:, where m is nonzero. 1287:chlorodifluoromethane 1211:chlorodifluoromethane 736:Industrial wastewater 504:Municipal solid waste 426:Soil guideline values 8855:Halogenated solvents 8728:Most polluted cities 8421:Biological pollution 8332:Overhead power lines 5764:Gas conversion table 5665:. pp. 883–884. 4775:10.1029/2000JD900141 4760:(D14): 17751–17792. 3442:. pp. 441–478. 3381:"Hydrofluoroolefins" 3228:Van 't Hoff equation 2963: 2879: 2537:Previously used CFC 2078:"atmospheric window" 2076:—referred to as the 1978:R-225cb, HCFC-225cb 1951:R-225ca, HCFC-225ca 1444:List of refrigerants 945:Most polluted cities 597:Overhead power lines 21:CFC (disambiguation) 8835:Aerosol propellants 8830:Chlorofluorocarbons 8791:WikiProject Ecology 8488:Ocean acidification 8393:Unexploded ordnance 8264:Post-consumer waste 8124:Foam food container 8102:Biodegradable waste 7676:Global distillation 6949:not C, H or O) 5640:2002DSRI...49..175B 5605:1991JGR....96.8733W 5570:1995DSRI...42.1151B 5530:2010MarCh.121..100M 5492:1985DSRA...32.1485W 5443:as Ocean Tracers". 5401:2003JOce...59..719W 5354:2008DSRI...55.1063B 5280:"Phasing Down HFCs" 4881:2007PNAS..104.4814V 4766:2000JGR...10517751P 4517:www.firesafe.org.uk 4390:. 23 December 2009. 4304:2008AtmEn..42.7706L 4244:rapidtransition.org 3814:2009AtmEn..43...37R 3758:2009JPCA..11312694B 3752:(45): 12694–12699. 3707:1975Sci...190...50R 3672:2009JQSRT.110..533R 3326:1968HWM....17..335M 3245:the ratio of the SF 2377:in 1994 and by the 2365:Phasing-out of CFCs 2335:By the time of the 1623:Chlorofluoromethane 1513:Boiling point (°C) 1291:tetrafluoroethylene 1280:aerosol propellants 1046:Chlorofluorocarbons 761:Ocean acidification 671:Unexploded ordnance 592:Advertising clutter 524:Post-consumer waste 469:Foam food container 454:Biodegradable waste 111:Global distillation 8880:Belgian inventions 8811:Ecology portal 8695:Waste minimisation 8670:Industrial ecology 8665:Cleaner production 8483:Nutrient pollution 8360:Herbicidal warfare 8154:Construction waste 7790:Introduced species 7661:Indoor air quality 7588:Chlorofluorocarbon 7391:Hypervalent iodine 5801:2016-04-15 at the 5789:2000-08-19 at the 5753:Chlorofluorocarbon 5699:2011-02-08 at the 5067:2008-07-06 at the 4928:2009-07-16 at the 4838:The New York Times 4818:2011-03-19 at the 4798:2008-09-19 at the 4730:2009-09-19 at the 4562:2009-12-04 at the 4468:. 23 February 2023 4175:10.2458/v9i1.21636 3335:10.1007/BF01611234 3260:cardiac arrhythmia 3189: 2938: 2801:Hydrofluoroolefins 2734:); HFC-365 mfc (CF 2610:); HFC-507 (a 1:1 2472: 2325: 2309:European Community 2293: 2190: 2158:Thomas Midgley Jr. 2101:bromofluorocarbons 2069: 2050: 1823:R-142b, HCFC-142b 1800:R-141b, HCFC-141b 1362:bromofluorocarbons 1144:hydrofluoroolefins 1140:hydrofluorocarbons 1007:Ecology portal 632:Herbicidal warfare 176:Introduced species 116:Indoor air quality 86:Chlorofluorocarbon 8817: 8816: 8690:Pollution control 8370:Nuclear holocaust 8279:Thermal treatment 8247:Plastic pollution 8164:Mercury poisoning 8117:Battery recycling 8016:Radioactive waste 7785:Genetic pollution 7780:Biological hazard 7578:Air quality index 7514: 7513: 7452:Sulfenyl chloride 7430: 7429: 6929: 6928: 6748:(only C, H and O) 6589:Functional groups 6555: 6554: 5680:978-0-12-386455-0 5613:10.1029/91JC00104 5599:(C5): 8733–8740. 5486:(12): 1485–1497. 5321:978-92-0-100805-3 5030:. 6 February 2020 4612:978-0-262-04179-9 4436:Independent.co.uk 4372:on 22 March 2012. 4362:978-92-807-2815-6 4149:978-0-393-32183-8 3991:10.1029/95GL00488 3846:978-1-107-02155-6 3766:10.1021/jp905097g 3666:(9–10): 533–572. 3457:978-1-4613-7057-4 3424:978-3-527-30385-4 3361:on 19 August 2014 3285:. 19 March 2021. 3172: 3140: 3082: 3050: 3013: 2936: 2792: 2791: 2708:); HCFC-141b (CCl 2638:) and HFC-125 (CF 2564:); HCFC-22 (CHClF 2521:hydrofluoroalkane 2426:Montreal Protocol 2390:Montreal Protocol 2359:Montreal Protocol 2337:Montreal Protocol 2305:Montreal Protocol 2085:greenhouse effect 2054:Montreal Protocol 1996: 1995: 1735:CFC-114a, R-114a 1146:(HFOs) including 1136:Montreal Protocol 1083:(F), produced as 1043: 1042: 978: 977: 644:Nuclear holocaust 567:Urban heat island 381:Radioactive waste 166:Biological hazard 76:Air quality index 8902: 8850:Greenhouse gases 8809: 8808: 8807: 8799: 8798: 8789: 8788: 8781: 8780: 8773: 8772: 8760: 8759: 8634:Legacy pollution 8493:Oil exploitation 8355:Chemical warfare 8269:Waste management 8176:Industrial waste 8144:Biomedical waste 8112:Electronic waste 8097:Advertising mail 8081:Phytoremediation 8056:Land degradation 7841:Overillumination 7795:Invasive species 7541: 7534: 7527: 7518: 7517: 7481: 7386:Trifluoromethoxy 6954: 6953: 6950: 6753: 6752: 6749: 6602: 6582: 6575: 6568: 6559: 6558: 6218:Tetrasubstituted 5842: 5835: 5828: 5819: 5818: 5808:Freon in car A/C 5769:Nomenclature FAQ 5739: 5738: 5723: 5722: 5710: 5704: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5623: 5617: 5616: 5588: 5582: 5581: 5564:(7): 1151–1161. 5553: 5542: 5541: 5524:(1–4): 100–111. 5518:Marine Chemistry 5513: 5504: 5503: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5428: 5413: 5412: 5386: 5385: 5384: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5348:(8): 1063–1074. 5337: 5326: 5325: 5313: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5097: 5091: 5078: 5072: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5028:Project Drawdown 5020: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5009: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4939: 4933: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4902: 4892: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4829: 4823: 4809: 4803: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4744: 4735: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4701: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4653: 4647: 4646: 4626: 4617: 4616: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4573: 4567: 4553: 4547: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4365:. Archived from 4350: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4154:(as reviewed in 4153: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4015:on 29 April 2019 4001: 3995: 3994: 3976: 3975: 3974: 3966: 3965: 3955: 3954: 3953: 3945: 3944: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3924: 3923: 3913: 3912: 3911: 3903: 3902: 3892: 3891: 3890: 3882: 3881: 3871: 3870: 3869: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3797: 3788: 3787: 3777: 3775:2060/20110023746 3741: 3735: 3734: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3633: 3622: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3582:"Halons Program" 3578: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3510:www.achrnews.com 3502: 3496: 3495: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3385:GAB Neumann GmbH 3377: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3357:. Archived from 3346: 3340: 3339: 3337: 3320:(1–4): 335–339. 3305: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3279:"Climate Change" 3275: 3198: 3196: 3195: 3190: 3188: 3184: 3183: 3182: 3177: 3173: 3165: 3158: 3157: 3145: 3141: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3114: 3113: 3093: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3075: 3068: 3067: 3055: 3051: 3043: 3031: 3030: 3018: 3014: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2987: 2986: 2947: 2945: 2944: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2915: 2898: 2847:Using CFCs or SF 2762:F); CFC-113 (CCl 2576:); CFC-114 (CClF 2526: 2422:Kigali Amendment 2406:air conditioning 2375:greenhouse gases 2289:Animated version 2127:greenhouse gases 2089:perfluorocarbons 2007:of a C-Cl bond: 1781:R-124, HCFC-124 1505:Systematic name 1497: 1432:Numbering system 1035: 1028: 1021: 1005: 1004: 1003: 993: 992: 924: 923: 627:Chemical warfare 529:Waste management 489:Industrial waste 464:Electronic waste 449:Advertising mail 431:Phytoremediation 406:Land degradation 346:Depleted uranium 231:Overillumination 181:Invasive species 53: 43: 28: 27: 8910: 8909: 8905: 8904: 8903: 8901: 8900: 8899: 8870:Ozone depletion 8820: 8819: 8818: 8813: 8805: 8803: 8793: 8750: 8736: 8704: 8653: 8602: 8569: 8508:Pharmaceuticals 8498:Oil exploration 8402: 8374:Nuclear fallout 8341: 8303: 8285: 8259:Packaging waste 8213:Deep sea mining 8139:Hazardous waste 8085: 8066:Open defecation 8020: 7986:Nuclear fallout 7981:Nuclear fission 7957: 7883: 7852: 7823:Electromagnetic 7817: 7801: 7766: 7686:Ozone depletion 7559: 7550: 7545: 7515: 7510: 7479: 7471: 7426: 7381:Trichloromethyl 7376:Trifluoromethyl 7350: 7327: 7289: 7266: 7161: 7130:Phosphine oxide 7082: 6948: 6946: 6945: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6925: 6885: 6828: 6747: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6726: 6600: 6599: 6591: 6586: 6556: 6551: 6540: 6536: 6528: 6520: 6516: 6507: 6499: 6491: 6483: 6474: 6465: 6457: 6453: 6444: 6436: 6432: 6423: 6415: 6407: 6399: 6391: 6382: 6373: 6365: 6351: 6342: 6333: 6324: 6316: 6312: 6303: 6295: 6291: 6282: 6274: 6266: 6262: 6253: 6245: 6237: 6229: 6212: 6208: 6200: 6191: 6183: 6175: 6161: 6152: 6144: 6136: 6128: 6114: 6095: 6086: 6078: 6070: 6062: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6028: 6020: 6016: 6007: 5998: 5990: 5986: 5977: 5968: 5959: 5951: 5947: 5930: 5925: 5916: 5907: 5898: 5889: 5878:Monosubstituted 5872: 5868: 5851: 5846: 5803:Wayback Machine 5791:Wayback Machine 5760: 5759: 5758: 5740: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5711: 5707: 5701:Wayback Machine 5692: 5688: 5681: 5659: 5655: 5624: 5620: 5589: 5585: 5554: 5545: 5514: 5507: 5476: 5472: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5416: 5383: 5380: 5379: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5369: 5338: 5329: 5322: 5311: 5303: 5299: 5289: 5287: 5286:. 9 August 2022 5278: 5277: 5273: 5263: 5261: 5259:p2infohouse.org 5253: 5252: 5248: 5238: 5236: 5228: 5227: 5223: 5213: 5211: 5201: 5197: 5187: 5185: 5177: 5176: 5172: 5133: 5129: 5098: 5094: 5088:Wayback Machine 5079: 5075: 5069:Wayback Machine 5059: 5055: 5047: 5043: 5033: 5031: 5022: 5021: 5017: 5007: 5005: 5004:. 17 March 2020 4996: 4995: 4991: 4965: 4961: 4951: 4949: 4941: 4940: 4936: 4930:Wayback Machine 4920: 4916: 4861: 4857: 4847: 4845: 4830: 4826: 4820:Wayback Machine 4810: 4806: 4800:Wayback Machine 4787: 4783: 4745: 4738: 4732:Wayback Machine 4722: 4718: 4708: 4706: 4699: 4695: 4694: 4690: 4680: 4678: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4659:. 22 July 2015. 4655: 4654: 4650: 4627: 4620: 4613: 4599: 4595: 4585: 4583: 4575: 4574: 4570: 4564:Wayback Machine 4554: 4550: 4536:Campbell, Nick 4535: 4531: 4521: 4519: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4496: 4494: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4471: 4469: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4445: 4443: 4438:. 16 May 2018. 4430: 4429: 4425: 4415: 4413: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4382: 4381: 4377: 4369: 4363: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4337: 4329: 4323: 4319: 4287: 4283: 4273: 4271: 4263: 4262: 4258: 4248: 4246: 4238: 4237: 4233: 4223: 4221: 4213: 4212: 4208: 4198: 4196: 4188: 4187: 4183: 4150: 4136: 4132: 4117: 4103: 4099: 4089: 4087: 4077: 4073: 4060: 4059: 4055: 4045: 4043: 4032: 4028: 4018: 4016: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3973: 3970: 3969: 3968: 3964: 3961: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3952: 3949: 3948: 3947: 3943: 3940: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3926: 3922: 3919: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3898: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3889: 3886: 3885: 3884: 3880: 3877: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3868: 3865: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3854: 3847: 3833: 3829: 3798: 3791: 3742: 3738: 3701:(4209): 50–52. 3691: 3687: 3651: 3647: 3637: 3635: 3631: 3627:. p. 731. 3620: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3584:. 15 July 2015. 3580: 3579: 3575: 3565: 3563: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3540: 3538: 3528: 3524: 3514: 3512: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3469: 3465: 3458: 3436: 3432: 3425: 3403: 3399: 3389: 3387: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3364: 3362: 3347: 3343: 3306: 3302: 3292: 3290: 3283:The White House 3277: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3255: 3248: 3243: 3239: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3178: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3153: 3149: 3132: 3128: 3122: 3118: 3109: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3088: 3074: 3070: 3069: 3063: 3059: 3042: 3038: 3026: 3022: 3005: 3001: 2995: 2991: 2982: 2978: 2964: 2961: 2960: 2955: 2916: 2899: 2897: 2880: 2877: 2876: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2855: 2850: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2829: 2826: 2816: 2803: 2797: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2700:F); CFC 113 (Cl 2699: 2687: 2683: 2675: 2671: 2661: 2657: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2609: 2605: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2560:F); CFC-13(CClF 2559: 2555: 2551: 2481: 2464: 2414: 2367: 2354: 2345: 2299:, diplomats in 2250:of CFC-11 over 2228: 2205:Beginning with 2183: 2149: 2132: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2108: 2058:ozone depletion 2041: 2030: 2026: 2018: 2014: 2001: 1991: 1987: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1942: 1923: 1906: 1902: 1883: 1879: 1859: 1855: 1836: 1832: 1813: 1809: 1790: 1771: 1767: 1748: 1744: 1725: 1721: 1702: 1698: 1679: 1675: 1656: 1636: 1617: 1597: 1578: 1559: 1555: 1535: 1509: 1500:Principal CFCs 1483: 1479: 1471: 1467: 1446: 1440: 1434: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1303: 1267: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1228: 1224: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1170: 1164: 1128:ozone depletion 1118:applications), 1087:derivatives of 1039: 1001: 999: 987: 980: 979: 879: 871: 870: 844: 836: 835: 771:Pharmaceuticals 751:Nonpoint source 691: 681: 680: 649:Nuclear fallout 622: 612: 611: 582: 572: 571: 562: 552: 551: 542: 534: 533: 519:Packaging waste 484:Hazardous waste 444: 436: 435: 396: 386: 385: 356:Nuclear fallout 351:Nuclear fission 331: 321: 320: 286: 276: 275: 251: 243: 242: 216: 214:Electromagnetic 206: 205: 196: 188: 187: 161: 151: 150: 121:Ozone depletion 66: 56: 41: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8908: 8898: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8815: 8814: 8755: 8752: 8751: 8749: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8734: 8730: 8725: 8723:Law by country 8720: 8714: 8712: 8706: 8705: 8703: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8661: 8659: 8655: 8654: 8652: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8610: 8608: 8604: 8603: 8601: 8600: 8595: 8594: 8593: 8588: 8577: 8575: 8571: 8570: 8568: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8545:Surface runoff 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8526: 8525: 8520: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8469: 8468: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8431:Eutrophication 8428: 8423: 8418: 8412: 8410: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8388:Scorched earth 8385: 8382:nuclear winter 8378:nuclear famine 8367: 8357: 8351: 8349: 8343: 8342: 8340: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8313: 8311: 8305: 8304: 8302: 8301: 8295: 8293: 8287: 8286: 8284: 8283: 8282: 8281: 8276: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8255: 8254: 8244: 8239: 8238: 8237: 8227: 8226: 8225: 8223:Uranium mining 8220: 8215: 8210: 8208:Surface mining 8205: 8200: 8190: 8185: 8184: 8183: 8173: 8172: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8159:Lead poisoning 8156: 8151: 8149:Chemical waste 8146: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8120: 8119: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8093: 8091: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8061:Bioremediation 8058: 8053: 8052: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8030: 8028: 8022: 8021: 8019: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7976:Bioremediation 7973: 7967: 7965: 7959: 7958: 7956: 7955: 7950: 7947: 7944: 7941: 7940: 7939: 7929: 7924: 7923: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897:Transportation 7893: 7891: 7885: 7884: 7882: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7860: 7858: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7850: 7845: 7844: 7843: 7838: 7827: 7825: 7819: 7818: 7816: 7815: 7809: 7807: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7799: 7798: 7797: 7787: 7782: 7776: 7774: 7768: 7767: 7765: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7753: 7752: 7742: 7741: 7740: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7719: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7671:Global dimming 7668: 7663: 7658: 7657: 7656: 7646: 7645: 7644: 7642:Diesel exhaust 7634: 7629: 7628: 7627: 7617: 7616: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7569: 7567: 7561: 7560: 7555: 7552: 7551: 7544: 7543: 7536: 7529: 7521: 7512: 7511: 7509: 7508: 7507: 7506: 7501: 7489: 7482: 7476: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7469: 7467:Sulfinylamines 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7447:Phosphoramides 7444: 7442:Isothiocyanate 7438: 7436: 7432: 7431: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7424: 7419: 7418: 7417: 7407: 7406: 7405: 7395: 7394: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7362: 7360: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7348: 7343: 7337: 7335: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7325: 7320: 7318:Selenenic acid 7315: 7313:Seleninic acid 7310: 7308:Selenonic acid 7305: 7299: 7297: 7291: 7290: 7288: 7287: 7282: 7276: 7274: 7268: 7267: 7265: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7188: 7187: 7177: 7171: 7169: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7143: 7142: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7116: 7115: 7105: 7104: 7103: 7101:Phosphodiester 7092: 7090: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6979: 6978: 6973: 6962: 6960: 6951: 6947:(one element, 6931: 6930: 6927: 6926: 6924: 6923: 6922: 6921: 6911: 6910: 6909: 6904: 6893: 6891: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6872: 6871: 6861: 6860: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6838: 6836: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6826: 6824:Methylenedioxy 6821: 6816: 6815: 6814: 6809: 6799: 6798: 6797: 6792: 6782: 6781: 6780: 6770: 6765: 6759: 6757: 6750: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6713: 6712: 6707: 6697: 6696: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6653: 6643: 6642: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6605: 6603: 6601:(only C and H) 6593: 6592: 6585: 6584: 6577: 6570: 6562: 6553: 6552: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6472: 6468: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6380: 6376: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6345: 6340: 6336: 6331: 6327: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6222: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6155: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6089: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6055: 6053: 6051:Trisubstituted 6047: 6046: 6044: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6005: 6001: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5975: 5971: 5966: 5962: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5940: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5928: 5923: 5919: 5914: 5910: 5905: 5901: 5896: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5880: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5870: 5866: 5861: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5845: 5844: 5837: 5830: 5822: 5816: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5793: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5747:chemical-class 5741: 5734: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5729:External links 5727: 5725: 5724: 5705: 5686: 5679: 5653: 5634:(1): 175–187. 5618: 5583: 5543: 5505: 5470: 5451:(1): 173–195. 5437: 5414: 5395:(5): 719–729. 5381: 5367: 5327: 5320: 5297: 5271: 5246: 5221: 5209:What is Piping 5195: 5170: 5143:(8): 615–665. 5127: 5092: 5073: 5053: 5041: 5015: 4989: 4959: 4934: 4914: 4875:(12): 4814–9. 4855: 4840:. p. A9. 4824: 4804: 4781: 4736: 4716: 4704:service.gov.uk 4688: 4677:. 1 April 2021 4662: 4648: 4637:(1): 103–114. 4618: 4611: 4593: 4568: 4548: 4529: 4504: 4492:ozone.unep.org 4479: 4453: 4423: 4393: 4375: 4361: 4335: 4317: 4281: 4256: 4231: 4206: 4181: 4148: 4130: 4115: 4097: 4071: 4053: 4026: 3996: 3985:(7): 815–818. 3971: 3962: 3950: 3941: 3929: 3920: 3908: 3899: 3887: 3878: 3866: 3852: 3845: 3827: 3789: 3736: 3697:. New Series. 3685: 3645: 3618:"Appendix 8.A" 3609: 3587: 3573: 3548: 3522: 3497: 3490: 3463: 3456: 3430: 3423: 3397: 3372: 3341: 3300: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3254: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3187: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3168: 3163: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3136: 3131: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3078: 3073: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3046: 3041: 3037: 3034: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3009: 3004: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2953: 2949: 2948: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2824: 2821: 2815: 2812: 2799:Main article: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2756: 2752: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2694: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2673: 2669: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2652: 2648: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2607: 2603: 2602:; HFC-134a (CF 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2584:); CFC-115 (CF 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2568:); CFC-113 (Cl 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2542: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2531: 2530: 2480: 2477: 2463: 2460: 2437:United Nations 2418:Kyoto Protocol 2413: 2410: 2366: 2363: 2353: 2350: 2344: 2343:Regulatory gap 2341: 2256:Sherry Rowland 2240:James Lovelock 2227: 2224: 2182: 2179: 2148: 2145: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2106: 2040: 2037: 2028: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1970: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1908: 1907: 1904: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1885: 1884: 1881: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1862: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1838: 1837: 1834: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1792: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1750: 1749: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1704: 1703: 1700: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1639: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1608:R-22, HCFC-22 1606: 1600: 1599: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1588:R-21, HCFC-21 1586: 1580: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1538: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1510:name(s), code 1508:Common/trivial 1506: 1502: 1501: 1481: 1477: 1469: 1465: 1436:Main article: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1365: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1299: 1276:blowing agents 1266: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1231: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1172:As in simpler 1166:Main article: 1163: 1160: 1041: 1040: 1038: 1037: 1030: 1023: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1009: 997: 982: 981: 976: 975: 974: 973: 965: 964: 960: 959: 958: 957: 952: 947: 942: 940:Law by country 937: 929: 928: 922: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 880: 877: 876: 873: 872: 869: 868: 867: 866: 861: 851: 845: 842: 841: 838: 837: 834: 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 811:Surface runoff 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 711:Eutrophication 708: 703: 698: 692: 687: 686: 683: 682: 679: 678: 673: 668: 666:Scorched earth 663: 662: 661: 659:Nuclear winter 656: 654:Nuclear famine 651: 641: 640: 639: 629: 623: 618: 617: 614: 613: 610: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 583: 578: 577: 574: 573: 570: 569: 563: 558: 557: 554: 553: 550: 549: 543: 540: 539: 536: 535: 532: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 445: 442: 441: 438: 437: 434: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 411:Bioremediation 408: 403: 397: 392: 391: 388: 387: 384: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 341:Bioremediation 338: 332: 327: 326: 323: 322: 319: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 291:Transportation 287: 282: 281: 278: 277: 274: 273: 268: 263: 258: 252: 249: 248: 245: 244: 241: 240: 238:Radio spectrum 235: 234: 233: 228: 217: 212: 211: 208: 207: 204: 203: 197: 194: 193: 190: 189: 186: 185: 184: 183: 173: 168: 162: 157: 156: 153: 152: 149: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 106:Global dimming 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 67: 62: 61: 58: 57: 54: 46: 45: 37: 36: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8907: 8896: 8895:Air pollution 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8827: 8825: 8812: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8784: 8776: 8767: 8763: 8753: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8715: 8713: 8711: 8707: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8662: 8660: 8656: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8611: 8609: 8605: 8599: 8596: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8583: 8582: 8579: 8578: 8576: 8572: 8566: 8565:Water quality 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8515: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8467: 8464: 8463: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8413: 8411: 8409: 8405: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8368: 8365: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8348: 8344: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8327:Traffic signs 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8314: 8312: 8310: 8306: 8300: 8297: 8296: 8294: 8292: 8288: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8271: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8253: 8252:Microplastics 8250: 8249: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8242:Nanomaterials 8240: 8236: 8233: 8232: 8231: 8228: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8195: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8182: 8181:Lead smelting 8179: 8178: 8177: 8174: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8141: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8118: 8115: 8114: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8094: 8092: 8088: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8036: 8035: 8032: 8031: 8029: 8027: 8023: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 8001:Radioactivity 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7968: 7966: 7964: 7960: 7954: 7953:Noise control 7951: 7948: 7945: 7942: 7938: 7935: 7934: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7900: 7899: 7898: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7890: 7886: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7855: 7849: 7846: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7833: 7832: 7829: 7828: 7826: 7824: 7820: 7814: 7811: 7810: 7808: 7804: 7796: 7793: 7792: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7777: 7775: 7773: 7769: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7751: 7748: 7747: 7746: 7743: 7739: 7736: 7735: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7701:Metal working 7699: 7697: 7694: 7693: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7655: 7652: 7651: 7650: 7647: 7643: 7640: 7639: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7626: 7623: 7622: 7621: 7618: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7595: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7553: 7549: 7542: 7537: 7535: 7530: 7528: 7523: 7522: 7519: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7495: 7494: 7490: 7488: 7487: 7483: 7478: 7477: 7474: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7433: 7423: 7420: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7411: 7408: 7404: 7401: 7400: 7399: 7396: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7368: 7367: 7364: 7363: 7361: 7359: 7358: 7353: 7347: 7346:Telluroketone 7344: 7342: 7339: 7338: 7336: 7334: 7330: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7296: 7292: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7273: 7269: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7232:Sulfonic acid 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7222:Sulfinic acid 7220: 7218: 7217:Thiosulfonate 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7207:Thiosulfinate 7205: 7203: 7202:Sulfenic acid 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7186: 7183: 7182: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7168: 7164: 7158: 7157:Phosphaallene 7155: 7153: 7152:Phosphaalkyne 7150: 7148: 7147:Phosphaalkene 7145: 7141: 7138: 7137: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7114: 7111: 7110: 7109: 7106: 7102: 7099: 7098: 7097: 7094: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7085: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6968: 6967: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6955: 6952: 6932: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6915: 6912: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6888: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6870: 6867: 6866: 6865: 6862: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6844: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6835: 6831: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6819:Ethylenedioxy 6817: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6803: 6800: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6786: 6783: 6779: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6754: 6751: 6745: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6702: 6701: 6698: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6665: 6664: 6661: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6648: 6647: 6644: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6610: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6583: 6578: 6576: 6571: 6569: 6564: 6563: 6560: 6549: 6543: 6537: 6531: 6529: 6523: 6521: 6511: 6509: 6502: 6500: 6494: 6492: 6486: 6484: 6478: 6476: 6469: 6467: 6460: 6458: 6448: 6446: 6439: 6437: 6427: 6425: 6418: 6416: 6410: 6408: 6402: 6400: 6394: 6392: 6386: 6384: 6377: 6375: 6368: 6366: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6346: 6344: 6337: 6335: 6328: 6326: 6319: 6317: 6307: 6305: 6298: 6296: 6286: 6284: 6277: 6275: 6269: 6267: 6257: 6255: 6248: 6246: 6240: 6238: 6232: 6230: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6215: 6209: 6203: 6201: 6195: 6193: 6186: 6184: 6178: 6176: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6156: 6154: 6147: 6145: 6139: 6137: 6131: 6129: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6090: 6088: 6081: 6079: 6073: 6071: 6065: 6063: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6048: 6042: 6032: 6030: 6023: 6021: 6011: 6009: 6002: 6000: 5993: 5991: 5981: 5979: 5972: 5970: 5963: 5961: 5954: 5952: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5936:Disubstituted 5933: 5927: 5920: 5918: 5911: 5909: 5902: 5900: 5893: 5891: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5875: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5857:Unsubstituted 5854: 5850: 5843: 5838: 5836: 5831: 5829: 5824: 5823: 5820: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5800: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5788: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5756: 5755: 5754: 5748: 5744: 5720: 5716: 5709: 5702: 5698: 5695: 5690: 5682: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5657: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5622: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5587: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5512: 5510: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5474: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5371: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5323: 5317: 5310: 5309: 5301: 5285: 5281: 5275: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5235: 5231: 5225: 5210: 5206: 5199: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5131: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5108:(2): 237–47. 5107: 5103: 5096: 5089: 5085: 5082: 5077: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5057: 5050: 5045: 5029: 5025: 5019: 5003: 4999: 4993: 4984: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4963: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4918: 4910: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4859: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4828: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4808: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4792: 4785: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4743: 4741: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4720: 4705: 4698: 4692: 4676: 4672: 4666: 4658: 4652: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4625: 4623: 4614: 4608: 4604: 4597: 4582: 4581:New Scientist 4578: 4572: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4552: 4546: 4542: 4539: 4533: 4518: 4514: 4508: 4493: 4489: 4483: 4467: 4463: 4457: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4427: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4397: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4368: 4364: 4358: 4354: 4347: 4346: 4339: 4328: 4321: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4285: 4270: 4266: 4260: 4245: 4241: 4235: 4220: 4216: 4210: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4176: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4151: 4145: 4141: 4134: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4116:0-471-24410-4 4112: 4108: 4101: 4086: 4082: 4075: 4067: 4063: 4057: 4041: 4037: 4030: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4000: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3856: 3848: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3796: 3794: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3649: 3630: 3626: 3619: 3613: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3591: 3583: 3577: 3562: 3558: 3552: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3511: 3507: 3501: 3493: 3491:3-527-30673-0 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3467: 3459: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3434: 3426: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3401: 3386: 3382: 3376: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3345: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3304: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3274: 3270: 3263: 3261: 3250: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3185: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3166: 3161: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3134: 3129: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3101: 3097: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3076: 3071: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3007: 3002: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2959: 2958: 2957: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2917: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2875: 2874: 2873: 2857: 2845: 2820: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2775: 2772: 2757: 2754: 2753: 2721: 2718: 2695: 2692: 2691: 2679: 2667: 2664: 2654:CFC-114 (CClF 2653: 2650: 2649: 2617: 2613: 2601: 2594: 2556:); CFC-11(CCl 2547: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2488: 2486: 2485:stratospheric 2476: 2468: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2445:United States 2442: 2438: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2409: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2391: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2373:directive on 2372: 2362: 2360: 2349: 2340: 2338: 2333: 2331: 2321: 2317: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2244:mole fraction 2241: 2237: 2233: 2223: 2220: 2216: 2210: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2187: 2178: 2174: 2171: 2166: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2154:chloromethane 2144: 2142: 2139:According to 2137: 2134: 2128: 2116: 2109: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2065: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2045: 2036: 2034: 2010: 2009: 2008: 2006: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1515: 1512: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1473: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1445: 1439: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1363: 1359: 1328: 1305: 1304: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1204: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1169: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1130:in the upper 1129: 1125: 1122:systems, and 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1067:that contain 1066: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1036: 1031: 1029: 1024: 1022: 1017: 1016: 1014: 1013: 1008: 998: 996: 991: 986: 985: 984: 983: 972: 969: 968: 967: 966: 962: 961: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 932: 931: 930: 926: 925: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 881: 875: 874: 865: 862: 860: 857: 856: 855: 852: 850: 847: 846: 840: 839: 832: 829: 827: 826:Water quality 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 693: 690: 685: 684: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 646: 645: 642: 638: 635: 634: 633: 630: 628: 625: 624: 621: 616: 615: 608: 605: 603: 602:Traffic signs 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 584: 581: 576: 575: 568: 565: 564: 561: 556: 555: 548: 545: 544: 538: 537: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 509:Nanomaterials 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 446: 440: 439: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 398: 395: 390: 389: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 371:Radioactivity 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 333: 330: 325: 324: 317: 316:Soundproofing 314: 312: 311:Noise control 309: 307: 306:Noise barrier 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 288: 285: 280: 279: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 253: 247: 246: 239: 236: 232: 229: 227: 224: 223: 222: 219: 218: 215: 210: 209: 202: 199: 198: 192: 191: 182: 179: 178: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 163: 160: 155: 154: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 92: 89: 87: 84: 82: 79: 77: 74: 72: 69: 68: 65: 60: 59: 52: 48: 47: 44: 39: 38: 34: 30: 29: 26: 22: 8875:Refrigerants 8860:Halomethanes 8845:Firefighting 8644:Point source 8586:Heavy metals 8560:Urban runoff 8540:Sulfur water 8518:Septic tanks 8364:Agent Orange 8218:Mining waste 8044:Manure waste 7874:Volcanic ash 7750:Black carbon 7706:Oil refining 7691:Particulates 7620:Construction 7587: 7491: 7484: 7398:Vinyl halide 7355: 7285:Borinic acid 7280:Boronic acid 7257:Thioxanthate 6597:Hydrocarbons 5849:Halomethanes 5751: 5750: 5749:profile for 5746: 5708: 5689: 5662: 5656: 5631: 5627: 5621: 5596: 5592: 5586: 5561: 5557: 5521: 5517: 5483: 5479: 5473: 5448: 5444: 5392: 5388: 5370: 5345: 5341: 5307: 5300: 5288:. Retrieved 5284:www.nrdc.org 5283: 5274: 5262:. Retrieved 5258: 5249: 5237:. Retrieved 5233: 5224: 5212:. Retrieved 5208: 5198: 5186:. Retrieved 5182: 5173: 5140: 5136: 5130: 5105: 5101: 5095: 5076: 5056: 5044: 5032:. Retrieved 5027: 5018: 5006:. Retrieved 5001: 4992: 4973: 4962: 4950:. Retrieved 4946: 4937: 4917: 4872: 4868: 4858: 4846:. Retrieved 4837: 4827: 4807: 4790: 4784: 4757: 4753: 4719: 4707:. Retrieved 4703: 4691: 4679:. Retrieved 4674: 4665: 4651: 4634: 4630: 4602: 4596: 4584:. Retrieved 4580: 4571: 4551: 4544: 4543:, Ch. 11 in 4537: 4532: 4520:. Retrieved 4516: 4507: 4495:. Retrieved 4491: 4482: 4470:. Retrieved 4465: 4456: 4444:. Retrieved 4435: 4426: 4414:. Retrieved 4405: 4396: 4387: 4378: 4367:the original 4344: 4338: 4320: 4298:(33): 7707. 4295: 4291: 4284: 4272:. Retrieved 4269:legal.un.org 4268: 4259: 4247:. Retrieved 4243: 4234: 4222:. Retrieved 4218: 4209: 4197:. Retrieved 4194:gml.noaa.gov 4193: 4184: 4165: 4161: 4139: 4133: 4106: 4100: 4088:. Retrieved 4084: 4074: 4066:ScienceDaily 4065: 4056: 4044:. Retrieved 4029: 4017:. Retrieved 4013:the original 4008: 3999: 3982: 3978: 3855: 3836: 3830: 3808:(1): 37–50. 3805: 3801: 3749: 3745: 3739: 3698: 3694: 3688: 3663: 3659: 3648: 3636:. Retrieved 3624: 3612: 3599: 3590: 3576: 3564:. Retrieved 3561:gml.noaa.gov 3560: 3551: 3539:. Retrieved 3535: 3525: 3513:. Retrieved 3509: 3500: 3473: 3466: 3439: 3433: 3406: 3400: 3388:. Retrieved 3384: 3375: 3363:. Retrieved 3359:the original 3354: 3344: 3317: 3313: 3303: 3291:. Retrieved 3282: 3273: 3256: 3235: 3232: 3201: 2950: 2863: 2846: 2830: 2817: 2808: 2804: 2540:Replacement 2534:Application 2520: 2514: 2510: 2506:cyclopentane 2493:stratosphere 2489: 2482: 2473: 2457: 2434: 2415: 2398: 2394: 2387: 2368: 2355: 2346: 2334: 2326: 2294: 2285:Dobson units 2265:stratosphere 2260:Mario Molina 2229: 2211: 2194:World War II 2191: 2175: 2167: 2150: 2138: 2135: 2082: 2070: 2051: 2022: 2002: 1914:Halon 2311a 1486: 1474: 1463: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1284: 1272:refrigerants 1268: 1265:Applications 1260:CHBrCl + HBr 1232: 1225:+ 2 HF → HCF 1208: 1205: 1182: 1171: 1108:refrigerants 1101: 1065:hydrocarbons 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1044: 914:Point source 859:Heavy metals 821:Urban runoff 806:Sulfur water 781:Septic tanks 637:Agent Orange 547:Space debris 401:Agricultural 266:Volcanic ash 126:Particulates 85: 25: 8614:Area source 8523:Pit latrine 8446:Groundwater 8203:Gold mining 8198:Coal mining 8169:Toxic waste 8134:Green waste 8107:Brown waste 8090:Solid waste 7637:Exhaust gas 7462:Thiocyanate 7457:Sulfonamide 7422:Perchlorate 7410:Acyl halide 7371:Fluoroethyl 7252:Thionoester 7140:Phosphonium 7125:Phosphinate 7120:Phosphonous 7108:Phosphonate 6807:Hydroperoxy 6629:Cyclopropyl 5290:12 December 5264:12 December 5214:12 December 5188:12 December 4681:12 December 4586:12 December 4522:12 December 4497:12 December 4274:12 December 4249:12 December 4224:12 December 4199:12 December 4009:Environment 3566:12 December 3541:12 December 3515:12 December 3390:12 December 2758:CFC-11 (CCl 2696:CFC-11 (CCl 2614:mixture of 2596:HFC-23 (CHF 2548:CFC-12 (CCl 2439:-sponsored 2269:ultraviolet 2232:ozone layer 2215:ozone layer 1933:Halon 2311 1178:tetrahedral 1142:(HFCs) and 1112:propellants 1062:halogenated 884:Area source 726:Groundwater 479:Green waste 459:Brown waste 443:Solid waste 201:Information 96:Exhaust gas 8824:Categories 8766:by country 8762:Categories 8700:Zero waste 8581:Pollutants 8535:Stagnation 8473:Monitoring 8441:Freshwater 8317:Air travel 8129:Food waste 8049:Pesticides 8039:Herbicides 7943:Industrial 7772:Biological 7632:Demolition 7625:Renovation 7608:Joss paper 7593:Combustion 7366:Haloalkane 7237:Thioketone 7192:Persulfide 7088:Phosphorus 7053:Isocyanate 7043:Isonitrile 6944:or oxygen 6942:hydrogen, 6938:not being 6919:Orthoester 6812:Dioxiranes 6790:Enol ether 6678:1-Propenyl 5034:18 October 5008:18 October 4947:pib.gov.in 4848:5 February 3266:References 2823:CFC and SF 2774:HCFC-225cb 2612:azeotropic 2297:Antarctica 2226:Regulation 2202:Halon 1211 2198:Halon 1301 1442:See also: 1235:anesthetic 1229:Cl + 2 HCl 1215:chloroform 1132:atmosphere 1079:(Cl), and 971:By country 963:Categories 854:Pollutants 831:Wastewater 801:Stagnation 746:Monitoring 721:Freshwater 587:Air travel 474:Food waste 416:Defecation 226:Ecological 159:Biological 91:Combustion 31:Part of a 8890:Pollution 8658:Responses 8629:Garbology 8555:Turbidity 8503:Oil spill 8436:Firewater 8337:Vandalism 8299:Satellite 7996:Poisoning 7991:Plutonium 7971:Actinides 7963:Radiation 7711:Wood dust 7573:Acid rain 7548:Pollution 7499:inorganic 7333:Tellurium 7247:Thioester 7212:Sulfoxide 7197:Disulfide 7185:Sulfonium 7135:Phosphine 7113:Phosphite 7096:Phosphate 7028:Carbamate 7003:Hydrazone 6936:element, 6934:Only one 6907:Anhydride 6646:Methylene 6550:compound. 4085:ThoughtCo 4046:2 October 3036:⁡ 2970:⁡ 2720:HFC-245fa 2678:HFC-227ea 2273:homolytic 1999:Reactions 1920:CHClFCBrF 899:Garbology 816:Turbidity 766:Oil spill 716:Firewater 701:Biosolids 607:Vandalism 366:Poisoning 361:Plutonium 336:Actinides 329:Radiation 71:Acid rain 42:Pollution 8746:Treaties 8718:Diseases 8530:Shipping 8426:Diseases 8274:Landfill 7949:Abstract 7946:Military 7879:Wildfire 7728:Smelting 7696:Asbestos 7480:See also 7415:Chloride 7341:Tellurol 7295:Selenium 7262:Xanthate 6976:Ammonium 6958:Nitrogen 6940:carbon, 6897:Carboxyl 6864:Aldehyde 6852:Acryloyl 6834:carbonyl 6738:hydrogen 6693:Cumulene 6357:C*BrClFI 6167:C*HBrClI 6101:C*HBrClF 5799:Archived 5787:Archived 5719:Archived 5697:Archived 5465:21329203 5165:53745498 5157:30474464 5122:10743983 5084:Archived 5065:Archived 4926:Archived 4909:17360370 4842:Archived 4816:Archived 4796:Archived 4728:Archived 4560:Archived 4440:Archived 4410:Archived 4355:. 2007. 4125:53284995 4090:11 April 4040:Archived 4038:. NASA. 4019:30 April 3784:19694447 3731:33736550 3629:Archived 3604:Archived 3600:NOAA.gov 3365:11 April 3355:rtcc.org 3293:11 April 3287:Archived 2666:HFC-134a 2498:HFC-134a 2441:Montreal 2301:Montreal 2207:warships 1516:Formula 1459:chlorine 1156:R-1234yf 1124:solvents 1085:volatile 1081:fluorine 1077:chlorine 1073:hydrogen 955:Treaties 935:Diseases 791:Shipping 756:Nutrient 706:Diseases 271:Wildfire 8775:Commons 8550:Thermal 8451:Hypoxia 8235:Garbage 8006:Uranium 7857:Natural 7806:Digital 7738:Aerosol 7716:Welding 7603:Biomass 7598:Biofuel 7557:History 7504:organic 7303:Selenol 7227:Sulfone 7180:Sulfide 7078:NONOate 7073:Nitroso 7063:Nitrite 7058:Nitrate 7048:Cyanate 7038:Nitrile 7023:Amidine 7018:Imidate 6988:Nitrene 6983:Hydrazo 6971:Enamine 6902:Acetoxy 6890:carboxy 6857:Benzoyl 6795:Epoxide 6778:Methoxy 6768:Alcohol 6722:Carbene 6656:Methine 6120:C*HBrFI 6106:C*HClFI 5743:Scholia 5636:Bibcode 5601:Bibcode 5566:Bibcode 5526:Bibcode 5488:Bibcode 5397:Bibcode 5350:Bibcode 4900:1817831 4877:Bibcode 4762:Bibcode 4406:Welt.de 4300:Bibcode 3810:Bibcode 3754:Bibcode 3723:1740877 3703:Bibcode 3695:Science 3668:Bibcode 3638:15 July 3536:Darment 3322:Bibcode 3222:, and b 2616:HFC 125 2424:to the 2252:Ireland 2192:During 2170:Carrier 2147:History 2033:Bromine 2015:F → CCl 1943:CHBrCl 1787:CHFClCF 1676:FC-CClF 1492:Isomers 1415:, and C 1377:propane 1369:methane 1252:Cl + Br 1189:halides 1185:halogen 1174:alkanes 1116:aerosol 1097:propane 1089:methane 849:History 731:Hypoxia 560:Thermal 514:Plastic 376:Uranium 250:Natural 195:Digital 171:Genetic 8840:DuPont 8639:Midden 8619:Debris 8574:Topics 8513:Sewage 8466:debris 8461:Marine 8309:Visual 8193:Mining 8188:Litter 7681:Mining 7403:Iodide 7323:Selone 7167:Sulfur 6876:Ketone 6869:Ketene 6847:Acetyl 6802:Peroxy 6773:Alkoxy 6763:Acetal 6744:oxygen 6733:carbon 6717:Alkyne 6710:Benzyl 6705:Phenyl 6688:Allene 6683:Crotyl 6663:Alkene 6651:Bridge 6639:Pentyl 6624:Propyl 6614:Methyl 6548:Chiral 6480:CBrClI 6271:CBrClF 6141:CHBrCl 5745:has a 5677: 5463: 5318: 5239:17 May 5163: 5155: 5120: 4952:2 June 4907: 4897: 4709:17 May 4609: 4538:et al. 4472:17 May 4466:DCCEEW 4446:18 May 4416:18 May 4388:Yonhap 4359: 4146: 4123: 4113: 3956:, and 3843: 3782: 3729: 3721: 3488: 3454: 3421: 3253:Safety 2704:FCCClF 2572:FCCClF 2313:London 2246:of 60 2217:. 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