Air pollution - Knowledge

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billion per year. After air pollutants enter the agricultural environment, they not only directly affect agricultural production and quality, but also enter agricultural waters and soil. The COVID-19 induced lockdown served as a natural experiment to expose the close links between air quality and surface greenness. In India, the lockdown induced improvement in air quality, enhanced surface greenness and photosynthetic activity, with the positive response of vegetation to reduce air pollution was dominant in croplands. On the other hand, agriculture in its traditional form is one of the primary contributors to the emission of trace gases like atmospheric ammonia.

5614:, of which London is a member. The C40 is a public 'non-state' network of the world's leading cities that aims to curb their greenhouse emissions. The C40 has been identified as 'governance from the middle' and is an alternative to intergovernmental policy. It has the potential to improve urban air quality as participating cities "exchange information, learn from best practices and consequently mitigate carbon dioxide emissions independently from national government decisions". A criticism of the C40 network is that its exclusive nature limits influence to participating cities and risks drawing resources away from less powerful city and regional actors. 4404: 3291: 3628: 2948:, forest and grassland fires, living plants, and sea spray are all sources of particles. Aerosols are produced by human activities such as the combustion of fossil fuels in automobiles, power plants, and numerous industrial processes. Averaged worldwide, anthropogenic aerosols – those made by human activities – currently account for approximately 10% of the atmosphere. Increased levels of fine particles in the air are linked to health hazards such as heart disease, altered lung function and lung cancer. Particulates are related to respiratory infections and can be particularly harmful to those with conditions like 3202: 3526: 1992: 3495: 2000: 2450: 3508: 2591: 3254:

cooking, reading, working, spending time in traffic, etc. A little child's inhaling rate, for example, will be lower than that of an adult. A young person engaging in strenuous exercise will have a faster rate of breathing than a child engaged in sedentary activity. The daily exposure must therefore include the amount of time spent in each micro-environmental setting as well as the kind of activities performed there. The air pollutant concentration in each microactivity/microenvironmental setting is summed to indicate the exposure.

3299: 2684: 5872: 1730: 21697: 21180: 3124:: particles are formed from gaseous primary contaminants and chemicals. Smog is a type of pollution that occurs in the atmosphere. Smog is caused by a huge volume of coal being burned in a certain region, resulting in a mixture of smoke and sulfur dioxide. Modern smog is usually caused by automotive and industrial emissions, which are acted on in the atmosphere by UV light from the sun to produce secondary pollutants, which then combine with the primary emissions to generate photochemical smog. 1041: 2637: 37: 72: 5753: 4565: 5685: 2023: 4835: 2015: 24274: 23149: 21958: 21142: 2905:(CFCs): Emitted from goods that are now prohibited from use; harmful to the ozone layer. These are gases emitted by air conditioners, freezers, aerosol sprays, and other similar devices. CFCs reach the stratosphere after being released into the atmosphere. They interact with other gases here, causing harm to the ozone layer. UV rays are able to reach the Earth's surface as a result of this. This can result in skin cancer, eye problems, and even plant damage. 21989: 3250:

area's exposure to a dangerous air pollution, taking into account the various microenvironments and age groups. This can be calculated as an inhalation exposure. This would account for daily exposure in various settings, e.g. different indoor micro-environments and outdoor locations. The exposure needs to include different ages and other demographic groups, especially infants, children, pregnant women, and other sensitive subpopulations.

4466:. "Children under age 5 in lower-income countries are more than 60 times as likely to die from exposure to air pollution as children in high-income countries." The report states that additional economic losses caused by air pollution, including health costs and the adverse effect on agricultural and other productivity were not calculated in the report, and thus the actual costs to the world economy are far higher than $ 5 trillion. 5900: 21190: 4701: 1053: 4184:(ASD) diagnosis, although definitive causality has not yet been established. In Los Angeles, children living in areas with high levels of traffic-related air pollution were more likely to be diagnosed with autism between three–five years of age. A cohort study in Southern California linked in-utero exposure to near-roadway air pollution to an increased risk of ASD diagnosis and a study in Sweden concluded that exposure to PM 4863:: An electrostatic precipitator (ESP), or electrostatic air cleaner, is a particulate collection device that removes particles from a flowing gas (such as air), using the force of an induced electrostatic charge. Electrostatic precipitators are highly efficient filtration devices that minimally impede the flow of gases through the device, and can easily remove fine particulates such as dust and smoke from the air stream. 4823: 102: 23173: 22001: 21171: 21163: 5192: 23161: 21977: 21155: 5886: 3471:

person is exposed to, the degree of exposure, and the individual's health status and genetics. The most common sources of air pollution include particulates and ozone (often from burning fossil fuels), nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. Children aged less than five years who live in developing countries are the most vulnerable population to death attributable to indoor and outdoor air pollution.

3225: 4875:: A wet scrubber is a form of pollution control technology. The term describes a variety of devices that use pollutants from a furnace flue gas or from other gas streams. In a wet scrubber, the polluted gas stream is brought into contact with the scrubbing liquid, by spraying it with the liquid, by forcing it through a pool of liquid, or by some other contact method, so as to remove the pollutants. 2740: 11064: 5627:

worse. Furthermore, traditional ecological knowledge and Indigenous knowledge systems provide insightful information about sustainable resource management and climate change adaptation techniques. To promote persistence and environmental justice, Indigenous viewpoints must be acknowledged and integrated into efforts to mitigate the effects of climate change and adapt to them.

3083:): Ozone is created when NOx and VOCs mix. It is a significant part of the troposphere. It's also an important part of the ozone layer, which can be found in different sections of the stratosphere. Photochemical and chemical reactions involving it fuel many of the chemical activities that occur in the atmosphere during the day and night. It is a pollutant and a component of 2606:

generating the pollutant is how these factors are commonly stated (e.g., kilograms of particulate emitted per tonne of coal burned). These criteria make estimating emissions from diverse sources of pollution easier. Most of the time, these components are just averages of all available data of acceptable quality, and they are thought to be typical of long-term averages.

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developing countries versus 10.2% in developed countries). In women, air pollution is not associated with hemorrhagic but with ischemic stroke. Air pollution was found to be associated with increased incidence and mortality from coronary stroke. Associations are believed to be causal and effects may be mediated by vasoconstriction, low-grade inflammation and

1943:, 43 percent of countries lack a legal definition of air pollution, 31 percent lack outdoor air quality standards, 49 percent restrict their definition to outdoor pollution only, and just 31 percent have laws for tackling pollution originating from outside their borders. National air quality laws have often been highly effective, notably the 1956 3272:) is 75% lower. Growing evidence that air pollution—even when experienced at very low levels—hurts human health, led the WHO to revise its guideline (from 10 μg/m to 5 μg/m) for what it considers a safe level of exposure of particulate pollution, bringing most of the world—97.3 percent of the global population—into the unsafe zone. 3539:

million, with 5.5 million of these premature deaths due to air pollution from anthropogenic sources. A 2022 review concluded that in 2019 air pollution was responsible for approximately million deaths. It concluded that since 2015 little real progress against pollution has been made. Causes of deaths include strokes, heart disease,

5672:, which contributes to more than 3.2 million premature deaths around the world each year, is a significant problem. It is very small and can lodge itself within the lungs and enter the bloodstream. Diesel soot is concentrated in densely populated areas, and one in six people in the U.S. live near a diesel pollution hot spot. 3227: 3232: 3230: 3226: 5728:

than affluent ones. Racial discrepancies are particularly distinct in suburban areas of the Southern United States and metropolitan areas of the Midwestern and Western United States. Residents in public housing, who are generally low-income and cannot move to healthier neighborhoods, are highly affected by nearby

1909:) pollution around another 2.1 million. The scope of the air pollution crisis is large: In 2018, WHO estimated that "9 out of 10 people breathe air containing high levels of pollutants." Although the health consequences are extensive, the way the problem is handled is considered largely haphazard or neglected. 3231: 2796:. It is normally encountered as a gas with a characteristic pungent odor. Ammonia contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to foodstuffs and fertilizers. Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many 5622:

Because Indigenous people frequently experience a disproportionate share of the effects of environmental degradation and climate change, even while they have made very little contribution to the processes causing these changes, environmental justice is especially important to them. Indigenous peoples

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As it is now known that even low levels of air pollution can trigger discomfort for the sensitive population, the index has been developed as a continuum: The higher the number, the greater the health risk and need to take precautions. The index describes the level of health risk associated with this

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and 6.9 g for each 100 μg/m increase in TSP. These associations were statistically significant in both summer and winter, although summer was greater. The proportion of low birth weight attributable to air pollution, was 13%. This is the largest attributable risk ever reported for the known risk

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In 2011, a large Danish epidemiological study found an increased risk of lung cancer for people who lived in areas with high nitrogen oxide concentrations. Another Danish study, likewise noted evidence of possible associations between air pollution and other forms of cancer, including cervical cancer

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and peak flow rate), and increased sputum production and purulence. The differences were more pronounced for subjects aged 50 to 59. The study controlled for age and smoking habits, so concluded that air pollution was the most likely cause of the observed differences. More studies have shown that air

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The US EPA has estimated that limiting ground-level ozone concentration to 65 parts per billion (ppb), would avert 1,700 to 5,100 premature deaths nationwide in 2020 compared with the 75 ppb standard. The agency projected the more protective standard would also prevent an additional 26,000 cases

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A lack of ventilation indoors concentrates air pollution where people often spend the majority of their time. Indoor air pollution can pose a significant health risk. According to EPA reports, the concentrations of many air pollutants can be two to five times higher in indoor air than in outdoor air.

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Air pollution hotspots are areas where air pollution emissions expose individuals to increased negative health effects. They are particularly common in highly populated, urban areas, where there may be a combination of stationary sources (e.g. industrial facilities) and mobile sources (e.g. cars and

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This can be interpreted as recognition that cities can transcend the traditional national government organisational hierarchy and develop solutions to air pollution using global governance networks, for example through transnational relations. Transnational relations include but are not exclusive to

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G20 nations causes two million premature deaths annually, suggesting that the average lifetime consumption of about ~28 people in these countries causes at least one premature death (average age ~67) while developing countries "cannot be expected" to implement or be able to implement countermeasures

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India and China have the highest death rate due to air pollution. India also has more deaths from asthma than any other nation according to the World Health Organization. In 2019, 1.6 million deaths in India were caused by air pollution. In 2013, air pollution was estimated to kill 500,000 people in

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The risk of air pollution is determined by the pollutant's hazard and the amount of exposure to that pollutant. Air pollution exposure can be measured for a person, a group, such as a neighborhood or a country's children, or an entire population. For example, one would want to determine a geographic

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Whereas in much of the USA and in a few other countries emissions from traffic and power generation are important, in eastern USA, Europe, Russia and East Asia agricultural emissions make the largest relative contribution to PM2.5, with the estimate of overall health impact depending on assumptions

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The connection between air pollution and neurodevelopmental disorders in children is thought to be related to epigenetic dysregulation of the primordial germ cells, embryo, and fetus during a critical period. Some PAHs are considered endocrine disruptors and are lipid soluble. When they build up in

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Air pollution has both acute and chronic effects on human health, affecting a number of different systems and organs but principally affect the body's respiratory system and the cardiovascular system. Afflictions include minor to chronic upper respiratory irritation such as difficulty in breathing,

8579:"... most furnaces, wood stoves, fireplaces, gas water heaters, and gas clothes dryers, usually vent (exhaust) the combustion pollutants directly to the outdoors. However, if the vent system is not properly designed, installed, and maintained, indoor pollutants can build up quickly inside the home. 5852:

In a 2019 projection, by 2030 half of the world's pollution emissions could be generated by Africa. Potential contributors to such an outcome include increased burning activities (such as the burning of open waste), traffic, agri-food and chemical industries, sand dust from the Sahara, and overall

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status and racial minorities can be more vulnerable to cumulative adverse health impacts resulting from elevated exposure to pollutants than more privileged communities. Blacks and Latinos generally face more pollution than Whites and Asians, and low-income communities bear a higher burden of risk

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and community engagement, local partners are responsible for the vast majority of work related to AQHI implementation. The AQHI provides a number from 1 to 10+ to indicate the level of health risk associated with local air quality. Occasionally, when the amount of air pollution is abnormally high,

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Global depletion of the surrounding air pollution will require valiant leadership, a surplus of combined resources from the international community, and extensive societal changes. Pollution prevention seeks to prevent pollution such as air pollution and could include adjustments to industrial and

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Children and infants are among the most vulnerable to air pollution. Polluted air leads to the poisoning of millions of children under the age of 15, resulting in the death of some 600,000 children annually (543,000 under 5 years of age and 52,000 aged 5-15 years). Children in low or middle income

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There is limited research about the effect that ozone pollution has on fertility. At present, there is no evidence to suggest that ozone exposure poses a deleterious effect on spontaneous fertility in either females or males. However, there have been studies which suggest that high levels of ozone

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Even at levels lower than those considered safe by United States regulators, exposure to three components of air pollution, fine particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ozone, correlates with cardiac and respiratory illness. Individual reactions to air pollutants depend on the type of pollutant a

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burning of traditional biomass such as wood, crop waste and dung. (In developing and poor countries, traditional biomass burning is the major source of air pollutants. It is also the main source of particulate pollution in many developed areas including the UK & New South Wales. Its pollutants

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Air pollution is the largest environmental risk factor for disease and premature death and the fourth largest risk factor overall for human health. Air pollution causes the premature deaths of around 7 million people worldwide each year, or a global mean loss of life expectancy (LLE) of 2.9 years,

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Combating climate change necessitates an all-encompassing strategy that recognizes the interdependence of social, economic, and environmental elements. This entails defending treaty rights, advancing Indigenous sovereignty and self-determination, and aiding Indigenous-led projects for sustainable

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Indigenous groups frequently lack the political and financial clout to influence policy decisions that impact their lands and means of subsistence or to lessen the effects of climate change. This makes the already-existing inequalities in these communities' social, economic, and health conditions

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is the contamination of air due to the presence of substances called pollutants in the atmosphere that are harmful to the health of humans and other living beings, or cause damage to the climate or to materials. It is also the contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment either by chemical,

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Overview of relevant case law and critical state of air pollution protection in the EU: Winfried Huck, Jennifer Maaß, Saparya Sood, Tahar Benmaghnia, Alexander Schulte, Sarah Heß and Marc-Anthony Walter, The Right to Breathe Clean Air and Access to Justice - Legal State of Play in International,

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In 2015, experimental studies reported the detection of significant episodic (situational) cognitive impairment from impurities in indoor air breathed by test subjects who were not informed about changes in the air quality. Significant deficits were observed in the performance scores achieved in

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has been described as "the worst climate pollutant". Statements such as this refer to its long-term atmospheric effects rather than shorter-term effects on such things as human health, food crops, and buildings. This question of terminology has practical consequences, for example, in determining

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Electricity generated from the combustion of fossil fuels can be replaced by nuclear and renewable energy. Heating and home stoves, which contribute significantly to regional air pollution, can be replaced with a much cleaner fossil fuel, such as natural gas, or, preferably, renewables, in poor

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in the United States would eliminate about 62,000 premature mortalities per year and about 42,000 in 2050, if no biomass were used. This would save about $ 600 billion in health costs a year due to reduced air pollution in 2050, or about 3.6% of the 2014 U.S. gross domestic product. Air quality

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Air pollution is a leading risk factor for stroke, particularly in developing countries where pollutant levels are highest. A systematic analysis of 17 different risk factors in 188 countries found air pollution is associated with nearly one in three strokes (29%) worldwide (33.7% of strokes in

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due to anthropogenic air pollution in fast-growing tropical cities. However, even populated areas in developed countries attain unhealthy levels of pollution, with Los Angeles and Rome being two examples. Between 2002 and 2011 the incidence of lung cancer in Beijing near doubled. While smoking

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Various studies have estimated the impacts of air pollution on agriculture, especially ozone. A 2020 study showed that ozone pollution in California may reduce yields of certain perennial crops such as table grapes by as much as 22% per year, translating into economic damages of more than $ 1

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Ozone is thought to act in a biphasic manner where a positive effect on live birth is observed when ozone exposure is limited to before IVF embryo implantation. Conversely, a negative effect is demonstrated upon exposure to ozone after embryo implantation. However, after adjusting for NO2, the

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of 1952 compared 293 London residents with 477 residents of Gloucester, Peterborough, and Norwich, three towns with low reported death rates from chronic bronchitis. All subjects were male postal truck drivers aged 40 to 59. Compared to the subjects from the outlying towns, the London subjects

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A 2008 economic study of the health impacts and associated costs of air pollution in the Los Angeles Basin and San Joaquin Valley of Southern California shows that more than 3,800 people die prematurely (approximately 14 years earlier than normal) each year because air pollution levels violate

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For each specific time that the subgroup is in the setting and engaged in particular activities, the exposure to an air pollutant must integrate the concentrations of the air pollutant with regard to the time spent in each setting and the respective inhalation rates for each subgroup, playing,

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is likely to involve zoning and transport infrastructure planning. In most developed countries, land-use planning is an important part of social policy, ensuring that land is used efficiently for the benefit of the wider economy and population, as well as to protect the environment. Stringent

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In terms of male fertility, ozone is reported to cause a significant decrease in the concentration and count of sperm in semen after exposure. Similarly, sperm vitality, the proportion of live spermatozoa in a sample, was demonstrated to be diminished as a result of exposure to air pollution.

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increases mortality from lung cancer, but the data was insufficient to provide solid conclusions. Another investigation showed that higher activity level increases deposition fraction of aerosol particles in human lung and recommended avoiding heavy activities like running in outdoor space at

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Estimates of deaths toll due to air pollution vary. In 2014 the World Health Organization estimated that every year air pollution causes the premature death of 7 million people worldwide, 1 in 8 deaths worldwide. A study published in 2019 indicated that in 2015 the number may be closer to 8.8

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monitoring of air quality may be necessary for improving air quality, and thereby the health and safety of the public, and assessing impacts of interventions. Such monitoring is done to different extents with different regulatory requirements with discrepant regional coverage by a variety of

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Motor vehicles driven by fossil fuels, a key factor in urban air pollution, can be replaced by electric vehicles. Though lithium supply and cost is a limitation, there are alternatives. Herding more people into clean public transit such as electric trains can also help. Nevertheless, even in

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Indoor air pollutants can be up to 100 times higher in some cases than they are inside. People can spend up to 90% of their time indoors, according to the american lung association (alp); the us consumer product safety commission (cpsc) 2012; and the us environmental protection agency 2012a.

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Air pollutant emission factors are reported representative values that aim to link the quantity of a pollutant released into the ambient air to an activity connected with that pollutant's release. The weight of the pollutant divided by a unit weight, volume, distance, or time of the activity

4448:$ 5 trillion per year as a result of productivity losses and degraded quality of life. These productivity losses are caused by deaths due to diseases caused by air pollution. One out of ten deaths in 2013 was caused by diseases associated with air pollution and the problem is getting worse. 4235:

was strongly associated with 18% of preterm births globally, which was approximately 2.7 million premature births. The countries with the highest air pollution associated preterm births were in South and East Asia, the Middle East, North Africa, and West sub-Saharan Africa. In 2019, ambient

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The review further noted that living close to busy traffic appears to be associated with elevated risks of these three outcomes – increase in lung cancer deaths, cardiovascular deaths, and overall non-accidental deaths. The reviewers also found suggestive evidence that exposure to

5169:) and different uses. These models can be used in forecast mode which can help policy makers to decide on appropriate actions when an air pollution episode is detected. They can also be used for climate modeling including evolution of air quality in the future, for example the IPCC ( 3229: 3561:

The WHO estimates that in 2016, ~58% of outdoor air pollution-related premature deaths were due to ischaemic heart disease and stroke. The mechanisms linking air pollution to increased cardiovascular mortality are uncertain, but probably include pulmonary and systemic inflammation.

3973:(PAHs) have been associated with reduced fertility. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is a well-known PAH and carcinogen which is often found in exhaust fumes and cigarette smoke. PAHs have been reported to administer their toxic effects through oxidative stress by increasing the production of 18684: 3233: 4806:

Induced humidity and ventilation both can greatly dampen air pollution in enclosed spaces, which was found to be relatively high inside subway lines due to braking and friction and relatively less ironically inside transit buses than lower sitting passenger automobiles or

3553:) from air pollution in 2015 was 2.9 years, substantially more than, for example, 0.3 years from all forms of direct violence. Communities with persons that live beyond 85 years have low ambient air pollution, suggesting a link between air pollution levels and longevity. 3769:

The risk of lung disease from air pollution is greatest for infants and young children, whose normal breathing is faster than that of older children and adults; the elderly; those who work outside or spend a lot of time outside; and those who have heart or lung disease

3141:(including the Air "Framework" Directive, 96/62/EC, on ambient air quality assessment and management, Directive 98/24/EC, on risks related to chemical agents at work, and Directive 2004/107/EC covering heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air). 5712:, including race, a lack of ability to influence regulation and a lack of ability to move to neighborhoods with less environmental pollution. These communities bear a disproportionate burden of environmental pollution and are more likely to face health risks such as 5583:

In March 2011, the Greater London Built-up Area remained the only UK region in breach of the EC's limit values, and was given three months to implement an emergency action plan aimed at meeting the EU Air Quality Directive. The City of London has dangerous levels of

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of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust contributes to the majority of carbon monoxide let into the atmosphere. It creates a smog type formation in the air that has been linked to many lung diseases and disruptions to the natural environment and

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federal standards. The number of annual premature deaths is considerably higher than the fatalities related to auto collisions in the same area, which average fewer than 2,000 per year. A 2021 study found that outdoor air pollution is associated with substantially

2718:(solid particles or liquid droplets dispersed and carried by a gas). A pollutant can be of natural origin or man-made. Pollutants are classified as primary or secondary. Primary pollutants are usually produced by processes such as ash from a volcanic eruption. 2644:, Ghana, using open-burning of electronics to access valuable metals like copper. Open burning of plastics is common in many parts of the world without the capacity for processing. Especially without proper protections, heavy metals and other contaminates can 4738:; however, similar infrastructure and design decisions like electric vehicles may be associated with similar pollution for production as well as mining and resource exploitation for large numbers of needed batteries as well as the energy for their recharging 3063:. This effect varies depending on local air quality. The aromatic NMVOCs benzene, toluene and xylene are suspected carcinogens and may lead to leukemia with prolonged exposure. 1,3-butadiene is another dangerous compound often associated with industrial use. 4006:

refers to the collection of solids and liquids suspended in the air. These can be harmful to humans, and more research has shown that these effects may be more extensive than first thought; particularly on male fertility. PM can be different sizes, such as

4266:) and total suspended particulates (TSP) and preterm births and low birth weights in Beijing. A group of 74,671 pregnant women, in four separate regions of Beijing, were monitored from early pregnancy to delivery along with daily air pollution levels of SO 3400:. As clear explanations are not always stressed in non-technical literature, care should be taken to distinguish between several forms of relevant diseases. According to the World Health Organization, these may be defined as asbestosis, lung cancer, and 18958: 3672:(DE) is a major contributor to combustion-derived particulate matter air pollution. In several human experimental studies, using a well-validated exposure chamber setup, DE has been linked to acute vascular dysfunction and increased thrombus formation. 19727:, vol. LXVI, no. 14 (26 September 2019), pp. 64–66, 68. "Today, 91 percent of people worldwide live in areas where air pollution levels exceed the World Health Organization's recommended limits. ... here is no safe level of exposure to fine 4107:

While most research on this topic is focused on the direct human exposure of air pollution, other studies have analysed the impact of air pollution on gametes and embryos within IVF laboratories. Multiple studies have reported a marked improvement in

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and E.U. Air Quality Directive) set maximum atmospheric concentrations for specific pollutants. Environmental agencies enact regulations which are intended to result in attainment of these target levels. The second class (such as the North American

4869:: Designed to handle heavy dust loads, a dust collector consists of a blower, dust filter, a filter-cleaning system, and a dust receptacle or dust removal system (distinguished from air cleaners which utilize disposable filters to remove the dust). 11595: 4236:

particulate matter pollution in Africa resulted in at least 383,000 early deaths, according to new estimates of the cost of air pollution in the continent. This increased from 3.6% in 1990 to around 7.4% of all premature deaths in the area.

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Feigin VL, Roth GA, Naghavi M, Parmar P, Krishnamurthi R, Chugh S, et al. (August 2016). "Global burden of stroke and risk factors in 188 countries, during 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013".

3177: 18692: 7374: 4375:- neurotransmitters produced in response to infection and inflammation that are also associated with depression and suicide. Pollution has been associated with inflammation of the brain, which may disrupt mood regulation. Heightened PM 3727:, air pollution is responsible for 19% of all cardiovascular deaths. There is strong evidence linking both short- and long-term exposure to air pollution with cardiovascular disease mortality and morbidity, stroke, blood pressure, and 2721:

Other examples include carbon monoxide gas from motor vehicle exhausts or sulfur dioxide released from factories. Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact.

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Even in areas with relatively low levels of air pollution, public health effects can be significant and costly, since a large number of people breathe in such pollutants. A study found that even in areas of the U.S. where ozone and

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and there has been no significant change in the number of deaths caused by all forms of pollution since at least 2015. Outdoor air pollution attributable to fossil fuel use alone causes ~3.61 million deaths annually, making it one

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gases (nitrogen oxides, especially from combustion) and volatile organic compounds in the presence of sunlight. Due to the influence of temperature and sunlight on this reaction, high ozone levels are most common on hot summer

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Since a large share of air pollution is caused by combustion of fossil fuels such as coal and oil, the reduction of these fuels can reduce air pollution drastically. Most effective is the switch to clean power sources such as

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and prevented that region of the brain from developing, and the ventricles simply expanded to fill the space. Our findings add to the growing body of evidence that air pollution may play a role in autism, as well as in other

8360:... it is estimated that 40 percent of all China's factories have been shut down at some point in order to be inspected... over 80,000 factories have been hit with fines and criminal offenses as a result of their emissions. 4281:

Brauer et al. studied the relationship between air pollution and proximity to a highway with pregnancy outcomes in a Vancouver cohort of pregnant women using addresses to estimate exposure during pregnancy. Exposure to NO,

5489:) with mortality, from an analysis of several Canadian cities. Significantly, all three of these pollutants can pose health risks, even at low levels of exposure, especially among those with pre-existing health problems. 4631:

which do not cause air pollution. Efforts to reduce pollution from mobile sources includes expanding regulation to new sources (such as cruise and transport ships, farm equipment, and small gas-powered equipment such as

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Annual premature European deaths caused by air pollution are estimated at 430,000 to 800,000. An important cause of these deaths is nitrogen dioxide and other nitrogen oxides (NOx) emitted by road vehicles. Across the

3350:, and other scented items. Controlled wood fires in cook stoves and fireplaces can add significant amounts of harmful smoke particulates into the air, inside and out. Indoor pollution fatalities may be caused by using 2944:/particles (PM), also known as particulates, atmospheric particulate matter (APM), or fine particles, are microscopic solid or liquid particles suspended in a gas. Aerosol is a mixture of particles and gas. Volcanoes, 2660:

has published a compilation of air pollutant emission factors for a wide range of industrial sources. The United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and many other countries have published similar compilations, as well as the

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The following items are commonly used as pollution control devices in industry and transportation. They can either destroy contaminants or remove them from an exhaust stream before it is emitted into the atmosphere.

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is prevalent, turning a useless commodity into a source of income. The plants can be gathered and sold to a central authority that will break them down in a large modern biodigester, producing much needed energy to

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and pregnancy rates after IVF laboratories have implemented air filters in a concerted effort to reduce levels of air pollution. Therefore, ozone pollution is considered to have a negative impact on the success of

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Batool R, Zaman K, Khurshid MA, Sheikh SM, Aamir A, Shoukry AM, et al. (October 2019). "Economics of death and dying: a critical evaluation of environmental damages and healthcare reforms across the globe".

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scheme in Germany which allowed people to buy a monthly pass allowing use on all local and regional transport (trains, trams and busses) for 9 euro (€) for one month of unlimited travel saved 1.8 million tons of

16295:"Associations of Cognitive Function Scores with Carbon Dioxide, Ventilation, and Volatile Organic Compound Exposures in Office Workers: A Controlled Exposure Study of Green and Conventional Office Environments" 22959: 8541: 7089: 3228: 16018: 5741: 5699:

While air pollution hotspots affect a variety of populations, some groups are more likely to be located in hotspots. Previous studies have shown disparities in exposure to pollution by race and/or income.

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can use controlled fire as a tool because fire is a natural feature of both forest and grassland ecology. Controlled burning encourages the sprouting of some desirable forest trees, resulting in a forest

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and not classified as toxic or harmful in general. Workplace exposure limits exist in places like UK (5,000 ppm for long-term exposure and 15,000 ppm for short-term exposure). Natural disasters like the

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by almost nine months. In a 2015 consultation document the UK government disclosed that nitrogen dioxide is responsible for 23,500 premature UK deaths per annum. There is a positive correlation between

1811:. Air pollution can cause diseases, allergies, and even death to humans; it can also cause harm to other living organisms such as animals and crops, and may damage the natural environment (for example, 18082: 13411:

Andersen ZJ, Hvidberg M, Jensen SS, Ketzel M, Loft S, Sorensen M, et al. (2011). "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution: a cohort study. ".

5211:) take the form of a scale with various thresholds, which is used to communicate to the public the relative risk of outdoor activity. The scale may or may not distinguish between different pollutants. 6612:

Dominski FH, Lorenzetti Branco JH, Buonanno G, Stabile L, Gameiro da Silva M, Andrade A (October 2021). "Effects of air pollution on health: A mapping review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses".

4520:

laboratory in the former USSR in 1979 near Yekaterinburg (formerly Sverdlovsk) is believed to have caused at least 64 deaths. The worst single incident of air pollution to occur in the US occurred in

19118: 11605: 7019: 5559:

ruled that under this directive citizens have the right to require national authorities to implement a short term action plan that aims to maintain or achieve compliance to air quality limit values.

4247:

fuels being used for cooking, which are responsible for more than 80% of regional pollution. In the Middle East, North Africa and West sub-Saharan Africa, fine PM comes from natural sources, such as

3958: 13374:

Gehring U, Wijga AH, Brauer M, Fischer P, de Jongste JC, Kerkhof M, et al. (2010). "Traffic-related air pollution and the development of asthma and allergies during the first 8 years of life".

5243:

the number may exceed 10. The AQHI provides a local air quality current value as well as a local air quality maximums forecast for today, tonight and tomorrow and provides associated health advice.

7963: 8482: 4220:

levels had statistically significant higher odds of pregnancy resulting in a low-birth weight infant even when adjusted for country-related variables. The effect is thought to be from stimulating

3646: 2501:. It is considered to be a health hazard. Radon gas from natural sources can accumulate in buildings, especially in confined areas such as the basement and it is the second most frequent cause of 5548:

can "set objectives for ambient air quality in order to avoid, prevent or reduce harmful effects on human health and the environment ... and improve air quality where it is unsatisfactory".

2714:

An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have many effects on humans and the ecosystem. The substance can be solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases, and often takes the form of an

5764:, especially in developing countries where cities are experiencing rapid growth and environmental regulations are relatively lax or nonexistent. Urbanization leads to a rapid rise in premature 4580:

environmental regulations, effective control technologies and shift towards the renewable source of energy also helping countries like China and India to reduce their sulfur dioxide pollution.

4043:

In Turkey, a study examined the fertility of men who work as toll collectors and are therefore exposed to high levels of traffic pollutants daily. Traffic pollution often has high levels of PM

13981:

Saber E, Heydari G (May 2012). "Flow patterns and deposition fraction of particles in the range of 0.1–10 μm at trachea and the first third generations under different breathing conditions".

6428: 3392:

medical condition affecting the tissue of the lungs. It occurs after long-term, heavy exposure to asbestos from asbestos-containing materials in structures. Those with asbestosis have severe

7668: 7439: 5723:

Studies show that patterns in race and income disparities not only indicate a higher exposure to pollution but also higher risk of adverse health outcomes. Communities characterized by low

3354:

and other chemical sprays indoors without proper ventilation. Also the kitchen in a modern produce harmful particles and gases, with equipment like toasters being one of the worst sources.

17998: 4294:

were associated with infants born small for gestational age (SGA). Women living less than 50 meters away from an expressway or highway were 26% more likely to give birth to a SGA infant.

3152: 8009: 3666:, electricity production, and heating. There are estimated 4.5 million annual premature deaths worldwide due to pollutants released by high-emission power stations and vehicle exhausts. 18408: 10471:

Singh R, Kumar S, Karmakar S, Siddiqui AJ, Mathur A, Adnan M, et al. (2021). "2: Causes, Consequences, and Control of Persistent Organic Pollutants". In Kumar N, Shukla V (eds.).

4315:

Air pollution increases the risk of dementia in people over 50 years old. Indoor air pollution exposure during childhood may negatively affect cognitive function and neurodevelopment.

3591:

Eliminating energy-related fossil fuel emissions in the United States would prevent 46,900–59,400 premature deaths each year and provide $ 537–$ 678 billion in benefits from avoided PM

20891: 5603:, arguing that in future "A great city like London" should be permitted to bypass its government and deal directly with the European Commission regarding its air quality action plan. 3014:

is produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes. Coal and petroleum often contain sulfur compounds, and their combustion generates sulfur dioxide. Further oxidation of SO

2557:

are some examples of vegetation that can produce abundant VOCs. The VOC production from these species result in ozone levels up to eight times higher than the low-impact tree species.

821: 17937:"Interseasonal Heat Transfer – Seasonal Heat Storage – GSHC – Renewable Heat & Renewable Cooling from ThermalBanks – Efficient Renewable Energy – Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems" 13117:

Miller KA, Siscovick DS, Sheppard L, Shepherd K, Sullivan JH, Anderson GL, et al. (2007). "Long-term exposure to air pollution and incidence of cardiovascular events in women".

3407:

Biological sources of air pollution are also found indoors, as gases and airborne particulates. Pets produce dander, people produce dust from minute skin flakes and decomposed hair,

21116: 7908: 5747: 1000: 5223:(AQHI). It is a health protection tool used to make decisions to reduce short-term exposure to air pollution by adjusting activity levels during increased levels of air pollution. 21111: 19622: 4212:. A 2014 WHO worldwide survey on maternal and perinatal health found a statistically significant association between low birth weights (LBW) and increased levels of exposure to PM 995: 16900: 8789: 5588:

concentrations, estimated to cause 3000 deaths per year within the city. As well as the threat of EU fines, in 2010 it was threatened with legal action for scrapping the western

16089:"Early Postnatal Exposure to Ultrafine Particulate Matter Air Pollution: Persistent Ventriculomegaly, Neurochemical Disruption, and Glial Activation Preferentially in Male Mice" 12693:"EPA Strengthens Ozone Standards to Protect Public Health/Science-based standards to reduce sick days, asthma attacks, emergency room visits, greatly outweigh costs (10/1/2015)" 6491:"Association between air pollution exposure and mental health service use among individuals with first presentations of psychotic and mood disorders: retrospective cohort study" 3313:

Indoor contaminants that can cause pollution include asbestos, biologic agents, building materials, radon, tobacco smoke, and wood stoves, gas ranges, or other heating systems.

16354:"Associations between acute exposures to PM2.5 and carbon dioxide indoors and cognitive function in office workers: a multicountry longitudinal prospective observational study" 7694:"Protocol On Further Reduction Of Sulphur Emissions To The Convention On Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution | International Environmental Agreements (IEA) Database Project" 5607:

national governments and intergovernmental organisations, allowing sub-national actors including cities and regions to partake in air pollution control as independent actors.

3531:

Estimated annual number of deaths attributed to air pollution in 2019. This includes three categories of air pollution: indoor household, outdoor particulate matter and ozone.

2141:). Road vehicles make a significant amount of all air pollution (typically, for example, around a third to a half of all nitrogen dioxide emissions) and are a major driver of 3357:

Carbon monoxide poisoning and fatalities are often caused by faulty vents and chimneys, or by the burning of charcoal indoors or in a confined space, such as a tent. Chronic

5860:

In a 2012 study, by 2050 outdoor air pollution (particulate matter and ground-level ozone) is projected to become the top cause of environmentally related deaths worldwide.

2726:

is a prominent example of a secondary pollutant. Some pollutants may be both primary and secondary: they are both emitted directly and formed from other primary pollutants.

4141:

Health effects of air pollution on children include asthma, pneumonia and lower respiratory tract infections and low birth weight. A study in Europe found that exposure to

23304: 19605: 19439: 18374: 12576:

Törnqvist HK, Mills NL, Gonzalez M, Miller MR, Robinson SD, Megson IL, et al. (2007). "Persistent Endothelial Dysfunction in Humans after Diesel Exhaust Inhalation".

8372:

Huo H, Zhang Q, Guan D, Su X, Zhao H, He K (16 December 2014). "Examining Air Pollution in China Using Production- And Consumption-Based Emissions Accounting Approaches".

4188:

during pregnancy was associated with ASD. A Danish study linked exposure to air pollution during infancy, but not during pregnancy, to an increased risk of ASD diagnosis.

3571:

China each year. In 2012, 2.48% of China's total air pollution emissions were caused by exports due to US demand, causing an additional 27,963 deaths across 30 provinces.

13936:

Chen H, Goldberg M, Villeneuve P (October–December 2008). "A systematic review of the relation between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and chronic diseases".

10357: 5623:

have been marginalized and their lands and resources have been exploited as a result of historical and continuing colonization, institutional injustices, and inequality.

15753: 19030: 8344: 4387:(VOCs) or carbon dioxide, while keeping other factors constant. The highest impurity levels reached are not uncommon in some classroom or office environments. Higher PM 19822: 13458: 13413: 13376: 12888:"Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015" 12578: 9296:

Lelieveld J, Evans JS, Fnais M, Giannadaki D, Pozzer A (September 2015). "The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale".

3751:(COPD) from increased exposure to traffic-related air pollution. Air pollution has been associated with increased hospitalization and mortality from asthma and COPD. 1881:. Growing evidence suggests that air pollution exposure may be associated with reduced IQ scores, impaired cognition, increased risk for psychiatric disorders such as 6553:"Ambient and household PM2.5 pollution and adverse perinatal outcomes: A meta-regression and analysis of attributable global burden for 204 countries and territories" 17341: 17283:"Zero air pollution and zero carbon from all energy at low cost and without blackouts in variable weather throughout the U.S. with 100% wind-water-solar and storage" 12033:(December 2013 issue) and reported in The Daily Telegraph 8 January 2014 p. 15 'Air pollution killing up to 500,000 Chinese each year, admits former health minister. 5704:

land uses (toxic storage and disposal facilities, manufacturing facilities, major roadways) tend to be located where property values and income levels are low. Low

3995:

and ovarian development by reducing the number of ovarian germ cells via triggering cell death pathways and inducing inflammation which can lead to ovarian damage.

3988:

and increasing the exposure worsens this effect. Research has demonstrated that more BaPs were found in men with reported fertility issues compared to men without.

3459:

Short and long term exposures have been linked with premature mortality and reduced life expectancy and can result in increased medication use, increased doctor or

19884: 17833: 11191: 10302:"Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are heavier than air, so how do scientists suppose that these chemicals reach the altitude of the ozone layer to adversely affect it?" 9131: 7198: 2859:

currently forms about 410 parts per million (ppm) of Earth's atmosphere, compared to about 280 ppm in pre-industrial times, and billions of metric tons of CO

14634:

Frutos V, González-Comadrán M, Solà I, Jacquemin B, Carreras R, Checa Vizcaíno MA (2 January 2015). "Impact of air pollution on fertility: a systematic review".

11016: 5566:

legal obligation on the UK to protect its citizens from dangerous levels of air pollution, furthermore superseding national interests with those of the citizen.

3766:. COPD risk factors are both genetic and environmental. Elevated particle pollution contributes to the exacerbation of this disease and likely its pathogenesis. 7055: 3794:

pollution exposure from traffic reduces lung function development in children and lung function may be compromised by air pollution even at low concentrations.

3715:"even at low pollution levels below the current European and North American standards and WHO guideline values" shortly before the WHO adjusted its guidelines. 1893:. Individual reactions to air pollutants depend on the type of pollutant a person is exposed to, the degree of exposure, and the individual's health status and 19459: 17861: 12101: 6185: 6083: 5562:

This important case law appears to confirm the role of the EC as centralised regulator to European nation-states as regards air pollution control. It places a

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Drury R, Belliveau M, Kuhn JS, Shipra B (Spring 1999). "Pollution Trading and Environmental Justice: Los Angeles' Failed Experiment in Air Pollution Policy".

18866: 18216: 7318: 19578:(2005). "Selections from the history of environmental pollution, with special attention to air pollution. Part 2*: From medieval times to the 19th century". 16236: 4469:

A study published in 2022 found "a strong and significant connection between air pollution and construction site accidents" and that "a 10-ppb increase in NO

2610: 1979:

There are many different sources of air pollution. Some air pollutants (such as nitrogen oxides) originate mainly from human activities, while some (notably

11726: 7030: 19077: 12692: 19663: 11864:"Cardiovascular Mortality and Long-Term Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution: Epidemiological Evidence of General Pathophysiological Pathways of Disease" 7967: 4788:

Reducing travel in vehicles can curb pollution. After Stockholm reduced vehicle traffic in the central city with a congestion tax, nitrogen dioxide and PM

1983:

gas) come mostly from natural sources. However, many air pollutants (including dust and sulfur dioxide) come from a mixture of natural and human sources.

11600: 9936: 8619: 4342:. In this study, air pollution had a larger negative impact on male mice than on females. Lead researcher on the study, Deborah Cory-Slechta, said that: 2585: 11698: 7289: 22954: 18787: 18156:

Singla S, Bansal D, Misra A, Raheja G (31 August 2018). "Towards an integrated framework for air quality monitoring and exposure estimation-a review".

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Data sources: Markandya & Wilkinson (2007); UNSCEAR (2008; 2018); Sovacool et al. (2016); IPCC AR5 (2014); Pehl et al. (2017); Ember Energy (2021).

8968: 4696:

Support for a ban on high-emission vehicles in city centres in Europe, China and the US from respondents to the European Investment Bank Climate Survey

2935:. It is one of several nitrogen oxides. One of the most prominent air pollutants, this reddish-brown toxic gas has a characteristic sharp, biting odor. 15418:"Outdoor air pollution, preterm birth, and low birth weight: analysis of the World Health Organization global survey on maternal and perinatal health" 3427:, dust, and mold. Indoors, the lack of air circulation allows these airborne pollutants to accumulate more than they would otherwise occur in nature. 3411:

in bedding, carpeting and furniture produce enzymes and micrometre-sized fecal droppings, inhabitants emit methane, mold forms on walls and generates

22944: 19878: 13554: 9644: 13456:

Committee of the Environmental and Occupational Health Assembly of the American Thoracic Society (1996). "Health effects of outdoor air pollution".

10933:

Dons E (2019). "Transport most likely to cause air pollution peak exposures in everyday life: Evidence from over 2000 days of personal monitoring".

4319:

may also affect neurodevelopment. Studies show that air pollution is associated with a variety of developmental disabilities, oxidative stress, and

3482:

sets limits on certain air pollutants, including setting limits on how much can be in the air anywhere in the United States. Mixed exposure to both

18588: 17339:

Gielen D, Boshell F, Saygin D, Bazilian MD, Wagner N, Gorini R (1 April 2019). "The role of renewable energy in the global energy transformation".

16261: 13840: 12613: 10989: 17509:

Fensterstock, Ketcham and Walsh, The Relationship of Land Use and Transportation Planning to Air Quality Management, Ed. George Hagevik, May 1972.

11226: 6155: 4505:), killed at least 3787 people and injured from 150,000 to 600,000. The United Kingdom suffered its worst air pollution event when the 4 December 21623: 21456: 16608:"Assessing the relationship between air pollution, agricultural insurance, and agricultural green total factor productivity: evidence from China" 12500: 9496: 9177:

Landfill gas (LFG) is a natural byproduct of the decomposition of organic material in landfills. LFG is composed of roughly 50 percent methane...

7534: 6849:

Fuller R, Landrigan PJ, Balakrishnan K, Bathan G, Bose-O'Reilly S, Brauer M, et al. (June 2022). "Pollution and health: a progress update".

6048: 17444: 15795: 3801:, serious health hazards become more apparent when living in a more urban environment. Studies have shown that in urban areas people experience 21129: 16145: 13197:"Carotid intima-media thickness, a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis, and particulate air pollution exposure: the meta-analytical evidence" 5939: 1005: 15551: 2078:-, and devices-manufacturing and construction sectors contributed more than 50% of air pollutant emissions. This high emission is due to high 18456:

Yu T, Wang W, Ciren P, Sun R (18 October 2018). "An assessment of air-quality monitoring station locations based on satellite observations".

18396: 15379: 9362: 6140: 4173:

health outcomes that are often fatal in developing countries. A 2014 study found that PAHs might play a role in the development of childhood

3479: 2657: 8591: 5539: 4423:

Rural populations in India, like those in urban areas, are also exposed to high levels of air pollution. In 2020, scientists found that the

11754: 10407: 8761: 4489:

pollution levels and with telescopic technology close to today. It may also be possible to detect extraterrestrial civilizations this way.

4243:

differs greatly by region. In South and East Asia, pregnant women are frequently exposed to indoor air pollution because of wood and other

3285: 2963: 14685:

Checa Vizcaíno MA, González-Comadran M, Jacquemin B (September 2016). "Outdoor air pollution and human infertility: a systematic review".

2130: 23211: 20824: 19868: 17097: 12216: 10326: 8175: 6135: 4129:

However, findings on the effect of ozone exposure on male fertility are somewhat discordant, highlighting the need for further research.

1083: 771: 15258: 13266:"Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: An update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association" 22994: 16889: 16839: 16806: 15194:"Exposure to local, source-specific ambient air pollution during pregnancy and autism in children: a cohort study from southern Sweden" 14146:

Yacong Bo (2021). "Reduced Ambient PM2.5 Was Associated with a Decreased Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Longitudinal Cohort Study".

6722:"Air Pollution Toxicology—A Brief Review of the Role of the Science in Shaping the Current Understanding of Air Pollution Health Risks" 6396: 5580:

limit values. The UK government has identified that if fines are imposed, they could cost the nation upwards of £300 million per year.

4097:

pollution, often a problem in the summer months, exert an effect on in vitro fertilisation (IVF) outcomes. Within an IVF population, NO

1669: 21902: 9261:

Sun F, Dai Y, Yu X (December 2017). "Air pollution, food production and food security: A review from the perspective of food system".

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and other solvents. These can be substantial; emissions from these sources was estimated to account for almost half of pollution from

21907: 12212:"Nationwide and Regional PM2.5-Related Air Quality Health Benefits From the Removal of Energy-Related Emissions in the United States" 5516:(CO). The latter two pollutants provided little information in predicting health effects and were removed from the AQHI formulation. 5170: 2049: 18131: 12668: 11906: 7435:"Valuation of air pollution externalities: comparative assessment of economic damage and emission reduction under COVID-19 lockdown" 2986:(PAHs): a group of aromatic compounds formed from the incomplete combustion of organic compounds including coal and oil and tobacco. 1889:

health. The human health effects of poor air quality are far reaching, but principally affect the body's respiratory system and the

21225: 18607: 8681: 4174: 12829:"Long term exposure to low level air pollution and mortality in eight European cohorts within the ELAPSE project: pooled analysis" 12188: 9848: 7904:"Pollution from Fossil-Fuel Combustion is the Leading Environmental Threat to Global Pediatric Health and Equity: Solutions Exist" 5140: 4716:

Strategic substitution of air pollution sources in transport with lower-emission or, during the lifecycle, emission-free forms of

3703:

of aggravated asthma, and more than a million cases of missed work or school. Following this assessment, the EPA acted to protect

3059:. Other hydrocarbon VOCs are also significant greenhouse gases because of their role in creating ozone and prolonging the life of 23027: 22999: 22039: 21981: 21063: 19326: 18458: 17398: 12641: 11560: 11470: 10050:

is naturally present in the air we breathe at a concentration of about 0.037% and is not harmful to health at low concentrations.

6665:"Adverse health effects associated with household air pollution: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and burden estimation study" 6344:"Causes and Consequences of Air Pollution and Environmental Injustice as Critical Issues for Science and Environmental Education" 3404:(generally a very rare form of cancer, when more widespread it is almost always associated with prolonged exposure to asbestos). 2229: 18366: 13455: 11813:"Particulate Air Pollution, Exceptional Aging, and Rates of Centenarians: A Nationwide Analysis of the United States, 1980–2010" 7616: 5544:

In Europe, Council Directive 96/62/EC on ambient air quality assessment and management provides a common strategy against which

5492:

When developing the AQHI, Health Canada's original analysis of health effects included five major air pollutants: particulates,

23245: 23004: 22320: 21364: 19814:

Mosley, Stephen. The chimney of the world: a history of smoke pollution in Victorian and Edwardian Manchester. Routledge, 2013.

10436: 10077:

Some pollutants, and especially those associated with greenhouse warming effects (carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane)...

5203: 5100: 4270:

and TSP (along with other particulates). The estimated reduction in birth weight was 7.3 g for every 100 μg/m increase in

4058:

In women, while overall effects on fertility do not appear significant there is an association between increased exposure to PM

3712: 1929: 1779:

that alters the natural features of the atmosphere. There are many different types of air pollutants, such as gases (including

15577: 14387:"A look beyond the priority: A systematic review of the genotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic endpoints of non-priority PAHs" 9879: 4751:

mixed in with jetfuel at a 50/50 ratio can reduce jet derived cruise altitude particulate emissions by 50–70%, according to a

4747:

than other areas, even when factoring in areas with frequent ship calls, and heavy freeway and city traffic like Los Angeles.

4501:

in India. Leaked industrial vapours from the Union Carbide factory, belonging to Union Carbide, Inc., U.S.A. (later bought by

23062: 22969: 21106: 19800: 19712: 19553: 19531: 18839: 17170: 15561: 14148: 11333: 11261:. Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Biomonitoring of Atmospheric Pollution (With Emphasis on Trace Elements). 10744: 10664: 10486: 10377: 9919: 9236: 8988: 8885: 8431: 8374: 7544: 6826: 6363: 6326: 3748: 3546:

In 2021, the WHO reported that outdoor air pollution was estimated to cause 4.2 million premature deaths worldwide in 2019.

3540: 2966:

processes (POPs). As a result, they've been discovered to survive in the environment, be capable of long-range transmission,

1870: 990: 19841: 15884:"Effects of air pollution on the nervous system and its possible role in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders" 15316:. Prenatal Programming and Toxicity II (PPTOX II): Role of Environmental Stressors in the Developmental Origins of Disease. 12777: 11782: 10090: 4534: 23052: 21564: 20394: 20206: 19095: 10620: 7284: 5467:

or reschedule strenuous activities outdoors, especially if you experience symptoms such as coughing and throat irritation.

3813: 1935:

Many different technologies and strategies are available for reducing air pollution. Although a majority of countries have

264: 19378:

The Daily Telegraph 8 January 2014 'Air pollution killing up to 500,000 Chinese each year, admits former health minister'.

15814:"Early life multiple exposures and child cognitive function: A multi-centric birth cohort study in six European countries" 12718: 10856: 9740: 5234:. However, the AQHI program would not be possible without the commitment and support of the provinces, municipalities and 5173:) provides climate simulations including air quality assessments in their reports (latest report accessible through their 5135:

organizations and governance entities such as using a variety of technologies for use of the data and sensing such mobile

3463:

visits, more hospital admissions and premature death. Diseases that develop from persistent exposure to air pollution are

3034:

is formed. This is one of the causes for concern over the environmental impact of the use of these fuels as power sources.

2098:

as well as open and uncontrolled fires of mismanaged waste, making up about a fourth of municipal solid terrestrial waste)

23009: 22573: 22161: 21616: 20359: 20252: 19922: 17023: 13119: 12803:"Human health may be at risk from long-term exposure to air pollution below current air quality standards and guidelines" 10225: 5769:

remains the leading cause of lung cancer in China, the number of smokers is falling while lung cancer rates are rising .

5611: 2225: 1659: 391: 311: 19654:

Grinder, Robert Dale. "The Battle for Clean Air: The Smoke Problem in Post-Civil War America" in Martin V. Melosi, ed.,

19255:"Rapid rise in premature mortality due to anthropogenic air pollution in fast-growing tropical cities from 2005 to 2018" 16922: 16807:"Health and air quality 2005 – Phase 2: Valuation of health impacts from air quality in the lower Fraser Valley airshed" 14907:"Blood Pressure and Same-Day Exposure to Air Pollution at School: Associations with Nano-Sized to Coarse PM in Children" 14020:"Lung cancer incidence and long-term exposure to air pollution from traffic. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]" 11941:"Global estimation of mortality, disability-adjusted life years and welfare cost from exposure to ambient air pollution" 10821: 9762: 8563: 4509:

of 1952 formed over London. In six days more than 4,000 died and more recent estimates put the figure at nearer 12,000.

3264:

In 2021, the WHO halved its recommended guideline limit for tiny particles from burning fossil fuels. The new limit for

22077: 21581: 21534: 21511: 21264: 21124: 21101: 20280: 19940: 18430: 17473:

Fensterstock JC, Kurtzweg JA, Ozolins G (1971). "Reduction of Air Pollution Potential through Environmental Planning".

11205: 10280: 9887: 9735: 9163: 6150: 4278:

factors of low birth weight. Coal stoves, which are in 97% of homes, are a major source of air pollution in this area.

3513:

Deaths caused by accidents and air pollution from fossil fuel use in power plants exceed those caused by production of

3384:

in industrial and domestic environments in the past has left a potentially very dangerous material in many localities.

2818:. It is potentially lethal at very high concentrations (typically 100 times "normal" atmospheric levels). Although the 1858: 1716: 1664: 985: 899: 341: 17707:"Cost-effectiveness analysis of compressed natural gas implementation in the public bus transit fleet in Delhi, India" 11145: 10434:

Balmes J, Fine J, Sheppard D (1987). "Symptomatic bronchoconstriction after short-term inhalation of sulfur dioxide".

8286:"Annual exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban environments linked to wintertime wood-burning episodes" 4575:

Various pollution control technologies and strategies are available to reduce air pollution. At its most basic level,

3650:

A comparison of footprint-based and transboundary pollution-based relationships among G20 nations for the number of PM

3456:

in children and chronic bronchitis in adults, aggravating pre-existing heart and lung disease, or asthmatic attacks.

3323:, is exuded from the Earth in certain locations and trapped inside houses. Building materials including carpeting and 47: 24127: 23067: 22593: 22176: 22005: 21968: 21912: 21529: 21166: 20913: 20799: 20293: 20288: 19189: 18770:

European and National Law (2021) in 8(22) International Institutions: Transnational Networks eJournal, available at:

17888: 17043: 16542: 16299: 16221: 15818: 15694: 15490:"Preterm birth associated with maternal fine particulate matter exposure: A global, regional and national assessment" 15422: 15082: 14962: 14911: 14024: 13983: 13321: 12519: 11817: 10882: 10866: 10070: 9220: 8290: 7511: 6068: 5220: 5081: 4945: 4731: 4303: 3852:(fine particulates) increases the overall risk of non-accidental mortality by 6% per 10 μg/m increase. Exposure to PM 3159: 3138: 3133:

There are many other chemicals classed as hazardous air pollutants. Some of these are regulated in the USA under the

1758: 841: 746: 19642:

Grinder RD (1978). "From Insurgency to Efficiency: The Smoke Abatement Campaign in Pittsburgh before World War I.".

15943:"Prenatal air pollution exposure and neurodevelopment: A review and blueprint for a harmonized approach within ECHO" 15489: 13617:

Gauderman W (2007). "Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age: a cohort study".

12336:"Consumption in the G20 nations causes particulate air pollution resulting in two million premature deaths annually" 11045: 10109: 9822: 9456: 5165:) can be used to simulate the levels of different pollutants in the atmosphere. These tools can have several types ( 4481:

Artificial air pollution may be detectable on Earth from distant vantage points such as other planetary systems via

4196:

effect, cauding DNA damange and mutations. Air pollution has been associated with the prevalence of preterm births.

23751: 21917: 21093: 18877: 17678: 17039:"A Retrospective Assessment of Mortality from the London Smog Episode of 1952: The Role of Influenza and Pollution" 15947: 12403:"Global mortality from outdoor fine particle pollution generated by fossil fuel combustion: Results from GEOS-Chem" 11945: 11387:"Global mortality from outdoor fine particle pollution generated by fossil fuel combustion: Results from GEOS-Chem" 9792: 8916: 8284:

Tsiodra I, Grivas G, Tavernaraki K, Bougiatioti A, Apostolaki M, Paraskevopoulou D, et al. (7 December 2021).

7154:"Global premature mortality due to anthropogenic outdoor air pollution and the contribution of past climate change" 6160: 4672: 4118: 1646: 19031:"Tribes do their part to keep air clean. Now, they want to make sure pollution from afar doesn't put that at risk" 12802: 11497:"Aerosol physicochemical determinants of carbon black and ozone inhalation co-exposure induced pulmonary toxicity" 8790:"Impact of air pollutants from surface transport sources on human health: A modeling and epidemiological approach" 6768:"Aerosol physicochemical determinants of carbon black and ozone inhalation co-exposure induced pulmonary toxicity" 5934: 3845:

exposure, such as from car exhausts, activates dormant mutations in lung cells, causing them to become cancerous.

23204: 22710: 22338: 22315: 21933: 20839: 20576: 19966: 19489: 18814: 16433: 13938: 9492:"Biogenic carbon and anthropogenic pollutants combine to form a cooling haze over the southeastern United States" 5435:

or rescheduling strenuous activities outdoors if you experience symptoms such as coughing and throat irritation.

4770: 4158: 3970: 2983: 2110: 2065: 1902: 1076: 786: 549: 131: 52: 19236:

Port Arthur, Texas: Public Housing Residents Breathe Contaminated Air from Nearby Refineries and Chemical Plants

19081: 11046:"Taking an Exposure History: What Are Possible Sources of Indoor Air Pollution | Environmental Medicine | ATSDR" 9020:"Fire control systems in forest reserves: An assessment of three forest districts in the Northern region, Ghana" 4093:), when in high concentrations, is regarded as an air pollutant and is often found in smog in industrial areas. 2814:): Carbon dioxide is a natural component of the atmosphere, essential for plant life and given off by the human 23165: 22984: 22934: 22746: 22643: 22404: 22305: 22218: 21962: 21609: 18932:

Bringing transnational relations back in: non-state actors, domestic structures, and international institutions

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Fleischer NL, Merialdi M, van Donkelaar A, Vadillo-Ortega F, Martin RV, Betran AP, et al. (1 April 2014).

14083: 13678: 12956:"Ambient air pollution and cardiovascular diseases: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses" 8567: 7158: 3724: 3087:

that is produced in large quantities as a result of human activities (mostly the combustion of fossil fuels). O

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of 2022, which specifically amended the Clean Air Act "to define the carbon dioxide produced by the burning of

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region in 2010. This finding is based on health valuation of lethal (death) and sub-lethal (illness) affects.

3860:(range: 15–21% per 10 μg/m increase) and total cardiovascular mortality (range: 12–14% per 10 μg/m increase). 2958:, which can attach to particulates. Persistent organic pollutants are organic compounds that are resistant to 23268: 23177: 22817: 22588: 21897: 21174: 21149: 20454: 17674:

100% clean and renewable wind, water, and sunlight (WWS) all-sector energy road maps for the 50 United States

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number as 'low', 'moderate', 'high' or 'very high', and suggests steps that can be taken to reduce exposure.

5235: 4939: 3475: 3134: 2977: 2840: 1964: 1948: 1544: 1021: 471: 18791: 15812:

Julvez J, López-Vicente M, Warembourg C, Maitre L, Philippat C, Gützkow KB, et al. (1 September 2021).

14385:

da Silva Junior FC, Felipe MB, Castro DE, Araújo SC, Sisenando HC, Batistuzzo de Medeiros SR (1 June 2021).

8615:"Impact of Rocket Launch and Space Debris Air Pollutant Emissions on Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate" 8510: 5599:

has criticised the current need for European cities to communicate with Europe through their nation state's

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hypersecretion, lower levels of lung function, and more self-diagnosis of chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

23820: 23655: 22682: 22409: 21539: 21291: 21218: 20625: 20374: 20354: 20106: 19723: 16262:"New Study Demonstrates Indoor Building Environment Has Significant, Positive Impact on Cognitive Function" 15578:"Silent Suffocation in Africa - Air Pollution is a Growing Menace, Affecting the Poorest Children the Most" 13747: 7778: 6721: 6011: 4364: 3821:

air pollution can be equivalent to smoking multiple cigarettes per day, potentially increasing the risk of

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Cedeño Laurent JG, MacNaughton P, Jones E, Young AS, Bliss M, Flanigan S, et al. (1 September 2021).

12402: 12044: 11386: 8427:"Examining Air Pollution in China Using Production- And Consumption-Based Emissions Accounting Approaches" 7773: 3055:) or non-methane (NMVOCs). Methane is an extremely efficient greenhouse gas which contributes to enhanced 24144: 22829: 22722: 22633: 22446: 22434: 22343: 22032: 21831: 20730: 20384: 19508: 14869: 13535: 10732: 10063:

Air Quality Guidelines Global Update 2005: Particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide

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In general, there are two types of air quality standards. The first class of standards (such as the U.S.

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light will release free electrons from material, thereby creating free radicals, which break up VOCs and

4538: 4154: 3453: 2662: 2106: 1951:, introduced in 1963. Some of these efforts have been successful at the international level, such as the 670: 421: 18592: 13674:"Short-term air pollution exposure decreases lung function: a repeated measures study in healthy adults" 24277: 24161: 24105: 23197: 22899: 22824: 22729: 22265: 21753: 21686: 21586: 21389: 21158: 21058: 20981: 20389: 20219: 20049: 19142:"Understanding the Cumulative Impacts of Inequalities in Environmental Health: Implications for Policy" 18935: 18051: 17910: 17288: 16271: 15598: 10301: 10272: 9675: 7251: 6250: 6031: 4984: 4860: 4138:

countries are exposed to higher levels of fine particulate matter than those in high income countries.

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in human and animal tissue, biomagnify in food chains, and pose a major threat to human health and the

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Kaivonen S, Ngai EC (1 February 2020). "Real-time air pollution monitoring with sensors on city bus".

16743: 14386: 13317:"Retinal Microvascular Responses to Short-Term Changes in Particulate Air Pollution in Healthy Adults" 12474: 12045:"Air pollution-induced health impacts and health economic losses in China driven by US demand exports" 11940: 11254: 10564: 9189: 9019: 8911: 4482: 4028:

led to decreased sperm motility and increased abnormal morphology. Similarly, in Poland exposure to PM

3707:

by lowering the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for ground-level ozone to 70 ppb.

2800:. Although in wide use, ammonia is both caustic and hazardous. In the atmosphere, ammonia reacts with 23692: 23021: 23016: 22884: 22583: 22290: 22248: 22212: 22119: 21851: 21743: 21503: 21466: 21404: 21356: 21346: 21341: 21336: 21331: 21321: 21316: 21311: 21306: 21301: 21286: 20861: 20819: 20781: 20346: 20140: 19234:

Lerner S (2010). "Sacrifice Zones: The Front Lines of Toxic Chemical Exposure in the United States".

18747: 18739: 16955: 15497: 11790: 11448: 11199: 10569: 8207: 8182: 8010:"Cracking down on methane 'ultra emitters' is a quick way to combat climate change, researchers find" 7752: 7202: 6021: 6016: 5944: 5556: 5411:

your usual outdoor activities unless you experience symptoms such as coughing and throat irritation.

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concentrations were shown to be associated with slower response times and reduced accuracy in tests.

4384: 4113: 3977:(ROS) which can result in inflammation and cell death. More long-term exposure to PAHs can result in 3358: 2819: 2537:(VOCs) on warmer days. These VOCs react with primary anthropogenic pollutants – specifically, NO 1968: 1711: 801: 766: 726: 379: 346: 196: 19055: 18658: 18632: 16487: 14267:

Conforti A, Mascia M, Cioffi G, De Angelis C, Coppola G, De Rosa P, et al. (30 December 2018).

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7826: 7643: 6964:"Loss of life expectancy from air pollution compared to other risk factors: a worldwide perspective" 3620:

from all sources." From 1999 to 2020, a total of 460,000 deaths in the US were attributed to coal PM

2625:

which are unintentionally created by combustion of organics, like open burning of plastics, and are

24303: 23677: 22859: 22558: 22270: 22166: 21826: 21775: 21770: 21765: 21576: 21571: 21559: 21473: 20856: 20379: 20320: 20231: 17746: 9964:"The Effect of Changing Background Emissions on External Cost Estimates for Secondary Particulates" 8757: 8203: 7229: 6124: 5162: 5143:, and monitoring stations. Some websites attempt to map air pollution levels using available data. 5126: 5054: 4897: 4766: 4424: 4417: 4403: 4379:

levels are linked to more self-reported depressive symptoms, and increases in daily suicide rates.

3184: 2678: 1843: 796: 416: 351: 288: 14450:"Endocrine-Disrupting Air Pollutants and Their Effects on the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis" 14077:

Raaschou-Nielsen O, Andersen ZJ, Hvidberg M, Jensen SS, Ketzel M, Sorensen M, et al. (2011).

14018:

Raaschou-Nielsen O, Andersen ZJ, Hvidberg M, Jensen SS, Ketzel M, Sorensen M, et al. (2011).

12827:

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10680: 8836:"NASA GISS: NASA News & Feature Releases:Road Transportation Emerges as Key Driver of Warming" 4866: 4055:

and motility in this study group compared to a control group with limited air pollution exposure.

3290: 3051:(VOC): VOCs are both indoor and outdoor air pollutants. They are categorized as either methane (CH 23852: 23741: 23130: 23057: 22889: 21738: 21661: 21409: 21211: 21068: 20834: 20364: 19915: 16170: 15312: 13495:"Long-term exposure to air pollution and asthma hospitalisations in older adults: a cohort study" 13022:

Mayor S (12 June 2016). "Air pollution is a leading risk factor for stroke, global study shows".

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led 2017 study (however, this should imply ground level benefits to urban air pollution as well).

4513: 3974: 3728: 3627: 3401: 3211: 2848: 1701: 826: 781: 401: 56: 17392:

Burns J, Boogaard H, Polus S, Pfadenhauer LM, Rohwer AC, van-Erp AM, et al. (20 May 2019).

16671:"Improved air quality leads to enhanced vegetation growth during the COVID–19 lockdown in India" 13579: 9596: 9158: 8860: 8496: 7800: 5929: 24298: 24255: 24098: 23970: 23153: 23125: 22904: 22628: 22114: 22025: 21795: 21399: 21394: 21384: 21027: 20417: 19804: 19253:

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Andersen ZJ, Kristiansen LC, Andersen KK, Olsen TS, Hvidberg M, Jensen SS, et al. (2011).

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or reschedule strenuous activities outdoors. Children and the elderly should also take it easy.

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Researchers found that early exposure to air pollution causes the same changes in the brain as

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This video provides an overview of a NASA study on the human fingerprint on global air quality.

2996:, nuclear events, war explosives, and natural processes such as the radioactive decay of radon. 2989: 2919:, are expelled from high temperature combustion, and are also produced during thunderstorms by 1991: 1570: 964: 451: 19885:

The Mortality Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution in the United Kingdom

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Perera FP, Chang Hw, Tang D, Roen EL, Herbstman J, Margolis A, et al. (5 November 2014).

13156:"Stroke and Long-Term Exposure to Outdoor Air Pollution From Nitrogen Dioxide: A Cohort Study" 11629:"Effects of fossil fuel and total anthropogenic emission removal on public health and climate" 11576: 10411: 10334: 9074: 7085:"Effects of fossil fuel and total anthropogenic emission removal on public health and climate" 4758:

Ship propulsion and idling can be switched to much cleaner fuels like natural gas. (Ideally a

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The politics of air pollution: Urban growth, ecological modernization, and symbolic inclusion

17394:"Interventions to Reduce Ambient Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Their Effect on Health" 17019: 14958:"Prenatal Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Exposure and Child Behavior at Age 6–7 Years" 13270: 12340: 11868: 11495:

Majumder N, Kodali V, Velayutham M, Goldsmith T, Amedro J, Khramtsov VV, et al. (2022).

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When Smoke Ran Like Water: Tales of Environmental Deception and the Battle Against Pollution

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11366:"Long-Term Exposure to Low Levels of Air Pollution Increases Risk of Heart and Lung Disease" 11017:"Most of the World Breathes Unsafe Air, Taking More Than 2 Years Off Global Life Expectancy" 10706: 10239: 7288:, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at University of Washington – Seattle (2016). 6422:

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1905:. Anthropogenic ozone causes around 470,000 premature deaths a year and fine particulate (PM 24246: 24218: 24183: 24110: 23910: 23847: 23665: 23486: 23085: 22869: 22734: 22700: 22648: 22473: 22468: 22414: 22370: 22260: 22198: 22087: 22082: 21748: 21733: 21728: 21440: 20804: 20459: 20155: 19803: ... There's ... evidence linking air pollution exposure to an increased risk of 19675: 19268: 18967: 18467: 18330: 18321: 18230: 18221: 18165: 18007: 17798: 17557: 17519: 17350: 17297: 17238: 17112: 16974: 16755: 16682: 16619: 16488:"Air quality trends in rural India: analysis of NO2 pollution using satellite measurements" 16367: 16027: 15956: 15827: 15506: 15321: 15205: 15140: 15022: 14746: 14520: 14398: 14157: 14092: 13881: 13687: 13210: 12899: 12416: 12349: 12287: 12225: 12056: 11954: 11640: 11398: 11266: 10944: 10907: 10578: 10257: 9562: 9505: 9404: 9307: 9270: 9088: 9031: 8925: 8801: 8628: 8440: 8383: 8299: 8128: 8063: 7583: 7448: 7383: 7167: 7098: 6907: 6621: 6437: 6165: 6093: 5709: 5152: 4521: 4502: 3885:

A study of 163,197 Taiwanese residents over the period of 2001–2016 estimated that every 5

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Demolition of the cooling towers of a power station, Athlone, Cape Town, South Africa, 2010

1683: 1281: 476: 209: 18788:"Air quality: Commission sends final warning to UK over levels of fine particle pollution" 17618: 17546:"Improvements in SO2 pollution in India: role of technology and environmental regulations" 15488:

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15129:"In utero exposure to near-roadway air pollution and autism spectrum disorder in children" 10766: 7083:

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placed near a busy road were shown to absorb toxic emission from around 20 cars each day.

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10774: 10094: 10025: 9849:"Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (reference manual)" 9553: 9100: 8014: 7199:"9 out of 10 people worldwide breathe polluted air, but more countries are taking action" 6310: 5657: 5570: 4999: 4961: 4854: 4795: 4725: 4600: 4251:. The United States had an estimated 50,000 preterm births associated with exposure to PM 3783: 3374: 3060: 2902: 2626: 2165: 2007: 1820: 1800: 1678: 1575: 1514: 1340: 811: 756: 721: 647: 574: 524: 519: 504: 161: 28: 19679: 19602:

Economic Growth versus the Environment: The Politics of Wealth, Health and Air Pollution

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Pieters N, Koppen G, Van Poppel M, De Prins S, Cox B, Dons E, et al. (March 2015).

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Andersen ZJ, Bonnelykke K, Hvidberg M, Jensen SS, Ketzel M, Loft S, et al. (2011).

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Newbury JB, Stewart R, Fisher HL, Beevers S, Dajnak D, Broadbent M, et al. (2021).

6441: 3739:. Other mechanisms such as autonomic nervous system imbalance have also been suggested. 3396:(shortness of breath) and are at an increased risk regarding several different types of 3331:(H-CHO) gas. Paint and solvents give off volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as they dry. 19:"Bad air quality" and "Air quality" redirect here. For the obsolete medical theory, see 24308: 24251: 24236: 24166: 24122: 24012: 23598: 23503: 23258: 22717: 22300: 22149: 21993: 21876: 21184: 21145: 21078: 21053: 21048: 20866: 20743: 20537: 20409: 20173: 20044: 19971: 19908: 19760: 19728: 19571: 19541: 19519: 19356: 19343: 19321: 19297: 19254: 19211: 19184: 18985: 18491: 18348: 18297: 18254: 18197: 18033: 17599: 17586: 17545: 17420: 17393: 17374: 17321: 17262: 17078: 17065: 17038: 17000: 16964: 16787: 16724: 16711: 16670: 16651: 16607: 16588: 16523: 16468: 16455: 16428: 16409: 16396: 16353: 16334: 16321: 16294: 16266: 16215: 16121: 16088: 16069: 16056: 16009: 15985: 15942: 15941:

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is positively associated with mortality from coronary heart diseases and exposure to SO

3680: 3281: 3121: 3076: 2993: 2941: 2920: 2815: 2801: 2761: 2723: 2704: 2645: 2219: 2079: 2003: 1944: 1890: 1835: 1350: 1328: 1235: 1196: 1045: 806: 682: 444: 226: 166: 136: 83: 64: 19731:. ... Most of these fine particles are a by-product of ... burning ... 19458: 19388: 17759: 17201: 16949:

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14698: 13642: 13079: 12911: 11552: 10196: 9574: 9282: 8038: 6864: 6680: 6424:"Cognitive Effects of Air Pollution Exposures and Potential Mechanistic Underpinnings" 2590: 24223: 23687: 23593: 23566: 23413: 23363: 23299: 23253: 22879: 22874: 22802: 22751: 22525: 22505: 22493: 22453: 22424: 22392: 22310: 22203: 22171: 22067: 21988: 21836: 21425: 21073: 20933: 20753: 20662: 20630: 20547: 20500: 20427: 20399: 20168: 20163: 19961: 19708: 19691: 19575: 19559: 19549: 19527: 19361: 19302: 19284: 19216: 19165: 18495: 18483: 18352: 18289: 18258: 18189: 18181: 18025: 17974: 17814: 17810: 17771: 17763: 17726: 17603: 17591: 17573: 17492: 17425: 17378: 17366: 17325: 17313: 17266: 17254: 17205: 17166: 17155: 17128: 17070: 17004: 16992: 16791: 16779: 16771: 16744:"Record high levels of atmospheric ammonia over India: Spatial and temporal analyses" 16728: 16716: 16698: 16655: 16643: 16635: 16592: 16567:

Hong C, Mueller ND, Burney JA, Zhang Y, AghaKouchak A, Moore FC, et al. (2020).

16527: 16515: 16507: 16460: 16413: 16401: 16383: 16326: 16126: 16108: 16073: 16061: 16043: 15990: 15972: 15923: 15905: 15901: 15861: 15843: 15782: 15770: 15748: 15721: 15662: 15644: 15557: 15532: 15524: 15457: 15439: 15398: 15355: 15337: 15288: 15239: 15221: 15174: 15156: 15109: 15058: 15040: 14989: 14938: 14889: 14833: 14782: 14764: 14710: 14702: 14659: 14651: 14616: 14598: 14554: 14536: 14489: 14471: 14434: 14422: 14414: 14367: 14349: 14308: 14290: 14238: 14220: 14185: 14173: 14120: 14051: 14000: 13996: 13955: 13915: 13897: 13766: 13715: 13646: 13516: 13475: 13430: 13393: 13348: 13297: 13238: 13177: 13136: 13099: 13091: 13047: 13001: 12983: 12933: 12915: 12868: 12850: 12754: 12646: 12595: 12558: 12452: 12440: 12432: 12383: 12365: 12313: 12278: 12251: 12153: 12080: 12072: 12004: 11990: 11978: 11970: 11914: 11887: 11844: 11676: 11658: 11526: 11422: 11414: 11351: 11339: 11329: 11290: 11282: 10974: 10862: 10740: 10660: 10602: 10594: 10482: 10453: 10387: 10373: 10066: 9963: 9915: 9712: 9694: 9578: 9533: 9442: 9430: 9422: 9395: 9331: 9323: 9232: 9104: 9059: 9047: 8998: 8984: 8949: 8941: 8835: 8817: 8739: 8662: 8644: 8464: 8456: 8407: 8399: 8329: 8317: 8240: 8156: 8099: 8087: 8079: 8044: 7945: 7927: 7884: 7540: 7507: 7482: 7464: 7419: 7407: 7399: 7353: 7126: 7001: 6983: 6941: 6896:"Health impacts of air pollution exposure from 1990 to 2019 in 43 European countries" 6880: 6868: 6822: 6797: 6741: 6702: 6684: 6645: 6637: 6594: 6576: 6530: 6512: 6471: 6453: 6359: 6322: 6318: 6287: 6269: 6078: 6053: 5761: 5589: 5563: 5208: 5166: 5062: 4827: 4664: 4576: 4335: 4166: 3600: 3507: 3042: 2789: 2688: 2486: 2161: 2149: 2114: 2045: 1960: 1952: 1882: 1824: 1580: 694: 617: 610: 564: 431: 221: 216: 126: 24: 19503: 18989: 18301: 18201: 18037: 17082: 16767: 16568: 16472: 16338: 15192:

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15009:"Early-Life Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and ADHD Behavior Problems" 14888:

Gordon B, Mackay R, Rehfuess E (2004). "Polluted Cities: The Air Children Breathe".

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Vohra K, Vodonos A, Schwartz J, Marais EA, Sulprizio MP, Mickley LJ (1 April 2021).

11966: 11596:"Air Pollution Accounts for 1 in 8 Deaths Worldwide, According to New WHO Estimates" 11385:

Vohra K, Vodonos A, Schwartz J, Marais EA, Sulprizio MP, Mickley LJ (1 April 2021).

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Lee KK, Bing R, Kiang J, Bashir S, Spath N, Stelzle D, et al. (November 2020).

6348:

The Impact of Air Pollution on Health, Economy, Environment and Agricultural Sources

4455:

and ozone concentrations) would produce $ 29 million in annual savings in the lower

3957: 2549:

organic carbon compounds – to produce a seasonal haze of secondary pollutants.

24173: 24132: 24115: 24002: 23900: 23432: 23336: 23220: 23044: 22797: 22756: 22568: 22543: 22355: 22285: 22129: 21881: 21871: 21866: 21856: 21841: 21521: 21017: 20918: 20876: 20844: 20738: 20692: 20652: 20559: 20527: 20495: 20480: 20464: 20439: 20224: 20178: 19687: 19683: 19589: 19351: 19335: 19292: 19276: 19259: 19206: 19198: 19155: 19012: 18975: 18475: 18338: 18281: 18246: 18238: 18173: 18087: 18015: 17806: 17755: 17718: 17687: 17669: 17581: 17565: 17488: 17484: 17415: 17411: 17407: 17358: 17305: 17246: 17224: 17197: 17120: 17060: 17052: 16982: 16927: 16869: 16763: 16706: 16690: 16627: 16580: 16499: 16450: 16442: 16391: 16375: 16316: 16308: 16203: 16116: 16100: 16051: 16035: 15980: 15964: 15913: 15897: 15851: 15835: 15762: 15733: 15711: 15703: 15674: 15652: 15636: 15514: 15469: 15447: 15431: 15388: 15345: 15333: 15329: 15278: 15270: 15229: 15213: 15164: 15148: 15099: 15091: 15048: 15030: 14979: 14971: 14928: 14920: 14823: 14813: 14772: 14754: 14694: 14643: 14606: 14588: 14544: 14528: 14509:"The effects of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) on mammalian ovarian function" 14479: 14461: 14406: 14357: 14339: 14298: 14280: 14228: 14212: 14165: 14110: 14100: 14063: 14041: 14033: 13992: 13947: 13905: 13889: 13868:

Hill W, Lim EL, Weeden CE, Lee C, Augustine M, Chen K, et al. (5 April 2023).

13756: 13705: 13695: 13638: 13506: 13467: 13442: 13422: 13385: 13360: 13338: 13330: 13289: 13279: 13228: 13218: 13167: 13128: 13083: 13075: 13031: 12991: 12967: 12923: 12907: 12858: 12842: 12587: 12548: 12424: 12373: 12357: 12303: 12295: 12241: 12233: 12064: 11962: 11877: 11834: 11826: 11666: 11648: 11516: 11508: 11406: 11321: 11274: 10960: 10956: 10952: 10919: 10915: 10652: 10586: 10445: 10365: 9702: 9684: 9570: 9523: 9513: 9412: 9367: 9343: 9315: 9298: 9278: 9242: 9224: 9096: 9039: 8976: 8933: 8809: 8729: 8719: 8652: 8636: 8448: 8391: 8345:"China Shuts Down Tens Of Thousands Of Factories In Widespread Pollution Crackdown" 8307: 8232: 8146: 8136: 8071: 7935: 7917: 7874: 7864: 7744: 7591: 7472: 7456: 7391: 7175: 7116: 7106: 6991: 6975: 6931: 6915: 6860: 6787: 6779: 6733: 6692: 6676: 6629: 6584: 6566: 6520: 6502: 6461: 6445: 6351: 6277: 6259: 6175: 5974: 5497: 5474: 4994: 4980: 4782: 4748: 4717: 4705: 4668: 4653: 4583: 4463: 4225: 4209: 4162: 3992: 3889:/m decrease (from an approximate peak of 30μg/m) in the ambient concentration of PM 3514: 3416: 3370: 3303: 3265: 3207: 2916: 2490: 2454: 2083: 1776: 1744: 1458: 1345: 1257: 1100: 954: 851: 791: 677: 630: 579: 539: 514: 499: 481: 456: 396: 281: 231: 60: 19617:

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Carter SA, Rahman MM, Lin JC, Shu YH, Chow T, Yu X, et al. (1 January 2022).

14201:"Particulate Matter and Albuminuria, Glomerular Filtration Rate, and Incident CKD" 14132: 13658: 13511: 13494: 12068: 10648:

Read "Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution" at NAP.edu

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Manisalidis I, Stavropoulou E, Stavropoulos A, Bezirtzoglou E (20 February 2020).

9075:"Effects of forest fire ash on germination and early growth of four pinus species" 8682:"Microplastics in our air 'spiral the globe' in a cycle of pollution, study finds" 6216: 4407:

Share of the population exposed to air pollution levels above WHO guidelines, 2017

3833:

Around 300,000 lung cancer deaths were attributed globally in 2019 to exposure to

1729: 24190: 24156: 24042: 24022: 23932: 23581: 23547: 23481: 23278: 23263: 23105: 22807: 22610: 22603: 22538: 22478: 22360: 22350: 22280: 22253: 22238: 22193: 22183: 22134: 21800: 21721: 21651: 21487: 20881: 20791: 20757: 20642: 20596: 20522: 20449: 20369: 20272: 20214: 20069: 19772: 17834:"'False choice': is deep-sea mining required for an electric vehicle revolution?" 17309: 17280:

Jacobson MZ, von Krauland AK, Coughlin SJ, Palmer FC, Smith MM (1 January 2022).

16895: 16694: 15968: 15839: 15625:"Association between air pollution and low birth weight: a community-based study" 15519: 15274: 15152: 15035: 14647: 14410: 14200: 13761: 13742: 13471: 13284: 13265: 13223: 13172: 13155: 12428: 11410: 11278: 11163: 10590: 10472: 10358:"Industrial Air Emission Pollution: Potential Sources and Sustainable Mitigation" 10157: 9909: 9228: 8967:

George Neary D, McMichael Leonard J (8 April 2020), Missiakô Kindomihou V (ed.),

8813: 7501: 6962:

Lelieveld J, Pozzer A, Pöschl U, Fnais M, Haines A, Münzel T (1 September 2020).

6816: 6633: 6571: 6306: 6130: 6026: 5513: 5186: 5049: 4645: 4498: 4181: 4048: 3927: 3898: 3798: 3736: 3580: 3408: 3298: 3163: 2891: 2877: 2792:: Emitted mainly by agricultural waste. Ammonia is a compound with the formula NH 2708: 2683: 2649: 2513: 2315: 1936: 1925: 1816: 1784: 1651: 1426: 1129: 739: 699: 569: 534: 466: 406: 334: 271: 171: 21696: 16569:"Impacts of ozone and climate change on yields of perennial crops in California" 16293:

Allen JG, MacNaughton P, Satish U, Santanam S, Vallarino J, Spengler JD (2015).

14532: 13951: 12127: 11325: 10704: 10449: 9617: 9043: 7536:

Regulating Air Quality: The First Global Assessment of Air Pollution Legislation

6551:

Ghosh R, Causey K, Burkart K, Wozniak S, Cohen A, Brauer M (28 September 2021).

6190: 5871: 5519:

The AQHI does not measure the effects of odour, pollen, dust, heat or humidity.

24231: 24178: 24088: 24007: 23992: 23987: 23939: 23827: 23623: 23571: 23554: 23388: 22792: 22578: 22515: 22500: 22483: 22441: 22243: 22124: 21943: 21938: 21461: 21194: 20928: 20814: 20771: 20765: 20761: 20606: 20591: 20542: 20532: 20444: 20298: 20054: 20025: 19146: 18285: 17962: 17569: 16987: 16950: 16631: 16379: 16039: 15375:"Air pollution and preterm birth: a recommendation for further study in Greece" 15217: 13893: 13426: 13389: 12726: 12722: 12553: 12534: 12361: 11544: 9730: 9668: 9363:"California's Farms Are an Even Larger Source of Air Pollution Than We Thought" 8141: 7850: 7460: 7395: 7298: 7090:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

6919: 6243: 6145: 6108: 6043: 5919: 5765: 5669: 5505: 5405:

or rescheduling strenuous activities outdoors if you are experiencing symptoms.

5034: 5022: 4920: 4799: 4712:

There are now practical alternatives to the principal causes of air pollution:

4708:

that do not cause air pollution may be a critical key alternative to pollution.

4649: 4633: 4259: 4109: 3985: 3759: 3669: 3605: 3576: 3192: 3056: 2931:

downwind of cities. Nitrogen dioxide is a chemical compound with the formula NO

2908: 2872: 2831: 2807: 2465:

from natural sources, usually large areas of land with little or no vegetation.

2236: 2215: 2169: 2153: 2142: 2031: 1831:). Air pollution can be caused by both human activities and natural phenomena. 1812: 1788: 1734: 1641: 1475: 1057: 861: 761: 716: 709: 704: 461: 156: 19160: 19141: 19016: 19003:

Roman M (2010). "Governing from the middle: the C40 Cities Leadership Group".

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Ritz B, Liew Z, Yan Q, Cuia X, Virk J, Ketzel M, et al. (December 2018).

14818: 14759: 14593: 14285: 13700: 12591: 11343: 11164:"Bucknell tent death: Hannah Thomas-Jones died from carbon monoxide poisoning" 10244:

Gas Disaster: Impacts and The Displacement and Return of Affected Communities"

9996: 8312: 8285: 6449: 4420:

recipients who are exposed to more air pollution have higher mortality rates.

24292: 24195: 24032: 23922: 23879: 23660: 23537: 23423: 23373: 23100: 22979: 22787: 22761: 22638: 22598: 22563: 22553: 22533: 22275: 22208: 22156: 22144: 22139: 22048: 21805: 21666: 21435: 21179: 20948: 20849: 20635: 20564: 20336: 20084: 19862: 19784: 19752: 19695: 19629:

Don't Breathe the Air: Air Pollution and US Environmental Politics, 1945–1970

19593: 19288: 19202: 18487: 18293: 18185: 18029: 17978: 17818: 17767: 17730: 17577: 17520:"The Importance of Development Plans/Land Use Policy for Development Control" 17370: 17317: 17258: 17250: 16996: 16775: 16702: 16639: 16511: 16387: 16112: 16047: 15976: 15909: 15847: 15648: 15528: 15443: 15341: 15225: 15160: 15044: 14768: 14706: 14655: 14602: 14540: 14475: 14418: 14353: 14294: 14224: 13901: 13810: 13095: 13043: 12987: 12979: 12919: 12854: 12618: 12436: 12369: 12076: 11974: 11918: 11662: 11512: 11418: 11370: 11286: 11068: 10598: 10369: 10356:

Munsif R, Zubair M, Aziz A, Nadeem Zafar M (7 January 2021), Viskup R (ed.),

9770: 9698: 9689: 9487: 9426: 9327: 9108: 9051: 8980: 8945: 8648: 8460: 8426: 8403: 8321: 8083: 7931: 7869: 7468: 7403: 7357: 7322: 6987: 6927: 6783: 6688: 6641: 6580: 6557: 6516: 6457: 6273: 6264: 6073: 5954: 5891: 5742:

List of most polluted cities in the world by particulate matter concentration

5724: 5705: 5640: 5596: 5573:(EC) threatened the UK with legal action against the successive breaching of 5545: 5227: 4934: 4548: 4544:

Efforts to reduce particulate matter in the air may result in better health.

4456: 4445: 4331: 4205: 3704: 3684: 3420: 3343: 2967: 2198: 2157: 2138: 2056: 1917: 1866: 1597: 1497: 1446: 1333: 1040: 876: 366: 361: 356: 20: 19563: 17124: 15415: 14169: 14105: 12299: 11653: 10538:"Infant Inhalation Of Ultra-fine Air Pollution Linked To Adult Lung Disease" 9518: 9417: 9390: 8075: 7111: 6737: 4826:

Tarps and netting are often used to reduce the amount of dust released from

3588:-related deaths and air pollution from motor vehicle emissions in England. 71: 36: 23997: 23955: 23731: 23682: 23618: 23474: 23378: 23120: 22548: 22397: 22387: 22365: 22295: 22188: 22102: 21861: 21790: 21681: 20969: 20943: 20923: 20747: 20710: 20674: 20310: 20257: 20133: 20089: 20074: 20003: 19792: 19306: 19280: 19220: 19169: 18844: 18193: 18020: 17993: 17866: 17838: 17775: 17595: 17429: 17209: 17074: 16783: 16720: 16647: 16519: 16464: 16405: 16330: 16130: 16065: 16008:

Shang L, Yang L, Yang W, Huang L, Qi C, Yang Z, et al. (1 July 2020).

15994: 15927: 15865: 15799: 15774: 15725: 15690:"A Cohort Study of Traffic-Related Air Pollution Impacts on Birth Outcomes" 15688:

Brauer M, Lencar C, Tamburic L, Koehoorn M, Demers P, Karr C (1 May 2008).

15536: 15461: 15402: 15359: 15292: 15243: 15178: 15113: 15062: 14993: 14942: 14837: 14786: 14714: 14663: 14620: 14558: 14493: 14426: 14371: 14344: 14312: 14242: 14177: 14124: 14055: 14004: 13959: 13919: 13845: 13770: 13719: 13650: 13520: 13434: 13397: 13352: 13301: 13242: 13181: 13140: 13103: 13051: 13005: 12937: 12872: 12599: 12562: 12444: 12387: 12317: 12255: 12183: 12084: 11982: 11891: 11848: 11703: 11680: 11530: 11426: 11316:

Dovjak M, Kukec A (2019). "Health Outcomes Related to Built Environments".

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Pollution and Global Warming: When does carbon dioxide become a pollutant?"

9941: 9716: 9582: 9537: 9434: 9335: 8953: 8821: 8743: 8666: 8468: 8411: 8244: 8160: 8091: 7949: 7922: 7888: 7693: 7486: 7411: 7130: 7005: 6945: 6872: 6801: 6745: 6706: 6649: 6598: 6534: 6475: 6291: 5905: 5752: 5646: 5592:

zone, which is claimed to have led to an increase in air pollution levels.

5219:

In Canada, air pollution and associated health risks are measured with the

5044: 5009: 4951: 4912: 4872: 4607: 4569: 4564: 4355: 4351: 4323:

and that it may contribute to Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

4221: 4193: 4014:

which are tiny particles of 2.5 microns in width or smaller, compared with

3483: 3389: 3380:

Though its use has now been banned in many countries, the extensive use of

3328: 3258: 3156: 2999: 2980:

connected to airborne fine particles are linked to cardiopulmonary disease.

2852: 2765: 2696: 2641: 2636: 2126: 2095: 1913: 1804: 1487: 1411: 1242: 909: 871: 856: 687: 652: 597: 316: 176: 19365: 18771: 18740:"PRESS RELEASE No 58/08 Judgment of the Court of Justice in Case C-237/07" 18343: 18316: 18217:"Drive-by Air Pollution Sensing Systems: Challenges and Future Directions" 17496: 17132: 16951:"Nitrogen Dioxide Pollution as a Signature of Extraterrestrial Technology" 16446: 15666: 13479: 11085: 10646: 10509: 10457: 10327:"What is Particulate Matter? | Urban Environmental Program in New England" 6979: 4556:

emissions during its three-month implementation from June to August 2022.

4125:

association between O3 and IVF live birth rate was no longer significant.

2022: 24093: 24037: 23859: 23837: 23832: 23699: 23576: 23542: 23530: 23418: 23341: 23115: 22812: 22510: 22419: 22382: 20906: 20901: 20586: 20581: 20552: 20517: 20490: 20020: 19857: 19764: 19740: 19339: 17162: 15640: 15553:

Finance in Africa - Navigating the financial landscape in turbulent times

14466: 14216: 13784: 13743:"Urban air pollution and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease: a review" 13293: 13132: 12237: 10510:"Newly detected air pollutant mimics damaging effects of cigarette smoke" 9464: 8640: 8536: 6507: 5844:

Tehran was declared the most polluted city in the world on May 24, 2022.

4907: 4680:

improvement is a near-term benefit among the many societal benefits from

4641: 4628: 4624: 4587: 4535:

designing sustainable manufacturing processes (and the products' designs)

4524:, in late October 1948, when 20 people died and over 7,000 were injured. 4359: 4339: 4052: 3935: 3934:

treatment. In the general population, there is a significant increase in

3902: 3857: 3782:

exhibited more severe respiratory symptoms (including cough, phlegm, and

3771: 3659: 3445: 3397: 3362: 2502: 2379: 2363: 2331: 2134: 2041: 1956: 1921: 1878: 1854: 1847: 1808: 1636: 1524: 1519: 1482: 1431: 1362: 1308: 1264: 1252: 1201: 831: 529: 509: 146: 41: 21601: 21203: 19524:

The Big Smoke: A History of Air Pollution in London Since Medieval Times

19347: 18559: 18250: 16312: 16104: 15435: 15095: 14975: 14924: 14891:

Inheriting the World: The Atlas of Children's Health and the Environment

14684: 14079:"Air pollution from traffic and cancer incidence: a Danish cohort study" 14037: 13785:"Education Data, Visualizations & Graphics on Air Quality and PM2.5" 13334: 9457:"Education Data, Visualizations & Graphics on particulate pollution" 9319: 6611: 4834: 3616:

was associated with 2.1 times greater mortality risk than exposure to PM

3498:

Estimates of the death toll from air pollution vary across publications.

2014: 1912:

The World Bank has estimated that welfare losses (premature deaths) and

1842:

globally. Many of the contributors of air pollution are also sources of

24200: 24017: 23975: 23917: 23886: 23525: 23457: 23395: 23368: 23331: 22741: 22463: 21430: 21256: 21083: 20700: 20015: 20008: 19991: 19976: 19664:"Nanoparticle emissions from 11 non-vehicle exhaust sources – A review" 19440:"En Afrique de l'Ouest, une pollution mortelle mais d'ampleur inconnue" 17691: 17188: 16503: 14269:"Air pollution and female fertility: a systematic review of literature" 13811:"Cancer is not just 'bad luck' but down to environment, study suggests" 13619: 13087: 12971: 12030: 11727:"Pollution killing 9 million people a year, Africa hardest hit - study" 9937:"Ammonia from farms behind 60% of UK particulate air pollution – study" 9391:"Reducing food's environmental impacts through producers and consumers" 8724: 7595: 7285: 6113: 5969: 5949: 5924: 5116: 4976: 4743:

Areas downwind (over 20 miles) of major airports have more than double

4620: 4506: 4248: 4192:

adipose tissue they can be transferred across the placenta can exert a

4180:

Researchers have found a correlation between air pollution and risk of

3978: 3951: 3778: 3763: 3543:, lung cancer, and lung infections. Children are particularly at risk. 3412: 3385: 3320: 3188: 3006:): particularly sulfur dioxide, a chemical compound with the formula SO 2945: 2895: 2797: 2530: 2524: 2190: 2182: 2027: 1928:

and most human activity, although they are sometimes recovered through

1631: 1614: 1556: 1504: 1367: 1303: 1298: 1291: 1218: 1213: 1171: 1159: 881: 637: 141: 16014:

on children's neurodevelopment: a systematic review and meta-analysis"

15882:

Costa LG, Cole TB, Dao K, Chang YC, Coburn J, Garrick JM (June 2020).

15707: 14076: 14017: 13195:

Provost E, Madhloum N, Int Panis L, De Boever P, Nawrot T (May 2015).

13035: 12846: 8452: 8395: 8236: 7851:

Manisalidis I, Stavropoulou E, Stavropoulos A, Bezirtzoglou E (2020).

7719: 6244:

Manisalidis I, Stavropoulou E, Stavropoulos A, Bezirtzoglou E (2020).

4765:

Combustion of fossil fuels for space heating can be replaced by using

24083: 23965: 23773: 23768: 23746: 23635: 23628: 23447: 23442: 23349: 23326: 22839: 22658: 22228: 22109: 21846: 21716: 21676: 21671: 21274: 21012: 20964: 20938: 20886: 20720: 20682: 20432: 20422: 20094: 19956: 19931: 19442:[In West Africa, deadly pollution but of unknown magnitude]. 19239: 18719:"Summaries of EU legislation – Management and quality of ambient air" 17056: 16948: 16865: 16197: 14802:"Air pollution from natural and anthropic sources and male fertility" 14735:"Does air pollution play a role in infertility?: a systematic review" 14577:"Air pollution from natural and anthropic sources and male fertility" 12102:"Car emissions: taking tests out of the lab and onto the road – News" 11548: 10478: 10133:"Democrats Designed the Climate Law to Be a Game Changer. Here's How" 9642: 8910:

Harper AR, Doerr SH, Santin C, Froyd CA, Sinnadurai P (15 May 2018).

7982:"Climate change: Satellites map huge methane plumes from oil and gas" 7571: 7291:

The Cost of Air Pollution: Strengthening the Economic Case for Action

5989: 5650: 5610:

Global city partnerships can be built into networks, for example the

5014: 5004: 4989: 4427:

over the Southern Ocean around Antarctica is 'unpolluted' by humans.

4354:

that normally surrounds them hadn't fully developed. It appears that

4170: 4037: 3886: 3755: 3585: 3467:

diseases, which develop when a health environment is not maintained.

3351: 3031: 2971: 2881: 2754: 2700: 2674: 2550: 2517: 2506: 2494: 2472: 2395: 2247: 1886: 1839: 1828: 1626: 1621: 1416: 1406: 1318: 1286: 1269: 1230: 1208: 1164: 949: 904: 866: 816: 751: 657: 121: 91: 23189: 18077: 15877: 15875: 15078:"Ambient Air Pollution and Autism in Los Angeles County, California" 14733:

Carré J, Gatimel N, Moreau J, Parinaud J, Léandri R (28 July 2017).

14633: 13841:"Cancer breakthrough is a 'wake-up' call on danger of air pollution" 12614:"Air pollution from G20 consumers caused two million deaths in 2010" 11699:"Air pollution deaths are double previous estimates, finds research" 10065:. Copenhagen, Denmark: World Health Organization. 2006. p. 12. 10046:

has been recognised as a workplace hazard at high concentrations. CO

8861:"Car Emissions & Global Warming | Union of Concerned Scientists" 8035: 6605: 5756:

Nitrogen dioxide concentrations as measured from satellite 2002–2004

5461:

should also avoid outdoor physical exertion and should stay indoors.

5157:

Numerical models either on a global scale using tools such as GCMs (

4497:

The world's worst short-term civilian pollution crisis was the 1984

4066:, appears to have an effect on conception rates in women undergoing 3423:

and mold, and houseplants, soil and surrounding gardens can produce

24210: 23778: 23704: 23645: 23640: 23588: 23498: 23469: 23462: 23452: 23383: 23357: 23353: 23345: 22705: 22458: 22092: 22062: 20657: 20601: 20262: 20111: 20079: 19829:

Inventing Pollution: Coal, Smoke, and Culture in Britain since 1800

19808: 19780: 19736: 19444: 19140:

Morello-Frosch R, Zuk M, Jerrett M, Shamasunder B, Kyle AD (2011).

19139: 18959:

International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics

18908: 18317:"NOx Emission Reduction and Recovery during COVID-19 in East China" 18091: 17643: 17623: 16969: 16873: 16351: 16207: 15811: 15076:

Becerra TA, Wilhelm M, Olsen J, Cockburn M, Ritz B (1 March 2013).

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Louwies T, Int Panis L, Kicinski M, De Boever P, Nawrot TS (2013).

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levels increases the likelihood of an accident by as much as 25%".

4372: 3381: 3366: 2843:(which is designed to improve air quality) is deemed to regulate CO 2750: 2568: 2493:. Radon is a colorless, odorless, naturally occurring, radioactive 2173: 1920:$ 5 trillion per year. The costs of air pollution are generally an 1894: 1421: 321: 19389:"World's Most Polluted Cities in 2020 - PM2.5 Ranking | AirVisual" 18840:"Britain fends off threat of £300m fine over London air pollution" 18431:"New monitoring technologies can help cities combat air pollution" 17279: 15191: 12949: 12947: 11320:. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp. 43–82. 10656: 10408:"Evidence growing of air pollution's link to heart disease, death" 7669:"The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer" 6355: 4700: 4308:

Data is accumulating that air pollution exposure also affects the

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Prenatal exposure to polluted air has been linked to a variety of

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Research has demonstrated increased risk of developing asthma and

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Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include:

24078: 23874: 23869: 23815: 23721: 23650: 23493: 23294: 22377: 21785: 21780: 21711: 21656: 20618: 20121: 20099: 19986: 19981: 19865:

AQI to Concentration and Concentration to AQI for five pollutants

19748: 16890:"Pollution on other planets could help us find aliens, Nasa says" 15872: 14384: 14332:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

13314: 13194: 12953: 11731: 11626: 11494: 11067:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

10990:"WHO slashes guideline limits on air pollution from fossil fuels" 10474:

Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Environment: Origin and Role

10003:. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 30 October 2019 10001:

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

8912:"Prescribed fire and its impacts on ecosystem services in the UK" 7909:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

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List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration

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and ozone pollutants were linked with reduced rates of live birth

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and early miscarriage. Exposure to smaller particulate matter, PM

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without external support or internationally coordinated efforts.

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To display all pages, subcategories and images click on the "►":

2894:(CO): CO is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas. It is a product of 2715: 2630: 2594: 2560: 2521: 2468: 2347: 2209: 2194: 2075: 1796: 1780: 1587: 1465: 1453: 1401: 1384: 1355: 1313: 1276: 1223: 1152: 1108: 101: 22017: 19705:

The Hare and the Tortoise: Clean Air Policy in the US and Sweden

19319: 18534: 17994:"Energy and sustainable development in Nigeria: the way forward" 14575:

Jurewicz J, Dziewirska E, Radwan M, Hanke W (23 December 2018).

13492: 13153: 10737:

Biomass Gasification, Pyrolysis and Torrefaction (Third Edition)

9132:"Wall Paint, Perfumes and Cleaning Agents Are Polluting Our Air" 8706:

Wang J, Wu Q, Liu J, Yang H, Yin M, Chen S, et al. (2019).

6844: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6421: 6342:

Dimitriou A, Christidou V (26 September 2011), Khallaf M (ed.),

5899: 5191: 4040:(DNA that has not fully developed or has developed abnormally). 3486:

and ozone could result in significantly greater health affects.

2533:, in some regions, emits environmentally significant amounts of 23927: 23892: 23716: 23672: 23520: 23318: 22672: 21022: 21002: 20896: 20571: 20064: 19819:

Environmental Politics in Japan, Germany, and the United States

19796: 19788: 19185:"Racial and Socioeocnomic Disparities in Residential Proximity" 19078:"Global Toll of Air Pollution: Over 3 Million Deaths Each Year" 17862:"Nickel mining: the hidden environmental cost of electric cars" 16868:(Report). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. 16857: 15487: 14904: 14507:

Perono GA, Petrik JJ, Thomas PJ, Holloway AC (1 January 2022).

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Huo H, Zhang Q, Guan D, Su X, Zhao H, He K (16 December 2014).

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Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles § Cities and territories

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emissions. That issue was resolved in the United States by the

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European Commission > Environment > Air > Air Quality

19852: 16292: 16202:. Working Paper Series. National Bureau of Economic Research. 16146:"Air pollution link discovered to autism, schizophrenia risks" 14871:

Air pollution and child health: prescribing clean air. Summary

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Holland WW, Reid DD. "The urban factor in chronic bronchitis"

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Brook R, Rajagopalan S, Pope CI, Brook J, Bhatnagar A (2010).

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Juginović A, Vuković M, Aranza I, Biloš V (18 November 2021).

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A small improvement in air quality (1% reduction of ambient PM

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patients, higher PM 2.5 exposure is associated with increased

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Odors: Such as from garbage, sewage, and industrial processes.

2520:. During periods of active wildfires, smoke from uncontrolled 2156:

in forests like the Amazon cause large air pollution with the

75:

Deaths from air pollution per 100,000 inhabitants (IHME, 2019)

23960: 23800: 23726: 23513: 22834: 21032: 20974: 20315: 20247: 20145: 20037: 19887:, UK Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollution, 2010. 19776: 18563: 18315:

Zhang R, Zhang Y, Lin H, Feng X, Fu TM, Wang Y (April 2020).

17391: 14799: 14574: 12394: 11810: 11113: 11111: 9671:"Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review" 9295: 8966: 7853:"Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review" 6835: 6397:"7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution" 6246:"Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review" 6170: 5885: 5668:, and other health problems. Fine particulate matter such as 5656:

trucks) of pollution. Emissions from these sources can cause

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has been researched for its ability to reduce air pollution.

4008: 3834: 3802: 3754:

COPD comprises a spectrum of clinical disorders that include

3377:, or other dry cleaning fluids, for days after dry cleaning. 3316: 2622: 2527:

can make up almost 75% of all air pollution by concentration.

2482: 1980: 1592: 1529: 1191: 1184: 969: 914: 306: 19900: 19890: 19767:

and spread throughout the body. They can travel through the

18806: 17543: 17186:

Landrigan P (25 November 2016). "Air pollution and health".

15746: 15687: 15308:"Prenatal environmental exposures, epigenetics, and disease" 13410: 12575: 12532: 12005:"Lancet study: Pollution killed 2.3 million Indians in 2019" 10355: 4161:(PAH) was associated with reduced IQ scores and symptoms of 4036:

led to an increase in the percentage of cells with immature

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is also associated with an increased risk of mortality from

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or set recommended targets for it. Because of its role as a

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Schematic drawing, causes and effects of air pollution: (1)

23905: 23761: 23756: 23736: 23610: 23561: 23405: 22960:

Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety

22766: 21278: 21007: 20128: 20116: 20032: 19768: 19756: 19751: ... These particles can get past the defenses of our 19744: 19732: 19471: 18560:"Live Animated Air Quality Map (AQI, PM2.5...) | AirVisual" 17744:

Landrigan PJ (1 January 2017). "Air pollution and health".

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Air pollution is usually concentrated in densely populated

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themselves, ranking as 13th worst pollutant in Los Angeles.

4752: 4371:

Exposure to fine particulate matter can increase levels of

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and nitrogen oxides. There were significant differences in

4015: 3787: 3336: 3332: 3084: 3038: 2924: 2826:

as a climate pollutant, it does not include the gas in its

2598: 2462: 2427: 2411: 2299: 2267: 1940: 1609: 1509: 1492: 1470: 1396: 944: 191: 186: 151: 19661: 18815:"Environmental Audit Committee – Fifth Report Air Quality" 17889:"Los Angeles Airport Pollutes City Air For Miles Downwind" 16840:"Air pollution linked to "huge" reduction in intelligence" 16543:"Scientists say they have found the cleanest air on Earth" 14955: 14732: 14506: 13459:

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

13414:

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

13377:

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

12885: 12579:

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

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Nuclear Proliferation and Terrorism in the Post-9/11 World

8483:"EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019" 7375:

Environmental Science and Pollution Research International

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pollution declined, as did acute pediatric asthma attacks.

4660:

since 2000, to help eliminate the city's "pea-soup" smog.

4258:

A study between 1988 and 1991 found a correlation between

4204:

Ambient levels of air pollution have been associated with

3897:

development. According to a cohort study involving 10,997

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Mailloux NA, Abel DW, Holloway T, Patz JA (16 May 2022).

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Hafemeister D (2016), "Biological and Chemical Weapons",

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The measurement is based on the observed relationship of

4783:

rubber tires produce significant amounts of air pollution

4537:

and related legal regulations as well as efforts towards

4334:

in mice. It also showed that air pollution also affected

4024:

A study in California found that increased exposure to PM

3663: 3549:

The global mean loss of life expectancy (LLE; similar to

3294:

The share of total deaths from indoor air pollution, 2017

2572: 2160:. Controlled or prescribed burning is a practice used in 1792: 1604: 19252: 19115: 16668: 16429:"Air Pollution and Mortality in the Medicare Population" 16237:"Suicide rates rise as air quality worsens, study finds" 15373:

Papamitsou T, Sirak S, Kavvadas D (January–March 2020).

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Stanek LW, Brown JS, Stanek J, Gift J, Costa DL (2011).

4021:

which are classified as 10 microns in diameter or less.

3342:

Intentional air pollution is introduced with the use of

2867:

increase in Earth's atmosphere has been accelerating. CO

2101:

furnaces and other types of fuel-burning heating devices

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Heads Up: Does Air Pollution Cause Workplace Accidents?

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Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

19183:

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Sciencenetlinks.com Science Updates – Science NetLinks

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Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

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Arkansas Energy Department of Energy and Environment.

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Environment and Climate Change Canada (14 June 2010).

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Boubel R, Vallero D, Fox D, Turner B, Stern A (2013).

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Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act

4704:

Support, use and infrastructure-expansion of forms of

4663:

A very effective means to reduce air pollution is the

4656:. For example, buses in New Delhi, India, have run on 3683:

by the contemporary free trade and consumption by the

3187:

was installed, the emissions from this power plant in

3091:

is largely produced by chemical reactions involving NO

2212:

and open burning of waste releases harmful substances.

1916:

losses (lost labour) caused by air pollution cost the

19849:

Guide by the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC)

19546:

Composition, chemistry, and climate of the atmosphere

18397:"Analysis: Coronavirus temporarily reduced China's CO 15796:

Air pollution linked to much greater risk of dementia

13552: 12262: 11907:"Beijing's Bad Air Would Be Step Up for Smoggy Delhi" 11553:"What are the safest and cleanest sources of energy?" 6719: 5226:

The AQHI is a federal program jointly coordinated by

3961:

Standard line-angle structure of benzo-a-pyrene (BaP)

2611:

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

2048:

power plants both have smoke stacks (see for example

1986: 19656:

Pollution & Reform in American Cities, 1870–1930

19130: 17788: 17544:

Kuttippurath J, Patel VK, Pathak M, Singh A (2022).

16863: 14887: 14800:

Jurewicz J, Dziewirska E, Radwan M, Hanke W (2018).

11687: 11083: 8886:"NASA's AIRS Maps Carbon Monoxide from Brazil Fires" 8769:. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs 8267:"Wood burning heaters and your health - Fact sheets" 5867: 4568:

Burning of items polluting Jamestown environment in

4145:particles can increase blood pressure in children. 18583: 17619:"'Smog-Eating' Material Breaking into the Big Time" 15747:Bos I, De Boever P, Int Panis L, Meeusen R (2014). 15006: 14326:Canipari R, De Santis L, Cecconi S (January 2020). 12499:Farrow A, Miller KA, Myllyvirta L (February 2020). 12472: 12203: 12154:"Complete Guide To The 'Toxin Tax' For Diesel Cars" 12091: 11601:

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

11471:"Regulatory and Guidance Information by Topic: Air" 11084:Duflo E, Greenstone M, Hanna R (26 November 2008). 11074: 9289: 9017: 7774:"Global Climate Agreements: Successes and Failures" 7312: 7310: 7308: 6952: 6341: 3965: 3662:combustion – mostly the production and use of 2884:

can result in a sudden release of huge amount of CO

2863:

are emitted annually by burning of fossil fuels. CO

2586:

AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors

19662:Kumar P, Pirjola L, Ketzel M, Harrison RM (2013). 19581:International Journal of Environment and Pollution 19548:. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1–18. 19322:"Air Pollution and Daily Mortality in Rome, Italy" 17281: 17154: 16485: 16007: 15126: 12642:"EPA proposes nation's strictest smog limits ever" 10621:"Technical Overview of Volatile Organic Compounds" 10562: 10433: 8787: 8037: 7252:"Assessing the risks to health from air pollution" 7225:"Cheap air pollution monitors help plot your walk" 7145: 6662: 4652:), conversion to cleaner fuels, and conversion to 3777:A study conducted in 1960–1961 in the wake of the 3631:Air pollution deaths by nation due to fossil fuels 3018:, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as NO 2222:, and rocketry are examples of military resources. 2152:strategies using controlled burns. Practices like 16:Presence of dangerous substances in the atmosphere 19570: 18314: 17791:Atmospheric Environment. Part B. 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Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. 19414:"World Air Quality Index (AQI) Ranking | IQAir" 18782: 18367:"Airborne Nitrogen Dioxide Plummets Over China" 18132:"Subway air pollution damages passenger health" 17222: 16804: 16195: 15305: 15256: 11633:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 10091:"The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide" 9497:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 9382: 9018:Husseini R, Aboah DT, Issifu H (1 March 2020). 8592:"Overview of Air Pollution from Transportation" 8537:"Global Review on Safer End of Engineered Life" 6304: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6049:ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution 5693:– realtime map of global wind and air pollution 4216:. Women in regions with greater than average PM 4081: 18712: 18710: 18455: 17960: 17704: 17037:Bell ML, Davis DL, Fletcher T (January 2004). 16837: 16492:Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 15622: 14898: 14328:"Female Fertility and Environmental Pollution" 8424: 8371: 7560: 7506:(Third ed.). 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From there, they cross into the 18837: 17030: 13974: 13610: 13012: 12778:"Bad air costing state's economy billions" 12639: 12473:Mackenzie J, Turrentine J (22 June 2021). 12043:Feng T, Chen H, Liu J (15 December 2022). 11939:Owusu PA, Sarkodie SA (10 November 2020). 11696: 11318:Creating Healthy and Sustainable Buildings 11224: 10987: 10731:Acharya B (1 January 2018), Basu P (ed.), 10424:// American Heart Association. 10 May 2010 9934: 9551:Fischetti M (2014). "Trees That Pollute". 9129: 9072: 7493: 7193: 7191: 5161:coupled with a pollution module) or CTMs ( 4398: 4077:Ozone structure showing three oxygen atoms 3893:was associated with a 25% reduced risk of 2232:contribute substantially to air pollution 2121:), marine vessels and aircraft as well as 1759: 1745: 1084: 1070: 100: 22955:Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 22945:Center for Disease Control and Prevention 21631: 21233: 19879:Database: outdoor air pollution in cities 19702: 19355: 19296: 19210: 19159: 19119:Duke Environmental Law & Policy Forum 19111: 19109: 18979: 18942: 18342: 18214: 18083:National Bureau of Environmental Research 18075: 18019: 17743: 17659: 17585: 17419: 17185: 17098:"The Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979" 17064: 16986: 16968: 16710: 16454: 16420: 16395: 16320: 16120: 16055: 15984: 15917: 15855: 15715: 15656: 15518: 15451: 15392: 15349: 15282: 15233: 15168: 15103: 15052: 15034: 14983: 14932: 14827: 14817: 14776: 14758: 14610: 14592: 14548: 14483: 14465: 14361: 14343: 14302: 14284: 14232: 14145: 14114: 14104: 14045: 13926: 13909: 13808: 13760: 13709: 13699: 13671: 13665: 13632: 13616: 13510: 13342: 13283: 13232: 13222: 13171: 12995: 12927: 12862: 12552: 12377: 12307: 12245: 11881: 11838: 11670: 11652: 11520: 10964: 10162:Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet 10107: 9989: 9979:"How Carbon Dioxide Became a 'Pollutant'" 9706: 9688: 9550: 9527: 9517: 9416: 9246: 8733: 8723: 8656: 8534: 8311: 8150: 8140: 8057: 7939: 7921: 7878: 7868: 7476: 7179: 7120: 7110: 6995: 6935: 6821:. 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For example, exposure to 4070:but does not affect live birth rates. 3658:The largest cause of air pollution is 2205:in the Los Angeles basin in the 2010s. 1969:international action on climate change 1903:of the top contributors to human death 1834:Air quality is closely related to the 23219: 23193: 23063:Professional degrees of public health 22970:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare 22021: 21605: 21207: 19904: 19801:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 19721:Mingle, Jonathan, "Our Lethal Air" , 19002: 18874:London Assembly Environment Committee 17961:Ahuja D, Tatsutani M (7 April 2009). 17859: 17152: 16903:from the original on 12 February 2021 16886: 15599:"The cost of air pollution in Africa" 15259:"Air pollution and autism in Denmark" 13536:"The Impact of Air Pollution on COPD" 13021: 11574: 11563:from the original on 15 January 2024. 5930:Concrete#Concrete – health and safety 4121:(ART) when occurring at high levels. 3998: 3749:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 3556: 3361:can result even from poorly-adjusted 3275: 2729: 2071:manufacturing facilities (factories) 1871:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 23160: 23053:Bachelor of Science in Public Health 21976: 21154: 20395:Electromagnetic radiation and health 18685:"German TA-Luft is guaranteed by us" 18608:"About the Air Quality Health Index" 16426: 16286: 16254: 15740: 15549: 14249: 12502:Toxic air: The price of fossil fuels 11861: 10932: 10895: 10767:"smog | National Geographic Society" 10739:, Academic Press, pp. 373–391, 10226:"OECD Test Guidelines for Chemicals" 9966:. 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Seoul: Greenpeace Southeast Asia. 12128:"Air pollution causes early deaths" 12049:Journal of Environmental Management 11215: 11035: 10839: 10681:"ESS Topic 6.3: Photochemical Smog" 10026:"General hazards of Carbon Dioxide" 8535:Cook E, Velis CA (6 January 2021). 7717: 5612:C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group 5387:air quality for outdoor activities 4439: 3954:in the second and third trimester. 3373:, out of interiors. Clothing emits 3128: 2579: 312:Radium and radon in the environment 13: 21535:2019 Kim Kim River toxic pollution 19881:from the World Health Organization 19483: 19080:. Switchboard NRDC. 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Freistaat Bayern 5093:Miscellaneous associated equipment 4817: 4745:total particulate emissions in air 4119:assisted reproductive technologies 2444: 1987:Anthropogenic (human-made) sources 1959:depleting chemicals, and the 1985 14: 24320: 22594:Commercial determinants of health 22047: 21530:2016 Vietnam marine life disaster 19869:UNEP Urban environmental planning 19835: 19190:American Journal of Public Health 18411:from the original on 4 March 2020 18377:from the original on 2 April 2020 16486:Pathak M, Kuttippurath J (2022). 16300:Environmental Health Perspectives 16270:. 26 October 2015. Archived from 16093:Environmental Health Perspectives 15695:Environmental Health Perspectives 15629:Environmental Health Perspectives 15423:Environmental Health Perspectives 15083:Environmental Health Perspectives 14963:Environmental Health Perspectives 14912:Environmental Health Perspectives 14699:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.07.1110 14025:Environmental Health Perspectives 13984:Computers in Biology and Medicine 13322:Environmental Health Perspectives 11818:Environmental Health Perspectives 11783:"Ambient (outdoor) air pollution" 10258:"Carbon Monoxide Poisoning – NHS" 9575:10.1038/scientificamerican0614-14 9221:Springer International Publishing 9130:Chatterjee R (15 February 2018). 8679: 8497:"Particulate Matter (PM), US EPA" 8291:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7673:United States Department of State 6495:The British Journal of Psychiatry 6069:Best Available Control Technology 5072:Electro-catalytic oxidation (ECO) 4946:Selective non-catalytic reduction 4781:emission-free electric vehicles, 4732:Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles 4304:Neuroplastic effects of pollution 3880: 3430: 2915:): Nitrogen oxides, particularly 2497:that is formed from the decay of 2131:air pollution externality of cars 1807:(both organic and inorganic) and 24273: 24272: 23171: 23159: 23148: 23147: 22177:National public health institute 21999: 21987: 21975: 21957: 21956: 21695: 21188: 21178: 21169: 21161: 21153: 21141: 21140: 19452: 19431: 19406: 19381: 19372: 19313: 19246: 19227: 19176: 19088: 19069: 19048: 19023: 18996: 18895: 18859: 18776: 18763: 18677: 18651: 18625: 18599: 18577: 18552: 18527: 18502: 18449: 18423: 18389: 18359: 18308: 18265: 18208: 18149: 18124: 18098: 18044: 17985: 17954: 17929: 17903: 17881: 17853: 17825: 17782: 17737: 17698: 17679:Energy and Environmental Science 17631: 17610: 17537: 17512: 17436: 17385: 17332: 17273: 17216: 17179: 17146: 17089: 17011: 16942: 16915: 16880: 16831: 16798: 16748:Science of the Total Environment 16735: 16662: 16599: 16560: 16534: 16479: 16345: 16228: 16189: 16163: 16080: 16001: 15934: 15902:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107523 15805: 15789: 15681: 15616: 15591: 15570: 15543: 15409: 15366: 15299: 15250: 15185: 15120: 15069: 15000: 14949: 14793: 14678: 14500: 14441: 14378: 14319: 14192: 14070: 14011: 13997:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2012.03.002 13861: 13809:Gallagher J (17 December 2015). 13777: 13734: 13597: 13572: 13546: 13527: 13486: 13449: 13404: 13367: 13147: 13110: 12820: 12795: 12769: 12741: 12710: 12685: 12661: 12633: 12606: 12569: 12526: 12492: 12466: 12171: 12146: 12120: 12036: 12023: 11997: 11946:Science of the Total Environment 11932: 11898: 11855: 11804: 11746: 11718: 11620: 11587: 11568: 11488: 11462: 11433: 11378: 11358: 11309: 11246: 11184: 11156: 11137: 11062: 11009: 10981: 10861:(4th ed.). Academic Press. 10814: 10788: 10771:education.nationalgeographic.org 10759: 10724: 10698: 10673: 10639: 10556: 10530: 10502: 10464: 10427: 10400: 10349: 10319: 10294: 10264: 10250: 10232: 10218: 10205:Earth System Research Laboratory 10168: 10150: 10124: 10108:Barbalace RC (7 November 2006). 10101: 10082: 10055: 9935:Carrington D (4 November 2021). 8917:Science of the Total Environment 8342: 8113:Rentschler J, Leonova N (2023). 6161:Lowest Achievable Emissions Rate 5898: 5884: 5870: 5683: 4673:Energy and Environmental Science 4476: 4159:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 3971:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 3966:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 3825:, which is mainly the result of 3524: 3506: 3223: 3200: 3176: 2984:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 2962:due to chemical, biological, or 2738: 2613:identified pesticides and other 2475:of food by animals, for example 1728: 1051: 1039: 27:. For the qualities of air, see 22574:Open-source healthcare software 22316:Sociology of health and illness 21934:Human impact on the environment 21504:Water radioactive contamination 19967:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 18952:Pattberg P, Stripple J (2008). 18606:Canada Ea (10 September 2007). 17832:McVeigh K (28 September 2021). 16768:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139986 16434:New England Journal of Medicine 16143: 15889:Pharmacology & Therapeutics 13939:Reviews on Environmental Health 12640:Tankersley J (8 January 2010). 11967:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140636 10333:. 29 March 2022. Archived from 9970: 9956: 9928: 9871: 9841: 9815: 9785: 9755: 9723: 9662: 9636: 9610: 9589: 9544: 9479: 9449: 9354: 9254: 9208: 9182: 9151: 9123: 9066: 9011: 8960: 8938:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.161 8903: 8878: 8853: 8828: 8750: 8673: 8606: 8584: 8556: 8528: 8489: 8475: 8418: 8365: 8336: 8277: 8214: 8196: 8167: 8106: 8029: 8002: 7974: 7956: 7895: 7819: 7793: 7766: 7737: 7711: 7686: 7661: 7635: 7609: 7426: 7364: 7317:McCauley L (8 September 2016). 7244: 7217: 7048: 7012: 6759: 6713: 5453:strenuous activities outdoors. 4771:seasonal thermal energy storage 3942:compared to those not exposed. 3797:It is believed that, much like 3742: 3635: 3191:contained excessive amounts of 2601:(left) and a smoggy day (right) 2125:and re-entry of components and 1853:Air pollution is a significant 132:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 53:Environmental Performance Index 22935:Caribbean Public Health Agency 22747:Sexually transmitted infection 22644:Statistical hypothesis testing 22405:Occupational safety and health 22306:Sexual and reproductive health 22219:Occupational safety and health 21842:Public transport encouragement 19858:Air Quality Index (AQI) Basics 19688:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.11.011 18838:Mulholland H (11 March 2011). 17489:10.1080/00022470.1971.10469547 17412:10.1002/14651858.CD010919.pub2 16359:Environmental Research Letters 15334:10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.12.055 14513:Current Research in Toxicology 13584:Respiratory Health Association 12748:Sahagun L (13 November 2008). 12717:Grossni M (13 November 2008). 11697:Carrington D (12 March 2019). 11594:Whitacre P (9 February 2021). 11152:– via www.newyorker.com. 10957:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.06.035 10920:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.03.064 8568:California Air Resources Board 7159:Environmental Research Letters 6482: 6415: 6335: 6298: 5847: 5381:your usual outdoor activities. 5180: 4722:bicycle use and infrastructure 4346:When we looked closely at the 3725:Global Burden of Disease Study 3218:(VOCs), and odorous emissions. 3072:Secondary pollutants include: 2923:. They can be seen as a brown 2753:format but may read better as 1001:Least polluted cities by PM2.5 1: 22589:Social determinants of health 21357:Air radioactive contamination 20455:Electrical resistance heating 19930: 19895:What are hazardous pollutants 19438:Darame M (29 November 2019). 19076:Pettit D (14 December 2014). 18480:10.1080/01431161.2018.1460505 17760:10.1016/S2468-2667(16)30023-8 17723:10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.10.019 17617:Palmer J (12 November 2011). 17443:Connolly K (30 August 2022). 17230:Journal of Industrial Ecology 17202:10.1016/S2468-2667(16)30023-8 16235:Symons A (15 December 2022). 16220:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 13643:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60037-3 13580:"Understanding Air Pollution" 13512:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-200711 13080:10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30073-4 12912:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30505-6 12518:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 12187:. London, UK. 15 April 2008. 12069:10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116355 11469:US EPA O (22 February 2013). 10881:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 10858:Fundamentals of Air Pollution 10855:Vallero DA (1 October 2007). 10131:Friedman L (22 August 2022). 9878:US EPA O (10 December 2015). 9801:European Environmental Agency 9283:10.1016/S2095-3119(17)61814-8 8973:Grasses and Grassland Aspects 7902:Perera F (23 December 2017). 7801:"Basic Information about NO2" 7503:Fundamentals of Air Pollution 6865:10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0 6818:Fundamentals of Air Pollution 6681:10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30343-0 6197: 5534:Governing urban air pollution 5110: 4940:Selective catalytic reduction 3691: 3598:A study published in 2023 in 3137:and in Europe under numerous 3045:, especially their compounds. 2956:Persistent organic pollutants 2668: 2615:persistent organic pollutants 1971:, have been less successful. 472:Electrical resistance heating 23238:Pollution / quality 22649:Analysis of variance (ANOVA) 22410:Human factors and ergonomics 21540:Pollution of the Pasig River 21292:1997 Indonesian forest fires 20107:Persistent organic pollutant 19775:, and lodge ... in the 19724:The New York Review of Books 19509:Resources in other libraries 17811:10.1016/0957-1272(90)90008-I 17310:10.1016/j.renene.2021.11.067 16887:Smith A (12 February 2021). 16695:10.1016/j.apgeog.2022.102869 15969:10.1016/j.envres.2020.110320 15840:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117404 15556:. European Investment Bank. 15520:10.1016/j.envint.2017.01.023 15275:10.1097/EE9.0000000000000028 15153:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106898 15036:10.1371/journal.pone.0111670 14894:. World Health Organisation. 14648:10.3109/09513590.2014.958992 14411:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116838 13762:10.1183/09031936.01.17510240 13748:European Respiratory Journal 13472:10.1164/ajrccm.153.1.8542133 13285:10.1161/cir.0b013e3181dbece1 13224:10.1371/journal.pone.0127014 13173:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.629246 12960:Journal of Internal Medicine 12429:10.1016/j.envres.2021.110754 12029:Mr Chen's claim was made in 11905:Harris G (25 January 2014). 11862:Pope CA (15 December 2003). 11411:10.1016/j.envres.2021.110754 11279:10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.012 11225:Carrington D (18 May 2021). 10591:10.1016/j.envint.2013.07.019 9349:regarding particle toxicity. 9229:10.1007/978-3-319-25367-1_15 8814:10.1016/j.envint.2015.06.010 7779:Council on Foreign Relations 7181:10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/034005 6634:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111487 6572:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003718 6012:Air pollutant concentrations 5935:Diwali-related air pollution 5069:Sorbent injection technology 4812: 4648:(such as through the use of 4539:renewable energy transitions 4533:business activities such as 4365:neurodevelopmental disorders 4155:neurodevelopmental disorders 4082:Ground-level ozone pollution 3908: 3641: 3595:-related illness and death. 3565: 3489: 3257:For some pollutants such as 2086:in its industrial structure. 2055:Oil and gas sites that have 2038:Stationary sources include: 182:Persistent organic pollutant 106:Air pollution from a factory 7: 22830:Good manufacturing practice 22634:Randomized controlled trial 21832:Natural resource management 21117:Least polluted cities by PM 19755:to penetrate deep into our 18689:centrotherm clean solutions 18105:Academy S (16 April 2022). 17992:Oyedepo SO (23 July 2012). 15550:Bank EI (19 October 2022). 14636:Gynecological Endocrinology 14533:10.1016/j.crtox.2022.100070 13952:10.1515/reveh.2008.23.4.243 13553:World Health Organisation. 11326:10.1007/978-3-030-19412-3_2 11119:"Improved Clean Cookstoves" 10826:European Environment Agency 10273:"Basic Ozone Layer Science" 10030:Health and Safety Executive 9977:Johnson K (18 April 2009). 9044:10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00245 8788:Aggarwal P, Jain S (2015). 7346:"The Rising Cost of Smog". 7260:European Environment Agency 6852:The Lancet Planetary Health 6156:List of smogs by death toll 5863: 5634: 4903:Mechanically aided scrubber 4861:Electrostatic precipitators 4132: 3938:rate in women exposed to NO 3244: 3114:): similarly formed from NO 2663:European Environment Agency 1656:Severe weather terminology 1118:Temperate and polar seasons 10: 24325: 22900:Theory of planned behavior 22825:Good agricultural practice 22730:Public health surveillance 22622:epidemiological statistics 22266:Public health intervention 21059:Pollution haven hypothesis 20982:Brain health and pollution 20220:Ecological light pollution 20050:Internal combustion engine 18936:Cambridge University Press 18876:. May 2009. Archived from 18286:10.1016/j.dcan.2019.03.003 18076:Simeonova E (March 2018). 17860:Opray M (24 August 2017). 17570:10.1007/s11356-022-21319-2 16632:10.1007/s11356-022-21287-7 16541:Woodyatt A (3 June 2020). 16144:McEnaney M (7 June 2014). 16040:10.1007/s11356-020-08832-y 15263:Environmental Epidemiology 15218:10.1038/s41598-023-30877-5 13894:10.1038/s41586-023-05874-3 13427:10.1164/rccm.201006-0937OC 13390:10.1164/rccm.200906-0858OC 12776:Kay J (13 November 2008). 12362:10.1038/s41467-021-26348-y 11144:Twilley N (1 April 2019). 10796:"Hazardous Air Pollutants" 10118:Environmentalchemistry.com 9676:Frontiers in Public Health 9361:Diep F (31 January 2018). 8176:"Biomass Pollution Basics" 8142:10.1038/s41467-023-39797-4 7461:10.1007/s11869-020-00845-3 7396:10.1007/s11356-019-06159-x 7020:"Energy and Air Pollution" 6920:10.1038/s41598-021-01802-5 6815:Daniel A. Vallero (2014). 6251:Frontiers in Public Health 6032:Particulate matter sampler 5745: 5739: 5644: 5638: 5551:In July 2008, in the case 5537: 5522: 5184: 5159:general circulation models 5150: 5120: 5114: 4985:Fluidized Bed Concentrator 4810: 4514:accidental leak of anthrax 4385:volatile organic compounds 4301: 4199: 3841:, suspended in the air. PM 3817:Unprotected exposure to PM 3786:), reduced lung function ( 3695: 3639: 3335:paint can degenerate into 3279: 3216:volatile organic compounds 3049:Volatile organic compounds 2855:as an 'air pollutant.'" CO 2672: 2617:of concern. These include 2583: 2535:volatile organic compounds 2258:Acidifying Emissions (g SO 2203:volatile organic compounds 1859:pollution-related diseases 18: 24268: 24209: 24074: 24067: 23948: 23809:Types / location 23808: 23799: 23609: 23404: 23317: 23287: 23236: 23227: 23143: 23078: 23037: 23022:World Toilet Organization 23017:World Health Organization 22924: 22913: 22850: 22775: 22691: 22619: 22584:Public health informatics 22524: 22329: 22291:Right to rest and leisure 22120:Globalization and disease 22055: 21952: 21926: 21890: 21814: 21744:Environmental engineering 21704: 21693: 21639: 21552: 21520: 21502: 21495: 21486: 21467:Pollutant Standards Index 21449: 21418: 21377: 21355: 21347:2019 Vietnam forest fires 21273: 21255: 21248: 21239: 21138: 21092: 21041: 20990: 20957: 20862:Nonpoint source pollution 20790: 20782:War and environmental law 20729: 20691: 20673: 20473: 20408: 20345: 20271: 20240: 20205: 20189: 20154: 20141:Volatile organic compound 19947: 19938: 19612:London Fog: The Biography 19504:Resources in your library 19161:10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0153 19017:10.1108/14720701011021120 18981:10.1007/s10784-008-9085-3 18748:European Court of Justice 18371:earthobservatory.nasa.gov 18243:10.1109/JSEN.2023.3305779 18178:10.1007/s10661-018-6940-8 17363:10.1016/j.esr.2019.01.006 16956:The Astrophysical Journal 16585:10.1038/s43016-020-0043-8 15767:10.1007/s40279-014-0222-6 15498:Environment International 15133:Environment International 14819:10.1186/s12958-018-0430-2 14760:10.1186/s12940-017-0291-8 14594:10.1186/s12958-018-0430-2 14286:10.1186/s12958-018-0433-z 13789:www.cleanairresources.com 13701:10.1186/s12940-017-0271-z 12592:10.1164/rccm.200606-872OC 11791:World Health Organization 11575:Roser M (18 March 2024). 11449:World Health Organization 11200:World Health Organization 10570:Environment International 10450:10.1164/ajrccm/136.5.1117 10240:"The Strange Lake Nyos CO 9823:"Environmental Pollution" 9645:"Air pollutant emissions" 9618:"Air Pollution Emissions" 9461:www.cleanairresources.com 8313:10.5194/acp-21-17865-2021 8183:World Health Organization 7831:World Health Organization 7753:World Health Organization 7644:"About Montreal Protocol" 7203:World Health Organization 6450:10.1007/s40572-017-0134-3 6022:Organic molecular tracers 6017:Air pollution measurement 5945:Health impacts of sawdust 5735: 5682: 5677: 5557:European Court of Justice 5354: 5351: 5348: 5214: 5123:Air pollution measurement 4957:Exhaust gas recirculation 4688:Alternatives to pollution 4682:climate change mitigation 3675:A study concluded that PM 3654:-related premature deaths 3359:carbon monoxide poisoning 3061:methane in the atmosphere 2960:environmental degradation 2820:World Health Organization 2693:particulate contamination 2563:activity, which produces 2426: 2410: 2394: 2378: 2362: 2346: 2330: 2314: 2298: 2282: 2266: 2257: 2254: 2137:and car tires (including 727:War and environmental law 347:Health effects from noise 197:Volatile organic compound 23068:Schools of public health 22860:Diffusion of innovations 22559:Health impact assessment 22271:Public health laboratory 22167:Management of depression 21827:Environmental technology 21776:Environmental toxicology 21771:Environmental statistics 21766:Environmental humanities 21474:Great Green Wall (China) 20321:Marine mammals and sonar 20232:Radio spectrum pollution 19891:Hazardous air pollutants 19674:. Elsevier BV: 252–277. 19658:(1980), pp. 83–103. 19594:10.1504/ijep.2005.007599 19203:10.2105/ajph.2007.131383 19056:"Air pollution hot spot" 18086:. Working Paper Series. 17747:The Lancet Public Health 17251:10.1162/jiec.1998.2.1.79 16988:10.3847/1538-4357/abd7f7 16805:RWDI Consulting (2005). 16380:10.1088/1748-9326/ac1bd8 12554:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn464 11725:Dickie G (18 May 2022). 11441:"Air quality and health" 10707:"Cars and Air Pollution" 10370:10.5772/intechopen.93104 10271:US EPA O (5 June 2017). 9827:Theenvironmentalblog.org 9690:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00014 9490:, Fung IY (5 May 2009). 9486:Goldstein AH, Koven CD, 8981:10.5772/intechopen.90747 8758:Air Quality Expert Group 7870:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00014 7230:European Investment Bank 6669:The Lancet Global Health 6265:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00014 6125:Health Effects Institute 5821:Bisrakh Jalalpur, India 5481:), ground-level ozone (O 5352:Air Quality Health Index 5221:Air Quality Health Index 5163:Chemical transport model 5127:Environmental monitoring 5097:Source capturing systems 5055:Flue-gas desulfurization 4898:Ejector venturi scrubber 4838:Air pollution from a car 4767:ground source heat pumps 4528:Reduction and regulation 4444:Air pollution costs the 4416:meet federal standards, 4350:, we could see that the 4338:, learning ability, and 4182:autism spectrum disorder 3848:Long-term exposure to PM 3302:Air quality monitoring, 3212:hazardous air pollutants 3185:flue-gas desulfurization 3160:Hazardous air pollutants 2978:Persistent free radicals 2679:Greenhouse gas emissions 2133:enters the air from the 1975:Sources of air pollution 1967:, while others, such as 352:Marine mammals and sonar 23131:Social hygiene movement 23058:Doctor of Public Health 22890:Social cognitive theory 22692:Infectious and epidemic 22474:Fecal–oral transmission 21739:Environmental economics 21662:Environmental chemistry 21167:WikiProject Environment 21125:Most polluted countries 21069:Polluter pays principle 20800:Agricultural wastewater 19668:Atmospheric Environment 19627:Dewey, Scott Hamilton. 18930:Risse-Kappen T (1995). 18902:BBC (6 December 2010). 18867:"Every Breath You Take" 18510:"Pollution is Personal" 18401:emissions by a quarter" 17342:Energy Strategy Reviews 17125:10.1126/science.7973702 17044:Environ Health Perspect 16427:Qian D (29 June 2017). 16199:Air Quality and Suicide 15819:Environmental Pollution 15313:Reproductive Toxicology 14687:Fertility and Sterility 14391:Environmental Pollution 14170:10.1021/acs.est.1c00552 14106:10.1186/1476-069X-10-67 13555:"Ambient air pollution" 12807:British Medical Journal 12782:San Francisco Chronicle 12300:10.1126/science.adf4915 11654:10.1073/pnas.1819989116 11259:Environmental Pollution 10936:Atmospheric Environment 10899:Atmospheric Environment 10822:"Air quality standards" 10362:Environmental Emissions 9914:. Elsevier. p. 1. 9519:10.1073/pnas.0904128106 9418:10.1126/science.aaq0216 8076:10.1126/science.abj4351 7352:: 15. 1 February 2018. 7112:10.1073/pnas.1819989116 6968:Cardiovascular Research 6181:Polluter pays principle 6104:Global Atmosphere Watch 6089:Environmental agreement 4893:Cyclonic spray scrubber 4853:Mechanical collectors ( 4004:Particulate matter (PM) 3975:Reactive Oxygen Species 3835:fine particulate matter 3402:peritoneal mesothelioma 2849:Inflation Reduction Act 2762:converting this section 2453:Dust storm approaching 2113:, trains (particularly 827:Freshwater salinization 747:Agricultural wastewater 57:fine particulate matter 23126:Germ theory of disease 22905:Transtheoretical model 21796:Sustainability science 21265:2010 China dust storms 21185:Environment portal 20418:Agricultural pollution 19281:10.1126/sciadv.abm4435 18021:10.1186/2192-0567-2-15 15948:Environmental Research 14345:10.3390/ijerph17238802 12540:European Heart Journal 12408:Environmental Research 11513:10.1093/toxsci/kfac113 11501:Toxicological Sciences 11391:Environmental Research 9597:"Volcanic Pollution |" 7923:10.3390/ijerph15010016 6784:10.1093/toxsci/kfac113 6772:Toxicological Sciences 6726:Toxicological Sciences 6614:Environmental Research 5757: 5485:) and particulates (PM 5199: 5023:Vapor recovery systems 5010:Absorption (scrubbing) 4964:(also for VOC control) 4839: 4831: 4762:but not practical yet) 4709: 4697: 4675:in 2015 the switch to 4658:compressed natural gas 4572: 4408: 4369: 4310:central nervous system 4298:Central nervous system 4078: 3962: 3895:chronic kidney disease 3830: 3719:Cardiovascular disease 3655: 3632: 3499: 3454:respiratory infections 3369:to keep sewer gas and 3306: 3295: 3037:Toxic metals, such as 2990:Radioactive pollutants 2828:Air Quality Guidelines 2711: 2653: 2640:E-waste processing in 2602: 2458: 2226:Agricultural emissions 2034: 2019: 2011: 2006:of a field outside of 1996: 1863:respiratory infections 1717:Tropical cyclone terms 1046:Environment portal 76: 68: 44: 23010:Public Health Service 22895:Social norms approach 22885:PRECEDE–PROCEED model 22331:Preventive healthcare 22224:Pharmaceutical policy 22073:Chief Medical Officer 21761:Environmental studies 21633:Environmental science 21234:Asia pollution topics 20840:Industrial wastewater 20706:Clutter (advertising) 20614:Municipal solid waste 20460:Soil guideline values 20304:Sustainable transport 20197:Information pollution 19997:Open burning of waste 19817:Schreurs, Miranda A. 19703:Lundqvist LJ (1980). 19621:(February 2012) 42#1 19610:Corton, Christine L. 19100:Science Magazine News 18539:Plume Labs Air Report 18344:10.3390/atmos11040433 17142:on 21 September 2006. 16447:10.1056/NEJMoa1702747 12341:Nature Communications 10042:For over a century CO 9853:Ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp 8271:www.health.nsw.gov.au 8120:Nature Communications 7966:. ESA. Archived from 6738:10.1093/toxsci/kfq367 6059:Atmospheric chemistry 5965:Non-exhaust emissions 5878:Global warming portal 5755: 5746:Further information: 5732:and chemical plants. 5538:Further information: 5194: 5121:Further information: 4888:Baffle spray scrubber 4873:Particulate scrubbers 4837: 4825: 4811:Further information: 4736:sustainable transport 4703: 4695: 4677:100% renewable energy 4567: 4406: 4344: 4076: 3960: 3827:environmental factors 3816: 3698:Air quality guideline 3649: 3640:Further information: 3630: 3497: 3421:Legionnaires' disease 3419:systems can incubate 3301: 3293: 2686: 2639: 2593: 2452: 2262:eq per 100g protein) 2025: 2017: 2002: 1994: 1891:cardiovascular system 1324:Extratropical cyclone 1248:Air-mass thunderstorm 787:Industrial wastewater 555:Municipal solid waste 477:Soil guideline values 74: 50: 40:Air pollution from a 39: 24184:remnant natural area 23821:storage and recovery 23487:habitat conservation 23305:Deforestation (REDD) 23086:Sara Josephine Baker 22985:Public Health Agency 22870:Health communication 22735:Disease surveillance 22701:Asymptomatic carrier 22683:Statistical software 22371:Preventive nutrition 22199:Medical anthropology 22088:Environmental health 21749:Environmental health 21734:Environmental design 21729:Ecological economics 21441:Southeast Asian haze 21112:Most polluted cities 20805:Biological pollution 20716:Overhead power lines 19634:Gonzalez, George A. 19340:10.1136/oem.55.9.605 19005:Corporate Governance 18435:World Economic Forum 18407:. 19 February 2020. 18373:. 28 February 2020. 18222:IEEE Sensors Journal 15641:10.1289/ehp.97105514 14739:Environmental Health 14467:10.3390/ijms21239191 14217:10.2215/CJN.08350719 14084:Environmental Health 13679:Environmental Health 13672:Int Panis L (2017). 13133:10.1056/NEJMoa054409 13068:The Lancet Neurology 12898:(10082): 1907–1918. 12238:10.1029/2022GH000603 12224:(5): e2022GH000603. 10711:www.adeq.state.ar.us 9223:, pp. 337–351, 9194:www.ccacoalition.org 8641:10.1029/2021EF002612 8627:(6): e2021EF002612. 8174:Pennise D, Smith K. 7297:. Washington, D.C.: 6508:10.1192/bjp.2021.119 6191:Silicosis#Prevention 6166:NASA Clean Air Study 6094:Environmental racism 5710:social vulnerability 5153:Air quality modeling 5147:Air quality modeling 5000:Catalytic converters 4522:Donora, Pennsylvania 4503:Dow Chemical Company 4493:Historical disasters 4485: – including NO 4431:Agricultural effects 3981:and reduced repair. 3946:Carbon monoxide (CO) 3930:in women undergoing 3914:Nitrogen dioxide (NO 3809:Cancer (lung cancer) 3465:environmental health 3461:emergency department 3436:wheezing, coughing, 3100:Peroxyacetyl nitrate 3068:Secondary pollutants 2627:endocrine disruptors 2248:acidifying emissions 2094:waste incineration ( 1924:to the contemporary 1809:biological molecules 1684:Weather modification 1282:Anticyclonic tornado 996:Most polluted cities 648:Overhead power lines 63:, as well as better 24138:Earth Overshoot Day 23712:Marine conservation 23693:non-timber products 23096:Carl Rogers Darnall 23091:Samuel Jay Crumbine 22865:Health belief model 22718:Notifiable diseases 22654:Regression analysis 22489:Waterborne diseases 22078:Cultural competence 21918:Environment by year 21908:Research institutes 21822:Energy conservation 21647:Atmospheric science 21327:2016 Malaysian haze 21297:2005 Malaysian haze 21175:WikiProject Ecology 20872:Ocean acidification 20777:Unexploded ordnance 20648:Post-consumer waste 20508:Foam food container 20486:Biodegradable waste 20060:Global distillation 19807:and other forms of 19680:2013AtmEn..67..252K 19619:The Nation's Health 19273:2022SciA....8M4435V 19102:. 28 November 2016. 18972:2008IEAPL...8..367P 18883:on 22 February 2015 18784:European Commission 18639:. 10 September 2007 18585:European Commission 18472:2018IJRS...39.6463Y 18335:2020Atmos..11..433Z 18235:2023ISenJ..2323692Z 18229:(19): 23692–23703. 18170:2018EMnAs.190..562S 18012:2012ESusS...2...15O 17803:1990AtmEB..24...43L 17562:2022ESPR...2978637K 17556:(52): 78637–78649. 17355:2019EneSR..24...38G 17302:2022REne..184..430J 17243:1998JInEc...2...79C 17117:1994Sci...266.1202M 16979:2021ApJ...908..164K 16760:2020ScTEn.74039986K 16687:2023AppGe.15102869K 16624:2022ESPR...2978381L 16618:(52): 78381–78395. 16372:2021ERL....16i4047C 16313:10.1289/ehp.1510037 16105:10.1289/ehp.1307984 16032:2020ESPR...2724786S 16026:(20): 24786–24798. 15961:2021ER....19610320V 15832:2021EPoll.28417404J 15511:2017EnInt.101..173M 15436:10.1289/ehp.1306837 15326:2011RepTx..31..363P 15210:2023NatSR..13.3848F 15145:2022EnInt.15806898C 15096:10.1289/ehp.1205827 15027:2014PLoSO...9k1670P 14976:10.1289/ehp.1104315 14925:10.1289/ehp.1408121 14751:2017EnvHe..16...82C 14525:2022CRTox...300070P 14403:2021EPoll.27816838D 14162:2021EnST...55.6876B 14097:2011EnvHe..10...67R 14038:10.1289/ehp.1002353 13886:2023Natur.616..159H 13849:. 10 September 2022 13692:2017EnvHe..16...60I 13335:10.1289/ehp.1205721 13215:2015PLoSO..1027014P 12904:2017Lanc..389.1907C 12729:on 16 December 2008 12421:2021ER....19510754V 12354:2021NatCo..12.6286N 12292:2023Sci...382..941H 12230:2022GHeal...6..603M 12106:European Parliament 12061:2022JEnvM.32416355F 11959:2020ScTEn.74240636O 11645:2019PNAS..116.7192L 11403:2021ER....19510754V 11374:. 22 February 2021. 11271:2008EPoll.151..362K 10949:2019AtmEn.213..424D 10912:2011AtmEn..45.3594D 10775:National Geographic 10583:2013EnInt..60...71K 10306:Scientific American 10095:Scientific American 9983:Wall Street Journal 9567:2014SciAm.310f..14F 9554:Scientific American 9510:2009PNAS..106.8835G 9409:2018Sci...360..987P 9320:10.1038/nature15371 9312:2015Natur.525..367L 9275:2017JIAgr..16.2945S 9093:2004PlEco.175...81R 9036:2020SciAf...700245H 8930:2018ScTEn.624..691H 8806:2015EnInt..83..146A 8633:2022EaFut..1002612R 8445:2014EnST...4814139H 8439:(24): 14139–14147. 8388:2014EnST...4814139H 8382:(24): 14139–14147. 8304:2021ACP....2117865T 8298:(23): 17865–17883. 8133:2023NatCo..14.4432R 8068:2022Sci...375..557L 8015:The Washington Post 7970:on 3 February 2022. 7857:Front Public Health 7588:2006Wthr...61..311B 7453:2020AQAH...13..683B 7388:2019ESPR...2629799B 7382:(29): 29799–29809. 7172:2013ERL.....8c4005S 7103:2019PNAS..116.7192L 6980:10.1093/cvr/cvaa025 6912:2021NatSR..1122516J 6675:(11): e1427–e1434. 6626:2021ER....20111487D 6442:2017CEHR....4..180A 5810:Bulandshahr, India 5773: 5658:respiratory disease 5571:European Commission 5363:General population 4962:Catalytic converter 4849:Particulate control 4599:gases. One form is 3713:increased mortality 3375:tetrachloroethylene 2903:Chlorofluorocarbons 2251: 2166:prairie restoration 2008:Statesboro, Georgia 1947:in Britain and the 1844:greenhouse emission 1821:habitat degradation 1801:chlorofluorocarbons 1679:Weather forecasting 1515:Rain and snow mixed 1341:Subtropical cyclone 812:Ocean acidification 722:Unexploded ordnance 643:Advertising clutter 575:Post-consumer waste 520:Foam food container 505:Biodegradable waste 162:Global distillation 29:Atmosphere of Earth 24123:Ecosystem services 23246:Ambient standards 22694:disease prevention 22629:Case–control study 22301:Security of person 22150:Health care reform 21994:Environment portal 21877:Water purification 21195:Ecology portal 21079:Waste minimisation 21054:Industrial ecology 21049:Cleaner production 20867:Nutrient pollution 20744:Herbicidal warfare 20538:Construction waste 20174:Introduced species 20045:Indoor air quality 19972:Chlorofluorocarbon 19827:Thorsheim, Peter. 19729:particulate matter 19638:(SUNY Press, 2012) 19600:Cherni, Judith A. 18136:Chemistryworld.com 17692:10.1039/C5EE01283J 16504:10.1039/D2EM00293K 16274:on 9 November 2020 16267:The New York Times 15198:Scientific Reports 13534:Zoidis JD (1999). 12972:10.1111/joim.13467 12134:. 21 February 2005 12108:. 25 February 2016 11911:The New York Times 11608:on 4 November 2022 10481:. pp. 31–54. 10260:. 17 October 2017. 10197:"Full Mauna Loa CO 10137:The New York Times 9829:. 16 December 2011 9196:. 7 September 2023 9024:Scientific African 8725:10.7717/peerj.6932 8231:(may22 1): h2757. 7596:10.1256/wea.127.06 7061:The New York Times 7036:on 11 October 2019 6900:Scientific Reports 5772: 5762:metropolitan areas 5758: 5601:central government 5360:At risk population 5240:risk communication 5232:Environment Canada 5200: 4977:Adsorption systems 4840: 4832: 4828:construction sites 4710: 4698: 4573: 4518:biological warfare 4425:boundary layer air 4409: 4358:had damaged those 4321:neuro-inflammation 4087:Ground-level ozone 4079: 3999:Particulate matter 3963: 3877:and brain cancer. 3831: 3764:chronic bronchitis 3656: 3633: 3557:Primary mechanisms 3500: 3307: 3296: 3282:Indoor air quality 3276:Indoor air quality 3122:Photochemical smog 3077:Ground level ozone 2994:nuclear explosions 2942:Particulate matter 2921:electric discharge 2816:respiratory system 2802:oxides of nitrogen 2764:, if appropriate. 2730:Primary pollutants 2724:Ground level ozone 2712: 2705:ground-level ozone 2654: 2652:and air pollution. 2646:seep into the soil 2603: 2597:air in 2005 after 2553:, poplar, oak and 2459: 2332:Farmed crustaceans 2245: 2189:Fumes from paint, 2115:diesel locomotives 2080:emission intensity 2035: 2020: 2012: 2004:Controlled burning 1997: 1937:air pollution laws 1735:Weather portal 1351:Atlantic hurricane 1329:European windstorm 1236:Volcanic lightning 1197:Cumulonimbus cloud 1058:Ecology portal 683:Herbicidal warfare 227:Introduced species 167:Indoor air quality 137:Chlorofluorocarbon 77: 69: 65:indoor air quality 45: 24286: 24285: 24264: 24263: 24063: 24062: 23742:genetic resources 23678:genetic resources 23313: 23312: 23221:Natural resources 23187: 23186: 23139: 23138: 23049:Higher education 22880:Positive deviance 22875:Health psychology 22851:Health behavioral 22778:safety management 22752:Social distancing 22526:Population health 22506:Smoking cessation 22454:Pharmacovigilance 22425:Injury prevention 22393:Infection control 22311:Social psychology 22261:Prisoners' rights 22204:Medical sociology 22172:Public health law 22068:Biological hazard 22015: 22014: 21837:Pollution control 21599: 21598: 21595: 21594: 21548: 21547: 21496:Notable incidents 21482: 21481: 21426:Asian brown cloud 21373: 21372: 21249:Notable incidents 21201: 21200: 21074:Pollution control 20754:Nuclear holocaust 20663:Thermal treatment 20631:Plastic pollution 20548:Mercury poisoning 20501:Battery recycling 20400:Radioactive waste 20169:Genetic pollution 20164:Biological hazard 19962:Air quality index 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decay 2471:, emitted by the 2442: 2441: 2162:forest management 2150:forest management 2044:power plants and 1961:Helsinki Protocol 1953:Montreal Protocol 1846:i.e., burning of 1825:built environment 1777:biological agents 1769: 1768: 1094: 1093: 1029: 1028: 695:Nuclear holocaust 618:Urban heat island 432:Radioactive waste 217:Biological hazard 127:Air quality index 25:Air quality index 24316: 24276: 24275: 24227: 24174:Natural heritage 24133:overexploitation 24072: 24071: 23806: 23805: 23752:herbal medicines 23732:FAO Plant Treaty 23272: 23249: 23234: 23233: 23214: 23207: 23200: 23191: 23190: 23175: 23174: 23163: 23162: 23151: 23150: 23045:Health education 22922: 22921: 22776:Food hygiene and 22757:Tropical disease 22569:Infant mortality 22544:Community health 22420:Controlled Drugs 22356:Health promotion 22286:Right to housing 22130:Health economics 22042: 22035: 22028: 22019: 22018: 22003: 22002: 21991: 21979: 21978: 21960: 21959: 21882:Waste management 21872:Urban metabolism 21867:Sewage treatment 21857:Renewable energy 21699: 21626: 21619: 21612: 21603: 21602: 21522:Marine pollution 21500: 21499: 21493: 21492: 21450:Counter-measures 21419:Recurrent issues 21253: 21252: 21246: 21245: 21228: 21221: 21214: 21205: 21204: 21193: 21192: 21191: 21183: 21182: 21173: 21172: 21165: 21164: 21157: 21156: 21144: 21143: 21018:Legacy pollution 20877:Oil exploitation 20739:Chemical warfare 20653:Waste management 20560:Industrial waste 20528:Biomedical waste 20496:Electronic waste 20481:Advertising mail 20465:Phytoremediation 20440:Land degradation 20225:Overillumination 20179:Invasive species 19925: 19918: 19911: 19902: 19901: 19811:." (p. 64.) 19718: 19699: 19651: 19597: 19567: 19537: 19477: 19476: 19468: 19462:(1 March 2012). 19456: 19450: 19449: 19435: 19429: 19428: 19426: 19424: 19410: 19404: 19403: 19401: 19399: 19385: 19379: 19376: 19370: 19369: 19359: 19317: 19311: 19310: 19300: 19267:(14): eabm4435. 19260:Science Advances 19250: 19244: 19243: 19231: 19225: 19224: 19214: 19180: 19174: 19173: 19163: 19137: 19128: 19127: 19113: 19104: 19103: 19092: 19086: 19085: 19073: 19067: 19066: 19064: 19062: 19052: 19046: 19045: 19043: 19041: 19027: 19021: 19020: 19000: 18994: 18993: 18983: 18949: 18940: 18939: 18938:. pp. 3–34. 18927: 18921: 18920: 18918: 18916: 18899: 18893: 18892: 18890: 18888: 18882: 18871: 18863: 18857: 18856: 18854: 18852: 18835: 18826: 18825: 18823: 18821: 18810: 18804: 18803: 18801: 18799: 18790:. Archived from 18780: 18774: 18767: 18761: 18760: 18758: 18756: 18744: 18736: 18730: 18729: 18727: 18725: 18714: 18705: 18704: 18702: 18700: 18691:. Archived from 18681: 18675: 18674: 18672: 18670: 18655: 18649: 18648: 18646: 18644: 18629: 18623: 18622: 18620: 18618: 18603: 18597: 18596: 18591:. Archived from 18581: 18575: 18574: 18572: 18570: 18556: 18550: 18549: 18547: 18545: 18531: 18525: 18524: 18522: 18520: 18506: 18500: 18499: 18453: 18447: 18446: 18444: 18442: 18427: 18421: 18420: 18418: 18416: 18393: 18387: 18386: 18384: 18382: 18363: 18357: 18356: 18346: 18312: 18306: 18305: 18269: 18263: 18262: 18212: 18206: 18205: 18153: 18147: 18146: 18144: 18142: 18128: 18122: 18121: 18119: 18117: 18102: 18096: 18095: 18073: 18067: 18066: 18064: 18062: 18048: 18042: 18041: 18023: 17989: 17983: 17982: 17958: 17952: 17951: 17949: 17947: 17933: 17927: 17926: 17924: 17922: 17907: 17901: 17900: 17898: 17896: 17885: 17879: 17878: 17876: 17874: 17857: 17851: 17850: 17848: 17846: 17829: 17823: 17822: 17786: 17780: 17779: 17741: 17735: 17734: 17711:Transport Policy 17702: 17696: 17695: 17686:(7): 2093–2117. 17666: 17657: 17656: 17654: 17652: 17635: 17629: 17628: 17614: 17608: 17607: 17589: 17541: 17535: 17534: 17532: 17530: 17516: 17510: 17507: 17501: 17500: 17470: 17464: 17463: 17461: 17459: 17440: 17434: 17433: 17423: 17389: 17383: 17382: 17336: 17330: 17329: 17289:Renewable Energy 17285: 17277: 17271: 17270: 17220: 17214: 17213: 17183: 17177: 17176: 17160: 17153:Davis D (2002). 17150: 17144: 17143: 17141: 17135:. Archived from 17102: 17093: 17087: 17086: 17068: 17057:10.1289/ehp.6539 17034: 17028: 17027: 17015: 17009: 17008: 16990: 16972: 16946: 16940: 16939: 16937: 16935: 16919: 16913: 16912: 16910: 16908: 16892: 16884: 16878: 16877: 16861: 16855: 16854: 16852: 16850: 16835: 16829: 16828: 16826: 16824: 16818: 16812:. Archived from 16811: 16802: 16796: 16795: 16739: 16733: 16732: 16714: 16666: 16660: 16659: 16603: 16597: 16596: 16564: 16558: 16557: 16555: 16553: 16538: 16532: 16531: 16483: 16477: 16476: 16458: 16424: 16418: 16417: 16399: 16349: 16343: 16342: 16324: 16290: 16284: 16283: 16281: 16279: 16258: 16252: 16251: 16249: 16247: 16232: 16226: 16225: 16219: 16211: 16193: 16187: 16186: 16184: 16182: 16167: 16161: 16160: 16158: 16156: 16141: 16135: 16134: 16124: 16084: 16078: 16077: 16059: 16005: 15999: 15998: 15988: 15938: 15932: 15931: 15921: 15879: 15870: 15869: 15859: 15809: 15803: 15793: 15787: 15786: 15744: 15738: 15737: 15719: 15685: 15679: 15678: 15660: 15620: 15614: 15613: 15611: 15609: 15595: 15589: 15588: 15582: 15574: 15568: 15567: 15547: 15541: 15540: 15522: 15494: 15485: 15474: 15473: 15455: 15413: 15407: 15406: 15396: 15370: 15364: 15363: 15353: 15303: 15297: 15296: 15286: 15254: 15248: 15247: 15237: 15189: 15183: 15182: 15172: 15124: 15118: 15117: 15107: 15073: 15067: 15066: 15056: 15038: 15004: 14998: 14997: 14987: 14953: 14947: 14946: 14936: 14902: 14896: 14895: 14885: 14876: 14875: 14866: 14857: 14856: 14854: 14852: 14831: 14821: 14797: 14791: 14790: 14780: 14762: 14730: 14719: 14718: 14682: 14676: 14675: 14631: 14625: 14624: 14614: 14596: 14572: 14563: 14562: 14552: 14504: 14498: 14497: 14487: 14469: 14445: 14439: 14438: 14382: 14376: 14375: 14365: 14347: 14323: 14317: 14316: 14306: 14288: 14264: 14247: 14246: 14236: 14196: 14190: 14189: 14143: 14137: 14136: 14118: 14108: 14074: 14068: 14067: 14049: 14015: 14009: 14008: 13978: 13972: 13971: 13933: 13924: 13923: 13913: 13865: 13859: 13858: 13856: 13854: 13837: 13828: 13827: 13825: 13823: 13806: 13800: 13799: 13797: 13795: 13781: 13775: 13774: 13764: 13738: 13732: 13731: 13713: 13703: 13669: 13663: 13662: 13636: 13627:(9561): 571–77. 13614: 13608: 13601: 13595: 13594: 13592: 13590: 13576: 13570: 13569: 13567: 13565: 13550: 13544: 13543: 13531: 13525: 13524: 13514: 13490: 13484: 13483: 13453: 13447: 13446: 13408: 13402: 13401: 13371: 13365: 13364: 13346: 13312: 13306: 13305: 13287: 13261: 13255: 13254: 13236: 13226: 13192: 13186: 13185: 13175: 13151: 13145: 13144: 13114: 13108: 13107: 13062: 13056: 13055: 13019: 13010: 13009: 12999: 12951: 12942: 12941: 12931: 12883: 12877: 12876: 12866: 12824: 12818: 12817: 12815: 12813: 12799: 12793: 12792: 12790: 12788: 12773: 12767: 12766: 12764: 12762: 12745: 12739: 12738: 12736: 12734: 12725:. Archived from 12714: 12708: 12707: 12705: 12703: 12697:Yosemite.epa.gov 12689: 12683: 12682: 12680: 12678: 12673: 12665: 12659: 12658: 12656: 12654: 12637: 12631: 12630: 12628: 12626: 12610: 12604: 12603: 12573: 12567: 12566: 12556: 12530: 12524: 12523: 12517: 12509: 12507: 12496: 12490: 12489: 12487: 12485: 12470: 12464: 12463: 12461: 12459: 12398: 12392: 12391: 12381: 12331: 12322: 12321: 12311: 12269: 12260: 12259: 12249: 12207: 12201: 12200: 12198: 12196: 12175: 12169: 12168: 12166: 12164: 12150: 12144: 12143: 12141: 12139: 12124: 12118: 12117: 12115: 12113: 12098: 12089: 12088: 12040: 12034: 12027: 12021: 12020: 12018: 12016: 12001: 11995: 11994: 11936: 11930: 11929: 11927: 11925: 11902: 11896: 11895: 11885: 11859: 11853: 11852: 11842: 11808: 11802: 11801: 11799: 11797: 11779: 11770: 11769: 11767: 11765: 11750: 11744: 11743: 11741: 11739: 11722: 11716: 11715: 11713: 11711: 11694: 11685: 11684: 11674: 11656: 11624: 11618: 11617: 11615: 11613: 11604:. Archived from 11591: 11585: 11584: 11572: 11566: 11564: 11541: 11535: 11534: 11524: 11492: 11486: 11485: 11483: 11481: 11466: 11460: 11459: 11457: 11455: 11437: 11431: 11430: 11382: 11376: 11375: 11362: 11356: 11355: 11313: 11307: 11306: 11250: 11244: 11243: 11241: 11239: 11222: 11213: 11212: 11210: 11204:. Archived from 11196: 11188: 11182: 11181: 11179: 11177: 11160: 11154: 11153: 11141: 11135: 11134: 11132: 11130: 11123:Project Drawdown 11115: 11106: 11105: 11103: 11101: 11081: 11072: 11066: 11065: 11061: 11059: 11057: 11042: 11033: 11032: 11030: 11028: 11013: 11007: 11006: 11004: 11002: 10985: 10979: 10978: 10968: 10930: 10924: 10923: 10893: 10887: 10886: 10880: 10872: 10852: 10837: 10836: 10834: 10832: 10818: 10812: 10811: 10809: 10807: 10792: 10786: 10785: 10783: 10781: 10763: 10757: 10756: 10755: 10753: 10728: 10722: 10721: 10719: 10717: 10702: 10696: 10695: 10693: 10691: 10677: 10671: 10670: 10643: 10637: 10636: 10634: 10632: 10617: 10611: 10610: 10560: 10554: 10553: 10551: 10549: 10542:Sciencedaily.com 10534: 10528: 10527: 10525: 10523: 10514: 10506: 10500: 10499: 10497: 10495: 10468: 10462: 10461: 10431: 10425: 10423: 10421: 10419: 10410:. Archived from 10404: 10398: 10397: 10396: 10394: 10353: 10347: 10346: 10344: 10342: 10323: 10317: 10316: 10314: 10312: 10298: 10292: 10291: 10289: 10287: 10268: 10262: 10261: 10254: 10248: 10247: 10236: 10230: 10229: 10222: 10216: 10215: 10213: 10211: 10193: 10187: 10186: 10184: 10182: 10172: 10166: 10165: 10154: 10148: 10147: 10145: 10143: 10128: 10122: 10121: 10105: 10099: 10098: 10089:Vaidyanathan G. 10086: 10080: 10079: 10059: 10053: 10052: 10039: 10037: 10022: 10013: 10012: 10010: 10008: 9997:"Carbon dioxide" 9993: 9987: 9986: 9974: 9968: 9967: 9960: 9954: 9953: 9951: 9949: 9932: 9926: 9925: 9905: 9899: 9898: 9896: 9894: 9875: 9869: 9868: 9866: 9864: 9859:on 21 March 2008 9855:. Archived from 9845: 9839: 9838: 9836: 9834: 9819: 9813: 9812: 9810: 9808: 9789: 9783: 9782: 9780: 9778: 9769:. Archived from 9759: 9753: 9752: 9750: 9748: 9727: 9721: 9720: 9710: 9692: 9666: 9660: 9659: 9657: 9655: 9640: 9634: 9633: 9631: 9629: 9614: 9608: 9607: 9605: 9603: 9593: 9587: 9586: 9548: 9542: 9541: 9531: 9521: 9483: 9477: 9476: 9474: 9472: 9467:on 20 March 2019 9463:. Archived from 9453: 9447: 9446: 9420: 9386: 9380: 9379: 9377: 9375: 9368:Pacific Standard 9358: 9352: 9351: 9293: 9287: 9286: 9258: 9252: 9251: 9250: 9212: 9206: 9205: 9203: 9201: 9186: 9180: 9179: 9174: 9172: 9155: 9149: 9148: 9146: 9144: 9127: 9121: 9120: 9070: 9064: 9063: 9015: 9009: 9008: 9007: 9005: 8964: 8958: 8957: 8907: 8901: 8900: 8898: 8896: 8882: 8876: 8875: 8873: 8871: 8857: 8851: 8850: 8848: 8846: 8832: 8826: 8825: 8785: 8779: 8778: 8776: 8774: 8768: 8754: 8748: 8747: 8737: 8727: 8703: 8697: 8696: 8694: 8692: 8677: 8671: 8670: 8660: 8610: 8604: 8603: 8601: 8599: 8588: 8582: 8581: 8576: 8574: 8560: 8554: 8553: 8551: 8549: 8532: 8526: 8525: 8523: 8521: 8507: 8501: 8500: 8499:. 19 April 2016. 8493: 8487: 8486: 8479: 8473: 8472: 8422: 8416: 8415: 8369: 8363: 8362: 8357: 8355: 8340: 8334: 8333: 8315: 8281: 8275: 8274: 8263: 8257: 8256: 8218: 8212: 8211: 8200: 8194: 8193: 8191: 8185:. Archived from 8180: 8171: 8165: 8164: 8154: 8144: 8110: 8104: 8103: 8061: 8041: 8033: 8027: 8026: 8024: 8022: 8006: 8000: 7999: 7997: 7995: 7978: 7972: 7971: 7960: 7954: 7953: 7943: 7925: 7899: 7893: 7892: 7882: 7872: 7848: 7842: 7841: 7839: 7837: 7823: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7797: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7786: 7770: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7759: 7745:"Climate change" 7741: 7735: 7734: 7732: 7730: 7715: 7709: 7708: 7706: 7704: 7690: 7684: 7683: 7681: 7679: 7665: 7659: 7658: 7656: 7654: 7639: 7633: 7632: 7630: 7628: 7613: 7607: 7606: 7604: 7602: 7564: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7553: 7531: 7525: 7524: 7522: 7520: 7497: 7491: 7490: 7480: 7430: 7424: 7423: 7368: 7362: 7361: 7343: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7329: 7314: 7303: 7302: 7296: 7282: 7271: 7270: 7268: 7266: 7248: 7242: 7241: 7239: 7237: 7221: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7210: 7195: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7149: 7143: 7142: 7124: 7114: 7080: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7052: 7046: 7045: 7043: 7041: 7035: 7029:. Archived from 7024: 7016: 7010: 7009: 6999: 6959: 6950: 6949: 6939: 6891: 6885: 6884: 6859:(6): e535–e547. 6846: 6833: 6832: 6812: 6806: 6805: 6795: 6763: 6757: 6756: 6754: 6752: 6717: 6711: 6710: 6700: 6660: 6654: 6653: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6592: 6574: 6548: 6539: 6538: 6528: 6510: 6486: 6480: 6479: 6469: 6419: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6393: 6376: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6339: 6333: 6332: 6317:(5th ed.). 6302: 6296: 6295: 6285: 6267: 6241: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6213: 6176:Phytoremediation 5975:Rubber pollution 5908: 5903: 5902: 5894: 5889: 5888: 5880: 5875: 5874: 5774: 5771: 5687: 5686: 5675: 5674: 5498:nitrogen dioxide 5475:nitrogen dioxide 5355:Health messages 5346: 5345: 5307: 5306: 5246: 5245: 4981:activated carbon 4928: 4857:, multicyclones) 4760:renewable source 4749:Aviation biofuel 4718:public transport 4706:public transport 4669:renewable energy 4601:superhydrophilic 4598: 4584:Titanium dioxide 4483:atmospheric SETI 4464:developing world 4440:Economic effects 4276: 4239:The source of PM 4226:oxidative stress 4210:low birth weight 3993:folliculogenesis 3873:polluted areas. 3731:diseases (IHD). 3686: 3528: 3515:renewable energy 3510: 3417:air conditioning 3371:hydrogen sulfide 3339:and be inhaled. 3304:New Delhi, India 3266:nitrogen dioxide 3236: 3235: 3204: 3180: 3165: 3158: 3144: 3143: 3129:Other pollutants 2927:dome above or a 2917:nitrogen dioxide 2778: 2775: 2769: 2760:You can help by 2742: 2741: 2734: 2703:, (5) increased 2695:, (3) increased 2580:Emission factors 2455:Stratford, Texas 2437: 2436: 2421: 2420: 2405: 2404: 2389: 2388: 2373: 2372: 2357: 2356: 2341: 2340: 2325: 2324: 2309: 2308: 2293: 2292: 2277: 2276: 2252: 2244: 2148:Agriculture and 2084:emission factors 1965:sulfur emissions 1963:, which reduced 1949:US Clean Air Act 1885:and detrimental 1857:for a number of 1761: 1754: 1747: 1733: 1732: 1346:Tropical cyclone 1258:Dry thunderstorm 1153:Tropical seasons 1096: 1095: 1086: 1079: 1072: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1044: 1043: 975: 974: 678:Chemical warfare 580:Waste management 540:Industrial waste 515:Electronic waste 500:Advertising mail 482:Phytoremediation 457:Land degradation 397:Depleted uranium 282:Overillumination 232:Invasive species 104: 94: 79: 78: 61:nitrogen dioxide 24324: 24323: 24319: 24318: 24317: 24315: 24314: 24313: 24304:Climate forcing 24289: 24288: 24287: 24282: 24260: 24225: 24205: 24191:Systems ecology 24157:Natural capital 24059: 23944: 23933:reclaimed water 23795: 23757:UPOV Convention 23605: 23400: 23309: 23283: 23279:Ozone depletion 23270: 23247: 23223: 23218: 23188: 23183: 23135: 23106:Margaret Sanger 23074: 23033: 22917: 22915: 22909: 22852: 22846: 22818:Safety scandals 22777: 22771: 22693: 22687: 22621: 22615: 22611:Social medicine 22604:Race and health 22539:Child mortality 22520: 22479:Open defecation 22361:Human nutrition 22351:Family planning 22339:Behavior change 22325: 22281:Right to health 22194:Maternal health 22184:Health politics 22135:Health literacy 22051: 22046: 22016: 22011: 21948: 21922: 21886: 21810: 21801:Systems ecology 21700: 21691: 21652:Biogeochemistry 21635: 21630: 21600: 21591: 21544: 21516: 21488:Water pollution 21478: 21445: 21414: 21369: 21351: 21269: 21235: 21232: 21202: 21197: 21189: 21187: 21177: 21134: 21120: 21088: 21037: 20986: 20953: 20892:Pharmaceuticals 20882:Oil exploration 20786: 20758:Nuclear fallout 20725: 20687: 20669: 20643:Packaging waste 20597:Deep sea mining 20523:Hazardous waste 20469: 20450:Open defecation 20404: 20370:Nuclear fallout 20365:Nuclear fission 20341: 20267: 20236: 20207:Electromagnetic 20201: 20185: 20150: 20070:Ozone depletion 19943: 19934: 19929: 19838: 19783:, constricting 19773:olfactory nerve 19715: 19556: 19534: 19515: 19514: 19513: 19498: 19497: 19493: 19486: 19484:Further reading 19481: 19480: 19466: 19457: 19453: 19436: 19432: 19422: 19420: 19412: 19411: 19407: 19397: 19395: 19387: 19386: 19382: 19377: 19373: 19318: 19314: 19251: 19247: 19232: 19228: 19181: 19177: 19138: 19131: 19114: 19107: 19094: 19093: 19089: 19074: 19070: 19060: 19058: 19054: 19053: 19049: 19039: 19037: 19029: 19028: 19024: 19001: 18997: 18950: 18943: 18928: 18924: 18914: 18912: 18900: 18896: 18886: 18884: 18880: 18869: 18865: 18864: 18860: 18850: 18848: 18836: 18829: 18819: 18817: 18811: 18807: 18797: 18795: 18781: 18777: 18768: 18764: 18754: 18752: 18742: 18738: 18737: 18733: 18723: 18721: 18717:Europa (1996). 18715: 18708: 18698: 18696: 18695:on 29 June 2022 18683: 18682: 18678: 18668: 18666: 18665:. 16 April 2008 18657: 18656: 18652: 18642: 18640: 18631: 18630: 18626: 18616: 18614: 18604: 18600: 18595:on 11 May 2011. 18587:(11 May 2011). 18582: 18578: 18568: 18566: 18558: 18557: 18553: 18543: 18541: 18533: 18532: 18528: 18518: 18516: 18508: 18507: 18503: 18454: 18450: 18440: 18438: 18437:. 15 April 2021 18429: 18428: 18424: 18414: 18412: 18400: 18395: 18394: 18390: 18380: 18378: 18365: 18364: 18360: 18313: 18309: 18270: 18266: 18213: 18209: 18154: 18150: 18140: 18138: 18130: 18129: 18125: 18115: 18113: 18103: 18099: 18074: 18070: 18060: 18058: 18050: 18049: 18045: 17990: 17986: 17959: 17955: 17945: 17943: 17935: 17934: 17930: 17920: 17918: 17917:. 23 March 2017 17909: 17908: 17904: 17894: 17892: 17887: 17886: 17882: 17872: 17870: 17858: 17854: 17844: 17842: 17830: 17826: 17787: 17783: 17742: 17738: 17703: 17699: 17667: 17660: 17650: 17648: 17637: 17636: 17632: 17615: 17611: 17542: 17538: 17528: 17526: 17518: 17517: 17513: 17508: 17504: 17471: 17467: 17457: 17455: 17448: 17441: 17437: 17406:(5): CD010919. 17390: 17386: 17337: 17333: 17278: 17274: 17221: 17217: 17184: 17180: 17173: 17151: 17147: 17139: 17100: 17094: 17090: 17035: 17031: 17018:Chakrabarti S. 17016: 17012: 16947: 16943: 16933: 16931: 16921: 16920: 16916: 16906: 16904: 16896:The Independent 16885: 16881: 16862: 16858: 16848: 16846: 16836: 16832: 16822: 16820: 16816: 16809: 16803: 16799: 16740: 16736: 16667: 16663: 16604: 16600: 16565: 16561: 16551: 16549: 16539: 16535: 16484: 16480: 16425: 16421: 16350: 16346: 16291: 16287: 16277: 16275: 16260: 16259: 16255: 16245: 16243: 16233: 16229: 16213: 16212: 16194: 16190: 16180: 16178: 16169: 16168: 16164: 16154: 16152: 16142: 16138: 16085: 16081: 16013: 16006: 16002: 15939: 15935: 15880: 15873: 15810: 15806: 15794: 15790: 15761:(11): 1505–18. 15754:Sports Medicine 15745: 15741: 15686: 15682: 15621: 15617: 15607: 15605: 15597: 15596: 15592: 15580: 15576: 15575: 15571: 15564: 15548: 15544: 15492: 15486: 15477: 15414: 15410: 15371: 15367: 15304: 15300: 15255: 15251: 15190: 15186: 15125: 15121: 15074: 15070: 15021:(11): e111670. 15005: 15001: 14954: 14950: 14903: 14899: 14886: 14879: 14868: 14867: 14860: 14850: 14848: 14798: 14794: 14731: 14722: 14683: 14679: 14632: 14628: 14573: 14566: 14505: 14501: 14446: 14442: 14383: 14379: 14324: 14320: 14265: 14250: 14197: 14193: 14144: 14140: 14075: 14071: 14016: 14012: 13979: 13975: 13934: 13927: 13866: 13862: 13852: 13850: 13839: 13838: 13831: 13821: 13819: 13807: 13803: 13793: 13791: 13783: 13782: 13778: 13739: 13735: 13670: 13666: 13634:10.1.1.541.1258 13615: 13611: 13607:1965;I:445–448. 13602: 13598: 13588: 13586: 13578: 13577: 13573: 13563: 13561: 13551: 13547: 13532: 13528: 13491: 13487: 13454: 13450: 13409: 13405: 13372: 13368: 13313: 13309: 13278:(21): 2331–78. 13262: 13258: 13209:(5): e0127014. 13193: 13189: 13152: 13148: 13115: 13111: 13063: 13059: 13020: 13013: 12952: 12945: 12884: 12880: 12825: 12821: 12811: 12809: 12801: 12800: 12796: 12786: 12784: 12774: 12770: 12760: 12758: 12746: 12742: 12732: 12730: 12715: 12711: 12701: 12699: 12691: 12690: 12686: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12669:"EPA slideshow" 12667: 12666: 12662: 12652: 12650: 12638: 12634: 12624: 12622: 12612: 12611: 12607: 12574: 12570: 12547:(24): 3043–51. 12531: 12527: 12511: 12510: 12505: 12497: 12493: 12483: 12481: 12471: 12467: 12457: 12455: 12399: 12395: 12332: 12325: 12270: 12263: 12208: 12204: 12194: 12192: 12177: 12176: 12172: 12162: 12160: 12152: 12151: 12147: 12137: 12135: 12126: 12125: 12121: 12111: 12109: 12100: 12099: 12092: 12041: 12037: 12028: 12024: 12014: 12012: 12003: 12002: 11998: 11937: 11933: 11923: 11921: 11903: 11899: 11860: 11856: 11809: 11805: 11795: 11793: 11781: 11780: 11773: 11763: 11761: 11751: 11747: 11737: 11735: 11723: 11719: 11709: 11707: 11695: 11688: 11625: 11621: 11611: 11609: 11592: 11588: 11573: 11569: 11542: 11538: 11493: 11489: 11479: 11477: 11467: 11463: 11453: 11451: 11439: 11438: 11434: 11383: 11379: 11364: 11363: 11359: 11336: 11314: 11310: 11251: 11247: 11237: 11235: 11223: 11216: 11211:on 24 May 2011. 11208: 11194: 11190: 11189: 11185: 11175: 11173: 11162: 11161: 11157: 11142: 11138: 11128: 11126: 11117: 11116: 11109: 11099: 11097: 11082: 11075: 11063: 11055: 11053: 11044: 11043: 11036: 11026: 11024: 11015: 11014: 11010: 11000: 10998: 10986: 10982: 10931: 10927: 10894: 10890: 10874: 10873: 10869: 10853: 10840: 10830: 10828: 10820: 10819: 10815: 10805: 10803: 10794: 10793: 10789: 10779: 10777: 10765: 10764: 10760: 10751: 10749: 10747: 10729: 10725: 10715: 10713: 10703: 10699: 10689: 10687: 10679: 10678: 10674: 10667: 10645: 10644: 10640: 10630: 10628: 10627:. 14 March 2023 10619: 10618: 10614: 10561: 10557: 10547: 10545: 10536: 10535: 10531: 10521: 10519: 10512: 10508: 10507: 10503: 10493: 10491: 10489: 10469: 10465: 10432: 10428: 10417: 10415: 10406: 10405: 10401: 10392: 10390: 10380: 10354: 10350: 10340: 10338: 10325: 10324: 10320: 10310: 10308: 10300: 10299: 10295: 10285: 10283: 10269: 10265: 10256: 10255: 10251: 10243: 10238: 10237: 10233: 10224: 10223: 10219: 10209: 10207: 10200: 10195: 10194: 10190: 10180: 10178: 10174: 10173: 10169: 10156: 10155: 10151: 10141: 10139: 10129: 10125: 10113: 10106: 10102: 10087: 10083: 10073: 10061: 10060: 10056: 10049: 10045: 10035: 10033: 10032:. UK Government 10024: 10023: 10016: 10006: 10004: 9995: 9994: 9990: 9975: 9971: 9962: 9961: 9957: 9947: 9945: 9933: 9929: 9922: 9908:Hidy G (2012). 9906: 9902: 9892: 9890: 9876: 9872: 9862: 9860: 9847: 9846: 9842: 9832: 9830: 9821: 9820: 9816: 9806: 9804: 9791: 9790: 9786: 9776: 9774: 9761: 9760: 9756: 9746: 9744: 9729: 9728: 9724: 9667: 9663: 9653: 9651: 9641: 9637: 9627: 9625: 9616: 9615: 9611: 9601: 9599: 9595: 9594: 9590: 9549: 9545: 9504:(22): 8835–40. 9484: 9480: 9470: 9468: 9455: 9454: 9450: 9387: 9383: 9373: 9371: 9359: 9355: 9294: 9290: 9259: 9255: 9239: 9213: 9209: 9199: 9197: 9188: 9187: 9183: 9170: 9168: 9167:. 15 April 2016 9157: 9156: 9152: 9142: 9140: 9128: 9124: 9071: 9067: 9016: 9012: 9003: 9001: 8991: 8965: 8961: 8908: 8904: 8894: 8892: 8884: 8883: 8879: 8869: 8867: 8859: 8858: 8854: 8844: 8842: 8834: 8833: 8829: 8786: 8782: 8772: 8770: 8766: 8755: 8751: 8704: 8700: 8690: 8688: 8678: 8674: 8611: 8607: 8597: 8595: 8590: 8589: 8585: 8572: 8570: 8562: 8561: 8557: 8547: 8545: 8533: 8529: 8519: 8517: 8509: 8508: 8504: 8495: 8494: 8490: 8481: 8480: 8476: 8423: 8419: 8370: 8366: 8353: 8351: 8341: 8337: 8282: 8278: 8265: 8264: 8260: 8219: 8215: 8210:and UNEP. 2011. 8202: 8201: 8197: 8192:on 9 July 2012. 8189: 8178: 8172: 8168: 8111: 8107: 8034: 8030: 8020: 8018: 8008: 8007: 8003: 7993: 7991: 7980: 7979: 7975: 7962: 7961: 7957: 7900: 7896: 7849: 7845: 7835: 7833: 7825: 7824: 7820: 7810: 7808: 7799: 7798: 7794: 7784: 7782: 7772: 7771: 7767: 7757: 7755: 7743: 7742: 7738: 7728: 7726: 7720:"ClimateChange" 7716: 7712: 7702: 7700: 7698:iea.uoregon.edu 7692: 7691: 7687: 7677: 7675: 7667: 7666: 7662: 7652: 7650: 7640: 7636: 7626: 7624: 7615: 7614: 7610: 7600: 7598: 7582:(11): 311–314. 7565: 7561: 7551: 7549: 7547: 7533: 7532: 7528: 7518: 7516: 7514: 7498: 7494: 7431: 7427: 7369: 7365: 7345: 7344: 7337: 7327: 7325: 7315: 7306: 7294: 7283: 7274: 7264: 7262: 7250: 7249: 7245: 7235: 7233: 7223: 7222: 7218: 7208: 7206: 7197: 7196: 7189: 7150: 7146: 7081: 7077: 7067: 7065: 7054: 7053: 7049: 7039: 7037: 7033: 7022: 7018: 7017: 7013: 6960: 6953: 6892: 6888: 6847: 6836: 6829: 6813: 6809: 6764: 6760: 6750: 6748: 6718: 6714: 6661: 6657: 6610: 6606: 6565:(9): e1003718. 6549: 6542: 6487: 6483: 6420: 6416: 6406: 6404: 6403:. 25 March 2014 6395: 6394: 6379: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6340: 6336: 6329: 6321:. p. 134. 6303: 6299: 6242: 6235: 6225: 6223: 6217:"Air pollution" 6215: 6214: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6131:Indicator value 6027:Intake fraction 5904: 5897: 5890: 5883: 5876: 5869: 5866: 5850: 5832:Bhiwadi, India 5750: 5744: 5738: 5690:AirVisual Earth 5684: 5678:External videos 5653: 5643: 5637: 5620: 5587: 5578: 5542: 5536: 5525: 5514:carbon monoxide 5511: 5503: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5217: 5189: 5187:Air quality law 5183: 5155: 5149: 5129: 5119: 5113: 5108: 5038: 4927: 4921: 4820: 4818:Control devices 4815: 4791: 4690: 4650:hybrid vehicles 4646:fuel efficiency 4634:string trimmers 4616: 4597: 4591: 4562: 4555: 4530: 4499:Bhopal Disaster 4495: 4488: 4479: 4472: 4454: 4442: 4433: 4415: 4401: 4394: 4390: 4378: 4306: 4300: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4275: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4254: 4242: 4234: 4224:and increasing 4219: 4215: 4202: 4187: 4151: 4135: 4100: 4092: 4084: 4065: 4061: 4049:carbon monoxide 4046: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4019: 4012: 4001: 3968: 3948: 3941: 3928:live birth rate 3925: 3920: 3917: 3911: 3899:atherosclerosis 3892: 3883: 3871: 3867: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3840: 3820: 3811: 3799:cystic fibrosis 3791: 3745: 3737:atherosclerosis 3721: 3700: 3694: 3678: 3653: 3644: 3638: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3594: 3581:life expectancy 3568: 3559: 3536: 3535: 3534: 3533: 3532: 3529: 3520: 3519: 3518: 3511: 3492: 3433: 3288: 3280:Main articles: 3278: 3271: 3247: 3240: 3237: 3224: 3219: 3205: 3196: 3181: 3168: 3167: 3166: 3155: 3131: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3094: 3090: 3082: 3070: 3054: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 2934: 2914: 2909:Nitrogen oxides 2892:Carbon monoxide 2887: 2878:limnic eruption 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2846: 2837: 2825: 2813: 2798:pharmaceuticals 2795: 2779: 2773: 2770: 2759: 2743: 2739: 2732: 2709:nitrogen oxides 2681: 2673:Main articles: 2671: 2650:water pollution 2588: 2582: 2544: 2540: 2514:carbon monoxide 2447: 2445:Natural sources 2438: 2434: 2433: 2422: 2418: 2417: 2406: 2402: 2401: 2390: 2386: 2385: 2374: 2370: 2369: 2358: 2354: 2353: 2342: 2338: 2337: 2326: 2322: 2321: 2316:Lamb and mutton 2310: 2306: 2305: 2294: 2290: 2289: 2278: 2274: 2273: 2261: 2237:nitrogen oxides 2218:, toxic gases, 2216:Nuclear weapons 2164:, agriculture, 1989: 1977: 1939:, according to 1926:economic system 1908: 1836:Earth's climate 1817:ozone depletion 1785:carbon monoxide 1765: 1727: 1722: 1721: 1697: 1689: 1688: 1547: 1537: 1536: 1449: 1439: 1438: 1427:Ground blizzard 1187: 1177: 1176: 1155: 1145: 1144: 1120: 1090: 1052: 1050: 1038: 1031: 1030: 930: 922: 921: 895: 887: 886: 822:Pharmaceuticals 802:Nonpoint source 742: 732: 731: 700:Nuclear fallout 673: 663: 662: 633: 623: 622: 613: 603: 602: 593: 585: 584: 570:Packaging waste 535:Hazardous waste 495: 487: 486: 447: 437: 436: 407:Nuclear fallout 402:Nuclear fission 382: 372: 371: 337: 327: 326: 302: 294: 293: 267: 265:Electromagnetic 257: 256: 247: 239: 238: 212: 202: 201: 172:Ozone depletion 117: 107: 92: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 24322: 24312: 24311: 24306: 24301: 24284: 24283: 24281: 24280: 24269: 24266: 24265: 24262: 24261: 24259: 24258: 24249: 24244: 24239: 24234: 24229: 24226:(perpetuation) 24221: 24215: 24213: 24207: 24206: 24204: 24203: 24198: 24193: 24188: 24187: 24186: 24179:Nature reserve 24176: 24171: 24170: 24169: 24164: 24154: 24153: 24152: 24142: 24141: 24140: 24135: 24125: 24120: 24119: 24118: 24113: 24103: 24102: 24101: 24096: 24091: 24086: 24075: 24069: 24065: 24064: 24061: 24060: 24058: 24057: 24056: 24055: 24050: 24040: 24035: 24030: 24025: 24020: 24015: 24010: 24005: 24000: 23995: 23990: 23985: 23984: 23983: 23973: 23968: 23963: 23958: 23952: 23950: 23946: 23945: 23943: 23942: 23937: 23936: 23935: 23925: 23920: 23915: 23914: 23913: 23903: 23898: 23897: 23896: 23884: 23883: 23882: 23877: 23872: 23862: 23857: 23856: 23855: 23850: 23845: 23835: 23830: 23825: 23824: 23823: 23812: 23810: 23803: 23797: 23796: 23794: 23793: 23792: 23791: 23786: 23776: 23771: 23766: 23765: 23764: 23759: 23754: 23749: 23744: 23739: 23734: 23724: 23719: 23714: 23709: 23708: 23707: 23697: 23696: 23695: 23690: 23685: 23680: 23670: 23669: 23668: 23663: 23658: 23656:climate change 23648: 23643: 23638: 23633: 23632: 23631: 23624:Bioprospecting 23621: 23615: 23613: 23607: 23606: 23604: 23603: 23602: 23601: 23596: 23586: 23585: 23584: 23579: 23574: 23569: 23559: 23558: 23557: 23552: 23551: 23550: 23545: 23535: 23534: 23533: 23528: 23518: 23517: 23516: 23506: 23501: 23491: 23490: 23489: 23479: 23478: 23477: 23467: 23466: 23465: 23460: 23455: 23450: 23440: 23435: 23430: 23429: 23428: 23427: 23426: 23410: 23408: 23402: 23401: 23399: 23398: 23393: 23392: 23391: 23386: 23376: 23371: 23366: 23361: 23339: 23334: 23329: 23323: 23321: 23315: 23314: 23311: 23310: 23308: 23307: 23302: 23297: 23291: 23289: 23285: 23284: 23282: 23281: 23276: 23275: 23274: 23269:Clean Air Act 23261: 23256: 23251: 23242: 23240: 23231: 23225: 23224: 23217: 23216: 23209: 23202: 23194: 23185: 23184: 23182: 23181: 23169: 23157: 23144: 23141: 23140: 23137: 23136: 23134: 23133: 23128: 23123: 23118: 23113: 23108: 23103: 23098: 23093: 23088: 23082: 23080: 23076: 23075: 23073: 23072: 23071: 23070: 23065: 23060: 23055: 23047: 23041: 23039: 23035: 23034: 23032: 23031: 23024: 23019: 23014: 23013: 23012: 23007: 23002: 22997: 22989: 22988: 22987: 22982: 22974: 22973: 22972: 22964: 22963: 22962: 22957: 22949: 22948: 22947: 22939: 22938: 22937: 22928: 22926: 22919: 22914:Organizations, 22911: 22910: 22908: 22907: 22902: 22897: 22892: 22887: 22882: 22877: 22872: 22867: 22862: 22856: 22854: 22848: 22847: 22845: 22844: 22843: 22842: 22837: 22827: 22822: 22821: 22820: 22815: 22810: 22805: 22800: 22795: 22790: 22781: 22779: 22773: 22772: 22770: 22769: 22764: 22759: 22754: 22749: 22744: 22739: 22738: 22737: 22727: 22726: 22725: 22715: 22714: 22713: 22703: 22697: 22695: 22689: 22688: 22686: 22685: 22680: 22679: 22678: 22670: 22661: 22656: 22651: 22641: 22636: 22631: 22625: 22623: 22620:Biological and 22617: 22616: 22614: 22613: 22608: 22607: 22606: 22601: 22596: 22586: 22581: 22579:Multimorbidity 22576: 22571: 22566: 22561: 22556: 22551: 22546: 22541: 22536: 22530: 22528: 22522: 22521: 22519: 22518: 22516:Vector control 22513: 22508: 22503: 22501:School hygiene 22498: 22497: 22496: 22491: 22486: 22484:Sanitary sewer 22481: 22476: 22471: 22461: 22456: 22451: 22450: 22449: 22442:Patient safety 22439: 22438: 22437: 22432: 22427: 22422: 22417: 22412: 22402: 22401: 22400: 22395: 22390: 22385: 22375: 22374: 22373: 22368: 22358: 22353: 22348: 22347: 22346: 22335: 22333: 22327: 22326: 22324: 22323: 22318: 22313: 22308: 22303: 22298: 22293: 22288: 22283: 22278: 22273: 22268: 22263: 22258: 22257: 22256: 22251: 22246: 22241: 22236: 22226: 22221: 22216: 22206: 22201: 22196: 22191: 22186: 22181: 22180: 22179: 22174: 22164: 22159: 22154: 22153: 22152: 22147: 22137: 22132: 22127: 22125:Harm reduction 22122: 22117: 22112: 22107: 22106: 22105: 22100: 22090: 22085: 22080: 22075: 22070: 22065: 22059: 22057: 22053: 22052: 22045: 22044: 22037: 22030: 22022: 22013: 22012: 22010: 22009: 21997: 21985: 21973: 21972: 21971: 21953: 21950: 21949: 21947: 21946: 21944:Technogaianism 21941: 21939:Sustainability 21936: 21930: 21928: 21924: 21923: 21921: 21920: 21915: 21910: 21905: 21900: 21894: 21892: 21888: 21887: 21885: 21884: 21879: 21874: 21869: 21864: 21859: 21854: 21849: 21844: 21839: 21834: 21829: 21824: 21818: 21816: 21812: 21811: 21809: 21808: 21803: 21798: 21793: 21788: 21783: 21778: 21773: 21768: 21763: 21758: 21757: 21756: 21746: 21741: 21736: 21731: 21726: 21725: 21724: 21714: 21708: 21706: 21705:Related fields 21702: 21701: 21694: 21692: 21690: 21689: 21684: 21679: 21674: 21669: 21664: 21659: 21654: 21649: 21643: 21641: 21637: 21636: 21629: 21628: 21621: 21614: 21606: 21597: 21596: 21593: 21592: 21590: 21589: 21584: 21579: 21574: 21569: 21568: 21567: 21556: 21554: 21550: 21549: 21546: 21545: 21543: 21542: 21537: 21532: 21526: 21524: 21518: 21517: 21515: 21514: 21508: 21506: 21497: 21490: 21484: 21483: 21480: 21479: 21477: 21476: 21471: 21470: 21469: 21464: 21462:Operation Haze 21453: 21451: 21447: 21446: 21444: 21443: 21438: 21433: 21428: 21422: 21420: 21416: 21415: 21413: 21412: 21407: 21402: 21397: 21392: 21387: 21381: 21379: 21375: 21374: 21371: 21370: 21368: 21367: 21361: 21359: 21353: 21352: 21350: 21349: 21344: 21339: 21334: 21329: 21324: 21319: 21314: 21309: 21304: 21299: 21294: 21289: 21283: 21281: 21271: 21270: 21268: 21267: 21261: 21259: 21250: 21243: 21237: 21236: 21231: 21230: 21223: 21216: 21208: 21199: 21198: 21139: 21136: 21135: 21133: 21132: 21127: 21122: 21118: 21114: 21109: 21107:Law by country 21104: 21098: 21096: 21090: 21089: 21087: 21086: 21081: 21076: 21071: 21066: 21061: 21056: 21051: 21045: 21043: 21039: 21038: 21036: 21035: 21030: 21025: 21020: 21015: 21010: 21005: 21000: 20994: 20992: 20988: 20987: 20985: 20984: 20979: 20978: 20977: 20972: 20961: 20959: 20955: 20954: 20952: 20951: 20946: 20941: 20936: 20931: 20929:Surface runoff 20926: 20921: 20916: 20911: 20910: 20909: 20904: 20894: 20889: 20884: 20879: 20874: 20869: 20864: 20859: 20854: 20853: 20852: 20842: 20837: 20832: 20827: 20822: 20817: 20815:Eutrophication 20812: 20807: 20802: 20796: 20794: 20788: 20787: 20785: 20784: 20779: 20774: 20772:Scorched earth 20769: 20766:nuclear winter 20762:nuclear famine 20751: 20741: 20735: 20733: 20727: 20726: 20724: 20723: 20718: 20713: 20708: 20703: 20697: 20695: 20689: 20688: 20686: 20685: 20679: 20677: 20671: 20670: 20668: 20667: 20666: 20665: 20660: 20650: 20645: 20640: 20639: 20638: 20628: 20623: 20622: 20621: 20611: 20610: 20609: 20607:Uranium mining 20604: 20599: 20594: 20592:Surface mining 20589: 20584: 20574: 20569: 20568: 20567: 20557: 20556: 20555: 20550: 20545: 20543:Lead poisoning 20540: 20535: 20533:Chemical waste 20530: 20520: 20515: 20510: 20505: 20504: 20503: 20493: 20488: 20483: 20477: 20475: 20471: 20470: 20468: 20467: 20462: 20457: 20452: 20447: 20445:Bioremediation 20442: 20437: 20436: 20435: 20430: 20425: 20414: 20412: 20406: 20405: 20403: 20402: 20397: 20392: 20387: 20382: 20377: 20372: 20367: 20362: 20360:Bioremediation 20357: 20351: 20349: 20343: 20342: 20340: 20339: 20334: 20331: 20328: 20325: 20324: 20323: 20313: 20308: 20307: 20306: 20301: 20296: 20291: 20286: 20281:Transportation 20277: 20275: 20269: 20268: 20266: 20265: 20260: 20255: 20250: 20244: 20242: 20238: 20237: 20235: 20234: 20229: 20228: 20227: 20222: 20211: 20209: 20203: 20202: 20200: 20199: 20193: 20191: 20187: 20186: 20184: 20183: 20182: 20181: 20171: 20166: 20160: 20158: 20152: 20151: 20149: 20148: 20143: 20138: 20137: 20136: 20126: 20125: 20124: 20114: 20109: 20104: 20103: 20102: 20097: 20092: 20087: 20082: 20072: 20067: 20062: 20057: 20055:Global dimming 20052: 20047: 20042: 20041: 20040: 20030: 20029: 20028: 20026:Diesel exhaust 20018: 20013: 20012: 20011: 20001: 20000: 19999: 19994: 19989: 19984: 19974: 19969: 19964: 19959: 19953: 19951: 19945: 19944: 19939: 19936: 19935: 19928: 19927: 19920: 19913: 19905: 19899: 19898: 19888: 19882: 19876: 19871: 19866: 19863:AQI Calculator 19860: 19855: 19850: 19844: 19837: 19836:External links 19834: 19833: 19832: 19825: 19815: 19812: 19759:and reach the 19719: 19713: 19700: 19659: 19652: 19639: 19632: 19625: 19615: 19608: 19598: 19572:Brimblecombe P 19568: 19554: 19542:Brimblecombe P 19538: 19532: 19520:Brimblecombe P 19512: 19511: 19506: 19500: 19499: 19488: 19487: 19485: 19482: 19479: 19478: 19451: 19430: 19405: 19380: 19371: 19312: 19245: 19226: 19197:(3): S649–56. 19175: 19147:Health Affairs 19129: 19105: 19087: 19084:on 8 May 2014. 19068: 19047: 19022: 18995: 18966:(4): 367–388. 18941: 18922: 18894: 18858: 18827: 18805: 18794:on 11 May 2011 18775: 18762: 18731: 18706: 18676: 18650: 18624: 18598: 18576: 18551: 18526: 18501: 18448: 18422: 18398: 18388: 18358: 18307: 18264: 18207: 18148: 18123: 18097: 18092:10.3386/w24410 18068: 18043: 17984: 17953: 17928: 17902: 17880: 17852: 17824: 17781: 17736: 17697: 17658: 17630: 17609: 17536: 17511: 17502: 17483:(7): 395–399. 17465: 17446: 17435: 17384: 17331: 17272: 17215: 17178: 17171: 17145: 17088: 17029: 17010: 16941: 16914: 16879: 16874:10.3386/w30715 16856: 16844:UN Environment 16830: 16819:on 15 May 2011 16797: 16734: 16661: 16598: 16579:(3): 166–172. 16559: 16533: 16478: 16419: 16344: 16285: 16253: 16227: 16208:10.3386/w30626 16188: 16162: 16136: 16099:(9): 939–945. 16079: 16011: 16000: 15933: 15871: 15804: 15788: 15739: 15680: 15615: 15603:Africa Renewal 15590: 15569: 15562: 15542: 15475: 15408: 15365: 15320:(3): 363–373. 15298: 15249: 15184: 15119: 15090:(3): 380–386. 15068: 14999: 14970:(6): 921–926. 14948: 14897: 14877: 14858: 14792: 14720: 14677: 14626: 14564: 14499: 14440: 14377: 14318: 14248: 14211:(3): 311–319. 14191: 14138: 14069: 14010: 13973: 13925: 13860: 13829: 13801: 13776: 13755:(5): 1024–33. 13733: 13664: 13609: 13596: 13571: 13545: 13526: 13485: 13448: 13421:(4): 455–461. 13403: 13384:(6): 596–603. 13366: 13329:(9): 1011–16. 13307: 13256: 13187: 13146: 13109: 13074:(9): 913–924. 13057: 13011: 12966:(6): 779–800. 12943: 12878: 12819: 12794: 12768: 12740: 12723:Sacramento Bee 12709: 12684: 12660: 12632: 12605: 12586:(4): 395–400. 12568: 12525: 12491: 12465: 12393: 12323: 12261: 12202: 12170: 12145: 12119: 12090: 12035: 12022: 11996: 11931: 11897: 11854: 11831:10.1289/EHP197 11803: 11771: 11745: 11717: 11686: 11619: 11586: 11567: 11536: 11487: 11461: 11432: 11377: 11357: 11334: 11308: 11265:(2): 362–367. 11245: 11214: 11183: 11155: 11150:The New Yorker 11136: 11107: 11073: 11034: 11023:. 14 June 2022 11008: 10980: 10925: 10888: 10867: 10838: 10813: 10787: 10758: 10745: 10723: 10697: 10672: 10665: 10638: 10612: 10555: 10544:. 23 July 2009 10529: 10501: 10487: 10463: 10444:(5): 1117–21. 10426: 10414:on 3 June 2010 10399: 10378: 10364:, IntechOpen, 10348: 10337:on 7 June 2022 10318: 10293: 10263: 10249: 10241: 10231: 10217: 10198: 10188: 10167: 10149: 10123: 10111: 10100: 10081: 10071: 10054: 10047: 10043: 10014: 9988: 9969: 9955: 9927: 9920: 9900: 9870: 9840: 9814: 9803:. 19 June 2009 9784: 9773:on 7 July 2010 9754: 9722: 9661: 9635: 9609: 9588: 9543: 9478: 9448: 9381: 9353: 9288: 9253: 9237: 9207: 9181: 9150: 9122: 9065: 9010: 8989: 8975:, IntechOpen, 8959: 8902: 8877: 8865:www.ucsusa.org 8852: 8827: 8780: 8749: 8698: 8672: 8620:Earth's Future 8605: 8583: 8555: 8527: 8502: 8488: 8474: 8417: 8364: 8335: 8276: 8258: 8213: 8195: 8166: 8105: 8028: 8001: 7973: 7955: 7894: 7843: 7818: 7792: 7765: 7736: 7724:United Nations 7710: 7685: 7660: 7634: 7608: 7568:Brimblecombe P 7559: 7545: 7526: 7512: 7492: 7447:(6): 683–694. 7425: 7363: 7335: 7304: 7299:The World Bank 7272: 7243: 7216: 7187: 7144: 7075: 7064:. 26 June 2016 7047: 7011: 6951: 6886: 6834: 6827: 6807: 6758: 6712: 6655: 6604: 6540: 6481: 6436:(2): 180–191. 6414: 6377: 6364: 6334: 6327: 6297: 6233: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6146:Kyoto Protocol 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6122: 6117: 6111: 6109:Global dimming 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6044:Air stagnation 6035: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6003: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5920:Beehive burner 5911: 5910: 5909: 5895: 5881: 5865: 5862: 5849: 5846: 5840: 5839: 5836: 5833: 5829: 5828: 5825: 5822: 5818: 5817: 5814: 5811: 5807: 5806: 5803: 5800: 5796: 5795: 5792: 5789: 5785: 5784: 5781: 5778: 5737: 5734: 5695: 5694: 5680: 5679: 5639:Main article: 5636: 5633: 5619: 5616: 5585: 5576: 5535: 5532: 5524: 5521: 5509: 5506:sulfur dioxide 5504:), as well as 5501: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5469: 5468: 5462: 5448: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5430: 5424: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5382: 5376: 5371: 5365: 5364: 5361: 5357: 5356: 5353: 5350: 5338: 5337: 5331: 5325: 5319: 5313: 5303: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5216: 5213: 5185:Main article: 5182: 5179: 5151:Main article: 5148: 5145: 5132:Spatiotemporal 5112: 5109: 5107: 5106: 5105: 5104: 5098: 5090: 5078: 5077: 5076: 5073: 5070: 5059: 5058: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5036: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5020: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4967: 4966: 4965: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4935:LO-NOx burners 4923: 4917: 4916: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4878: 4877: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4858: 4845: 4819: 4816: 4813:§ Sources 4809: 4808: 4804: 4800:slash and burn 4793: 4789: 4786: 4778: 4774: 4763: 4756: 4741: 4740: 4739: 4689: 4686: 4615: 4612: 4593: 4561: 4558: 4553: 4529: 4526: 4516:spores from a 4494: 4491: 4486: 4478: 4475: 4470: 4452: 4441: 4438: 4432: 4429: 4413: 4400: 4397: 4392: 4388: 4376: 4299: 4296: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4273: 4267: 4263: 4260:sulfur dioxide 4252: 4240: 4232: 4217: 4213: 4201: 4198: 4185: 4150: 4147: 4134: 4131: 4110:embryo quality 4098: 4090: 4083: 4080: 4063: 4059: 4044: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4017: 4010: 4000: 3997: 3986:sperm motility 3967: 3964: 3947: 3944: 3939: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3890: 3882: 3881:Kidney disease 3879: 3869: 3865: 3853: 3849: 3842: 3838: 3818: 3810: 3807: 3789: 3760:bronchiectasis 3744: 3741: 3729:ischemic heart 3720: 3717: 3696:Main article: 3693: 3690: 3679:air pollution 3676: 3670:Diesel exhaust 3651: 3642:§ Sources 3637: 3634: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3606:sulfur dioxide 3592: 3577:European Union 3567: 3564: 3558: 3555: 3530: 3523: 3522: 3521: 3512: 3505: 3504: 3503: 3502: 3501: 3491: 3488: 3432: 3431:Health effects 3429: 3344:air fresheners 3277: 3274: 3269: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3241: 3238: 3222: 3220: 3206: 3199: 3197: 3193:sulfur dioxide 3182: 3175: 3170: 3169: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3148: 3130: 3127: 3126: 3125: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3097: 3092: 3088: 3080: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3064: 3057:global warming 3052: 3046: 3035: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2992:: Produced by 2987: 2981: 2975: 2953: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2889: 2885: 2873:asphyxiant gas 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2844: 2835: 2832:greenhouse gas 2823: 2811: 2808:Carbon dioxide 2805: 2793: 2781: 2780: 2746: 2744: 2737: 2731: 2728: 2670: 2667: 2584:Main article: 2581: 2578: 2577: 2576: 2558: 2542: 2538: 2528: 2510: 2480: 2466: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2439: 2432: 2430: 2424: 2423: 2416: 2414: 2408: 2407: 2400: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2384: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2368: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2352: 2350: 2344: 2343: 2336: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2320: 2318: 2312: 2311: 2304: 2302: 2296: 2295: 2288: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2272: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2256: 2243: 2242: 2241: 2240: 2223: 2213: 2206: 2199:aerosol sprays 2179: 2178: 2170:greenhouse gas 2154:slash-and-burn 2146: 2143:climate change 2111:motor vehicles 2107:Mobile sources 2104: 2103: 2102: 2099: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2087: 2069: 2061: 2060: 2059: 2032:Chinese temple 1988: 1985: 1976: 1973: 1906: 1827:(for example, 1813:climate change 1793:nitrous oxides 1789:sulfur dioxide 1767: 1766: 1764: 1763: 1756: 1749: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1724: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1707:Climate change 1704: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1654: 1649: 1642:Severe weather 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1618: 1617: 1612: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1590: 1585: 1584: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1560: 1559: 1554: 1548: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1533: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1507: 1502: 1501: 1500: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1479: 1478: 1476:Megacryometeor 1468: 1463: 1462: 1461: 1450: 1445: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1393: 1392: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1375: 1365: 1360: 1359: 1358: 1353: 1343: 1338: 1337: 1336: 1331: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1274: 1273: 1272: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1240: 1239: 1238: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1188: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1156: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1121: 1116: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1105: 1104: 1092: 1091: 1089: 1088: 1081: 1074: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1048: 1033: 1032: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1016: 1015: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 991:Law by country 988: 980: 979: 973: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 931: 928: 927: 924: 923: 920: 919: 918: 917: 912: 902: 896: 893: 892: 889: 888: 885: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 862:Surface runoff 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 762:Eutrophication 759: 754: 749: 743: 738: 737: 734: 733: 730: 729: 724: 719: 717:Scorched earth 714: 713: 712: 710:Nuclear winter 707: 705:Nuclear famine 702: 692: 691: 690: 680: 674: 669: 668: 665: 664: 661: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 634: 629: 628: 625: 624: 621: 620: 614: 609: 608: 605: 604: 601: 600: 594: 591: 590: 587: 586: 583: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 496: 493: 492: 489: 488: 485: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 462:Bioremediation 459: 454: 448: 443: 442: 439: 438: 435: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 392:Bioremediation 389: 383: 378: 377: 374: 373: 370: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 342:Transportation 338: 333: 332: 329: 328: 325: 324: 319: 314: 309: 303: 300: 299: 296: 295: 292: 291: 289:Radio spectrum 286: 285: 284: 279: 268: 263: 262: 259: 258: 255: 254: 248: 245: 244: 241: 240: 237: 236: 235: 234: 224: 219: 213: 208: 207: 204: 203: 200: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 157:Global dimming 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 118: 113: 112: 109: 108: 105: 97: 96: 88: 87: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 24321: 24310: 24307: 24305: 24302: 24300: 24299:Air pollution 24297: 24296: 24294: 24279: 24271: 24270: 24267: 24257: 24256:Non-renewable 24253: 24250: 24248: 24245: 24243: 24240: 24238: 24235: 24233: 24230: 24228: 24222: 24220: 24217: 24216: 24214: 24212: 24208: 24202: 24199: 24197: 24196:Urban ecology 24194: 24192: 24189: 24185: 24182: 24181: 24180: 24177: 24175: 24172: 24168: 24165: 24163: 24160: 24159: 24158: 24155: 24151: 24148: 24147: 24146: 24143: 24139: 24136: 24134: 24131: 24130: 24129: 24126: 24124: 24121: 24117: 24114: 24112: 24109: 24108: 24107: 24104: 24100: 24097: 24095: 24092: 24090: 24087: 24085: 24082: 24081: 24080: 24077: 24076: 24073: 24070: 24066: 24054: 24051: 24049: 24046: 24045: 24044: 24041: 24039: 24036: 24034: 24031: 24029: 24028:Privatization 24026: 24024: 24021: 24019: 24016: 24014: 24011: 24009: 24006: 24004: 24001: 23999: 23996: 23994: 23991: 23989: 23986: 23982: 23979: 23978: 23977: 23974: 23972: 23969: 23967: 23964: 23962: 23959: 23957: 23954: 23953: 23951: 23947: 23941: 23938: 23934: 23931: 23930: 23929: 23926: 23924: 23923:Surface water 23921: 23919: 23916: 23912: 23909: 23908: 23907: 23904: 23902: 23899: 23895: 23894: 23890: 23889: 23888: 23885: 23881: 23878: 23876: 23873: 23871: 23868: 23867: 23866: 23863: 23861: 23858: 23854: 23851: 23849: 23846: 23844: 23841: 23840: 23839: 23836: 23834: 23831: 23829: 23826: 23822: 23819: 23818: 23817: 23814: 23813: 23811: 23807: 23804: 23802: 23798: 23790: 23787: 23785: 23782: 23781: 23780: 23777: 23775: 23772: 23770: 23767: 23763: 23760: 23758: 23755: 23753: 23750: 23748: 23745: 23743: 23740: 23738: 23735: 23733: 23730: 23729: 23728: 23725: 23723: 23720: 23718: 23715: 23713: 23710: 23706: 23703: 23702: 23701: 23698: 23694: 23691: 23689: 23686: 23684: 23681: 23679: 23676: 23675: 23674: 23671: 23667: 23664: 23662: 23659: 23657: 23654: 23653: 23652: 23649: 23647: 23644: 23642: 23639: 23637: 23634: 23630: 23627: 23626: 23625: 23622: 23620: 23617: 23616: 23614: 23612: 23608: 23600: 23597: 23595: 23592: 23591: 23590: 23587: 23583: 23580: 23578: 23575: 23573: 23570: 23568: 23565: 23564: 23563: 23560: 23556: 23553: 23549: 23546: 23544: 23541: 23540: 23539: 23536: 23532: 23529: 23527: 23524: 23523: 23522: 23519: 23515: 23512: 23511: 23510: 23507: 23505: 23502: 23500: 23497: 23496: 23495: 23492: 23488: 23485: 23484: 23483: 23480: 23476: 23473: 23472: 23471: 23468: 23464: 23461: 23459: 23456: 23454: 23451: 23449: 23446: 23445: 23444: 23441: 23439: 23436: 23434: 23431: 23425: 23424:peak farmland 23422: 23421: 23420: 23417: 23416: 23415: 23412: 23411: 23409: 23407: 23403: 23397: 23394: 23390: 23387: 23385: 23382: 23381: 23380: 23377: 23375: 23372: 23370: 23367: 23365: 23362: 23359: 23355: 23351: 23347: 23343: 23340: 23338: 23335: 23333: 23330: 23328: 23325: 23324: 23322: 23320: 23316: 23306: 23303: 23301: 23298: 23296: 23293: 23292: 23290: 23286: 23280: 23277: 23273: 23267: 23266: 23265: 23262: 23260: 23257: 23255: 23252: 23250: 23244: 23243: 23241: 23239: 23235: 23232: 23230: 23226: 23222: 23215: 23210: 23208: 23203: 23201: 23196: 23195: 23192: 23180: 23179: 23170: 23168: 23167: 23158: 23156: 23155: 23146: 23145: 23142: 23132: 23129: 23127: 23124: 23122: 23119: 23117: 23114: 23112: 23109: 23107: 23104: 23102: 23101:Joseph Lister 23099: 23097: 23094: 23092: 23089: 23087: 23084: 23083: 23081: 23077: 23069: 23066: 23064: 23061: 23059: 23056: 23054: 23051: 23050: 23048: 23046: 23043: 23042: 23040: 23036: 23029: 23025: 23023: 23020: 23018: 23015: 23011: 23008: 23006: 23003: 23001: 22998: 22996: 22993: 22992: 22990: 22986: 22983: 22981: 22980:Health Canada 22978: 22977: 22975: 22971: 22968: 22967: 22965: 22961: 22958: 22956: 22953: 22952: 22950: 22946: 22943: 22942: 22940: 22936: 22933: 22932: 22930: 22929: 22927: 22925:Organizations 22923: 22920: 22912: 22906: 22903: 22901: 22898: 22896: 22893: 22891: 22888: 22886: 22883: 22881: 22878: 22876: 22873: 22871: 22868: 22866: 22863: 22861: 22858: 22857: 22855: 22849: 22841: 22838: 22836: 22833: 22832: 22831: 22828: 22826: 22823: 22819: 22816: 22814: 22811: 22809: 22806: 22804: 22801: 22799: 22796: 22794: 22791: 22789: 22786: 22785: 22783: 22782: 22780: 22774: 22768: 22765: 22763: 22762:Vaccine trial 22760: 22758: 22755: 22753: 22750: 22748: 22745: 22743: 22740: 22736: 22733: 22732: 22731: 22728: 22724: 22721: 22720: 22719: 22716: 22712: 22709: 22708: 22707: 22704: 22702: 22699: 22698: 22696: 22690: 22684: 22681: 22677: 22675: 22671: 22669: 22667: 22662: 22660: 22657: 22655: 22652: 22650: 22647: 22646: 22645: 22642: 22640: 22639:Relative risk 22637: 22635: 22632: 22630: 22627: 22626: 22624: 22618: 22612: 22609: 22605: 22602: 22600: 22599:Health equity 22597: 22595: 22592: 22591: 22590: 22587: 22585: 22582: 22580: 22577: 22575: 22572: 22570: 22567: 22565: 22564:Health system 22562: 22560: 22557: 22555: 22554:Global health 22552: 22550: 22547: 22545: 22542: 22540: 22537: 22535: 22534:Biostatistics 22532: 22531: 22529: 22527: 22523: 22517: 22514: 22512: 22509: 22507: 22504: 22502: 22499: 22495: 22492: 22490: 22487: 22485: 22482: 22480: 22477: 22475: 22472: 22470: 22467: 22466: 22465: 22462: 22460: 22457: 22455: 22452: 22448: 22445: 22444: 22443: 22440: 22436: 22433: 22431: 22428: 22426: 22423: 22421: 22418: 22416: 22413: 22411: 22408: 22407: 22406: 22403: 22399: 22396: 22394: 22391: 22389: 22386: 22384: 22381: 22380: 22379: 22376: 22372: 22369: 22367: 22364: 22363: 22362: 22359: 22357: 22354: 22352: 22349: 22345: 22342: 22341: 22340: 22337: 22336: 22334: 22332: 22328: 22322: 22319: 22317: 22314: 22312: 22309: 22307: 22304: 22302: 22299: 22297: 22294: 22292: 22289: 22287: 22284: 22282: 22279: 22277: 22276:Right to food 22274: 22272: 22269: 22267: 22264: 22262: 22259: 22255: 22252: 22250: 22247: 22245: 22242: 22240: 22237: 22235: 22232: 22231: 22230: 22227: 22225: 22222: 22220: 22217: 22214: 22210: 22209:Mental health 22207: 22205: 22202: 22200: 22197: 22195: 22192: 22190: 22187: 22185: 22182: 22178: 22175: 22173: 22170: 22169: 22168: 22165: 22163: 22160: 22158: 22157:Housing First 22155: 22151: 22148: 22146: 22145:Health system 22143: 22142: 22141: 22140:Health policy 22138: 22136: 22133: 22131: 22128: 22126: 22123: 22121: 22118: 22116: 22113: 22111: 22108: 22104: 22101: 22099: 22096: 22095: 22094: 22091: 22089: 22086: 22084: 22081: 22079: 22076: 22074: 22071: 22069: 22066: 22064: 22061: 22060: 22058: 22054: 22050: 22049:Public health 22043: 22038: 22036: 22031: 22029: 22024: 22023: 22020: 22008: 22007: 21998: 21996: 21995: 21990: 21986: 21984: 21983: 21974: 21970: 21967: 21966: 21965: 21964: 21955: 21954: 21951: 21945: 21942: 21940: 21937: 21935: 21932: 21931: 21929: 21925: 21919: 21916: 21914: 21911: 21909: 21906: 21904: 21901: 21899: 21896: 21895: 21893: 21889: 21883: 21880: 21878: 21875: 21873: 21870: 21868: 21865: 21863: 21860: 21858: 21855: 21853: 21850: 21848: 21845: 21843: 21840: 21838: 21835: 21833: 21830: 21828: 21825: 21823: 21820: 21819: 21817: 21813: 21807: 21806:Urban ecology 21804: 21802: 21799: 21797: 21794: 21792: 21789: 21787: 21784: 21782: 21779: 21777: 21774: 21772: 21769: 21767: 21764: 21762: 21759: 21755: 21752: 21751: 21750: 21747: 21745: 21742: 21740: 21737: 21735: 21732: 21730: 21727: 21723: 21720: 21719: 21718: 21715: 21713: 21710: 21709: 21707: 21703: 21698: 21688: 21685: 21683: 21680: 21678: 21675: 21673: 21670: 21668: 21665: 21663: 21660: 21658: 21655: 21653: 21650: 21648: 21645: 21644: 21642: 21638: 21634: 21627: 21622: 21620: 21615: 21613: 21608: 21607: 21604: 21588: 21585: 21583: 21580: 21578: 21575: 21573: 21570: 21566: 21563: 21562: 21561: 21558: 21557: 21555: 21551: 21541: 21538: 21536: 21533: 21531: 21528: 21527: 21525: 21523: 21519: 21513: 21510: 21509: 21507: 21505: 21501: 21498: 21494: 21491: 21489: 21485: 21475: 21472: 21468: 21465: 21463: 21460: 21459: 21458: 21455: 21454: 21452: 21448: 21442: 21439: 21437: 21434: 21432: 21429: 21427: 21424: 21423: 21421: 21417: 21411: 21408: 21406: 21403: 21401: 21398: 21396: 21393: 21391: 21388: 21386: 21383: 21382: 21380: 21376: 21366: 21363: 21362: 21360: 21358: 21354: 21348: 21345: 21343: 21342:2019 SEA haze 21340: 21338: 21337:2017 SEA haze 21335: 21333: 21332:2016 SEA haze 21330: 21328: 21325: 21323: 21322:2015 SEA haze 21320: 21318: 21317:2013 SEA haze 21315: 21313: 21312:2010 SEA haze 21310: 21308: 21307:2009 SEA haze 21305: 21303: 21302:2006 SEA haze 21300: 21298: 21295: 21293: 21290: 21288: 21287:1997 SEA haze 21285: 21284: 21282: 21280: 21276: 21272: 21266: 21263: 21262: 21260: 21258: 21254: 21251: 21247: 21244: 21242: 21241:Air pollution 21238: 21229: 21224: 21222: 21217: 21215: 21210: 21209: 21206: 21196: 21186: 21181: 21176: 21168: 21160: 21151: 21147: 21137: 21131: 21128: 21126: 21123: 21121: 21115: 21113: 21110: 21108: 21105: 21103: 21100: 21099: 21097: 21095: 21091: 21085: 21082: 21080: 21077: 21075: 21072: 21070: 21067: 21065: 21062: 21060: 21057: 21055: 21052: 21050: 21047: 21046: 21044: 21040: 21034: 21031: 21029: 21026: 21024: 21021: 21019: 21016: 21014: 21011: 21009: 21006: 21004: 21001: 20999: 20996: 20995: 20993: 20989: 20983: 20980: 20976: 20973: 20971: 20968: 20967: 20966: 20963: 20962: 20960: 20956: 20950: 20949:Water quality 20947: 20945: 20942: 20940: 20937: 20935: 20932: 20930: 20927: 20925: 20922: 20920: 20917: 20915: 20912: 20908: 20905: 20903: 20900: 20899: 20898: 20895: 20893: 20890: 20888: 20885: 20883: 20880: 20878: 20875: 20873: 20870: 20868: 20865: 20863: 20860: 20858: 20855: 20851: 20848: 20847: 20846: 20843: 20841: 20838: 20836: 20833: 20831: 20828: 20826: 20823: 20821: 20818: 20816: 20813: 20811: 20808: 20806: 20803: 20801: 20798: 20797: 20795: 20793: 20789: 20783: 20780: 20778: 20775: 20773: 20770: 20767: 20763: 20759: 20755: 20752: 20749: 20745: 20742: 20740: 20737: 20736: 20734: 20732: 20728: 20722: 20719: 20717: 20714: 20712: 20711:Traffic signs 20709: 20707: 20704: 20702: 20699: 20698: 20696: 20694: 20690: 20684: 20681: 20680: 20678: 20676: 20672: 20664: 20661: 20659: 20656: 20655: 20654: 20651: 20649: 20646: 20644: 20641: 20637: 20636:Microplastics 20634: 20633: 20632: 20629: 20627: 20626:Nanomaterials 20624: 20620: 20617: 20616: 20615: 20612: 20608: 20605: 20603: 20600: 20598: 20595: 20593: 20590: 20588: 20585: 20583: 20580: 20579: 20578: 20575: 20573: 20570: 20566: 20565:Lead smelting 20563: 20562: 20561: 20558: 20554: 20551: 20549: 20546: 20544: 20541: 20539: 20536: 20534: 20531: 20529: 20526: 20525: 20524: 20521: 20519: 20516: 20514: 20511: 20509: 20506: 20502: 20499: 20498: 20497: 20494: 20492: 20489: 20487: 20484: 20482: 20479: 20478: 20476: 20472: 20466: 20463: 20461: 20458: 20456: 20453: 20451: 20448: 20446: 20443: 20441: 20438: 20434: 20431: 20429: 20426: 20424: 20421: 20420: 20419: 20416: 20415: 20413: 20411: 20407: 20401: 20398: 20396: 20393: 20391: 20388: 20386: 20385:Radioactivity 20383: 20381: 20378: 20376: 20373: 20371: 20368: 20366: 20363: 20361: 20358: 20356: 20353: 20352: 20350: 20348: 20344: 20338: 20337:Noise control 20335: 20332: 20329: 20326: 20322: 20319: 20318: 20317: 20314: 20312: 20309: 20305: 20302: 20300: 20297: 20295: 20292: 20290: 20287: 20284: 20283: 20282: 20279: 20278: 20276: 20274: 20270: 20264: 20261: 20259: 20256: 20254: 20251: 20249: 20246: 20245: 20243: 20239: 20233: 20230: 20226: 20223: 20221: 20218: 20217: 20216: 20213: 20212: 20210: 20208: 20204: 20198: 20195: 20194: 20192: 20188: 20180: 20177: 20176: 20175: 20172: 20170: 20167: 20165: 20162: 20161: 20159: 20157: 20153: 20147: 20144: 20142: 20139: 20135: 20132: 20131: 20130: 20127: 20123: 20120: 20119: 20118: 20115: 20113: 20110: 20108: 20105: 20101: 20098: 20096: 20093: 20091: 20088: 20086: 20085:Metal working 20083: 20081: 20078: 20077: 20076: 20073: 20071: 20068: 20066: 20063: 20061: 20058: 20056: 20053: 20051: 20048: 20046: 20043: 20039: 20036: 20035: 20034: 20031: 20027: 20024: 20023: 20022: 20019: 20017: 20014: 20010: 20007: 20006: 20005: 20002: 19998: 19995: 19993: 19990: 19988: 19985: 19983: 19980: 19979: 19978: 19975: 19973: 19970: 19968: 19965: 19963: 19960: 19958: 19955: 19954: 19952: 19950: 19946: 19942: 19937: 19933: 19926: 19921: 19919: 19914: 19912: 19907: 19906: 19903: 19896: 19892: 19889: 19886: 19883: 19880: 19877: 19875: 19872: 19870: 19867: 19864: 19861: 19859: 19856: 19854: 19851: 19848: 19845: 19843: 19840: 19839: 19830: 19826: 19824: 19820: 19816: 19813: 19810: 19806: 19802: 19798: 19794: 19793:heart attacks 19790: 19786: 19785:blood vessels 19782: 19778: 19774: 19770: 19766: 19762: 19758: 19754: 19753:upper airways 19750: 19746: 19742: 19738: 19734: 19730: 19726: 19725: 19720: 19716: 19710: 19706: 19701: 19697: 19693: 19689: 19685: 19681: 19677: 19673: 19669: 19665: 19660: 19657: 19653: 19650:(3): 187–202. 19649: 19645: 19640: 19637: 19633: 19630: 19626: 19624: 19620: 19616: 19613: 19609: 19607: 19603: 19599: 19595: 19591: 19588:(4): 351–67. 19587: 19583: 19582: 19577: 19573: 19569: 19565: 19561: 19557: 19551: 19547: 19543: 19539: 19535: 19529: 19526:. Routledge. 19525: 19521: 19517: 19516: 19510: 19507: 19505: 19502: 19501: 19496: 19495:Air pollution 19491: 19474: 19473: 19465: 19461: 19455: 19447: 19446: 19441: 19434: 19419: 19418:www.iqair.com 19415: 19409: 19394: 19393:www.iqair.com 19390: 19384: 19375: 19367: 19363: 19358: 19353: 19349: 19345: 19341: 19337: 19334:(9): 605–10. 19333: 19329: 19328: 19323: 19316: 19308: 19304: 19299: 19294: 19290: 19286: 19282: 19278: 19274: 19270: 19266: 19262: 19261: 19256: 19249: 19241: 19237: 19230: 19222: 19218: 19213: 19208: 19204: 19200: 19196: 19192: 19191: 19186: 19179: 19171: 19167: 19162: 19157: 19154:(5): 879–87. 19153: 19149: 19148: 19143: 19136: 19134: 19125: 19121: 19120: 19112: 19110: 19101: 19097: 19091: 19083: 19079: 19072: 19057: 19051: 19036: 19032: 19026: 19018: 19014: 19010: 19006: 18999: 18991: 18987: 18982: 18977: 18973: 18969: 18965: 18961: 18960: 18955: 18948: 18946: 18937: 18934:. Cambridge: 18933: 18926: 18911: 18910: 18905: 18898: 18879: 18875: 18868: 18862: 18847: 18846: 18841: 18834: 18832: 18816: 18809: 18793: 18789: 18785: 18779: 18773: 18766: 18750: 18749: 18741: 18735: 18720: 18713: 18711: 18694: 18690: 18686: 18680: 18664: 18660: 18654: 18638: 18634: 18628: 18613: 18609: 18602: 18594: 18590: 18586: 18580: 18565: 18561: 18555: 18540: 18536: 18530: 18515: 18511: 18505: 18497: 18493: 18489: 18485: 18481: 18477: 18473: 18469: 18465: 18461: 18460: 18452: 18436: 18432: 18426: 18410: 18406: 18402: 18392: 18376: 18372: 18368: 18362: 18354: 18350: 18345: 18340: 18336: 18332: 18328: 18324: 18323: 18318: 18311: 18303: 18299: 18295: 18291: 18287: 18283: 18279: 18275: 18268: 18260: 18256: 18252: 18248: 18244: 18240: 18236: 18232: 18228: 18224: 18223: 18218: 18211: 18203: 18199: 18195: 18191: 18187: 18183: 18179: 18175: 18171: 18167: 18163: 18159: 18152: 18137: 18133: 18127: 18112: 18108: 18101: 18093: 18089: 18085: 18084: 18079: 18072: 18057: 18053: 18052:"Road Rubber" 18047: 18039: 18035: 18031: 18027: 18022: 18017: 18013: 18009: 18005: 18001: 18000: 17995: 17988: 17980: 17976: 17972: 17969:(in French). 17968: 17964: 17957: 17942: 17938: 17932: 17916: 17915:Flyingmag.com 17912: 17906: 17890: 17884: 17869: 17868: 17863: 17856: 17841: 17840: 17835: 17828: 17820: 17816: 17812: 17808: 17804: 17800: 17796: 17792: 17785: 17777: 17773: 17769: 17765: 17761: 17757: 17753: 17749: 17748: 17740: 17732: 17728: 17724: 17720: 17716: 17712: 17708: 17701: 17693: 17689: 17685: 17681: 17680: 17675: 17671: 17665: 17663: 17647:. 15 May 2014 17646: 17645: 17640: 17634: 17626: 17625: 17620: 17613: 17605: 17601: 17597: 17593: 17588: 17583: 17579: 17575: 17571: 17567: 17563: 17559: 17555: 17551: 17547: 17540: 17525: 17521: 17515: 17506: 17498: 17494: 17490: 17486: 17482: 17478: 17477: 17469: 17454: 17450: 17439: 17431: 17427: 17422: 17417: 17413: 17409: 17405: 17401: 17400: 17395: 17388: 17380: 17376: 17372: 17368: 17364: 17360: 17356: 17352: 17348: 17344: 17343: 17335: 17327: 17323: 17319: 17315: 17311: 17307: 17303: 17299: 17295: 17291: 17290: 17284: 17276: 17268: 17264: 17260: 17256: 17252: 17248: 17244: 17240: 17236: 17232: 17231: 17226: 17219: 17211: 17207: 17203: 17199: 17195: 17191: 17190: 17182: 17174: 17168: 17164: 17159: 17158: 17149: 17138: 17134: 17130: 17126: 17122: 17118: 17114: 17110: 17106: 17099: 17092: 17084: 17080: 17076: 17072: 17067: 17062: 17058: 17054: 17050: 17046: 17045: 17040: 17033: 17025: 17021: 17014: 17006: 17002: 16998: 16994: 16989: 16984: 16980: 16976: 16971: 16966: 16962: 16958: 16957: 16952: 16945: 16930: 16929: 16924: 16918: 16902: 16898: 16897: 16891: 16883: 16875: 16871: 16867: 16860: 16845: 16841: 16834: 16815: 16808: 16801: 16793: 16789: 16785: 16781: 16777: 16773: 16769: 16765: 16761: 16757: 16753: 16749: 16745: 16738: 16730: 16726: 16722: 16718: 16713: 16708: 16704: 16700: 16696: 16692: 16688: 16684: 16680: 16676: 16672: 16665: 16657: 16653: 16649: 16645: 16641: 16637: 16633: 16629: 16625: 16621: 16617: 16613: 16609: 16602: 16594: 16590: 16586: 16582: 16578: 16574: 16570: 16563: 16548: 16544: 16537: 16529: 16525: 16521: 16517: 16513: 16509: 16505: 16501: 16497: 16493: 16489: 16482: 16474: 16470: 16466: 16462: 16457: 16452: 16448: 16444: 16440: 16436: 16435: 16430: 16423: 16415: 16411: 16407: 16403: 16398: 16393: 16389: 16385: 16381: 16377: 16373: 16369: 16366:(9): 094047. 16365: 16361: 16360: 16355: 16348: 16340: 16336: 16332: 16328: 16323: 16318: 16314: 16310: 16307:(6): 805–12. 16306: 16302: 16301: 16296: 16289: 16273: 16269: 16268: 16263: 16257: 16242: 16238: 16231: 16223: 16217: 16209: 16205: 16201: 16200: 16192: 16177:. 5 June 2014 16176: 16172: 16166: 16151: 16147: 16140: 16132: 16128: 16123: 16118: 16114: 16110: 16106: 16102: 16098: 16094: 16090: 16083: 16075: 16071: 16067: 16063: 16058: 16053: 16049: 16045: 16041: 16037: 16033: 16029: 16025: 16021: 16020: 16015: 16004: 15996: 15992: 15987: 15982: 15978: 15974: 15970: 15966: 15962: 15958: 15954: 15950: 15949: 15944: 15937: 15929: 15925: 15920: 15915: 15911: 15907: 15903: 15899: 15895: 15891: 15890: 15885: 15878: 15876: 15867: 15863: 15858: 15853: 15849: 15845: 15841: 15837: 15833: 15829: 15825: 15821: 15820: 15815: 15808: 15802: 15801: 15797: 15792: 15784: 15780: 15776: 15772: 15768: 15764: 15760: 15756: 15755: 15750: 15743: 15735: 15731: 15727: 15723: 15718: 15713: 15709: 15705: 15701: 15697: 15696: 15691: 15684: 15676: 15672: 15668: 15664: 15659: 15654: 15650: 15646: 15642: 15638: 15635:(5): 514–20. 15634: 15630: 15626: 15619: 15604: 15600: 15594: 15586: 15579: 15573: 15565: 15559: 15555: 15554: 15546: 15538: 15534: 15530: 15526: 15521: 15516: 15512: 15508: 15504: 15500: 15499: 15491: 15484: 15482: 15480: 15471: 15467: 15463: 15459: 15454: 15449: 15445: 15441: 15437: 15433: 15430:(4): 425–30. 15429: 15425: 15424: 15419: 15412: 15404: 15400: 15395: 15390: 15386: 15382: 15381: 15376: 15369: 15361: 15357: 15352: 15347: 15343: 15339: 15335: 15331: 15327: 15323: 15319: 15315: 15314: 15309: 15302: 15294: 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14630: 14622: 14618: 14613: 14608: 14604: 14600: 14595: 14590: 14586: 14582: 14578: 14571: 14569: 14560: 14556: 14551: 14546: 14542: 14538: 14534: 14530: 14526: 14522: 14518: 14514: 14510: 14503: 14495: 14491: 14486: 14481: 14477: 14473: 14468: 14463: 14459: 14455: 14451: 14444: 14436: 14432: 14428: 14424: 14420: 14416: 14412: 14408: 14404: 14400: 14396: 14392: 14388: 14381: 14373: 14369: 14364: 14359: 14355: 14351: 14346: 14341: 14337: 14333: 14329: 14322: 14314: 14310: 14305: 14300: 14296: 14292: 14287: 14282: 14278: 14274: 14270: 14263: 14261: 14259: 14257: 14255: 14253: 14244: 14240: 14235: 14230: 14226: 14222: 14218: 14214: 14210: 14206: 14202: 14195: 14187: 14183: 14179: 14175: 14171: 14167: 14163: 14159: 14155: 14151: 14150: 14142: 14134: 14130: 14126: 14122: 14117: 14112: 14107: 14102: 14098: 14094: 14090: 14086: 14085: 14080: 14073: 14065: 14061: 14057: 14053: 14048: 14043: 14039: 14035: 14032:(6): 860–65. 14031: 14027: 14026: 14021: 14014: 14006: 14002: 13998: 13994: 13991:(5): 631–38. 13990: 13986: 13985: 13977: 13969: 13965: 13961: 13957: 13953: 13949: 13946:(4): 243–97. 13945: 13941: 13940: 13932: 13930: 13921: 13917: 13912: 13907: 13903: 13899: 13895: 13891: 13887: 13883: 13879: 13875: 13871: 13864: 13848: 13847: 13842: 13836: 13834: 13818: 13817: 13812: 13805: 13790: 13786: 13780: 13772: 13768: 13763: 13758: 13754: 13750: 13749: 13744: 13737: 13729: 13725: 13721: 13717: 13712: 13707: 13702: 13697: 13693: 13689: 13685: 13681: 13680: 13675: 13668: 13660: 13656: 13652: 13648: 13644: 13640: 13635: 13630: 13626: 13622: 13621: 13613: 13606: 13600: 13585: 13581: 13575: 13560: 13556: 13549: 13541: 13537: 13530: 13522: 13518: 13513: 13508: 13504: 13500: 13496: 13489: 13481: 13477: 13473: 13469: 13465: 13461: 13460: 13452: 13444: 13440: 13436: 13432: 13428: 13424: 13420: 13416: 13415: 13407: 13399: 13395: 13391: 13387: 13383: 13379: 13378: 13370: 13362: 13358: 13354: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13336: 13332: 13328: 13324: 13323: 13318: 13311: 13303: 13299: 13295: 13294:2027.42/78373 13291: 13286: 13281: 13277: 13273: 13272: 13267: 13260: 13252: 13248: 13244: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13216: 13212: 13208: 13204: 13203: 13198: 13191: 13183: 13179: 13174: 13169: 13166:(2): 320–25. 13165: 13161: 13157: 13150: 13142: 13138: 13134: 13130: 13127:(5): 447–58. 13126: 13122: 13121: 13113: 13105: 13101: 13097: 13093: 13089: 13085: 13081: 13077: 13073: 13069: 13061: 13053: 13049: 13045: 13041: 13037: 13033: 13029: 13025: 13018: 13016: 13007: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12989: 12985: 12981: 12977: 12973: 12969: 12965: 12961: 12957: 12950: 12948: 12939: 12935: 12930: 12925: 12921: 12917: 12913: 12909: 12905: 12901: 12897: 12893: 12889: 12882: 12874: 12870: 12865: 12860: 12856: 12852: 12848: 12844: 12840: 12836: 12835: 12830: 12823: 12808: 12804: 12798: 12783: 12779: 12772: 12757: 12756: 12751: 12744: 12728: 12724: 12720: 12713: 12698: 12694: 12688: 12670: 12664: 12649: 12648: 12643: 12636: 12621: 12620: 12619:New Scientist 12615: 12609: 12601: 12597: 12593: 12589: 12585: 12581: 12580: 12572: 12564: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12546: 12542: 12541: 12536: 12529: 12521: 12515: 12504: 12503: 12495: 12480: 12476: 12469: 12454: 12450: 12446: 12442: 12438: 12434: 12430: 12426: 12422: 12418: 12414: 12410: 12409: 12404: 12397: 12389: 12385: 12380: 12375: 12371: 12367: 12363: 12359: 12355: 12351: 12347: 12343: 12342: 12337: 12330: 12328: 12319: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12301: 12297: 12293: 12289: 12285: 12281: 12280: 12275: 12268: 12266: 12257: 12253: 12248: 12243: 12239: 12235: 12231: 12227: 12223: 12219: 12218: 12213: 12206: 12190: 12186: 12185: 12180: 12174: 12159: 12155: 12149: 12133: 12129: 12123: 12107: 12103: 12097: 12095: 12086: 12082: 12078: 12074: 12070: 12066: 12062: 12058: 12054: 12050: 12046: 12039: 12032: 12026: 12011:. 18 May 2022 12010: 12006: 12000: 11992: 11988: 11984: 11980: 11976: 11972: 11968: 11964: 11960: 11956: 11952: 11948: 11947: 11942: 11935: 11920: 11916: 11912: 11908: 11901: 11893: 11889: 11884: 11879: 11875: 11871: 11870: 11865: 11858: 11850: 11846: 11841: 11836: 11832: 11828: 11824: 11820: 11819: 11814: 11807: 11792: 11788: 11784: 11778: 11776: 11760: 11756: 11749: 11734: 11733: 11728: 11721: 11706: 11705: 11700: 11693: 11691: 11682: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11664: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11646: 11642: 11638: 11634: 11630: 11623: 11607: 11603: 11602: 11597: 11590: 11582: 11578: 11571: 11562: 11558: 11554: 11550: 11546: 11540: 11532: 11528: 11523: 11518: 11514: 11510: 11506: 11502: 11498: 11491: 11476: 11472: 11465: 11450: 11446: 11442: 11436: 11428: 11424: 11420: 11416: 11412: 11408: 11404: 11400: 11396: 11392: 11388: 11381: 11373: 11372: 11371:Science Daily 11367: 11361: 11353: 11349: 11345: 11341: 11337: 11331: 11327: 11323: 11319: 11312: 11304: 11300: 11296: 11292: 11288: 11284: 11280: 11276: 11272: 11268: 11264: 11260: 11256: 11249: 11234: 11233: 11228: 11221: 11219: 11207: 11203: 11201: 11193: 11187: 11171: 11170: 11165: 11159: 11151: 11147: 11140: 11124: 11120: 11114: 11112: 11095: 11091: 11087: 11080: 11078: 11070: 11069:public domain 11051: 11047: 11041: 11039: 11022: 11018: 11012: 10997: 10996: 10991: 10984: 10976: 10972: 10967: 10966:10044/1/80194 10962: 10958: 10954: 10950: 10946: 10942: 10938: 10937: 10929: 10921: 10917: 10913: 10909: 10905: 10901: 10900: 10892: 10884: 10878: 10870: 10868:9780124054813 10864: 10860: 10859: 10851: 10849: 10847: 10845: 10843: 10827: 10823: 10817: 10801: 10797: 10791: 10776: 10772: 10768: 10762: 10748: 10742: 10738: 10734: 10727: 10712: 10708: 10701: 10686: 10682: 10676: 10668: 10662: 10658: 10657:10.17226/1889 10654: 10650: 10649: 10642: 10626: 10622: 10616: 10608: 10604: 10600: 10596: 10592: 10588: 10584: 10580: 10576: 10572: 10571: 10566: 10559: 10543: 10539: 10533: 10518: 10511: 10505: 10490: 10484: 10480: 10476: 10475: 10467: 10459: 10455: 10451: 10447: 10443: 10439: 10438: 10430: 10413: 10409: 10403: 10389: 10385: 10381: 10375: 10371: 10367: 10363: 10359: 10352: 10336: 10332: 10328: 10322: 10307: 10303: 10297: 10282: 10278: 10274: 10267: 10259: 10253: 10245: 10235: 10227: 10221: 10206: 10202: 10192: 10177: 10171: 10163: 10159: 10153: 10138: 10134: 10127: 10119: 10115: 10104: 10096: 10092: 10085: 10078: 10074: 10072:92-890-2192-6 10068: 10064: 10058: 10051: 10031: 10027: 10021: 10019: 10002: 9998: 9992: 9984: 9980: 9973: 9965: 9959: 9944: 9943: 9938: 9931: 9923: 9917: 9913: 9912: 9904: 9889: 9885: 9881: 9874: 9858: 9854: 9850: 9844: 9828: 9824: 9818: 9802: 9798: 9797:Eea.europa.eu 9794: 9788: 9772: 9768: 9764: 9758: 9742: 9738: 9737: 9732: 9726: 9718: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9700: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9682: 9678: 9677: 9672: 9665: 9650: 9646: 9639: 9623: 9619: 9613: 9598: 9592: 9584: 9580: 9576: 9572: 9568: 9564: 9560: 9556: 9555: 9547: 9539: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9511: 9507: 9503: 9499: 9498: 9493: 9489: 9482: 9466: 9462: 9458: 9452: 9444: 9440: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9410: 9406: 9402: 9398: 9397: 9392: 9385: 9370: 9369: 9364: 9357: 9350: 9345: 9341: 9337: 9333: 9329: 9325: 9321: 9317: 9313: 9309: 9305: 9301: 9300: 9292: 9284: 9280: 9276: 9272: 9268: 9264: 9257: 9249: 9244: 9240: 9234: 9230: 9226: 9222: 9218: 9211: 9195: 9191: 9185: 9178: 9166: 9165: 9160: 9154: 9139: 9138: 9133: 9126: 9118: 9114: 9110: 9106: 9102: 9098: 9094: 9090: 9086: 9082: 9081: 9080:Plant Ecology 9076: 9069: 9061: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9014: 9000: 8996: 8992: 8986: 8982: 8978: 8974: 8970: 8963: 8955: 8951: 8947: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8919: 8918: 8913: 8906: 8891: 8887: 8881: 8866: 8862: 8856: 8841: 8837: 8831: 8823: 8819: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8784: 8765: 8764: 8759: 8753: 8745: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8702: 8687: 8683: 8676: 8668: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8650: 8646: 8642: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8621: 8616: 8609: 8593: 8587: 8580: 8569: 8565: 8559: 8544: 8543: 8538: 8531: 8516: 8512: 8506: 8498: 8492: 8484: 8478: 8470: 8466: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8442: 8438: 8434: 8433: 8428: 8421: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8389: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8376: 8368: 8361: 8350: 8346: 8339: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8292: 8287: 8280: 8272: 8268: 8262: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8225: 8217: 8209: 8205: 8199: 8188: 8184: 8177: 8170: 8162: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8121: 8116: 8109: 8101: 8097: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8046: 8040: 8032: 8017: 8016: 8011: 8005: 7989: 7988: 7983: 7977: 7969: 7965: 7959: 7951: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7910: 7905: 7898: 7890: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7847: 7832: 7828: 7822: 7807:. 6 July 2016 7806: 7802: 7796: 7781: 7780: 7775: 7769: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7740: 7725: 7721: 7714: 7699: 7695: 7689: 7674: 7670: 7664: 7649: 7645: 7638: 7623:. 8 June 2015 7622: 7618: 7612: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7563: 7548: 7542: 7538: 7537: 7530: 7515: 7513:9780080507071 7509: 7505: 7504: 7496: 7488: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7441: 7436: 7429: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7376: 7367: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7350: 7342: 7340: 7324: 7323:Common Dreams 7320: 7313: 7311: 7309: 7300: 7293: 7292: 7287: 7281: 7279: 7277: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7247: 7232: 7231: 7226: 7220: 7204: 7200: 7194: 7192: 7182: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7166:(3): 034005. 7165: 7161: 7160: 7155: 7148: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7091: 7086: 7079: 7063: 7062: 7057: 7051: 7032: 7028: 7021: 7015: 7007: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6958: 6956: 6947: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6890: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6853: 6845: 6843: 6841: 6839: 6830: 6824: 6820: 6819: 6811: 6803: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6762: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6716: 6708: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6659: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6608: 6600: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6559: 6558:PLOS Medicine 6554: 6547: 6545: 6536: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6485: 6477: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6430: 6425: 6418: 6402: 6398: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6382: 6367: 6361: 6357: 6356:10.5772/17654 6353: 6349: 6345: 6338: 6330: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6301: 6293: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6252: 6247: 6240: 6238: 6222: 6218: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6203: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6074:Critical load 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6008: 6007: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5955:Metal working 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5907: 5901: 5896: 5893: 5892:Plants portal 5887: 5882: 5879: 5873: 5868: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5845: 5837: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5826: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5815: 5812: 5809: 5808: 5804: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5793: 5790: 5788:Hotan, China 5787: 5786: 5783:2019 Average 5782: 5780:2020 Average 5779: 5776: 5775: 5770: 5767: 5763: 5754: 5749: 5743: 5733: 5731: 5726: 5725:socioeconomic 5721: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5706:socioeconomic 5703: 5692: 5691: 5681: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5652: 5648: 5642: 5641:Toxic hotspot 5632: 5628: 5624: 5615: 5613: 5608: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5597:Boris Johnson 5593: 5591: 5581: 5579: 5572: 5569:In 2010, the 5567: 5565: 5564:supranational 5560: 5558: 5554: 5549: 5547: 5546:member states 5541: 5531: 5529: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5507: 5499: 5495: 5490: 5476: 5466: 5463: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5434: 5431: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5410: 5407: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5386: 5383: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5347: 5344: 5336: 5332: 5330: 5326: 5324: 5320: 5318: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5244: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5228:Health Canada 5224: 5222: 5212: 5210: 5205: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5178: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5154: 5144: 5142: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5124: 5118: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5074: 5071: 5068: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5050:Dry scrubbers 5048: 5046: 5045:Wet scrubbers 5043: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4973: 4972: 4971:VOC abatement 4968: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4952:NOx scrubbers 4950: 4947: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4931: 4930: 4926: 4918: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4874: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4856: 4855:dust cyclones 4852: 4851: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4836: 4829: 4824: 4814: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4794: 4787: 4784: 4779: 4775: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4761: 4757: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4737: 4733: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4726:localizations 4723: 4719: 4715: 4714: 4713: 4707: 4702: 4694: 4685: 4683: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4661: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4644:), increased 4643: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4611: 4609: 4608:nanoparticles 4604: 4602: 4596: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4578: 4571: 4566: 4557: 4550: 4549:9-Euro-Ticket 4545: 4542: 4540: 4536: 4525: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4490: 4484: 4477:Other effects 4474: 4467: 4465: 4460: 4458: 4457:Fraser Valley 4449: 4447: 4446:world economy 4437: 4428: 4426: 4421: 4419: 4405: 4399:"Clean" areas 4396: 4386: 4380: 4374: 4368: 4366: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4343: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4332:schizophrenia 4329: 4324: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4311: 4305: 4295: 4279: 4261: 4256: 4250: 4246: 4237: 4229: 4227: 4223: 4211: 4207: 4206:preterm birth 4197: 4195: 4189: 4183: 4178: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4146: 4144: 4139: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4120: 4115: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4094: 4088: 4075: 4071: 4069: 4056: 4054: 4050: 4041: 4039: 4022: 4020: 4013: 4005: 3996: 3994: 3989: 3987: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3959: 3955: 3953: 3943: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3906: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3888: 3878: 3874: 3861: 3859: 3846: 3836: 3828: 3824: 3815: 3806: 3804: 3800: 3795: 3792: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3773: 3772:comorbidities 3767: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3750: 3740: 3738: 3732: 3730: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3708: 3706: 3705:public health 3699: 3689: 3682: 3673: 3671: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3648: 3643: 3629: 3625: 3607: 3603: 3602: 3596: 3589: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3572: 3563: 3554: 3552: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3527: 3516: 3509: 3496: 3487: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3476:Clean Air Act 3472: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3442:heart disease 3439: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3388:is a chronic 3387: 3383: 3378: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3311: 3305: 3300: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3273: 3267: 3262: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3179: 3174: 3173: 3161: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3135:Clean Air Act 3123: 3120: 3101: 3098: 3086: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3073: 3062: 3058: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3033: 3001: 3000:Sulfur oxides 2998: 2995: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2968:bioaccumulate 2965: 2961: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2890: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2854: 2850: 2842: 2841:Clean Air Act 2833: 2829: 2822:recognizes CO 2821: 2817: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2799: 2791: 2788: 2787: 2786: 2777: 2768:is available. 2767: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2747:This section 2745: 2736: 2735: 2727: 2725: 2719: 2717: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2676: 2666: 2664: 2659: 2651: 2648:, and create 2647: 2643: 2638: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2575:particulates. 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2547:anthropogenic 2536: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2491:Earth's crust 2488: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2253: 2249: 2238: 2234: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2217: 2214: 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1680: 1677: 1671: 1670:United States 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1552:Air pollution 1550: 1549: 1546: 1541: 1540: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1448: 1447:Precipitation 1443: 1442: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 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2042:fossil-fuel 2026:Burning of 1922:externality 1879:lung cancer 1855:risk factor 1848:fossil fuel 1702:Meteorology 1637:Meteorology 1525:Snow roller 1520:Snow grains 1483:Ice pellets 1432:Snow squall 1363:Storm surge 1309:Anticyclone 1265:Mesocyclone 1253:Thundersnow 1202:Arcus cloud 935:Area source 777:Groundwater 530:Green waste 510:Brown waste 494:Solid waste 252:Information 147:Exhaust gas 42:coking oven 24293:Categories 24242:Extraction 24201:Wilderness 24162:accounting 24145:Management 24111:ecological 24099:tragedy of 24018:Peak water 24003:Efficiency 23976:Sanitation 23918:Stormwater 23911:harvesting 23887:Irrigation 23789:management 23747:gene banks 23688:management 23666:management 23582:resilience 23548:phosphorus 23504:industrial 23482:Management 23458:soundscape 23364:Geothermal 22931:Caribbean 22808:Processing 22742:Quarantine 22664:Student's 22464:Sanitation 22098:History of 21969:scientists 21431:Asian Dust 21257:Dust storm 21150:by country 21146:Categories 21084:Zero waste 20965:Pollutants 20919:Stagnation 20857:Monitoring 20825:Freshwater 20701:Air travel 20513:Food waste 20433:Pesticides 20423:Herbicides 20327:Industrial 20156:Biological 20016:Demolition 20009:Renovation 19992:Joss paper 19977:Combustion 19897:at EPA.gov 19398:1 February 18915:24 January 18851:24 January 18820:24 January 18755:24 January 18724:24 January 18569:27 January 18441:24 October 18329:(4): 433. 18322:Atmosphere 18164:(9): 562. 18141:11 January 18061:11 January 17946:11 January 17941:Icax.co.uk 17921:11 January 17873:24 October 17845:24 October 17651:29 October 17458:6 December 17051:(1): 6–8. 16970:2102.05027 16963:(2): 164. 16754:: 139986. 16681:: 102869. 16150:Tech Times 15955:: 110320. 15896:: 107523. 15826:: 117404. 15608:31 October 15505:: 173–82. 15139:: 106898. 14812:(1): 109. 14587:(1): 109. 14519:: 100070. 14397:: 116838. 14279:(1): 117. 13620:The Lancet 12892:The Lancet 12812:18 October 12702:11 January 12415:: 110754. 12112:11 January 12055:: 116355. 12031:The Lancet 11953:: 140636. 11397:: 110754. 11344:1285508857 11129:5 December 10210:10 January 9948:7 November 9374:2 February 9030:: e00245. 8800:: 146–57. 8059:2105.06387 7648:Ozonaction 7328:3 February 7286:World Bank 6751:7 November 6732:: S8–S27. 6620:: 111487. 6350:, InTech, 6311:Bradshaw M 6305:Howell R, 6226:14 January 6198:References 6114:Great Smog 5970:Power tool 5950:Joss paper 5925:Bottom ash 5740:See also: 5730:refineries 5645:See also: 5335:(above 10) 5333:Very high 5141:satellites 5117:Smart city 5115:See also: 5111:Monitoring 5018:condensers 5005:Biofilters 4983:, such as 4777:countries. 4665:transition 4621:wind power 4507:Great Smog 4348:ventricles 4302:See also: 4167:depression 4047:alongside 3979:DNA damage 3952:stillbirth 3779:Great Smog 3692:Guidelines 3474:Under the 3413:mycotoxins 3409:dust mites 3386:Asbestosis 3352:pesticides 3321:carcinogen 3189:New Mexico 3139:directives 2964:photolytic 2896:combustion 2774:April 2023 2669:Pollutants 2531:Vegetation 2525:combustion 2512:Smoke and 2396:Groundnuts 2191:hair spray 2183:combustion 2028:joss paper 1883:depression 1840:ecosystems 1696:Glossaries 1632:Jet stream 1571:Convection 1557:Atmosphere 1505:Cloudburst 1368:Dust storm 1334:Nor'easter 1304:Fire whirl 1299:Dust devil 1292:Waterspout 1219:Heat burst 1214:Microburst 1172:Wet season 1160:Dry season 1022:By country 1014:Categories 905:Pollutants 882:Wastewater 852:Stagnation 797:Monitoring 772:Freshwater 638:Air travel 525:Food waste 467:Defecation 277:Ecological 210:Biological 142:Combustion 82:Part of a 24309:Pollution 24252:Renewable 24237:Depletion 24224:Conflict 24106:Economics 24084:enclosure 24043:Resources 24023:Pollution 23940:Watershed 23843:pollution 23774:Seed bank 23769:Rangeland 23651:Fisheries 23636:Biosphere 23629:biopiracy 23572:fertility 23448:cityscape 23443:Landscape 23350:peak coal 23337:Resources 23288:Emissions 23111:John Snow 23038:Education 23028:Full list 22916:education 22840:ISO 22000 22793:Chemistry 22706:Epidemics 22659:ROC curve 22469:Emergency 22249:Radiation 22229:Pollution 22213:Ministers 22110:Euthenics 21847:Recycling 21717:Chemistry 21677:Limnology 21672:Hydrology 21390:Hong Kong 21042:Responses 21013:Garbology 20939:Turbidity 20887:Oil spill 20820:Firewater 20721:Vandalism 20683:Satellite 20380:Poisoning 20375:Plutonium 20355:Actinides 20347:Radiation 20095:Wood dust 19957:Acid rain 19932:Pollution 19771:, up the 19696:1352-2310 19289:2375-2548 19240:MIT Press 19035:USA TODAY 18612:Canada.ca 18496:135457028 18488:0143-1161 18353:219002558 18294:2352-8648 18259:261152934 18186:1573-2959 18030:2192-0567 18006:(1): 15. 17979:1993-3800 17819:0957-1272 17768:2468-2667 17731:0967-070X 17717:: 49–61. 17672:(2015). " 17604:249613744 17578:1614-7499 17379:135283552 17371:2211-467X 17349:: 38–50. 17326:244820608 17318:0960-1481 17267:154730593 17259:1530-9290 17005:231855390 16997:1538-4357 16823:29 August 16792:221722300 16776:0048-9697 16729:255439854 16703:0143-6228 16656:249551277 16640:0944-1344 16593:216425480 16528:253261324 16512:2050-7887 16414:237462480 16388:1748-9326 16216:cite book 16181:28 August 16113:0091-6765 16074:216650267 16048:1614-7499 15977:0013-9351 15910:1879-016X 15848:0269-7491 15783:207493297 15649:0091-6765 15529:1873-6750 15444:1552-9924 15387:(1): 44. 15342:0890-6238 15226:2045-2322 15161:0160-4120 15045:1932-6203 14851:5 October 14769:1476-069X 14745:(1): 82. 14707:0015-0282 14656:0951-3590 14603:1477-7827 14541:2666-027X 14476:1422-0067 14435:232222865 14419:0269-7491 14354:1660-4601 14295:1477-7827 14225:1555-9041 14186:233408693 14091:(1): 67. 13902:1476-4687 13686:(1): 60. 13629:CiteSeerX 13589:15 August 13096:1474-4422 13044:1756-1833 13030:: i3272. 12988:0954-6820 12980:1365-2796 12920:0140-6736 12855:1756-1833 12841:: n1904. 12787:14 August 12761:14 August 12733:14 August 12653:14 August 12514:cite book 12453:231909881 12437:0013-9351 12370:2041-1723 12217:GeoHealth 12138:14 August 12077:0301-4797 11991:220848545 11975:0048-9697 11919:0362-4331 11764:13 August 11663:0027-8424 11545:Ritchie H 11419:0013-9351 11352:190160283 11287:0269-7491 11100:29 August 10975:197131423 10877:cite book 10716:24 August 10599:0160-4120 10577:: 71–80. 10548:29 August 10522:29 August 10479:CRC Press 10388:234150821 9863:29 August 9777:29 August 9747:29 August 9699:2296-2565 9649:Canada.ca 9561:(6): 14. 9443:206664954 9427:0036-8075 9328:1476-4687 9109:1385-0237 9060:213400214 9052:2468-2276 8999:213578405 8946:0048-9697 8718:: e6932. 8680:Yeung J. 8649:2328-4277 8461:0013-936X 8404:0013-936X 8330:245103794 8322:1680-7316 8100:246530897 8084:0036-8075 7932:1660-4601 7916:(1): 16. 7469:1873-9318 7420:199528114 7404:1614-7499 7358:0015-8259 6988:0008-6363 6928:2045-2322 6881:248905224 6689:2214-109X 6642:0013-9351 6581:1549-1676 6517:0007-1250 6458:2196-5412 6274:2296-2565 6116:of London 5990:Tire fire 5766:mortality 5702:Hazardous 5651:Superfund 5441:Very high 5321:Moderate 5139:sensors, 5015:Cryogenic 4882:Scrubbers 4867:Baghouses 4638:chainsaws 4373:cytokines 4255:in 2010. 4194:genotoxic 4171:perinatal 4143:ultrafine 4038:chromatin 3909:Fertility 3756:emphysema 3586:pneumonia 3566:By region 3490:Mortality 3118:and VOCs. 3032:acid rain 3022:, forms H 2972:ecosystem 2882:Lake Nyos 2701:acid rain 2675:Pollutant 2551:Black gum 2518:wildfires 2507:cigarette 2495:noble gas 2485:gas from 2473:digestion 2457:, in 1935 2174:Foresters 2082:and high 2076:machinery 1887:perinatal 1829:acid rain 1627:Heat wave 1622:Cold wave 1566:Chemistry 1417:Ice storm 1407:Firestorm 1319:Polar low 1287:Landspout 1270:Supercell 1231:Lightning 1209:Downburst 1165:Harmattan 1099:Part of 950:Garbology 867:Turbidity 817:Oil spill 767:Firewater 752:Biosolids 658:Vandalism 417:Poisoning 412:Plutonium 387:Actinides 380:Radiation 122:Acid rain 93:Pollution 24278:Category 24211:Resource 24150:adaptive 24048:improved 24008:Conflict 23993:Security 23988:Scarcity 23981:improved 23971:Leaching 23848:recharge 23828:Drinking 23779:Wildlife 23646:Bushmeat 23641:Bushfood 23594:planning 23499:gemstone 23494:Minerals 23475:property 23463:viewshed 23453:seascape 23384:sunlight 23358:peak oil 23354:peak gas 23154:Category 22853:sciences 22788:Additive 22459:Safe sex 22430:Medicine 22344:Theories 22115:Genomics 22093:Eugenics 22083:Deviance 22063:Auxology 21963:Category 21927:See also 21913:Glossary 21903:Journals 21405:Malaysia 21130:Treaties 21102:Diseases 20914:Shipping 20810:Diseases 20658:Landfill 20333:Abstract 20330:Military 20263:Wildfire 20112:Smelting 20080:Asbestos 19809:dementia 19781:arteries 19737:gasoline 19564:43084000 19522:(1987). 19445:Le Monde 19348:27730990 19307:35394832 19221:19890171 19170:21555471 19061:24 April 19040:16 April 18990:62890754 18909:BBC News 18663:Ec.gc.ca 18637:Ec.gc.ca 18409:Archived 18375:Archived 18302:88485659 18202:52135179 18194:30167891 18111:Samphina 18038:40436190 17776:29249479 17644:BBC News 17624:BBC News 17596:35696063 17430:31106396 17210:29249479 17083:13045119 17075:14698923 16901:Archived 16784:32927535 16721:36619606 16648:35689771 16520:36413251 16473:12038778 16465:28657878 16406:35330988 16339:12756582 16331:26502459 16241:euronews 16131:24901756 16066:32356052 15995:33098817 15928:32165138 15866:34077897 15775:25119155 15726:18470315 15537:28196630 15462:24508912 15403:33364740 15360:21256208 15293:31008439 15244:36890287 15179:34627014 15114:23249813 15063:25372862 15014:PLOS ONE 14994:22440811 14943:25756964 14846:57376088 14838:30579357 14787:28754128 14715:27513553 14672:41594539 14664:25212280 14621:30579357 14559:35492299 14494:33276521 14427:33714059 14372:33256215 14313:30594197 14243:32108020 14178:33904723 14125:21771295 14056:21227886 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March 9117:20388177 8954:29272838 8895:4 August 8870:4 August 8845:4 August 8822:26142107 8773:12 April 8760:(2004). 8744:31143547 8691:4 August 8667:35865359 8515:phys.org 8469:25401750 8412:25401750 8343:Nace T. 8253:40717317 8245:26001592 8161:37481598 8152:10363163 8092:35113691 8021:16 March 7994:16 March 7987:BBC News 7950:29295510 7889:32154200 7836:12 April 7811:12 April 7627:11 April 7601:11 April 7570:(2006). 7552:10 April 7519:10 April 7487:32837611 7412:31407261 7139:85515425 7131:30910976 7040:12 March 7006:32123898 6946:34795349 6873:35594895 6802:36303316 6746:21147959 6707:33069303 6650:34116013 6599:34582444 6535:35048872 6476:28435996 6407:25 March 6292:32154200 6099:Exposome 6000:Wood ash 5985:Smelting 5864:See also 5635:Hotspots 5457:and the 5455:Children 5446:Above 10 5393:Moderate 5195:Smog in 5031:Acid gas 4979:, using 4807:subways. 4418:Medicare 4286:, CO, PM 4177:(ADHD). 4133:Children 3480:U.S. EPA 3452:, acute 3382:asbestos 3367:plumbing 3245:Exposure 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19269:Bibcode 19212:2774179 18968:Bibcode 18798:7 April 18468:Bibcode 18415:6 April 18381:6 April 18331:Bibcode 18231:Bibcode 18166:Bibcode 18116:18 June 18008:Bibcode 17799:Bibcode 17587:9189448 17558:Bibcode 17529:17 June 17497:5148260 17421:6526394 17351:Bibcode 17298:Bibcode 17239:Bibcode 17133:7973702 17113:Bibcode 17105:Science 17066:1241789 16975:Bibcode 16934:6 March 16907:6 March 16756:Bibcode 16712:9805897 16683:Bibcode 16620:Bibcode 16456:5766848 16397:8942432 16368:Bibcode 16322:4892924 16122:4154219 16057:7329770 16028:Bibcode 15986:8060371 15957:Bibcode 15919:7245732 15857:8287594 15828:Bibcode 15734:7721551 15717:2367679 15675:2707126 15667:9222137 15658:1469882 15507:Bibcode 15470:3947454 15453:3984219 15394:7733367 15351:3171169 15322:Bibcode 15284:6474375 15235:9995328 15206:Bibcode 15170:8688235 15141:Bibcode 15105:3621187 15054:4221082 15023:Bibcode 14985:3385432 14934:4492263 14829:6304234 14778:5534122 14747:Bibcode 14612:6304234 14550:9043394 14521:Bibcode 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NASA. 9708:7044178 9563:Bibcode 9529:2690056 9506:Bibcode 9405:Bibcode 9396:Science 9344:4460927 9308:Bibcode 9271:Bibcode 9248:7123302 9089:Bibcode 9032:Bibcode 8926:Bibcode 8802:Bibcode 8735:6526014 8658:9287058 8629:Bibcode 8598:16 June 8573:16 June 8441:Bibcode 8384:Bibcode 8354:16 June 8300:Bibcode 8129:Bibcode 8064:Bibcode 8045:Science 7941:5800116 7880:7044178 7827:"Radon" 7584:Bibcode 7576:Weather 7478:7286556 7449:Bibcode 7384:Bibcode 7349:Fortune 7168:Bibcode 7122:6462052 7099:Bibcode 7068:27 June 7027:Iea.org 6997:7449554 6937:8602675 6908:Bibcode 6793:9887725 6698:7564377 6622:Bibcode 6590:8478226 6526:8636613 6467:5499513 6438:Bibcode 6319:Pearson 6283:7044178 5995:Welding 5528:TA Luft 5523:Germany 5512:), and 5459:elderly 5088:control 5065:control 5063:Mercury 5040:control 4929:control 4245:biomass 4200:Infants 4163:anxiety 3784:dyspnea 3681:induced 3601:Science 3394:dyspnea 3348:incense 3325:plywood 3183:Before 3043:mercury 2790:Ammonia 2716:aerosol 2619:dioxins 2595:Beijing 2522:biomass 2469:Methane 2348:Poultry 2210:methane 2195:varnish 2123:rockets 2046:biomass 1797:methane 1781:ammonia 1652:Extreme 1598:Physics 1588:Climate 1576:Physics 1466:Graupel 1454:Drizzle 1402:Sirocco 1385:Monsoon 1356:Typhoon 1314:Cyclone 1277:Tornado 1224:Derecho 1109:Weather 900:History 782:Hypoxia 611:Thermal 565:Plastic 427:Uranium 301:Natural 246:Digital 222:Genetic 24089:global 24053:policy 23998:Supply 23961:Floods 23928:Sewage 23901:Marine 23893:huerta 23727:Plants 23717:Meadow 23577:health 23555:rights 23543:copper 23521:mining 23419:arable 23319:Energy 23259:Indoor 22966:India 22941:China 22813:Safety 22494:Worker 21436:Shamal 21410:Taiwan 21023:Midden 21003:Debris 20958:Topics 20897:Sewage 20850:debris 20845:Marine 20693:Visual 20577:Mining 20572:Litter 20065:Mining 19831:(2009) 19823:online 19797:asthma 19741:diesel 19711: 19694: 19623:online 19614:(2015) 19606:online 19562: 19552: 19530: 19492:about 19423:24 May 19364: 19354: 19346: 19305: 19295: 19287: 19219: 19209: 19168: 19126:(231). 18988: 18751:. 2008 18494: 18486: 18351: 18300: 18292: 18257: 18200: 18192: 18184: 18036: 18028: 17977: 17817: 17774: 17766: 17729: 17602: 17594: 17584: 17576: 17495: 17428: 17418: 17377: 17369: 17324: 17316: 17265: 17257: 17208: 17189:Lancet 17169: 17131: 17081: 17073: 17063: 17003: 16995: 16849:1 July 16790: 16782: 16774: 16727: 16719: 16709: 16701: 16654: 16646: 16638: 16591: 16552:3 June 16526: 16518: 16510: 16471: 16463: 16453: 16412: 16404: 16394: 16386: 16337: 16329: 16319: 16155:8 June 16129: 16119: 16111: 16072: 16064: 16054: 16046: 15993: 15983: 15975: 15926: 15916: 15908: 15864: 15854: 15846: 15781: 15773: 15732: 15724: 15714: 15673: 15665: 15655: 15647: 15585:UNICEF 15560: 15535: 15527: 15468: 15460: 15450: 15442: 15401: 15391: 15358: 15348: 15340: 15291: 15281: 15242: 15232: 15224: 15177: 15167: 15159: 15112: 15102: 15061: 15051: 15043: 14992: 14982: 14941: 14931: 14844: 14836: 14826: 14785: 14775: 14767: 14713: 14705: 14670: 14662: 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