50:
2183:(FAC). The hardest part was finding the small aircraft as it circled over the target area. The fast-moving fighters used directional finding/steering equipment to get close enough to the slow, low FAC until someone in the flight could get an eyeball on him—a tally-ho. Once the FAC was in sight, he would give the fighters a target briefing—type of target, elevation, attack heading, location of friendlies, enemy defensive fire, best egress heading if hit by enemy fire, and other pertinent data. Usually the fighters would set up a circle, called a wheel or "wagon wheel", over the FAC, and wait for him to mark the target. Once the target was marked, the flight leader would attack first.
2275:, can carry more than 75 aircraft with fuel and ammunition for all tasks that an aircraft carrier should need like air to air, air to naval and air to ground missions. When deployed, aircraft carriers are a massive force multiplier that can turn any engagement in favour of those that have the aircraft carrier. Carriers can hold different type of aircraft to different usage meaning the force multiplier can vary depending on the specific task at hand.
2163:
and is a description of the decision-making process that Boyd contended applies to business, sports, law enforcement and military operations. Boyd's doctrine is widely taught in the
American military, and one of the aims of network centric warfare is to "get inside his OODA loop." In other words, one
2178:
Another version of "swarming" is evident in air-to-ground attack formations in which the attack aircraft do not approach from one direction, at one time, or at the same altitude, but schedule the attacks so each one requires a Boyd-style OODA iteration to deal with a new threat. Replacement training
2164:
should go from observation to action before the enemy can get past orientation, preventing him from ever being able to make an effective decision or put it into action. Small unit leadership is critical to this, and NCW's ability to disseminate information to small unit leaders enables such tactics.
2390:, and this exercise is part of their preparation. Officer and pilot comments included "definitely was a force multiplier. Giving you an eye deep beyond you". "We could pick up incoming targets whether aircraft or missiles almost 400 kilometers away. It gives a grand battle coordination in the air".
2290:
are a very significant force multiplier. They can carry fuel so bomber and fighter aircraft can take off loaded with extra weapons instead of full fuel tanks. The tankers also increase the range and time loitering within or near the target areas by off-loading fuel when it is needed. Tankers can
2175:, p. 2) defines "a swarming case is any historical example in which the scheme of maneuver involves the convergent attack of five (or more) semiautonomous (or autonomous) units on a targeted force in some particular place. "Convergent" implies an attack from most of the points on the compass."
2126:, the "high-low mix" in which a large number of less expensive aircraft, coupled with a small number of extremely capable "silver bullet" aircraft, had the effect of a much larger force. Boyd's concept of quick action is based on the repeated application of the "Boyd loop", consisting of the steps
2382:
control aircraft, so that they can approach targets without being revealed by their own radar, and who are assigned to take specific targets so that duplication is avoided, are far more effective than an equivalent number of fighters dependent on their own resources for target acquisition.
2106:
combat formations, which were composed of whatever units happened to be available. Though poor quality ones generally constituted the major part of them, they often performed successfully because of their high degree of flexibility and adaptability.
2179:
units (RTU) were "finishing schools" for pilots that needed to know not just the school solution, but the actual tactics being used in
Vietnam. Referring to close air support, "In the RTU, new pilots learned the rules of the road for working with a
2089:) would open a salient through which much larger forces could penetrate. That met with only limited success by breaking through the first lines of defence but lacking the staying power to break the opposing forces entirely. The 1939
2433:, against what was a nonexistent force. FUSAG's existence was suggested by the use of decoy vehicles that the Allies allowed to be photographed, fictitious radio traffic generated by a small number of specialists, and the
2111:, as opposed to extremely specific directives, which give no discretion to the junior commander, are now widely used by modern militaries because of their force multiplication. Originating from German concepts of
2539:
The
Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts [5 volumes]: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts
2386:
In exercises between the Indian and US air forces, the Indian pilots had an opportunity to operate with AWACS control, and found it extremely effective. India has ordered AWACS aircraft, using
2046:
enables a force to accomplish the same results as a force five times as large without GPS, then the multiplier is five. Such estimates are used to justify the investment for force multipliers.
2429:
was a feint. As a result of the successful deception, the
Normandy force penetrated deeply, in part, because the Germans held back strategic reserves that they thought would be needed at the
2222:
sites and investing in the relationships between local civilians and military forces can be seen as force multipliers leading to benefits in meeting or sustaining military objectives.
2352:. Two small subsequent missions, again with laser-guided bombs, completed the destruction of this target. Precision guided munitions are one example of what has been called the
2038:(or other hardware) the ability to accomplish greater feats than without it. The expected size increase required to have the same effectiveness without that advantage is the
2581:
2364:
2635:
2398:
The use of small numbers of specialists to create larger effective forces is another form of multiplication. The basic A Team of US Army
973:
2215:
can target the morale, politics, and values of enemy soldiers and their supporters to effectively neutralize them in a conflict.
1400:
2731:
2706:
2547:
2504:
2199:
2119:(NCW) in which subordinate commanders receive information not only from their own commanders but also from adjacent units.
2093:, which broke through with coordinated mechanized ground forces with aircraft in close support, was vastly more effective.
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1951:
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2085:, the Germans experimented with what were called "storm tactics" in which a small group of highly-trained soldiers (
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2123:
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98:
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2363:), and most carry an explosive charge significant enough that this uncertainty is effectively voided. See the
2330:, and other supporting aircraft that would be needed were conventional bombers used against the same target.
2291:
also be used to rapidly deploy fighters, bombers, SIGNET, Airborne
Command Post, and cargo aircraft from the
2009:
1456:
2441:, who sent back convincing reports that were consistent with the deception programs being conducted by the
1946:
650:
410:
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2312:
1956:
1143:
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816:
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2209:, training, and ethos have long been known to result in disproportionate effects on the battlefield.
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1038:
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2194:
is well known for his comment "The moral is to the physical as three to one." Former United States
1981:
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1395:
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906:
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is a 12-man unit that can train and lead a company-sized unit (100–200 men) of local guerrillas.
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1934:
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1231:
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2417:(FUSAG) was portrayed to the World War II Germans as the main force for the invasion of Europe.
2153:: carry out the selected action, ideally while the opponent is still observing your last action.
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had been only mildly damaged by approximately 800 sorties by aircraft armed with conventional
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but also allows "swarm tactics" and the seizing of opportunities by subordinate forces. (
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Factor that gives military assets the ability to accomplish greater feats than without it
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that hit their target can be far more effective than those that miss. That is why
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2356:. In World War II, British night bombers could hit, at best, an area of a city.
2167:
Network-centric warfare can provide additional information and can help prevent
2399:
2348:, but had one of its spans destroyed by a 12-plane mission, of which 8 carried
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Swarming on the
Battlefield: Past, Present, and Future. Rand monograph MR-1100
2147:: select the next action based on the combined observation and local knowledge
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2614:
2437:. Double Cross referred to turning all surviving German spies in the UK into
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2587:. US Air Force History and Museums Program. Anderegg-2001. Archived from
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can be anywhere from 1.5 to as much as 6 when used near the target area.
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can produce the potential effect of a much larger force. The fictitious
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in
Afghanistan, using the technique of Ground-Aided Precision Strike.
2359:
Modern PGMs commonly put a bomb within 3–10 meters of its target (see
2115:, those tactics may be developing even more rapidly in the concept of
2582:"Sierra Hotel: Flying Air Force Fighters in the Decade after Vietnam"
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The ethics of cultural heritage: 4.2 The force-multiplier argument
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can attack a target without needing the large numbers of escort
2034:
is a factor or a combination of factors that gives personnel or
2421:
successfully gave the impression that FUSAG was to land at the
2295:
to the areas where they are needed. The force multiplier of a
2287:
2284:
2206:
2135:: make use of the best sensors and other intelligence available
2122:
A different paradigm was one of the results of the theories of
1385:
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339:
2054:
Notable historical examples of force multiplication include:
861:
397:
392:
2699:
2256:, multiplied defensive forces, leading to the stalemate of
157:
152:
2525:. United States Department of Defense. 1992. p. xiv.
2365:
use of heavy bombers in direct support of friendly troops
2043:
30:
2522:
Conduct of the
Persian Gulf War: Chapters I through VIII
2241:
for artillery became commonplace in the 19th century.
2205:
has said: "Perpetual optimism is a force multiplier."
2141:: put the new observations into a context with the old
2425:, convincing the Germans that the real attack at
2388:Israeli Phalcon electronics on a Russian airframe
2744:
2721:
2724:The Double-Cross System in the War of 1939–1945
2065:Reliance on air force by the Coalition in the
2003:
2684:"On AWACS, IAF pilots match US counterparts"
2579:
2496:The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire
2336:(PGM) give an immense multiplication. The
2010:
1996:
2499:. Harvard University Press. p. 76.
2393:
974:List of military strategies and concepts
2562:
2492:
2172:
2745:
2535:
2283:Airborne tanker aircraft, such as the
2696:
2612:
2200:Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
2042:. For example, if a technology like
2263:
2159:Boyd's concept is also known as the
2076:
2686:. 17 November 2005. AWACS-IAF-2005.
13:
2470:List of established military terms
14:
2779:
2370:
2328:Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses
48:
2715:
2690:
2644:. 13 March 1995. Archived from
2268:Aircraft carriers, such as the
2722:Masterman, J. C. (June 1982).
2676:
2660:
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2556:
2529:
2513:
2486:
2415:First United States Army Group
2354:Revolution in Military Affairs
1:
2480:
2225:
2186:
2100:, the German Army introduced
2697:Brown, Anthony Cave (1975).
2563:Edwards, Sean J. A. (2000).
2405:
7:
2536:Tucker, Spencer C. (2010).
2493:Luttwak, Edward N. (2009).
2448:
2324:electronic-warfare aircraft
2313:Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit
1467:Military–industrial complex
946:Operational manoeuvre group
10:
2784:
2443:London Controlling Section
2334:Precision-guided munitions
2302:
2278:
2049:
2763:Military slang and jargon
2636:"The Candidate of Dreams"
2542:. ABC-CLIO. p. 606.
2058:Fortifications: e.g. the
1531:Loss-of-strength gradient
388:Combat information center
2753:Force protection tactics
1849:Military science fiction
1334:Technology and equipment
755:List of military tactics
2475:Network-centric warfare
2361:Circular error probable
2117:network-centric warfare
2096:Towards the end of the
1917:Wartime sexual violence
1673:Full-spectrum dominance
1484:Supply-chain management
2246:weapons of World War I
2181:forward air controller
1829:Awards and decorations
1802:Peace through strength
1777:Low-intensity conflict
1411:Conscientious objector
1284:Area of responsibility
2673:, accessed 6 May 2023
2580:Anderegg, CG (2001).
2394:Creating local forces
2213:Psychological warfare
2071:2003 invasion of Iraq
2040:multiplication factor
421:Torpedo data computer
411:Ship gun fire-control
2726:. Ballantine, 1982.
2615:"Maxims of Napoleon"
2569:. Rand-Edwards-2000.
2109:Mission-type tactics
2028:force multiplication
1947:Military occupations
1782:Military engineering
1684:Unrestricted Warfare
1541:Force multiplication
439:Military manoeuvrers
2435:Double Cross System
2419:Operation Bodyguard
1633:Penal military unit
1618:Rules of engagement
1294:Command and control
919:Operations research
383:Director (military)
373:Fire-control system
143:Command and control
24:Part of a series on
2648:on 8 February 2008
2594:on 3 December 2008
2455:Asymmetric warfare
2378:coordinated by an
2350:laser-guided bombs
2307:At one extreme, a
2196:Secretary of State
1742:Counter-insurgency
1663:Command of the sea
1608:Jewish laws on war
1583:Geneva Conventions
1119:Divide and conquer
914:Military operation
879:Tactical objective
378:Fire-control radar
355:Electronic-warfare
2758:Military strategy
2733:978-0-345-29743-3
2708:978-0-06-010551-8
2701:. HarperCollins.
2613:Moore, R. (ed.).
2549:978-1-85109-948-1
2506:978-0-674-05420-2
2465:Lanchester's laws
2264:Aircraft carriers
2237:for infantry and
2220:cultural heritage
2218:Protecting local
2077:Doctrinal changes
2062:of Constantinople
2020:
2019:
1912:Horses in warfare
1859:Anti-war movement
1762:Gunboat diplomacy
1752:Disaster response
1700:Philosophy of war
1695:Principles of war
1668:Deterrence theory
1613:Right of conquest
1536:Lanchester's laws
1304:Principles of war
994:Counter-offensive
979:Military campaign
884:Target saturation
807:Counterinsurgency
416:Gun data computer
350:Close air support
312:Aircraft carriers
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2768:Military science
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2376:Fighter aircraft
2338:Thanh Hoa Bridge
2320:fighter aircraft
2316:strategic bomber
2309:stealth aircraft
2098:Second World War
2032:force multiplier
2024:military science
2012:
2005:
1998:
1767:Humanitarian aid
1705:Security dilemma
1526:Power projection
1309:Economy of force
1289:Chain of command
1004:Defence in depth
989:Commerce raiding
812:Defeat in detail
148:Defense ministry
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2016:
1987:
1986:
1937:
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1787:Multilateralism
1772:Law enforcement
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1690:Just war theory
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1588:Geneva Protocol
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847:Rapid dominance
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2346:Unguided bombs
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1232:Administrative
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1159:New generation
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1134:Fleet in being
1131:
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1096:
1091:
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1075:
1072:Grand strategy
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1059:Scorched earth
1056:
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936:Deep operation
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762:
753:
748:
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737:Unconventional
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
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683:Disinformation
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434:Basic training
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360:Reconnaissance
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77:Post-classical
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9:
6:
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2440:
2439:double agents
2436:
2432:
2431:Pas de Calais
2428:
2424:
2423:Pas de Calais
2420:
2416:
2412:
2403:
2401:
2391:
2389:
2384:
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2342:North Vietnam
2339:
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2329:
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2298:
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2293:United States
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2255:
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2240:
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2208:
2204:
2201:
2197:
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2176:
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2169:friendly fire
2165:
2162:
2152:
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2140:
2137:
2134:
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2129:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2087:stormtroopers
2084:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2001:
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1994:
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1991:
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1983:
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1968:
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1839:Warrior caste
1837:
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1827:
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1818:
1817:
1810:
1809:Show of force
1807:
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1797:Peacebuilding
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1593:Islamic rules
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1573:Court-martial
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1472:Arms industry
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1097:
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1089:Broken-backed
1087:
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931:Expeditionary
929:
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828:
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802:Counterattack
800:
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766:
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746:
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733:
730:
728:
727:Psychological
725:
723:
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703:
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689:
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669:
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664:
663:Combined arms
661:
659:
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629:
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619:
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584:
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541:
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502:Fortification
500:
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320:
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317:Landing craft
315:
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202:Standing army
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127:
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117:
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97:
95:
94:pike and shot
92:
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68:
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64:
61:
56:
55:
51:
47:
46:
40:
32:
28:
27:
23:
22:
19:
2723:
2717:
2698:
2692:
2678:
2662:
2650:. Retrieved
2646:the original
2639:
2630:
2618:. Retrieved
2608:
2596:. Retrieved
2589:the original
2575:
2565:
2558:
2538:
2531:
2521:
2515:
2495:
2488:
2409:
2397:
2385:
2374:
2358:
2332:
2306:
2282:
2271:
2267:
2243:
2239:rangefinders
2229:
2217:
2211:
2203:Colin Powell
2190:
2177:
2173:Edwards 2000
2166:
2158:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2121:
2112:
2101:
2095:
2080:
2053:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2021:
1922:Fifth column
1902:War resister
1897:Women in war
1792:Peacekeeping
1737:Arms control
1682:
1540:
1371:Mobilization
1366:Conscription
1324:Intelligence
1277:Organization
923:
852:Encirclement
732:Radiological
668:Conventional
522:Subterranean
429:Development:
428:
405:
367:
329:
292:Naval units:
291:
284:Signal corps
251:
229:Intelligence
214:Specialties:
213:
138:Organization
89:Early modern
18:
2598:24 November
2254:machine gun
2250:barbed wire
2103:Kampfgruppe
2081:During the
1907:War studies
1730:Non-warfare
1658:Appeasement
1623:Martial law
1462:War economy
1401:Transgender
1354:Recruitment
1114:Containment
999:Culminating
907:Operational
827:Envelopment
770:Air assault
651:Air cavalry
611:Air defence
591:Information
492:Cold-region
457:Battlespace
406:Historical:
252:Land units:
178:Space force
173:Coast guard
106:Late modern
67:Prehistoric
2747:Categories
2481:References
2226:Technology
2187:Psychology
2091:blitzkrieg
1967:War crimes
1957:Operations
1864:Foot drill
1834:Battle cry
1747:deterrence
1406:Harassment
1381:Specialism
1204:Technology
1199:Succession
1144:Liberation
1079:Asymmetric
1014:Empty fort
925:Blitzkrieg
894:Withdrawal
857:Investment
636:Camouflage
631:Biological
569:Underwater
544:Amphibious
463:Aerospace
330:Air units:
307:Submarines
116:fourth-gen
111:industrial
99:napoleonic
2411:Deception
2406:Deception
2311:like the
2161:OODA Loop
2124:John Boyd
1854:War novel
1757:Grey-zone
1717:War games
1678:Overmatch
1628:War crime
1578:Desertion
1568:Ceasefire
1563:Armistice
1450:Logistics
1428:Mercenary
1416:Volunteer
1347:Personnel
1319:Engineers
1264:Sociology
1219:World war
1214:Total war
1194:Strategic
1184:Religious
1169:Political
1164:Perpetual
1139:Irregular
1054:Offensive
1029:Defensive
1024:Deception
984:Attrition
837:Guerrilla
832:Formation
775:Airbridge
707:Loitering
621:Artillery
274:Artillery
224:Engineers
192:Irregular
163:Air force
2449:See also
2427:Normandy
2252:and the
2244:Two new
2192:Napoleon
2069:and the
2067:Gulf War
1869:War song
1844:War film
1477:Materiel
1396:Children
1376:Training
1314:Medicine
1299:Doctrine
1254:Training
1189:Resource
1174:Princely
1124:Economic
1109:Conquest
1104:Colonial
1099:Cold war
1084:Blockade
969:Strategy
941:Maneuver
702:Infantry
658:Chemical
512:Mountain
472:Airborne
335:Fighters
302:Warships
257:Infantry
183:Reserves
131:Military
2460:C4ISTAR
2303:Bombers
2297:KC-135R
2279:Tankers
2133:Observe
2050:History
2036:weapons
1982:Writers
1977:Weapons
1942:Battles
1891:Related
1879:Wargame
1874:Uniform
1822:Culture
1603:Perfidy
1598:Justice
1519:Science
1504:Outpost
1457:History
1437:Warrior
1433:Soldier
1421:foreign
1359:counter
1259:Service
1209:Theater
1149:Limited
1129:Endemic
1044:Nuclear
817:Foxhole
792:Cavalry
780:Airdrop
765:Airlift
750:Tactics
722:Nuclear
712:Missile
641:Cavalry
626:Barrage
604:Weapons
564:Surface
345:Command
340:Bombers
297:Frogman
267:Cavalry
239:Medical
206:Militia
188:Regular
168:Marines
82:castles
72:Ancient
60:History
39:outline
2730:
2705:
2546:
2503:
2288:KC-135
2285:Boeing
2207:Morale
2145:Decide
2139:Orient
1962:Sieges
1646:Theory
1386:Morale
1244:Policy
1239:Branch
1019:Mosaic
1009:Fabian
956:Covert
889:Trench
874:Screen
797:Charge
787:Battle
760:Aerial
678:Denial
646:Horses
574:Seabed
527:Tunnel
507:Jungle
497:Desert
467:Aerial
2652:2 May
2620:6 May
2592:(PDF)
2585:(PDF)
2380:AWACS
2030:or a
1935:Lists
1391:Women
1329:Ranks
1249:Staff
1179:Proxy
1094:Class
1049:Naval
1034:Depth
869:Swarm
862:Siege
842:Naval
822:Drone
717:Music
692:Robot
688:Drone
673:Cyber
616:Armor
586:Cyber
559:Green
554:Brown
517:Urban
477:Space
398:Radar
393:Sonar
262:Armor
219:Staff
197:Ranks
2728:ISBN
2703:ISBN
2654:2010
2641:Time
2622:2023
2600:2007
2544:ISBN
2501:ISBN
2270:USS
2198:and
1972:Wars
1489:Base
1039:Goal
951:Raid
549:Blue
487:Land
158:Navy
153:Army
2340:in
2151:Act
2044:GPS
2022:In
1556:Law
1499:FOB
1494:MOB
539:Sea
31:War
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2638:.
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2026:,
1435:/
690:/
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2602:.
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2509:.
2011:e
2004:t
1997:v
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