Culdees - Knowledge

602:

At Armagh, regular canons were introduced into the cathedral church in the twelfth century and took precedence over the Culdees, six in number, a prior and five vicars. These still continued a corporate existence, charged with the celebration of the Divine offices and the care of the church building: they had separate lands and sometimes charge of parishes. When a chapter was formed, about 1160, the prior usually filled the office of precentor, his brethren being vicars choral, and himself ranking in the chapter next to the chancellor. He was elected by his brother Culdees and confirmed by the primate, and had a voice in the election of the archbishop by virtue of his position in the chapter.

784:, the only English establishment that uses the name, borne by the canons of St Peter's about 925 where they performed in the tenth century the double duty of officiating in the cathedral church and of relieving the sick and poor. When a new cathedral arose under a Norman archbishop, they ceased their connection with the cathedral, but, helped by donations, continued to relieve the destitute. The date at which they finally disappeared is unknown. These seem to be the only cases where the term "Culdee" is found in England. 90:, the term Culdee or Ceile De, or Kaledei, first appeared in the 8th century. While "giving rise to much controversy and untenable theories", it probably means servants or worshippers of God. The term was applied to anchorites, who, in entire seclusion from society, sought the perfection of sanctity. They afterward associated themselves into communities of hermits and were finally brought under canonical rule along with the secular clergy. It was at the time the name Culdee became almost synonymous with secular canon. 132: 2534:, a military stores base for the Roman fleet. The Venii tribe were also connected with what Ptolemy referred to them as the Venicnii in Donegal, they were identified being part of the Irish Feni, more tan likely related to the Northern Uí Néill. The Kingdom of Gwynedd was founded by the Venicones who were part of the Kingdom of Manaw Gododdin, north of the Forth. Brythonic-speaking, Kingdom of Manaw Gododdin would later become part of Hen Ogledd, the name ‘Manaw’ derives from the Celtic sea god 571:, they were analogous to secular canons and held an intermediate position between the monastic and parochial clergy. In Armagh, they were presided over by a Prior and numbered about twelve. They were the officiating clergy of the churches and became the standing ministers of the cathedral. The maintenance of divine service, and in particular, the practice of choral worship, seems to have been their special function and made them an important element of the cathedral economy. 739:, Vol. III., "The 12th century, particularly in Scotland and Brittany, was a time when two Christian faiths of different origins were contending for possession of the land, the Roman Church and the old Celtic Rite. The age was a sort of borderland between Culdeeism and Romanism. The two met and mingled often in the same monastery, and the religious belief of the nation was a mumble of superstitious doctrines and a few scriptural truths". 4255: 3797:

id=zuF30VRJRykC&pg=PA12&lpg=PA12&dq=leabhar+breac+Dove+of+the+Cell+or+Church&source=bl&ots=YLtqK9I_RF&sig=ACfU3U3g8uC10IP7IQ6ybXArz3QspwQWVQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj6ntyrkMXxAhVSQMAKHd-gAbgQ6AEwBXoECBYQAw#v=onepage&q=leabhar%20breac%20Dove%20of%20the%20Cell%20or%20Church&f=false Columba, the Celtic Dove, by Kathie Walters, Published 16 November 1999 by Good News Fellowship Ministries

772:

laymen. At St Andrews, they lived on side by side with the regular canons and still clung to their ancient privilege of electing the archbishop. But their claim was disallowed at Rome, and in 1273 they were debarred even from voting. They continued to be mentioned up until 1332 in the records of St Andrews, where they "formed a small college of highly-placed secular clerks closely connected with the bishop and the king".

1162:, Co. Meath, who went down in medieval tradition as a disciple of St Patrick and one of the first bishops of Armagh. Although modern historians have disputed his connection with St Patrick and suggested this was later tradition in fact invented by Armagh historians in favour of their patron saint and that Secundinus is more likely to have been a separate missionary, possibly a companion of 1207:, which says that he received this name when his mother saw him gnawing on a bone and exclaimed "my little raven!" The place name of "Fore" is the anglicised version of the Irish "Fobhar", meaning "water-springs". There are two wells associated with St Feichin: one was called Doaghfeighin well and the other Tobernacogany from the Irish meaning "Well of the Kitchen". 1543:. The final Monks and the Columban Relics of Iona escaped to newly founded monasteries, the title of Coarb followed them onto these new monasteries such as Dunkeld. The position of Coarb was not necessary just confined to the abbots of Columba at Iona. It was applied to the Celtic Christian abbots related the principal saint in general, for example the 2851:, a desperate stag took refuge with him in the hope of escaping pursuing hounds. Aidan miraculously by reciting his prayers made the stag invisible, and the hounds ran off. The story possibly relates to the myth that some early Celtic Saints developed a miraculous powers known as the spell of concealment which were special powers passed down from the 724:. Culdee priests were allowed to marry. At St Andrews about the year 1100, there were thirteen Culdees holding office by hereditary tenure, some apparently paying more regard to their own prosperity than to the services of the church or the needs of the populace. At Loch Leven, there is no trace of such partial independence. 649:, about 700. In 1093, they surrendered their island to the bishop of St Andrews in return for perpetual food and clothing but Robert, the bishop in 1144, handed over all their vestments, books, and other property, with the island, to the newly founded Canons Regular, in which the Culdees were likely incorporated. 2327:. It depicts the old Celtic tradition that the king was married to the land and the river flooding its banks represents the land goddess in deep mourning at the news of his passing. The poem possibly dates back to an old oral bardic tradition in Wales and found as part of ‘The folds of the bards’ in the 2965:

and Rhiannon take a walk to the throne of Arberth (Gorsedd Narberth) to look over the land from the top of the mound when a great mist of enchantment falls on them. When the mist lifts, the entire kingdom of Dyfed was deserted, everyone and everything had disappeared without trace. The stories of the

988:, constituted the largest ever addition of text to the corpus of Early Irish, some parts of it also still remain untranslated and unpublished due to its poor condition. They were discovered among a collection of ancient seventeenth century manuscripts, which had once belonged to the Brehon and scribe 668:

churches for their Easter morning service. In the early days there were several Culdee establishments in Fife, probably small rude structures accommodating 30 or 40 worshippers, and possibly such a structure stood at or near the present church. In 1075 AD, the foundation charter of Dunfermline Church

1622:, in plain English it translates as ‘Holly point. Many of the Culdee sites in both Ireland and Scotland may have been key Druidic places of worship in Pre Christian times, as indicated by the distinctive features or characteristics related the natural surrounding landscape in the Gaelic place names. 1539:, their tenants were afforded certain privileges based on the fact that the seating Abbot was of the same blood, a successor of the founding saint and a keeper of the relics of the founding Saint. The last Abbots of Iona to hold the title of Coarb was mostly likely Diarmait of Iona and his successor 762:

were instituted and some of the Culdees joined the Roman Catholic church. Those who declined were allowed a life-rent of their revenues and lingered on as a separate but ever-dwindling body till the beginning of the 14th century when excluded from voting at the election of the bishop, they disappear

959:

Some of the locations of the earliest Culdee churches were sited near or on top of what used to be important Pre-Christian sites. In Ireland, a notable example is when Saint Patrick choose to build his first stone church in Ireland, he decided to build it as close as possible to the Ancient Druidic

601:

affected the Culdee houses. Clondalkin and Clones disappeared altogether. At Clonmacnoise, as early as the eleventh century, the Culdees were laymen and married, while those at Monahincha and Scattery Island, being utterly corrupt and unable, or unwilling, to reform, gave way to the regular canons.

2033:

Although the name ‘Culdee’ is rarely used to refer to the Celtic Saints in Wales and Cornwall, many of them began as hermits, passed on pre-Christian druidic beliefs and traditions into the new Christian age. They originally lived as anchorites and anchoresses, established isolated retreats in the

3219:

However, Schaff maintains, "...this inference is not warranted. Ignorance is one thing, and rejection of an error from superior knowledge is quite another thing. ...There is not the least evidence that the Keltic church had a higher conception of Christian freedom, or of any positive distinctive

1008:

monographs. They date back to the 8th century, possibly earlier and consisted of detailed references to the importance Christ and to the Virgin Mary. Carney had suggested that Blathmac may have originally come from filí and druidic background but later been a convert to become part of the Culdee

771:

By the end of the thirteenth century, most Scots Culdee houses had disappeared. Some, like Dunkeld and Abernethy, were superseded by regular canons: others, like Brechin and Dunblane, were extinguished with the introduction of cathedral chapters. One at least, Monifieth, passed into the hands of

1189:, it was estimated that there were as many as 300 monks and 2000 students in residence. Today, all that remains is the pre-Norman building of St Feichin's Church, which was built in the 12th century, on top of the original monastery, the ruins are located near the passage tomb and megalithic at 2382:

which translates into English to 'the place of the holly-trees', according to legend it was said on his death bed to have had visions of the ‘all the saints and druids’. St Beuno's well was traditionally used for the treatment of sick children, after bathing the treated child was carried to St

2390:

Bardsley Island seems likely to have been a seat of the Culdees, or Colidei, the first religious recluses of Great Britain, who sought Islands and desert places as hermitages, so they might in security worship the true God. The Convent at Bardsey (Enlli) was one of the most ancient religious

1021:

mention Conn na mbocht (Conn of the Paupers), who was head of the Culdees and Bishop of Clonmacnoise. Much of the information of Pagan or Pre-Christian Ireland was transferred into text by monks and scholars for the first time at Clonmacnoise from what had previously been Orally passed down

1832:

words "Muni or Muine muisc" which translates "noxious thicket or bush".The Culdee monks seem to have been an eremitical society of missionaries whose presence was felt in various parts of Europe and who objected to any form of conformity to a central ecclesiastical organisation. The

2411:, Coli dei (Anglicised as Culdees) "is not Latin as Gerald assumes, in translating it as worshipers of God. It comes from the Old Irish of Céilí Dé, meaning "servants of God". In the old orchard next to the 13th century Christian monastery on the island was discovered in 1998 by 2091:, both most likely the work of the same author, and certainly of the community of the Céli Dé of Tallaght around 800 AD. As early as the 9th century, the Celtic Culdee monks at Tallaght monastery referred to Saint David's old hermitage as ‘Dauid Cille Muni’ meaning David's 2655:

In the Arthurian legends, one version of the death of Sir Gawain, a myth which is more attributed to Welsh folklore, was said to have been laid to rest under Saint Govan's Chapel, having retired to live out his days on the site as a hermit after his uncle Arthur's death.

2034:

wilderness such as bogs, forests, and small offshore isles, generally in locations and places that held a significance going back to Druidic times, later these sites became major Celtic Christian monasteries. The most famous of the “insular” hubs of monastic life were on

767:

order early in the 13th century, and those of Abernethy in 1273. At Brechin, famous like Abernethy for its round tower, the Culdee prior and his monks helped to form the chapter of the diocese founded by David I in 1145, though the name persisted for a generation or two.

2103:’. The title of ‘Mynyw’ was as much attributed to the actual Saint as to the place, it moved with him through his life from his earliest hermitage. It has been suggested he spent his infancy, was educated and established his earliest ascetic community at a place called 3729:

Wakeman, W. F. "On an Ancient Sculptured Cross, and Monumental Slab, Devenish Island, Lough Erne, County Fermanagh." The Journal of the Royal Historical and Archaeological Association of Ireland, vol. 9, no. 81, 1889, pp. 295–299. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/25506562.

2286:

Church, part of the Old Priory on Caldey Island. The stone dates to 5th or 6th Century, and it contains inscriptions both in Latin and in the ancient Ogham script which originated in Ireland, has inscribed on it 'Magl Dubr' meaning ‘the tonsured servant of

2074:

in the 11th century, St David already had a significant reputation not only in Wales, but across the Irish Sea. The earliest known reference to the Saint David was to be found in the Catalogue of Irish Saints(AD730) as one of three Welsh saints along with

2217:

as ‘Moni Iudeorum’. Rhys says that some scholars suggest this word, Iudeorum or Judeorum, may relate to the "Jutes," a Germanic tribe in Northern Europe, but that he believes such a view incorrect. Instead, Rhys put forward the view that they were of

2399:, Archbishop of Caerleon, who had resigned in favour of St Davids, retired to Bardsey, where he died about the year 612, from which circumstance, it is evident that there must have been a religious establishment here prior to that period. 1534:

in medieval Scotland. Generally an abbot considered to be a Comarba was regarded as Chief Bishop of the Kingdom and claimed certain rights and exemptions for themselves. The Abbots were in fact landowners and owned extensive lands known as

3251:. In the Island of Sodor's fictional language of Sudric, 'Culdee' is said to translate as 'Companion of God', the mountain being named for the island's Patron Saint, Machan. The Rev. Awdry often used names from religion and the 3017:

is understood to have been founded c. 395, making it the earliest school, former or extant, in all of Great Britain. It has also been referred to as "the oldest college in the world". Other examples of Culdee hermitages are

1285:. A local chieftain called Mac Tail, hired a druid to put a spell on the saint. However, as the druid landed on a nearby island, a tidal wave enveloped him and swept him to his death. The island is still pointed out as 1658:, it was because he so often, he came from the cell in which he read his psalms to meet the children of the neighbourhood and the children would say: "Has our little Colum come today from the cell in Tir-Lughdech in 1419:

book, which sparked the beginning of a period of huge upheaval for the monk, he instigated a bloody rebellion against the king which resulted in many deaths. After a period of deep reflection, Columba travelled to

1255:

advanced "its eyes flashing flame, with fiery breath, spitting venom and opening its horrible jaws", but Senan made the sign of the cross, and the beast collapsed and was chained and thrown into the dark waters of

1142:

also on Lough Erne, the lake itself bursts with legend, with its own banshee and ghosts. According to much older pre-Christian folklore the first ever settlement on the Island was said to have been established by

2291:’ made by St Samson Abbot of Caldey Island. The ogham stone would have belonged to the old Celtic Christian church that existed before the present chapel, it was dug up in the priory grounds in the 19th century. 1475:. The stone of Destiny was later transferred in the 9th century due to the heavy Viking raids, from Iona to Dunkeld. The abbacy of Dunkeld had become for a short period the main seat of Power and Religion in 1391:. Diarmait took over the abbacy of Iona at time when it was plunged into the depths of turmoil and facing uncertain future during early 9th century with the abbey being continuously attacked and pillaged by 4045:

Jonathan M. Wooding, ‘The Figure of David’ in J. W. Evans and J.M. Wooding, eds., St David of Wales: cult, church and nation (Boydell, 2007), 11–12, Saint David in Irish Sources, Omnium Sanctorum Hiberniae

2676:

on his return to the island from Wales. In Celtic mythology bees were seen as beings of great wisdom and as spiritual messengers between this world and the gods of spiritual realm. The Irish Pagan Goddess

1432:, who told him in order to seek penance, he advised the monk to permanently leave his homeland and attempt to convert as many pagan people to the Christian faith as the 300 lives he lost as result of the 861:, (died 766), as an intermediate class between monks and secular priests, adopting the discipline of the monastic system, without the vows, and discharging the offices of ministers in various churches. 874:

Tallaght Abbey became the mother house of the Culdee (Céile Dé) movement. Tallaght or Tamlacht in Irish means 'burial ground', it was a pagan plague-burial ground that was connected with the people of

3951: 1919:’, it referred to the population mix of Scandinavian and Gaelic ethnicity that inhabited Galloway in the Middle Ages. The Galloway area included a hammer-shaped peninsula in the extreme southwest of 578:

record that Armagh was plundered by the Danes but that the houses of prayer, "with the people of God, that is Ceile-De", were spared. Subsequent entries in the annals show that there were Culdees at

2454:

the word ‘weidh-n-‘ meant "Forest People" or "Wild People", while in Proto-Indo-European a combination of gwyn (“white, fair”) and ‘weydh’ (“wood, wilderness”). The Welsh word for an Irishperson or

2753:

of ‘Máel Maedoc’ meaning devotee of Maedoc. The word ‘Máel’ translates ‘devotee of’ and is also associated with the followers of a number important Christian religious figures such as Máel Coluim (

1907:

also referred to as Na Renna or Kingdom of the isles, that once existed in the Western isles of Scotland and included other key locations along the Irish Sea. This kingdom includes the region of

2681:

was said to have kept an apple orchard in the Otherworld, the bees of her hives carried their magical golden nectar into the living world, Brigid is strongly connected with an island close to

906:

stands on the grounds the original monastery once stood. Máel Ruain and Óengus were said to have been the authors of a text, which sets out the rule of the Céilí Dé monks. One of the earliest

2462:’ which also has the double meaning in Welsh of "wild or barbarian". In Latin Gwynedd was called ‘Venedotia’ comes from the Brythonic of ‘Ueneda’ which means ‘Warrior Bands’, similar to the ‘ 2612:

is built into the side of a limestone cliff, walls constructed from limestone, and consists of two chambers, one in the front and one in the back. He was believed to have been a disciple of

621:

In Scotland, Culdees were more numerous than in Ireland: thirteen monastic establishments were peopled by them, eight in connection with cathedrals. The Ionan monks had been expelled by the

1837:

is the most priceless surviving relic of the Celtic Church in Scotland. Originally it contained a bone of St. Columba, was venerated as a sacred relic and carried before the Scots army at

1304:) is decoratively depicted a serpent like head of a fishy beast with its mouth open and wearing a collared cross, the large letter looks like a lower case "g" but is in fact a "q" for " 1708:, which stated it as one of the principal Céli Dé monasteries of the day. As a patron of the Céli Dé, he was a key reformer for the movement in Dunkeld perhaps a collaborator of Abbot 1415:, in the space of only a decade of the abbey's initial establishment, the same High king on the advice of his Brehon, passed a damning judgement against Columba over the copying of a 2383:

Beuno's chapel and laid on rushes overnight on Beuno's tomb. Holy wells dedicated to Celtic saints or monasteries, in fact, would have once been connected with a Celtic goddess or

2367:

tribe associated with South Leinster. Writers such as Charles-Edwards, Waldman and Mason had suggested a Coriondi link with a Northern Celtic tribe of Ancient Britons called the

2378:

was first registered as a Celtic Saint with a feast day 21 April in the ninth-century in both the Irish martyrologies of Tallaght and of Gorman. He established the monastery of

560:

that prescribed their prayers, fasts, devotions, confession, and penances, but there is no evidence that this rule was widely accepted even in the other Culdean establishments.

2632:

of the original old Gaelic name for the saint was ‘Goban’ which means ‘a disciple of a blacksmith’, the origin of the name probably goes back to a legendary figure known as ‘

2099:, in old Irish ‘Muni’ or ‘Muine’ (modern Irish) which translates to thicket or bush grove, from which came the cognate and old Welsh translation of ‘Mynyw’ and the Latin of ‘ 605:

As Ulster was the last of the Irish provinces to be brought effectually under English rule the Armagh Culdees long outlived their brethren throughout Ireland. The Culdees of

78:. Appearing first in Ireland and then in Scotland, subsequently attached to cathedral or collegiate churches; they lived in monastic fashion though not taking monastic vows. 1463:, he performed what was said to be the first ever Christian anointment of an Irish or British king. Áedán mac Gabráin was the first of a line of Scottish kings mentioned in 2315:

in Anglesey shares its name with the Saint but was actually named after her much earlier pre-Christian predecessor the pagan goddesses of Brigid. An ancient piece of Welsh

2506:

was a reference to Abernethy mentioned as part of Arthurian legends, in the poem Arthur leads a band warriors against creatures of the otherworld similar to that depicted

1606:. Many of the key abbeys and Priories in Scotland were founded and built on top of sites that were already Celtic Christian Culdee places of worship. A notable example is 3674:

Chapter 4 Christ as an Early Irish Hero: the Poems of Blathmac, Son of Cú Brettan, Illuminating Jesus in the Middle Ages, Tomás Ó Cathasaigh, Pages: 76–99, Brill website

3452: 2403:

writing in Speculum Ecclesiae about 1220, used the term “coelibes sive coli dei” translates as “celibate or to worship God” to refer to the hermit Celtic monks of both

1551:

described St Patrick's, Comarba as being Torbach mac Gormáin. An Old Irish law tract exists on the relationship of the Celtic Christian church and early society called

3074:

in Wales believed to have been one of the smallest parishes to be established in Britain, which is named after him, its just four miles north of the ancient city of

1602:. Corybantes were also associated with the Curetes or Kuretes, gods of the wild mountainside, inventors of the rustic arts of metalworking, shepherding, hunting and 1169:

Secundinus was the author of an early Latin hymn in praise of St Patrick, known as Audite Omnes Amantes ("Hear ye, All lovers") or the Hymn of Secundinus written in

1138:, it consisted of an oratory and Round tower. The Devenish Island carried on the Pre-Christian tradition of Stone Carved heads structures that existed on the Pagan 3962: 2262:

Caldey Island history stretches back to over 1500 years to when the first Celtic monastery was built there in the 5th century. The island was named Ynys Bŷr after

3906: 1650:

meant an anchorite's cell, it only became associated with the broader meaning of "church" in a later form of Irish. According to the ancient Irish records in the

3974:

The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Tourist's Guide through the Country of Caernarvon, by P. B. Williams, Transcribed from the 1821 J. Hulme edition by David Price

1026:

highlighted the growing emergence of the religious power of Clonmacnoise in contrast at that time to the diminishing importance of the Pre-Christian site of the

2808:, a royal dynasty of Leinster granted him lands in the area, before Aidan's appointment the parish previously came most likely under the jurisdiction or see of 2777:

for several years. Welsh tradition maintains that Aidan succeeded Saint David as the abbot of Menevia and for that reason Wales later claimed jurisdiction over

1495:, the Céli Dé movement was seen as a reformed Post-Columban form of the Celtic Christian church. Diarmait of Iona had strong associations with the monastery of 2430:

was in fact linguistically related to the Old Irish word of "Féni", which was a word in ancient Ireland meaning a pure aboriginal people, similar to the word

2162:

or Menevia, was Britain's smallest city and began life as a humble tiny hermit's cell situated beside the river Alun. The River Alun flows southwestwards to

965: 1243:

in Irish folklore; it was a legendary sea monster going back to Pre-Christian times that once inhabited the island and terrorised the people on the island.

3170:

The term Culdee has been improperly applied to the whole Celtic church, and a superior purity has been claimed for it. It has also been asserted, that the

4023:

An Ecclesiastical History of Ireland, from the First Introduction of Christianity among the Irish, Rev John Lanigan, Volume 2, Printed by J.Cummings, 1829

1223:(pronounced Shannon), a pagan River Goddess associated with the source of the River Shannon. The Old Irish word associated with the name of the island is 1093:

discovered in Irish bogs, it was a ritual in ancient Ireland to sacrifice a king or someone of high status around the time of Samhain, which according to

4304:

J. A. Wylie "History of the Scottish Nation" (London: Hamilton/Adams, Edinburgh: A Elliot, 1886–1890) vol. ii and especially vol. iii, chapters 17 and 21

2278:. Since the early 20th century it has been home to a group of Cistercian monks, who carried on the Celtic traditions that had existed. There is a Caldey 3576: 2577:(“Ruler of the Tribe”). Túathal Techtmar was a leader of the northern branch of the Venii (tribes-men) in Ireland and notably lead the overthrow of the 1871:, means "Escarpment Church", i.e., "church at the foot of an escarpment or steep slope". A Christian church was first founded in the village by Coeddi, 1118:. Columba himself on hearing the news had prophesied by means of a curse that a threefold death would happen to the bloody murderer Áed Dub mac Suibni. 3842: 1215:

A Céile Dé Monastery existed on Scattery Island or Inis Cathaigh which consisted of a monastery and Round Tower. The island was once the hermitage of

669:

was granted by King Malcolm III, and amongst the possessions, he bestowed on the church was the Shire of Kirkcaladinit, as Kirkcaldy was then known.

3895: 1762:

was known as a Brehon hill, a judicial place of assembly in pre-Christian times, its name has also been connected to the historical village of

1491:

credited Abbot Diarmait of Iona as being an instrumental figure in the spread of the Céli Dé church beyond Iona into the land of the Picts and

574:

However, after the death of Maelruan in 792, Tallaght is forgotten, and the name Ceile-De disappears from the Irish annals until 919, when the

3939: 2581:

tribe at Tara around AD 300. The Venii tribe in Ireland only later formerly changed name to a class of people known as the ‘Irish Feni’, when

2478:, a part of Scotland later associated with a strong tradition of providing the ancient legal office of "High Brithem" or in Latinised form of 1387:

settled on the island and established a small Culdee hermitage. Later a significant figure in the 9th century Culdee movement in Scotland was

492: 3707:

Clonmacnois – the Church and Lands of St. Ciarán, Change and Continuity of Irish Monastic Foundation(6th to 16th century), By Annette Kehnel

3684: 2717:, according to the Brehon laws it was used in the pagan inauguration process for kings, the name is associated the sovereignty goddesses of 613:

in 1541 and enjoyed a fleeting resurrection in 1627, soon after which their ancient property passed to the vicars choral of the cathedral.

3350: 2910:

Mound, it was located near Pwyll's court, just south of the town and was seen in ancient Welsh myth as a key portal to the kingdom of the

3874:

The Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature in Britain, 4 Volume Set, By Sian Echard, Robert Rouse, published 2017, John Wiley & Sons ltd

3706: 2299:

Sant Ffraid (Brigit) of North Wales was believed to be an Irish nun in legend that first landed from the sea on a floating piece turf at

4275: 3637:

Archangelum mirum magnum: An Hiberno-Latin Hymn Attributed to Máel Rúain of Tallaght, Westley Follett, Pages: pp. 106–129, brepolsonline

1448: 2198:

first landed after crossing the Irish sea from Ireland before setting out its eventful journey through south wales and on to Cornwall.

2186:

described her as ‘Brigid of Cille Muine’, where she had her Monastic Cell, with a feast day of 12 November. To the North of the bay is

1979: 4270: 2741:. Aidan, referred to in Old Irish as Mo-áed-óc which translates as my (Mo), dear little (óc or óg) and sandwiched in between the name 2459: 2335:

put forward the theory that the Welsh word ‘Brenin’, instead of meaning ‘king’ had originally meant ‘a consort of the tribal goddess

3648: 2319:

poetry called ‘Gofara Braint’ describes the river overflowing and bursting its banks after the killing one of the last kings of the

763:

from history. In the same fashion the Culdee of Monymusk, originally perhaps a colony from St Andrews, became Canons Regular of the

2339:’. The rivers name ‘Afon Braint’ may also have originated from early Irish settlers who had colonised the North Wales during the 894:. The monastery produced a comprehensive martyrology of Irish Culdee Saints and some non-Irish Saints ina manuscript known as the 2982: 2981:, granting her future husband sovereignty as king of the land through the act of marriage. She also had strong connections with 3512: 2821: 2083:

described as the ‘holy men of Britain’. The earliest recording of his feast day of the 1st Marsh was written in both the Latin

3035: 1634:

and he developed a deeply religious feeling which was to lead to such great results, and he received the name in Old Irish of

1249:

is also associated with the word "battle" which Saint Senan fought and won against the giant serpent. According to legend the

4346: 4212: 3808:

Summary of Principal Events in the Life of Saint Columba, by Wentworth Huyshe, Published in 1905, Written by Wentworth Huyshe

3460: 3310:

In Proinsias Mac a' Bhaird's Tairngreacht, a modern sect of Céile Dé or 'Culdees' engage in a conspiracy against the Vatican.

993: 3819:

Who were the Culdees in Scotland, Sheila Pitcairn F.S. Scot., L.H.G., Compiled from Various Sources, Royal Tombs Dunfermline

1946:, in which it described him as 'Blááni epscopi Cinn Garad i nGallgaedelaib', which translates as ‘Feast of Bláán, bishop of 1219:, a 6th-century saint. The saint's name of Senan is said to have derived from the Christianised and masculinised version of 850:. James A. Wylie (1808–1890) makes a strong case that the Culdees (Keledei) of Scotland are related to the Celtic Christian 3388: 1322:. Like Saint Senan, in Scottish folklore Saint Columba had a very similar encounter with a watery beast in the form of the 3695: 2514:

in Irish mythology. The earliest reference to the town of the Venicones tribe was by Ptolemy as being ‘Orrea’ situated at

1009:

Reform movement through a detailed study of the structure of his poetry, which resembled in style to the Félire Óengusso.

1329:

Another important monk who also trained and later served as bishop of Inis Cathaigh after the passing of Saint Senan was

903: 629:

in 717. There is no mention of any Culdees at any Columban monastery, either in Ireland or in Scotland, until long after

2466:’ who formed part of the Feni. Venedotia also possibly relates to the tribes of the Irish Venii and also to the British 2307:

which had a similar myth to Glan Conwy, that she was said to have arrived from Ireland on a floating piece of turf. The

3763: 847: 3150:

milking a cow at the entrance to the tower, Brigit has strong connections with nearby ancient Hermitage settlement of

2970:

originated out of a middle Welsh oral tradition passed down generations which were later transferred to written text.

2266:, the sixth century, Pyr is named as abbot of the monastery around the year 500 in the Life of St Samson, he replaced 4121: 3539: 3320: 742:

A controversial movement to put Scotland's church under the authority of Rome was inaugurated by Malcolm III's wife,

684:

The pictures that we have of Culdee life in the 12th century vary considerably. The chief houses in Scotland were at

485: 185: 4044: 3884: 2174:, had suggested contrary to the popular belief that the Welsh Brigid(Sant Ffraid) was distinct and not likely to be 677:, was a lay abbot, and tradition says that even the clerical members were married, though unlike the priests of the 3928: 3873: 3115: 3070:, he is the patron saint of Munster and also known as St Eilfyw in Wales, where he founded a tiny community called 2825: 282: 167: 2570: 1659: 4022: 3849: 3550: 4191: 2762: 1039: 610: 208: 3717: 3527: 3062:

and also as being the earliest recorded Christian Saints that had existed in Ireland prior to the arrival of

2986: 2498:, a typical landmark of many early Culdee monasteries. Scholars have suggested that 'Afarnach's hall' in the 2155: 2154:

in 1120. David was officially recognised at the Holy See by Pope Callixtus II in 1120, thanks to the work of

1879:, believed to be the oldest living tree in all of the British isles. Both the Gaelic pagan fire festivals of 1163: 657: 146: 2347:

is thought to be of Irish origin. ‘Llŷn’ translates from the Old Irish word for a tribe of Irish called the

2013:. When Scandinavians first set foot on these islands they found a community of Culdee monks, referred to as 2009:

Some of the first Norse settlers on Orkney, Faroe's and Iceland were said to be Norse–Gaels, referred to as

895: 4228: 2491: 1103:, a Celtic god associated with the harvest, Samhain and he is also associated to the headless horse man or 989: 886:

was founder and abbot-bishop of the monastery of Tallaght (Co. Dublin, Ireland). He had been a disciple of

709: 478: 109: 3907:

the phoenician and Irish-Celtic connection as told by titus maccius plautus, The Comrade General Wordpress

3565: 3126:, some scholars have suggested he may have been a Christianisation of the pre-Christian, pagan goddess of 2558: 93:

According to François Bonifas, however, the Culdean Church was founded in the 2nd century and restored by

3728: 2828:

in the 12th century. In Pre-Norman times, Ferns was once the ancient capital of Leinster and the seat of

1429: 1135: 914:

was completed in Tallaght Monastery, not long after the death of Saint Máel Ruain and then carried by an

792:

The term "Culdee" is rarely found in Wales. We do not know the fate of the Culdean house that existed at

705: 3785: 3009:

figure in Celtic Christianity, he founded a monastery and college, a University of the Celtic Saints in

1403:, an abbacy that was refounded by Diarmait of Iona's predecessor Cellach Cellach mac Congaile. Although 1089:

may have both died a threefold death on Samhain, which may be linked to human sacrifice, similar to the

176: 3566:

The Culdees of Druidical Days, James Bonwick, Irish Druids and Old Irish religion, 1892, LibraryIreland

2562: 1984: 1095: 857:

Reeves suggests that Maelruan may have been aware of the establishment of canons in Metz by Archbishop

743: 575: 347: 162: 2989:("grey of Macha"), who later features as one of the two Cú Chulainn chariot-horses in the tale of the 1464: 3940:

Today's Poem: Gofara Braint — The Flooding of the Braint River, Papa Joe's Tales, Fables and Parables

3587: 3019: 2813: 1194: 1159: 943: 3984: 3963:

The History of Ewyas Lacy, The Itinerary of Archbishop Baldwin through Wales by Giraldus Cambrensis

1875:. In the grounds of the old church, there is what is estimated by some to be up to a 5000 years old 1701: 1456: 1433: 1315: 3952:

Patrick Sims-Williams, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Published online: 23 September 2004

3267: 3256: 3151: 2950: 985: 232: 190: 2990: 1900: 1630:

The founder of the Iona Abbey, Saint Columba, before traveling to Scotland, was under the care of

1031: 4033: 3103: 3071: 2872: 2613: 2439: 2427: 2108: 2084: 2059: 1705: 1314:

which translate as "He who dwells". The psaltar was the central reason for what was known as the

997: 843: 747: 678: 626: 568: 561: 519: 239: 153: 131: 3917: 3673: 3247: 3162:

in Pagan times going back possibly centuries before the Christian church was built on its peak.

835:(1516), makes the Culdees of the 9th to the 12th century the direct successors of the Irish and 656:

in Fife can be seen to the north-east of its ruined cathedral and city wall. It is dedicated to

3807: 3636: 3187: 2820:, who was a Gaelic king noted in Irish history for his shady dealings with the Normans and the 2183: 1797: 1693: 1552: 1540: 1295: 1278: 1086: 1001: 939: 670: 646: 333: 1663: 1114:, where it was said he trained to be a Culdee priest, much to the disgust of both Columba and 3752: 3600: 2829: 2817: 2797: 2778: 2673: 2609: 2569:. According to Professor Dáithí Ó hÓgáin, Niall's great ancestor was the legendary figure of 2495: 1959: 1904: 1838: 1704:, it replaced the much earlier church built by Columba. The cathedral is commemorated by the 1618:. The name of Culross, comes from the Scottish Gaelic of ‘Cuileann Ros’ which relates to the 1516: 1468: 1412: 1263:

A hagiography of Saint Senan and Amra Senáin ("The Eulogy of Senán") is contained within the

1174: 1062: 1023: 362: 199: 3973: 2958: 2178:. She was an Irish nun in legend that first landed from the sea on a floating piece turf at 1447:

In the late 9th century many of the Columban relics of Iona during the Viking raids went to

1216: 1082: 3298: 3094:, a lecturer at Cardiff University, while promoting his book, suggested that the rock star 2926: 2844: 2754: 2143: 2088: 1996: 1963: 1935: 1891:, going back well before even the earliest Christian presence was established in the area. 1336: 1330: 1291:

or The Druid's Rock. It lies between Hog Island and Scattery, and can be seen at low tide.

1273:

that had lived on the island. The poetic eulogy was written by a friend of St Senan called

1204: 1170: 697: 638: 341: 337: 297: 3276:'s 'Sun Dancing', the fictional sections feature an account of a particular ascetic Culdee 3051: 2693:, which means the ‘island of the apple orchards’, it stems from the Welsh word for apple ‘ 2550:

which means in Middle Welsh name meaning 'Princely Hound or Warrior’, a great-grandson of

2303:. She also has strong connections with the island Anglesey. She is the patroness saint of 1460: 1281:. Once Senan had expelled the Cathach, he drove him from Scattery into the dark waters of 887: 533: 8: 4392: 3997: 3652: 3242: 3179: 2978: 2786: 2586: 2531: 2479: 2435: 2336: 2324: 2171: 2159: 2043: 2002: 1990: 1971: 1872: 1186: 1051: 1005: 805: 751: 545: 468: 302: 121: 48: 33: 4367:

Irland und Europa – Ireland and Europe. Die Kirche im Frühmittelalter – the early Church

4056:

Holy Father Modomnoc of Ossory, Patron Saint of Bees, Dmitry Lapa, Orthodox Christianity

3685:

The Structure of Blathmac Poems, Brian Lambkin, Lagan College, Belfast, Proquest Website

3304:

A colony of Culdees in Iceland appears in H. Warner Munn's fantasy novel, Merlin's Ring.

3123: 3047: 2582: 2535: 1150: 4330: 4222: 4146: 3273: 3230: 2801: 2637: 2507: 2187: 2017:. Numerous place names in Orkney are named of these same eremitic Gaelic monks such as 1834: 1747: 1496: 1488: 1416: 1043: 899: 732: 728: 557: 402: 2359:

called the peninsula Ganganorum Promontorium (English: Peninsula of the Gangani); the

1274: 1038:

also has references to the Pre-Christian site of Cruachan, one of the key scribes was

842:

of the 6th to the 8th century. Some have suggested that these views were disproved by

674: 4342: 4208: 4117: 3896:

Moni Iudeorum : an enigmatic early place-name for St Davids, Studia Celtica

3535: 3373: 3307:

Culdees are a prominent part of the story of the "Tile Cutters' Penny" by Caiseal Mor

3260: 2706: 2527: 2340: 2223: 2191: 2175: 2151: 2111:

can be traced right back to the Pre-Roman times and the ancient Celtic people of the

2051: 1923:

in Scotland. The founding ruling dynasty of this Norse-Gael Kingdom was the powerful

1842: 1781: 1697: 1673: 1615: 1323: 642: 367: 317: 4133: 3509: 2805: 2608:

was a hermit who lived in the side of coastal cliff near Bosherston, Pembrokeshire.

2542:

as known in Welsh mythology. One of the earliest Kings of Gwynedd was the legendary

2443: 2344: 1951: 1666:' which translates to "the mound of the abbot". Coluim-Cille was later Latinised to 536:

lived in the last quarter of the 8th century and is best known as the author of the

4422: 3786:

St Columba's Scotland, Historic Environment Scotland, 19 May 2021, storymaps.arcgis

3612: 3055: 2896: 2880: 2868: 2746: 2328: 2275: 2246:. The lands of Dumnonia were sometimes associated with the mythical islands of the 2214: 2147: 2120: 1785: 1709: 1388: 1264: 927: 587: 583: 417: 223: 218: 4066: 2875:, which was steeped in Welsh Pre-Christian history and mythology. Llanduadain and 2790: 2733:

but this one seems to have been one of the most important and is mentioned in the

2526:, now controversially partially destroyed. During Roman times it was recorded as ‘ 2395:, who also founded a College on that Island, about the middle of the 9th Century. 2363:

were a sea-mobile tribe of Irish Celts, with possibly strong connections with the

2294: 1888: 1689: 1662:?". While living at Iona, he also had his own wooden hermits cell located on the ' 816:

respectively. The former community was, he says, sorely oppressed by the covetous

510:

In the course of the 9th century, nine places in Ireland are mentioned (including

4369:, ed. Próinséas Ní Chatháin and Michael Richter. Stuttgart, 1984. pp. 83–88. 3829: 3818: 3516: 3279: 3252: 3143: 3131: 3091: 2876: 2852: 2710: 2682: 2547: 2523: 2483: 2451: 2400: 2210: 2146:

was first established around 10th century initially in the early writings of the

1975: 1817: 1791: 1754:

is built on the land were the monastery once stood. Moot hill was similar to the

1563: 1556: 1392: 1203:, which means raven. The name is explained in this manner in a note added to the 1127: 1070: 1035: 689: 591: 523: 3186:

corruptions, in one remote corner of western Europe. This view was enshrined in

2919: 2442:

as the name ‘Féni’ suggests were distant descendants of the legendary figure of

1766:, an important Culdee centre. The name Muthill translated in Scottish gaelic to 1631: 1065:

and details about his subsequent death. There was a prophecy by the Kings druid

3740: 3183: 3119: 3078:. It's been suggested by certain scholars that it was Saint Ailbe who baptised 3010: 2840: 2519: 2404: 2242:

were possibly descendants to the Phoenicians and have a lineage traced back to

2039: 2018: 1876: 1599: 1548: 1452: 1400: 1197:

of Connacht and Meath. The saint's name may derive from the old Irish word for

797: 759: 213: 43: 24: 4166: 2977:

in Irish Mythology. She represents the fertility of the land in the form of a

2915: 2758: 1846: 1512: 1230: 891: 4416: 4266: 4261: 4102:

St. Aidan of Ferns, Bishop, 2008 – 2014, Ambrose Mooney, www.CelticSaints.org

3830:

Bláán of Bute, Leverhulme Trust Project Grant, Saints in Scottish Place-Names

3325: 3234: 3099: 3095: 3063: 3043: 2774: 2625: 2566: 2518:, located on the same lands of Abernethy, once owned by a king of the Picts, 2392: 2312: 2267: 2235: 2163: 2150:

and then formerly celebrated from the 12th century, when he was canonised by

2092: 1924: 1653: 1641: 1607: 1595: 1531: 1508: 1384: 1144: 1058: 1047: 935: 780:

Similar absorptions no doubt account for the disappearance of the Culdees of

681:, they lived apart from their wives during their term of sacerdotal service. 447: 442: 94: 87: 3616: 3014: 2640:

which translates as ‘oak of the flanns’, a place which also served as a key

2222:

Phoenicians origins, distantly related to ancient people of Munster and the

1777: 1267:

manuscript and also it contains explicit information such as the sex of the

1066: 883: 352: 4372:

Rumsey, Patricia. "A Study of Community in Eighth-Century Ireland Based on

4325: 4192:

Earliest monastery in the British Isles discovered, Avalon Marshes Somerset

4151: 4101: 3238: 3212: 3147: 3002: 2734: 2649: 2641: 2636:’ associated with an ancient island (mound of dry land) on bog land called 2629: 2621: 2487: 2423: 2419: 2412: 2379: 2368: 2343:. Celts tended to name their lakes and rivers after goddesses. The name of 2332: 2283: 2247: 2195: 2167: 2136: 2124: 2080: 1943: 1920: 1813: 1755: 1751: 1727: 1504: 911: 828: 764: 515: 432: 427: 267: 262: 4339:

Céli Dé in Ireland. Monastic Writing and Identity in the Early Middle Ages

3718:

Stair na hÉireann|History of Ireland, Devenish-Damhinis – The Isle of Oxen

2446:, alleged to be one of the mythical inventors of the tree alphabet called 2426:

and several others put forward the view that the broader regional name of

1437: 875: 3918:

Caldey Island, St Illtud's Church, by David Ross, Editor, Britain Express

3551:

Reeves, William. "A Memoir on the Culdees of Ireland and Great Britain",

3079: 2892: 2864: 2809: 2766: 2738: 2645: 2605: 2594: 2590: 2475: 2375: 2308: 2128: 2127:, it mentions Mynyw as being one of the locations of the three courts of 2076: 1939: 1743: 1730:

was for a short period moved to Dunkeld and then later onto Scone Abbey.

1610:, built on top of an ancient church already established by the Culdee of 1544: 1484: 1421: 1404: 1354: 1220: 1100: 1074: 1027: 973: 961: 907: 839: 598: 541: 422: 392: 357: 292: 277: 272: 257: 75: 4055: 3433: 2624:

under Ailbe, and he was also a disciple of St Senan at the monastery of

2384: 1966:. The Norse-Gael, Kingdom of the Rhinns finally fell when the last king 1911:, a name that derives from the old Irish of ‘Gallgaidhel’, which means ‘ 1042:. Other manuscripts originating or connected with Clonmacnoise include, 4279:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 615. 3885:

Brigid: Goddess, Druidess and Saint, By Brian Wright, The History Press

3175: 3083: 2967: 2884: 2633: 2431: 2408: 2300: 2179: 2071: 2055: 1862: 1829: 1821: 1773: 1611: 1575: 1523: 1500: 1441: 1368: 1155: 1139: 1131: 968:

of the two Cathedrals in Armagh is located on a steep sided hill which

919: 858: 817: 716:. Each was an independent establishment controlled entirely by its own 685: 665: 653: 579: 382: 55: 3843:"FROM DÁL RIATA TO THE GALL-GHÀIDHEIL, Andrew Jennings and Arne Kruse" 3158:

Marshes. The Glastonbury Tor hill itself is associated with the Welsh

3118:

in Perranzabuloe, dating from the 6th century. A Cornish saint called

2672:, who is said in myth on Saint David's consent to have introduced the 1812:

in Aberdeenshire were the Culdees or 'Servants of God’, predating the

1193:. It was claimed that St Feichin once acted as a mediator between the 1115: 1085:. According to some early texts Irish kings Diarmait mac Cerbaill and 3075: 3026:

on the Isle of Anglesea, an island which has strong druidic history.

2962: 2750: 2742: 2665: 2543: 2539: 2499: 2467: 2396: 2320: 2304: 2288: 2263: 2206: 2202: 1967: 1759: 1739: 1603: 1472: 1425: 1319: 1190: 1151:

St. Seachnall's Church, Dunshaughlin (Cill Sechnaill, Dún Seachlainn)

923: 915: 720:

and apparently divided into two sections, one priestly and the other

661: 397: 3796: 3034:

The Martyrology of Tallaght lists the feast dates of five principal

2906:, its name stems from the ‘Gorsedd Arberth’ which translates as the 1240: 938:

hymn is in praise of St. Michael, whose name is associated with the

878:. It was such an important institution that it and the monastery at 564:

king of Munster (820–846) was said to have been a prominent Culdee.

4403:. University College Dublin: Thesaurus Linguae Hibernicae: 115–180. 3696:

Saint Becc mac Dé, October 12, Omnium Sanctorum Hiberniae 2012–2015

2942: 2925:

It was on the Gorsedd Arbeth near the court of Dyfed the legendary

2848: 2694: 2669: 2620:

further along Pembrokeshire coast. Govan had served as an abbot at

2574: 2434:, it associates with a tribe that inhabit the woods and forests, a 2364: 2352: 2243: 2239: 2132: 2104: 2047: 2035: 2010: 1955: 1947: 1908: 1884: 1828:

and into the land of the Picts. The name Monymusk derives from the

1825: 1809: 1719: 1311: 1282: 1257: 1104: 1090: 851: 701: 553: 437: 407: 387: 63: 51: 4334:. Dublin: Hodges, Figgis. Hermathena 44, Second Supplement (1927). 4260:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

3774: 3114:

One of the earliest Celtic Christian Churches found in Britain is

3039: 2116: 1776:. The Maigh Rein consisted of a race of ancient people called the 1061:

it describes a particular story of the last Pagan King in Ireland

3263: 3059: 2946: 2907: 2863:

Saint Máedóc (Aidan) was also connected with the Welsh parish of

2782: 2770: 2713:. Honey was the key ingredient of mystical alcoholic beverage of 2686: 2644:

monastery in Ireland. A number of Irish Saints share the name of

2551: 2470:, an ancient Celtic tribe which once originated in what is today 2415:

what was later classed as ‘the rarest apple trees in the world’.

2360: 2356: 2271: 2231: 2112: 2100: 2096: 1880: 1850: 1763: 1718:, i.e., a Briton, son of Fergus, of the Picts. When the kings of 1536: 1408: 1396: 1358: 1078: 879: 793: 755: 713: 693: 630: 457: 377: 312: 71: 59: 3929:

Celtic Culture, A historical Encyclopedia, John T Koch, ABC Clio

2954: 2871:) of St Aidan", the village is part of the broader community of 2839:

was attributed and depicted in many artworks associated to both

2565:

maybe a descendant of the Gaulish seafaring Celtic tribe of the

2166:, the bay's derives its name from the Welsh version of the name 2107:, which in a mutated form means the Old (Hen) bush (Mynyw). The 1928: 3155: 3127: 3023: 3006: 2812:. The monastery of Saint Marys Abbey in Ferns was built by the 2690: 2678: 2578: 2515: 2511: 2503: 2463: 2455: 2348: 2295:

Sant Ffraid (Saint Brigid) and the Celtic Saints of North Wales

2219: 1591: 1587: 1579: 1530:

which was a special hereditary status initially applied to the

1480: 1347:

which translates as "Áedán the brilliant sun of Inis Medcoit",

606: 511: 412: 3764:

HSt Columba and the Isle of Iona, by Ben Johnson, historic-uk.

3588:

South Dublin Libraries, South Dublin Libraries – Local Studies

1173:, the earliest copy of which is found in the late 7th-century 3202: 3171: 3159: 3087: 2974: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2911: 2903: 2888: 2730: 2702: 2698: 2617: 2490:, who were also the hereditary Abbots of the Culdee abbey at 2447: 2391:

Institutions in North Wales, established by the king of Llŷn

2279: 2251: 2227: 2022: 2014: 1914: 1619: 1583: 1571: 1567: 1527: 1383:

also known as Innis na Druineach (Isle of the Druids) before

1333:

who had been a disciple of Saint Senan on the island. In the

1111: 972:

allegedly had chosen as a defence of the ancient Fortress at

969: 801: 721: 717: 622: 549: 527: 452: 372: 307: 67: 4407: 4207:. 47 Sráid Harrington, Baile Átha Cliath 8: LeabhairComhar. 3985:

History Files, Kings of Laigin / Leinster (Gaels of Ireland)

3259:

where the series takes place, for example, is named after a

2941:) when he had his first meeting with the otherworldly woman 2922:

in Irish mythology, a sacred inaugural and ancestral mound.

2648:, other forms of the name include Gowan, Gofan (Welsh), and 2573:, possibly a name that comes from an earlier Gaulish god of 1499:, he is sometimes confused with a contemporary, disciple of 1099:

it is an ancient tradition that goes back to the worship of

1000:. The poems were edited and published eleven years later by 3067: 2836: 2718: 2714: 2471: 2316: 1954:', it seemed to suggest that at the time of Saint Blane in 1723: 1492: 1476: 1380: 836: 781: 634: 4408:

The Path of Culdee – The Living Celtic Spiritual Tradition

3510:

Extract from "St Bryce Kirk" (Kirkcaldy Old Kirk Building)

2949:, born in Narberth. Pryderi became the ruler of the seven 2705:, the fruit has a strong association with islands and the 2070:

Before the writings of St David's cult by chronicler

1788:, first arrived in Ireland on 1 May (Bealtaine) through a 1676:, coincidently also in Hebrew the translation for dove is 4090: 3098:

ancestral roots came from the Celtic prehistoric site of

2721:

also known as the "mead-woman" or "she who intoxicates".

1077:. Diarmait mac Cerbaill was murdered by the then king of 3577:

July 7 St Maelruain of Tallaght(d.792), Catholic Ireland

2914:, the Welsh Gorsedd Arberth is a hill equivalent to the 1034:

was first written down by Celtic Monks at Clonmacnoise,

1022:

generations. With the arrival of the Christian age, the

754:. Gradually the whole position passed into the hands of 633:'s time: in 1164 that Culdees are mentioned as being in 3389:

Bonifas F. "Histoire des Dogmes de l'Église Chrétienne

3102:

in Pembrokeshire and may have had links to a chapel at

2832:

and his descendants. where he established a monastery.

2226:

race who had invaded Ireland and brought with them the

2194:, was the location where the mythical Wild boar of the 869: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 1742:, was the location for the Scottish Culdee's to build 1407:

had actually already been founded centuries before by

1239:

translates as "sea serpent", which formed part of the

1110:

Soon after Diarmait's death Áed fled to the island of

949: 727:

Nineteenth Century Scottish historian of religion and

1570:

and that of the hereditary Abbot of Iona position of

926:

to this same abbot, Máel Dithruib of Terryglass. The

3649:"Saint Patrick And Armagh, Armagh Methodist Website" 3453:"Reeves, William. "The Ancient Churches of Armagh", 2953:

of Dyfed and he was part of the mythical figures of

2858: 1688:

Saint Columba was a descendant of the royal dynasty

1017:

An important Culdee monastery was Clonmacnoise: the

3396: 2374:An important Celtic saint of Llŷn Peninsula called 1503:, a Culdee abbot called Diarmait mac Aeda Róin, of 1379:In Scotland a sacred pagan site had existed on the 16:

Members of Christian communities in the Middle Ages

4147:"'Saintly' Elvis Presili hailed as a son of Wales" 4091:"Aidan's Monastery", Irish Archeology Field School 3601:"Insular palaeography, present state and problems" 3174:or Culdees were the forerunners of Protestantism. 3109: 2879:formed part of the ancient administrative area of 2867:, the name translates as the "monastic enclosure ( 1970:surrendered and conceded the Western Isles to the 1672:, the name is associated with broad categories of 1566:believed the Culdees were the last remains of the 1424:and confessed his guilt to an aged hermit and his 1210: 1180: 1012: 556:, under whom Oengus lived, drew up a rule for the 4390: 4202: 2902:The town of Narberth itself was connected to the 2765:). Saint Máedóc traveled to Wales to study under 1808:The earliest Christian missionaries to arrive in 1772:which means soft ground, possibly related to the 1411:around 550 AD on the permission of the High King 1073:he uttered on the day of his death, when he meet 645:, which had been given them by a Pictish prince, 530:) where communities of Culdees were established. 4414: 4116:, National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth, 1992, 3223: 2028: 1715:Constantin Brito no mac Fergusa do Cruithnechaib 1547:were the "Coarb of Saint Moluag" of Argyll. The 4307:For a more archaic viewpoint, see J. Jamieson, 4287:, CCC Publishing, Santa Cruz, California (2003) 3753:Preface (and epilogue) to Amra Senáin, vanhamel 3178:writers alleged that the Culdees had preserved 3165: 2724: 2593:, dividing of island North and South along the 2205:had discussed a region just in the vicinity of 1574:was related to the Phoenician tradition of the 1185:The Christian monastery at Fore was founded by 922:and Lorrha. Saint Máel Ruain was known to be a 882:were known as the "two eyes of Ireland". Saint 4351:MacKinnon, Donald. "The Culdees of Scotland", 2985:similar to Queen Macha who also had her prize 2689:. The old and Celtic name for Glastonbury was 1887:were celebrated at the nearby sacred mound of 1121: 4360:Célí Dé. Spiritual reform in Ireland, 750–900 3137: 1958:and the Isle of Bute, the region was part of 637:but in a subordinate position. The Culdee of 486: 4391:Gwynn, E. J.; W. J. Purton (December 1911). 2050:up to the late Middle Ages, it resisted any 1903:gives details about the ancient Norse-Gael, 1680:which derives from the biblical god Yonah . 1436:in 561. Not long after, Columba set sail to 942:, a copy of the song is found in Karlsruhe, 3553:The Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy 2664:The Félire Óengusso names the beekeeper at 2062:tried in impose on the early Welsh Church. 1866: 1789: 1767: 1758:in its prehistory importance, Moot hill or 1713: 1667: 1651: 1645: 1635: 1362: 1348: 1342: 1334: 1305: 1299: 1286: 1268: 1250: 1244: 1234: 1224: 1198: 1107:, as part of the Sídhe in Irish Mythology. 984:The find in 1953 of the old Irish poems of 918:called Máel Dithruib to the monasteries at 3498:Early Scottish Charters Prior to A.D. 1153 3255:as placenames in his books. The island of 2847:, about one day as he was sate reading in 2729:There had been several Irish saints named 1820:. They were likely to be the followers of 493: 479: 4309:Historical Account of the Ancient Culdees 4034:Who is St David, stdavidscathedral.org.uk 2793:is a relic associated with Saint Maedoc. 2438:(Féine) class of people and according to 2119:, a race that once populated much of the 1982:are recorded in the Irish annals such as 1849:or in the later Latinised translation of 1712:, in the Martyrology it describes him as 1562:The religious historian and antiquarian, 4353:Society of Friends of Dunblane Cathedral 4265: 3990: 3447: 3445: 3421: 3369: 3367: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3245:. One of the steam locomotives is named 1894: 1800:over the mountain of Sliabh an Iarainn. 1590:, a goddess similar in many respects to 3481: 3198:Peace to their shades. The pure Culdees 3066:. Most notable of the five is Ailbe of 2887:, there is a bilingual Latin-Old Irish 2737:as one of the three close disciples of 1784:. In Celtic mythology, It was said the 992:, it was found by a twentieth century 4415: 4397:Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 4365:O'Dwyer, Peter. "The Céli Dé reform", 3598: 3521: 3382: 2785:because a Welsh abbot founded it. The 2697:’. The apple tree was represented by ‘ 1374: 954: 4144: 3775:st.Columba, The Society of St Columba 3442: 3364: 3338: 3058:. All are said to be originally from 2522:, also close to Pickish hill fort of 2170:called Sant Ffraid. Scholars such as 2087:and the Old Irish Martyrology of the 2046:in Wales remained independent of the 1455:, once used by Columba to inaugurate 1298:, the opening paragraph letter of Q ( 994:Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies 864: 758:and his successors in the bishopric. 42: 4134:Holy Penmon, Anglesey History Online 4067:Brigid the Goddess, Bard Mythologies 3457:, vol. IV, no. 4, p. 213, July 1898" 3361:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 3122:was said to have been a disciple of 1522:Diarmait of Iona would have had the 1158:was the founder and patron saint of 1030:. The Rathcroghan Pagan tale of the 870:Tallaght Abbey (Mainistir Tamhlacht) 2021:,"Island of the papar (Culdee)" or 1722:were absorbed into the new unified 1344:Aedán in grían geldae, Inse Medcoit 950:Other Culdee monasteries and saints 854:spirituality of the monks of Iona. 13: 4315: 4292:The Culdees of the British Islands 3532:, Edinburgh University Press, 2003 1913:foreigner (gall) living among the 1845:, had the ancient Gaelic title of 1803: 1451:, possibly firstly via Kells. The 940:founding of the Tallaght Monastery 890:, a son of a Óengobann, a king of 848:bishop of Down, Connor and Dromore 86:According to the Swiss theologian 14: 4434: 4384: 4374:Navigatio Sancti Brendani Abbatis 4203:Mac a' Bhaird, Prionsias (2018). 4077:Somerville-Large, Peter. (1975). 3321:Christianity in Medieval Scotland 3116:St Piran's Oratory and Old Church 2899:in the early to mid-6th century. 2859:Saint Máedóc (Aidan) of Llawhadan 2659: 1980:kings of the Kingdom of the Isles 1853:meaning "devotee of St. Brigit". 1780:who were heavily associated with 1692:similarly to the Culdee abbot of 1594:, both representative of a Pagan 1479:, the stone was later moved onto 1126:A Culdee (Céilí Dé) community on 934:is attributed to Mael Ruain. The 186:Christianity in Medieval Scotland 4253: 3349:D'Alton, Edward Alfred (1908). " 3146:, there's a carved depiction of 3142:At St Michael's Church Tower on 2826:Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland 2257: 1440:or Western Scotland and founded 1367:, which was the language of the 746:and carried through by her sons 353:Seven Founder Saints of Brittany 130: 4239: 4196: 4185: 4159: 4138: 4127: 4114:The Placenames of Pembrokeshire 4106: 4095: 4084: 4071: 4060: 4049: 4038: 4027: 4016: 3978: 3967: 3956: 3945: 3933: 3922: 3911: 3900: 3889: 3878: 3867: 3835: 3823: 3812: 3801: 3790: 3779: 3768: 3757: 3746: 3734: 3722: 3711: 3700: 3689: 3678: 3667: 3641: 3630: 3592: 3581: 3570: 3559: 3544: 3376:History of the Christian Church 3374:Schaff, Philip. "The Culdees", 3220:principle of Protestantism..." 3110:Celtic Christianity in Cornwall 2996: 2973:Rhiannon has similarities with 1927:or Dynasty of Ivar, founded by 1211:Scattery Island (Inis Cathaigh) 1181:Fore Abbey (Mainistir Fhobhair) 1013:Clonmacnoise (Cluain Mhic Nóis) 97:in Ireland in the 5th century. 3503: 3490: 3475: 3427: 3036:Pre-Patrician Christian Saints 3029: 2600: 2065: 1341:, Saint Aidan is described as 737:History of the Scottish Nation 1: 4380:58:2 (2007): pp. 121–36. 4247:Makers of the Scottish Church 4079:Irish Eccentrics: A Selection 3455:Ulster Journal of Archaeology 3301:is set in a Culdee monastery. 3294:trilogy focus on the Cele De. 3208:Ere yet an island of her seas 2987:Liath Macha and Dub Sainglend 2945:and they gave birth to a son 2883:. On one side of Narberth is 2824:which ultimately lead to the 2709:in Celtic Mythology, such as 2209:or Mynyw, referred to in the 2029:Culdees in Wales and Cornwall 1856: 1625: 147:Christianity in Roman Britain 3166:A conflicting interpretation 3154:located on an island in the 2979:Celtic Sovereignty goddesses 2725:Saint Máedóc(Aidan) of Ferns 2407:as well as for the monks of 2142:Officially the feast day of 1816:arrival and the building of 1733: 1134:in Fermanagh was founded by 81: 7: 4393:"The Monastery of Tallaght" 4378:American Benedictine Review 4355:3:2 (1939): pp. 58–67. 4299:Celtic Scotland (1876–1880) 4285:Sacred Places North America 4145:Ezard, John (2 June 2000). 3500:, (Glasgow, 1905), no. iii. 3438:, pp. 211–212, London, 1973 3314: 3205:'s earliest priests of God, 2957:in Welsh mythology. In the 2891:stone with the inscription 2351:, of which the province of 2160:Cathedral of St Davids 2156:Bernard (bishop of Menevia) 1357:, an Old Irish form of the 1122:Devenish Island (Damh Inis) 979: 616: 10: 4439: 3436:Irish Kings and High Kings 3138:Bride's Hill (Glastonbury) 2745:. The anglicised name of ‘ 2563:Niall of the Nine Hostages 2482:. The founding family of 1985:Annals of the Four Masters 1824:and his missionaries from 1683: 1582:, like the priests of the 1096:Annals of the Four Masters 1019:Annals of the Four Masters 775: 664:. It is used by the local 505: 348:Twelve Apostles of Ireland 163:Catholic Church in Ireland 100: 47:) were members of ascetic 38:'Spouses of God'; 4167:"Elvis the King of Cymru" 3555:, vol. XXIV, Dublin, 1867 3297:J.P. Moore's short story 2895:written on it, who was a 2843:and also to his namesake 2628:. ‘Govan’ comes from the 2201:The Welsh Celtic Scholar 2190:, which according to the 1195:Muimne, Luigne and Laigne 1040:Máel Muire mac Céilechair 944:Badische Landesbibliothek 833:Latin history of Scotland 823: 808:, mentioned (c. 1190) in 4376:and the Céli Dé Rules." 4227:: CS1 maint: location ( 4081:. Hamish Hamilton. p. 20 3530:The Kingdom of the Scots 3331: 3268:Diocese of Sodor and Man 2855:of a Pre-Christian era. 1578:, ancient people of the 1555:which forms part of the 1511:and a descendant of the 1395:, many of the relics of 1353:being the old Irish for 1310:", the opening words of 976:in Pre-Christian times. 932:Archangelum mirum magnum 787: 233:Christianity in Cornwall 191:Hiberno-Scottish mission 177:Christianity in Scotland 4276:Encyclopædia Britannica 3617:10.3406/scrip.1949.2241 3599:Bieler, Ludwig (1949). 3013:. The college known as 2561:seems to indicate that 2355:also derives its name. 2085:Martyrology of Tallaght 2044:Celtic Christian Church 1706:Martyrology of Tallaght 1465:The Prophecy of Berchán 896:Félire Óengusso Céli Dé 679:Eastern Orthodox Church 562:Fedelmid mac Crimthainn 544:of Óengus". He founded 240:Neo-Celtic Christianity 168:Early Christian Ireland 154:Christianity in Ireland 3515:8 October 2007 at the 3496:Sir Archibald Lawrie, 3020:Saint Tudwal's Islands 2666:Saint Davids monastery 2585:first established the 2250:such as the island of 2184:Martyrology of Donegal 2182:, in North Wales. The 2131:, the other two being 1867: 1841:. The earliest Culdee 1790: 1768: 1714: 1702:Constantín mac Fergusa 1668: 1652: 1646: 1636: 1434:Battle of Cúl Dreimhne 1363: 1349: 1343: 1335: 1306: 1300: 1296:Cathach of St. Columba 1287: 1279:Chief Ollam of Ireland 1269: 1251: 1245: 1235: 1225: 1199: 1087:Muirchertach mac Ercae 28: 4301:, especially vol. ii. 3741:Legend of the Cathach 3355:Catholic Encyclopedia 3182:, free from supposed 3005:was a very important 2963:Manawydan son of Llŷr 2959:Mabinogi third branch 2830:Diarmait Mac Murchada 2818:Diarmait Mac Murchada 2810:Saint Sletty of Fiach 2703:Celtic Ogham alphabet 2668:as a disciple called 2331:. The Celtic scholar 2270:, the son of Amon of 1978:in 1266. Many of the 1905:Kingdom of the Rhinns 1901:Martyrology of Óengus 1895:Kingdom of the Rhinns 1738:The druidic mound of 1640:meaning "Dove of the 1413:Diarmait mac Cerbaill 1175:Antiphonary of Bangor 1156:Sechnall (Secundinus) 1063:Diarmait mac Cerbaill 1024:Martyrology of Oengus 673:, the grandfather of 658:"St Mary on the Rock" 652:The Culdee chapel in 627:Nechtan son of Derile 200:Christianity in Wales 44:[ceːlʲiːdʲeː] 4331:The Rule of Tallaght 2845:Aidan of Lindisfarne 2796:He became the first 2188:St David's Head 1997:Annals of Inisfallen 1964:Diocese of the Isles 1746:(later owned by the 1399:were transferred to 1171:trochaic septenarius 298:Insular illumination 4322:Rule of the Céli Dé 4002:Saints & Angels 3743:, Ask About Ireland 3243:Culdee Fell Railway 3224:"Culdee" in fiction 3180:Celtic Christianity 2937:(Pwyll Head of the 2822:Earldom of Pembroke 2749:’ derives from the 2674:honeybee to Ireland 2587:Kingdom of Connacht 2532:Ravenna Cosmography 2494:, which features a 2480:Justiciar of Scotia 2418:Historians such as 2325:Cadwallon ap Cadfan 2238:tribes such as the 2172:Sabine Baring-Gould 2003:Senchus fer n-Alban 1991:Annals of Tigernach 1972:Kingdom of Scotland 1517:Unity of Mael Ruain 1487:. Scholars such as 1375:Culdees in Scotland 1052:Annals of Tigernach 1006:Irish Texts Society 955:Armagh (Ard Mhacha) 806:Giraldus Cambrensis 558:Culdees of Tallaght 469:Portal Christianity 303:Insular monasticism 123:Celtic Christianity 4337:Follett, Westley. 3655:on 27 October 2021 3274:Geoffrey Moorhouse 3231:The Railway Series 2610:St. Govan's Chapel 2579:Laigin (Lance men) 2508:Fionn mac Cumhaill 2440:Lebor Gabála Érenn 2115:also known as the 1835:Monymusk Reliquary 1748:Augustinian canons 1489:Thomas Owen Clancy 1316:Battle of the Book 1217:Senán mac Geircinn 1160:Domhnach Sechnaill 1083:Áed Dub mac Suibni 1044:Chronicon Scotorum 1004:in Vol. 47 of the 998:Nessa Ní Shéaghdha 990:Mícheál Ó Cléirigh 900:Tallaght Monastery 865:Early Culdee Sites 810:Speculum Ecclesiae 733:James Aitken Wylie 609:endured until the 403:Finnian of Movilla 330:Saints and leaders 4347:978-1-84383-276-8 4214:978-1-9998029-6-7 4004:. Catholic Online 3730:megalithicireland 3482:D'Alton, Edward. 3261:Church of England 3052:Declán of Ardmore 2947:Pryderi fab Pwyll 2234:similar to other 2192:Culhwch and Olwen 2176:Brigit of Kildare 2152:Pope Callixtus II 2052:Gregorian reforms 1843:Prior of Monymusk 1782:Sliabh an Iarainn 1698:Dunkeld Cathedral 1696:. The builder of 1674:doves and pigeons 1461:King of Dál Riata 1457:Áedán mac Gabráin 1324:Loch Ness monster 888:Óengus the Culdee 671:Crínán of Dunkeld 534:Óengus the Culdee 503: 502: 368:Brigit of Kildare 318:Sculptured stones 37: 4430: 4404: 4362:. Dublin (1981). 4358:O'Dwyer, Peter. 4341:. London, 2006; 4280: 4259: 4257: 4256: 4233: 4232: 4226: 4218: 4200: 4194: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4142: 4136: 4131: 4125: 4110: 4104: 4099: 4093: 4088: 4082: 4075: 4069: 4064: 4058: 4053: 4047: 4042: 4036: 4031: 4025: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4009: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3971: 3965: 3960: 3954: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3926: 3920: 3915: 3909: 3904: 3898: 3893: 3887: 3882: 3876: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3854: 3848:. Archived from 3847: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3816: 3810: 3805: 3799: 3794: 3788: 3783: 3777: 3772: 3766: 3761: 3755: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3715: 3709: 3704: 3698: 3693: 3687: 3682: 3676: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3651:. Archived from 3645: 3639: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3596: 3590: 3585: 3579: 3574: 3568: 3563: 3557: 3548: 3542: 3528:Barrow, G.W.S., 3525: 3519: 3507: 3501: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3463:on 19 March 2016 3459:. Archived from 3449: 3440: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3394: 3386: 3380: 3371: 3362: 3347: 3299:"Useful Visions" 3124:Ciarán of Saigir 3056:Ibar of Beggerin 3048:Ciarán of Saigir 3040:Abbán of Moyarny 2991:Táin Bó Cúailnge 2904:Welsh Otherworld 2881:Narberth Hundred 2853:Druid magic mist 2835:A story about a 2761:) and Máel Ísu ( 2757:), Máel Brigte ( 2583:Conn Cétchathach 2571:Túathal Techtmar 2341:Sub-Roman period 2329:Book of Taliesin 2215:Synod of Chester 2148:Annales Cambriae 2121:Kingdom of Dyfed 1934:The 9th-century 1870: 1798:"in dark clouds" 1795: 1786:Tuatha de Danann 1771: 1717: 1710:Diarmait of Iona 1671: 1657: 1649: 1639: 1586:they worshipped 1389:Diarmait of Iona 1366: 1352: 1346: 1340: 1309: 1303: 1290: 1272: 1254: 1248: 1238: 1229:, also called a 1228: 1202: 1191:Loughcrew Cairns 1069:, who told of a 1032:Táin Bó Cúailnge 928:abecedarian hymn 735:asserted in his 495: 488: 481: 418:Julius and Aaron 224:Synod of Victory 219:Synod of Chester 134: 124: 114: 105: 104: 46: 41: 32: 4438: 4437: 4433: 4432: 4431: 4429: 4428: 4427: 4413: 4412: 4387: 4318: 4316:Further reading 4269:, ed. (1911). " 4254: 4252: 4242: 4237: 4236: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4201: 4197: 4190: 4186: 4176: 4174: 4165: 4164: 4160: 4143: 4139: 4132: 4128: 4124:, Vol II, p 420 4112:Charles, B. G, 4111: 4107: 4100: 4096: 4089: 4085: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4061: 4054: 4050: 4043: 4039: 4032: 4028: 4021: 4017: 4007: 4005: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3983: 3979: 3972: 3968: 3961: 3957: 3950: 3946: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3923: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3901: 3894: 3890: 3883: 3879: 3872: 3868: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3845: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3828: 3824: 3817: 3813: 3806: 3802: 3795: 3791: 3784: 3780: 3773: 3769: 3762: 3758: 3751: 3747: 3739: 3735: 3727: 3723: 3716: 3712: 3705: 3701: 3694: 3690: 3683: 3679: 3672: 3668: 3658: 3656: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3635: 3631: 3621: 3619: 3597: 3593: 3586: 3582: 3575: 3571: 3564: 3560: 3549: 3545: 3526: 3522: 3517:Wayback Machine 3508: 3504: 3495: 3491: 3480: 3476: 3466: 3464: 3451: 3450: 3443: 3432: 3428: 3420: 3397: 3387: 3383: 3372: 3365: 3348: 3339: 3334: 3317: 3292:Celtic Crusades 3280:Stephen Lawhead 3253:Anglican Church 3226: 3188:Thomas Campbell 3168: 3144:Glastonbury Tor 3140: 3112: 3096:Elvis Presley's 3092:Terry Breverton 3032: 2999: 2935:Pwyll Pen Annwn 2933:, would become 2877:Robeston Wathen 2861: 2798:Bishop of Ferns 2727: 2683:Glastonbury tor 2662: 2630:cumbric version 2616:, who lived in 2603: 2559:Dáithí Ó hÓgáin 2524:Clatchard Craig 2484:Earldom of Fife 2474:, north of the 2452:Primitive Irish 2401:Gerald of Wales 2297: 2260: 2228:Ogham Alphabet. 2211:Welsh Chronicle 2109:bishop of Mynyw 2089:Félire Óengusso 2068: 2060:Saint Augustine 2031: 1976:Treaty of Perth 1938:commoration of 1936:Félire Óengusso 1897: 1861:The village of 1859: 1818:Monymusk Priory 1806: 1804:Monymusk Priory 1736: 1724:Kingdom of Alba 1686: 1628: 1598:, Fetility and 1564:Godfrey Higgins 1483:and finally to 1417:Saint Finnian's 1377: 1337:Félire Óengusso 1294:In the Psalter 1288:Carraig a Draoi 1275:Dallán Forgaill 1213: 1205:Félire Óengusso 1183: 1153: 1128:Devenish Island 1124: 1071:threefold death 1036:Lebor na hUidre 1015: 982: 957: 952: 904:St. Maelruain's 872: 867: 826: 804:in the days of 790: 778: 675:Máel Coluim III 619: 592:Scattery Island 538:Félire Óengusso 508: 499: 463: 462: 344: 340: 336: 331: 323: 322: 253: 245: 244: 209:"Age of Saints" 142: 122: 110: 103: 84: 58:communities of 39: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4436: 4426: 4425: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4386: 4385:External links 4383: 4382: 4381: 4370: 4363: 4356: 4349: 4335: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4312: 4305: 4302: 4295: 4294:(Dublin, 1864) 4288: 4281: 4267:Chisholm, Hugh 4250: 4245:W. Beveridge, 4241: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4213: 4195: 4184: 4158: 4137: 4126: 4105: 4094: 4083: 4070: 4059: 4048: 4037: 4026: 4015: 3989: 3977: 3966: 3955: 3944: 3932: 3921: 3910: 3899: 3888: 3877: 3866: 3855:on 28 May 2023 3834: 3822: 3811: 3800: 3789: 3778: 3767: 3756: 3745: 3733: 3721: 3710: 3699: 3688: 3677: 3666: 3640: 3629: 3591: 3580: 3569: 3558: 3543: 3520: 3502: 3489: 3474: 3441: 3434:Byrne, F. J., 3426: 3395: 3381: 3363: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3329: 3328: 3323: 3316: 3313: 3312: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3295: 3277: 3271: 3225: 3222: 3217: 3216: 3215:monk was trod. 3209: 3206: 3199: 3167: 3164: 3139: 3136: 3111: 3108: 3076:St Davids 3031: 3028: 3011:Llantwit Major 2998: 2995: 2860: 2857: 2841:Aidan of Ferns 2806:Uí Ceinnselaig 2726: 2723: 2661: 2660:Saint Modomnoc 2658: 2602: 2599: 2528:Horrea Classis 2345:Llŷn Peninsula 2296: 2293: 2259: 2256: 2207:St Davids 2067: 2064: 2030: 2027: 1952:Gall-Ghàidheil 1896: 1893: 1873:bishop of Iona 1858: 1855: 1805: 1802: 1735: 1732: 1685: 1682: 1660:Cinell Conaill 1627: 1624: 1616:St Serf's Inch 1600:Mother Goddess 1549:Book of Armagh 1401:Abbey of Kells 1381:Island of Iona 1376: 1373: 1212: 1209: 1182: 1179: 1152: 1149: 1123: 1120: 1014: 1011: 981: 978: 956: 953: 951: 948: 871: 868: 866: 863: 844:William Reeves 825: 822: 798:Bardsey Island 789: 786: 777: 774: 760:Canons Regular 744:Queen Margaret 643:St Serf's Inch 618: 615: 569:William Reeves 546:Dísert Óengusa 507: 504: 501: 500: 498: 497: 490: 483: 475: 472: 471: 465: 464: 461: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 334:Cornish saints 332: 329: 328: 325: 324: 321: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 254: 251: 250: 247: 246: 243: 242: 236: 235: 229: 228: 227: 226: 221: 216: 214:Synod of Brefi 211: 203: 202: 196: 195: 194: 193: 188: 180: 179: 173: 172: 171: 170: 165: 157: 156: 150: 149: 143: 140: 139: 136: 135: 127: 126: 118: 117: 102: 99: 83: 80: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4435: 4424: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4409: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4389: 4388: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4368: 4364: 4361: 4357: 4354: 4350: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4327: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4310: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4297:W. F. Skene, 4296: 4293: 4289: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4277: 4272: 4268: 4263: 4262:public domain 4251: 4248: 4244: 4243: 4230: 4224: 4216: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4193: 4188: 4173:. 5 June 2000 4172: 4168: 4162: 4154: 4153: 4148: 4141: 4135: 4130: 4123: 4122:0-907158-58-7 4119: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4098: 4092: 4087: 4080: 4074: 4068: 4063: 4057: 4052: 4046: 4041: 4035: 4030: 4024: 4019: 4003: 3999: 3993: 3986: 3981: 3975: 3970: 3964: 3959: 3953: 3948: 3941: 3936: 3930: 3925: 3919: 3914: 3908: 3903: 3897: 3892: 3886: 3881: 3875: 3870: 3851: 3844: 3838: 3831: 3826: 3820: 3815: 3809: 3804: 3798: 3793: 3787: 3782: 3776: 3771: 3765: 3760: 3754: 3749: 3742: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3714: 3708: 3703: 3697: 3692: 3686: 3681: 3675: 3670: 3654: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3633: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3595: 3589: 3584: 3578: 3573: 3567: 3562: 3556: 3554: 3547: 3541: 3540:9780748618033 3537: 3533: 3531: 3524: 3518: 3514: 3511: 3506: 3499: 3493: 3485: 3478: 3462: 3458: 3456: 3448: 3446: 3439: 3437: 3430: 3423: 3422:Chisholm 1911 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3393: 3392: 3385: 3379: 3377: 3370: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3337: 3327: 3326:Leabhar Breac 3324: 3322: 3319: 3318: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3265: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3235:Rev. W. Awdry 3232: 3228: 3227: 3221: 3214: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3200: 3197: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3163: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3107: 3105: 3101: 3100:Preseli Hills 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3064:Saint Patrick 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3044:Ailbe of Emly 3041: 3037: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2969: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2898: 2897:King of Dyfed 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2814:king leinster 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2792: 2791:Breac Maodhóg 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2775:Pembrokeshire 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2657: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2626:Inis Cathaigh 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2598: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2393:Einion Frenin 2388: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2313:Menai Straits 2310: 2306: 2305:Trearddur bay 2302: 2292: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2268:Samson of Dol 2265: 2258:Caldey Island 2255: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2236:Celtic Briton 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2164:St Brides Bay 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2005: 2004: 1999: 1998: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1916: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1892: 1890: 1889:Càrn na Marbh 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1865:or in Gaelic 1864: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1801: 1799: 1794: 1793: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1750:), today the 1749: 1745: 1741: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1690:Cenél Conaill 1681: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1655: 1654:Leabhar Breac 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1608:Culross Abbey 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1553:Córus Bésgnai 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1532:Abbot of Iona 1529: 1525: 1520: 1518: 1515:mentioned in 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1385:Saint Columba 1382: 1372: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1345: 1339: 1338: 1332: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1289: 1284: 1283:Doolough Lake 1280: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1259: 1258:Doolough Lake 1253: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1218: 1208: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1148: 1146: 1145:Ollamh Fodhla 1141: 1137: 1136:Saint Molaise 1133: 1129: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1097: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1059:Book of Lecan 1055: 1053: 1049: 1048:Book of Lecan 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1020: 1010: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 977: 975: 971: 967: 963: 947: 945: 941: 937: 936:Hiberno-Latin 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 862: 860: 855: 853: 849: 846:(1815–1892), 845: 841: 838: 834: 830: 821: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 785: 783: 773: 769: 766: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 740: 738: 734: 730: 725: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 706:Aberdeenshire 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 682: 680: 676: 672: 667: 663: 659: 655: 650: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 614: 612: 608: 603: 600: 595: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 572: 570: 567:According to 565: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 496: 491: 489: 484: 482: 477: 476: 474: 473: 470: 467: 466: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 448:Samson of Dol 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 345: 343: 339: 335: 327: 326: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 255: 249: 248: 241: 238: 237: 234: 231: 230: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 206: 205: 204: 201: 198: 197: 192: 189: 187: 184: 183: 182: 181: 178: 175: 174: 169: 166: 164: 161: 160: 159: 158: 155: 152: 151: 148: 145: 144: 138: 137: 133: 129: 128: 125: 120: 119: 115: 113: 107: 106: 98: 96: 95:Saint Patrick 91: 89: 88:Philip Schaff 79: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 50: 45: 35: 30: 26: 22: 4400: 4396: 4377: 4373: 4366: 4359: 4352: 4338: 4329: 4321: 4308: 4298: 4291: 4284: 4274: 4246: 4240:Bibliography 4205:Tairngreacht 4204: 4198: 4187: 4175:. Retrieved 4170: 4161: 4152:The Guardian 4150: 4140: 4129: 4113: 4108: 4097: 4086: 4078: 4073: 4062: 4051: 4040: 4029: 4018: 4006:. Retrieved 4001: 3992: 3980: 3969: 3958: 3947: 3935: 3924: 3913: 3902: 3891: 3880: 3869: 3857:. Retrieved 3850:the original 3837: 3825: 3814: 3803: 3792: 3781: 3770: 3759: 3748: 3736: 3724: 3713: 3702: 3691: 3680: 3669: 3657:. Retrieved 3653:the original 3643: 3632: 3620:. Retrieved 3608: 3604: 3594: 3583: 3572: 3561: 3552: 3546: 3529: 3523: 3505: 3497: 3492: 3483: 3477: 3465:. Retrieved 3461:the original 3454: 3435: 3429: 3390: 3384: 3375: 3358: 3354: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3246: 3239:rack railway 3218: 3191: 3169: 3152:Bride's Hill 3148:Saint Brigid 3141: 3130:, mother to 3120:Saint Madron 3113: 3033: 3024:Penmon abbey 3003:Saint Illtud 3000: 2997:Saint Illtud 2972: 2924: 2901: 2862: 2834: 2802:King Brandub 2795: 2735:Welsh triads 2728: 2687:Brides mound 2663: 2654: 2604: 2556: 2502:poem of the 2488:Clan MacDuff 2424:Eric P. Hamp 2417: 2413:Ian Sturrock 2389: 2385:female deity 2380:Clynnog Fawr 2373: 2369:Corionototae 2333:D. A. Binchy 2309:River Braint 2298: 2274:and Anna of 2261: 2248:Cassiterides 2200: 2196:Twrch Trwyth 2168:Saint Brigid 2141: 2137:Pen Rhionydd 2125:Welsh triads 2081:Saint Gildas 2069: 2032: 2008: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1944:Isle of Bute 1933: 1921:Wigtownshire 1912: 1898: 1868:Fartairchill 1860: 1814:Augustinians 1807: 1760:Statute hill 1756:Hill of Tara 1752:Scone Palace 1737: 1728:Tanist Stone 1687: 1677: 1644:", the word 1637:Coluim-Cille 1632:Cruithnechán 1629: 1561: 1521: 1505:Castledermot 1446: 1393:Viking Raids 1378: 1364:Ynys Medcant 1361:spelling of 1350:Inis Medcoit 1328: 1293: 1277:, who was a 1262: 1214: 1184: 1168: 1154: 1125: 1109: 1094: 1091:dead victims 1056: 1018: 1016: 1002:James Carney 983: 958: 931: 912:Stowe Missal 873: 856: 832: 829:Hector Boece 827: 813: 809: 791: 779: 770: 741: 736: 729:Presbyterian 726: 683: 651: 620: 604: 596: 576:Four Masters 573: 566: 537: 532: 516:Clonmacnoise 509: 342:Welsh saints 338:Irish saints 287: 268:Celtic Cross 263:Celtic chant 111: 92: 85: 20: 18: 4290:W. Reeves, 4008:19 December 3998:"St. Govan" 3859:14 December 3659:14 December 3605:Scriptorium 3467:30 November 3241:called the 3237:there is a 3211:By foot of 3080:Saint David 3030:Saint Ailbe 2975:Queen Macha 2893:Votecorigas 2865:Llanhuadain 2767:Saint David 2739:Saint David 2646:Saint Goban 2638:Derrynaflan 2606:Saint Govan 2601:Saint Govan 2595:Esker Riada 2591:Leath Cuinn 2496:Round tower 2436:Freeholding 2376:Saint Beuno 2284:St Illtyd's 2144:Saint David 2129:King Arthur 2077:Saint Cadog 2066:Saint David 1940:Saint Blane 1847:Máel Brigte 1839:Bannockburn 1744:Scone Abbey 1700:itself was 1664:Tòrr an Aba 1557:Senchas Már 1545:Clan MacLea 1541:Indrechtach 1513:Dál Fiatach 1485:Scone Abbey 1467:written by 1422:Inishmurray 1405:Kells Abbey 1355:Lindisfarne 1331:Saint Áedán 1326:in AD 565. 1307:Qui habitat 1301:Qui Habitat 1233:. The word 1101:Crom Cruach 1075:Colum Cille 974:Emain Macha 970:Queen Macha 962:Emain Macha 910:books, the 908:Celtic Rite 892:Dál nAraidi 840:monasticism 818:Cistercians 814:Itinerarium 765:Augustinian 748:Alexander I 611:dissolution 599:Danish wars 552:in AD 780. 542:Martyrology 293:Insular art 278:Celtic Rite 273:Celtic mass 258:Bell shrine 76:Middle Ages 4326:E.J. Gwynn 4283:B. Olsen, 3611:(2): 277. 3290:, and the 3282:'s novels 3176:Protestant 3160:Otherworld 3090:. In 2000 3084:Port Clais 3082:454 AD at 3015:Côr Tewdws 3001:In Wales, 2968:Mabinogion 2912:otherworld 2885:Clynderwen 2711:Tír na nÓg 2707:Otherworld 2634:Goban Saor 2557:Professor 2409:Beddgelert 2301:Glan Conwy 2180:Glan Conwy 2072:Rhygyfarch 2056:Canterbury 1863:Fortingall 1857:Fortingall 1830:Old Gaelic 1822:St. Ninian 1792:Féth fíada 1778:Conmhaícne 1774:Maigh Rein 1626:Iona Abbey 1620:Holly Tree 1612:Saint Serf 1604:beekeeping 1576:Corybantes 1524:Old Gaelic 1501:Mael Ruain 1442:Iona Abbey 1430:St Molaise 1369:Hen Ogledd 1265:Lebar Brec 1187:St Feichin 1140:Boa Island 1132:Lough Erne 1067:Bec mac Dé 920:Terryglass 884:Máel Ruain 859:Chrodegang 686:St Andrews 666:St Andrews 654:St Andrews 639:Loch Leven 584:Monahincha 580:Clondalkin 383:Columbanus 56:eremitical 40:pronounced 4223:cite book 4177:25 August 4155:. London. 3284:Byzantium 3038:as being 2751:old Irish 2747:Marmaduke 2701:’ in the 2546:known as 2544:High King 2540:Manawydan 2530:’ in the 2500:Old Welsh 2492:Abernethy 2468:Venicones 2420:John Koch 2397:Dubricius 2337:Brigantia 2321:Brigantes 2289:Dubricius 2282:Stone in 2264:Saint Pyr 2224:Milesians 2220:Canaanite 2203:John Rhys 2123:. In the 1968:Magnus VI 1917:(gaidhel) 1740:Moot Hill 1734:Moot Hill 1526:title of 1507:, son of 1473:Glasnevin 1438:Dál Riata 1426:Anam Cara 1320:Benbulbin 1164:Palladius 996:scholar, 924:Anam Cara 916:anchorite 876:Parthalón 800:in north 731:minister 710:Abernethy 698:Lochleven 662:cruciform 641:lived on 590:, and at 588:Tipperary 423:Kentigern 398:Dubricius 82:Etymology 49:Christian 4417:Category 4171:BBC News 3513:Archived 3378:, Vol.IV 3315:See also 3192:Reullura 3104:St Elvis 3072:St Elvis 2943:Rhiannon 2920:Teamhair 2873:Narberth 2849:Connacht 2670:Modomnoc 2622:Dairinis 2589:and the 2575:Toutatis 2510:and the 2365:Coriondi 2353:Leinster 2244:Hispania 2240:Dumnonia 2213:and the 2133:Celliwig 2105:Henfynyw 2048:Holy See 2036:Anglesey 2011:Vestmenn 1962:and the 1960:Na Renna 1956:Kingarth 1948:Kingarth 1925:Uí Ímair 1909:Galloway 1885:Beltaine 1877:yew tree 1826:Whithorn 1810:Monymusk 1769:Maothail 1720:Dalriada 1528:Comarbae 1509:Áed Róin 1497:Tallaght 1469:St Mobhi 1453:Lia Fáil 1444:in 563. 1312:Psalm 91 1105:Dullahan 1028:Cruachan 986:Blathmac 980:Blathmac 960:site of 902:. Today 852:Pelagian 702:Monymusk 617:Scotland 554:Maelruan 524:Devenish 438:Oudoceus 408:Gwynllyw 388:Cuthbert 252:Features 112:a series 108:Part of 64:Scotland 52:monastic 29:Céilí Dé 4423:Culdees 4311:(1811). 4271:Culdees 4264:: 4249:(1908). 3484:Culdees 3351:Culdees 3288:Patrick 3264:Diocese 3060:Munster 2951:Cantref 2804:of the 2783:Wexford 2771:Menevia 2755:Columba 2685:called 2642:Céli Dé 2552:Cunedda 2548:Maelgwn 2520:Nechtan 2460:Gwyddel 2428:Gwynedd 2361:Gangani 2357:Ptolemy 2323:called 2311:on the 2272:Demetae 2232:Demetae 2113:Demetae 2101:Menevia 2097:thicket 2095:of the 2040:Bardsey 1974:at the 1942:on the 1881:Samhain 1851:Bricius 1764:Muthill 1694:Dunkeld 1684:Dunkeld 1669:Columba 1537:Termonn 1449:Dunkeld 1428:called 1409:Columba 1397:Columba 1359:Cumbric 1270:cathach 1252:cathach 1246:Cathach 1236:cathach 1226:cathach 1221:Sionann 1116:Adomnán 1079:Cruthin 1057:In the 880:Finglas 831:in his 794:Snowdon 776:England 756:Thurgot 752:David I 714:Brechin 694:Dunkeld 660:and is 631:Columba 623:Pictish 540:, "the 506:Ireland 458:Tewdrig 443:Patrick 378:Columba 363:Brendan 313:Plygain 288:Culdees 141:History 101:History 74:in the 72:England 60:Ireland 36: 21:Culdees 4345: 4324:, ed. 4258: 4211: 4120: 3622:1 July 3538: 3391:, 1886 3353:". In 3266:, the 3248:Culdee 3156:Avalon 3128:Modron 3007:Culdee 2983:horses 2927:prince 2908:Throne 2800:after 2787:shrine 2759:Brigid 2699:Queirt 2691:Avalon 2679:Brigid 2650:Gobain 2567:Veneti 2536:Manann 2516:Carpow 2512:Fianna 2504:Pa gur 2464:Fianna 2456:Goidel 2444:Fénius 2432:Goídel 2349:Laigin 2317:bardic 2158:. The 2042:. The 2019:Pabbay 1726:, the 1592:Brigid 1588:Cybele 1580:Cronus 1568:druids 1481:Atholl 1459:, the 1241:Aos sí 1231:Phéist 966:oldest 964:. The 824:Origin 607:Armagh 520:Clones 512:Armagh 433:Ninian 413:Illtud 4328:. In 3853:(PDF) 3846:(PDF) 3332:Notes 3257:Sodor 3213:Saxon 3203:Albyn 3201:Were 3184:Roman 3172:Kelts 3132:Mabon 3088:Dyfed 2939:Annwn 2931:Dyfed 2918:or a 2889:Ogham 2779:Ferns 2763:Jesus 2731:Aidan 2618:Solva 2614:Ailbe 2476:Forth 2458:was ‘ 2450:. In 2448:Ogham 2405:Enlli 2280:Ogham 2276:Gwent 2252:Ictis 2117:Déisi 2054:that 2023:Pabay 2015:papar 1915:gaels 1647:Cille 1596:Earth 1584:Galli 1572:Coarb 1318:near 1200:fiach 1112:Tiree 837:Ionan 802:Wales 788:Wales 718:abbot 690:Scone 647:Brude 625:king 582:, at 550:Croom 548:near 528:Sligo 453:Teilo 393:David 373:Cadoc 358:Alban 308:Papar 68:Wales 25:Irish 4343:ISBN 4229:link 4209:ISBN 4179:2019 4118:ISBN 4010:2009 3861:2023 3661:2023 3624:2017 3536:ISBN 3469:2014 3068:Emly 3054:and 3022:and 2955:Llŷr 2916:Sidh 2869:Llan 2837:stag 2719:Medb 2715:mead 2695:afal 2486:was 2472:Fife 2230:The 2135:and 2093:cell 2079:and 2058:and 2038:and 2000:and 1929:Ímar 1899:The 1883:and 1678:Iona 1642:Cell 1493:Alba 1477:Alba 1050:and 812:and 796:and 782:York 750:and 712:and 635:Iona 597:The 526:and 428:Malo 283:Clas 70:and 54:and 34:lit. 19:The 4401:29C 4273:". 3613:doi 3233:by 3229:In 3190:'s 3086:in 2929:of 2789:of 2781:in 2773:in 2769:at 2743:Áed 2538:or 1950:in 1796:or 1614:of 1471:of 930:of 898:in 722:lay 704:in 586:in 4419:: 4399:. 4395:. 4225:}} 4221:{{ 4169:. 4149:. 4000:. 3607:. 3603:. 3534:; 3444:^ 3398:^ 3366:^ 3357:. 3340:^ 3286:, 3194:: 3134:. 3106:. 3050:, 3046:, 3042:, 2993:. 2961:, 2816:, 2652:. 2597:. 2554:. 2422:, 2387:. 2371:. 2254:. 2139:. 2025:. 2006:. 1994:, 1988:, 1931:. 1559:. 1519:. 1371:. 1260:. 1177:. 1166:. 1147:. 1130:, 1081:, 1054:. 1046:, 946:. 820:. 708:, 700:, 696:, 692:, 688:, 594:. 522:, 518:, 514:, 116:on 66:, 62:, 31:, 27:: 4231:) 4217:. 4181:. 4012:. 3987:, 3942:, 3863:. 3832:, 3663:. 3626:. 3615:: 3609:3 3486:. 3471:. 3424:. 3359:4 3270:. 494:e 487:t 480:v 23:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index