662:
321:
17:
476:
924:
2476:
897:
1014:. Here, he used Gildas' work among other sources to relate his narrative. Bede's agenda differed from that of Gildas in that he sought to present the British Church as heterodox and his own, English Church, as orthodox. The next early medieval source to discuss Romano-British Christianity was the ninth-century
576:(Lincoln). These cities were provincial capitals, and the bishops were likely metropolitans with authority over the other bishops in their provinces. The presence of the three bishops indicates that by the early 4th century, the British Christian community was organised on a regional basis and held a distinct
812:
was celebrated. It also had overlapping functions, for instance as a meeting place, a place of group worship, and a place for solitary prayer. Unlike later medieval
Britain, Roman Britain lacked a dense network of parish churches. Instead, a range of different types of church structure were present
824:
Church buildings would have required an altar at which the
Eucharist could be celebrated, a place from where readings could be made, space for the offertory procession, and room for the congregation. Comparisons from other parts of the Roman Empire indicate that Romano-British examples likely also
1182:
resulted in the discovery of a Romano-British church that had once existed on the site. By the latter half of that century there was sufficient material available that archaeologists could discuss
Christianity in Roman Britain independently of the historical record. A major attempt to discuss the
1136:, who noted its Christian symbolism but who thought that it had likely originated in France and been brought to England by fifteenth-century soldiers. In another instance, a Romano-British beaker decorated with Biblical scenes was discovered in a child's grave within the Anglo-Saxon cemetery at
1121:
began to develop as a discipline in
Britain. A number of Romano-British Christian artefacts were discovered at this time, although their origins were not always recognised. In some cases items were recognised as being Romano-British, but not as Christian; in others they were recognised as being
968:
was later built. Alban is the only Romano-British martyr whose cult definitely survived the termination of the Roman imperial administration among an enclave of
British Christians. Germanus described visiting Alban's shrine and exchanging relics there in 429. Bede writes that his cult was still
765:
was condemning
British bishops. During the twentieth century, various scholars of Western British Christianity avoided explanations of Romano-British survival and instead sought to trace the origins of Christianity in this part of Europe to sea routes. The first to challenge this assumption was
645:
By the 4th century, there were probably Romano-British families split by their religious allegiance; some
Christian, others following pagan religions. Some individuals may have oscillated between the two. By the second half of the 4th century, Christians held several senior administrative posts
424:
also wrote that
Christianity had reached Britain. The accuracy of these statements can be questioned given that both writers had a strong rhetorical aspect to their work, which was designed to glorify what was still an illegal and underground religious movement. It is nevertheless possible that
428:
Christianity experienced slow and steady growth in the empire during the 3rd century. However, the number of
British Christians was probably small, and it is unlikely there was any extensive church organisation before the 4th century. In the mid-3rd century, there was an intensification of the
406:
Precisely when
Christianity arrived in Roman Britain is not known. The province experienced a constant influx of people from across the empire, some of whom were possibly Christians. There is nevertheless a difference between transient Christians who may have arrived in Britain and a settled,
946:. There has been considerable debate among historians as to when these individuals lived and died. The name Aaron is Hebrew and might suggest an individual of Jewish heritage. Aaron and Julius were probably martyred in a single event during the 3rd century. This likely occurred before
840:
The sporadic persecution of Christians which occurred for several centuries prevented the construction of official, purpose-built churches. Instead, early Christian meeting places were often indistinguishable from residential houses. Although some of these church house
1027:
In the high and later Middle Ages, historical accounts continued to be produced which discussed the establishment of Christianity in Roman Britain. These were, according to Petts, increasingly "garbled and fanciful" in their narratives. Writing in his twelfth century
1165:
It was in the twentieth century that more significant quantities of Romano-British Christian material was discovered. Various hoards, such as that from Mildenhall, were found that contained Christian material. The excavation of various Roman villas, such as that at
871:
after his conversion in 179 AD. Interestingly, the church altar is sited directly above the potential location of a pagan shrine room, of the great Roman London basilica. If Lucius did exist, it could make sense that he turned the pagan shrine room into a church.
677:. Theodosius' decree would probably have impacted Britain and been acted upon by the provincial administration. Martin Henig suggested that by the end of the 4th century, "a large proportion of British society, however materially impoverished," was Christian.
1109:, there were a growing number of English theologians who turned to the first arrival of Christianity in Britain to argue that the island had preserved an older, purer form of Christianity separate from that which had been corrupted by the Church in Rome.
760:
Textual sources suggest that the Christian communities established in the Roman province survived in Western Britain during the fourth, fifth, and sixth centuries. This Western British Christianity proceeded to develop on its own terms. In the 540s,
883:
in 314 AD. Restitutus must have had a church base. Secondly, in 1417, during a discussion about the order of precedence in a Whit Monday procession, the Mayor of London confirmed that St Peter's was the first church founded in London. Given that
904:
The existence of Christian symbolism on flagons, bowls, cups, spoons, wine strainers and other items used to hold food or drink suggests the existence of Christian feasts in Roman Britain. That many of these items, such as those from the
992:("The Ruin and Conquest of Britain"). Many of the claims which Gildas made about the establishment of Christianity in Roman Britain are at odds with the information provided in other sources; he for instance claimed that the emperor
969:
venerated in the 8th century and that his tomb was the site of miracles. There may have been other Romano-British saints' cults which survived into the 6th and 7th centuries, when they were suppressed amid the Anglo-Saxon migration.
259:
The archaeological evidence for Christianity in Roman Britain is not extensive, but the available evidence helps scholars determine the extent of the religion in this period. Determining whether an item was used in Christian or
848:
It is possible that Christians might have adopted pre-existing Romano-Celtic temples as their places of worship. This is an explanation which archaeologists have advanced in discussions of the Verulamium temple in front of the
264:
symbolism and usage is not always straightforward, with the interpretation of such items often being speculative. This Christian material represents a "tiny proportion" of archaeological material recovered from Roman Britain.
384:
People typically believed in a wide range of gods and goddesses. They worshipped several of them, likely selecting some local and tribal deities and some of the major divinities venerated across the Empire. The archaeologist
1201:
There remains divisions among scholars in their understanding of Romano-British Christianity. This divide is often based on disciplinary divisions, with scholars of Roman archaeology and history on one side and scholars of
1148:
in the 1850s. Akerman regarded it as being early medieval and of Gaulish origin. The first attempt to synthesise archaeological and historical material to understand Romano-British Christianity was an
982:
After the fall of Roman imperial rule, Britain entered what historians call the early medieval period. During this period, there was an awareness that Christianity had existed in Roman Britain.
208:
or believing in only one deity. Christianity was one of several religions introduced to Britain from the eastern part of the empire, others being those dedicated to certain deities, such as
393:, "a major polytheistic system", remains dominant, and "where churches containing images of Christ and the Virgin are in a tiny minority against the many temples of gods and goddesses".
789:
and gained permission from the Kentish king to restore several pre-existing churches. The survival of Romano-British churches in this period is also attested in other sources, like the
357:
These separate religious traditions developed into a hybrid Romano-Celtic religion through cultural mixing. Indigenous deities and Roman counterparts were sometimes syncretised, like
338:
Roman Britain was religiously diverse, with followers of the native Celtic religion, Roman religion, and imported eastern religions. These eastern cults included those of the deities
1075:
There was a revived interest in Romano-British Christianity in the sixteenth and seventeenth century, where it occurred against a backdrop of the arguments between adherents of
757:. Archaeologists tend toward the view that this transition from Romano-British to Anglo-Saxon culture was piecemeal and gradual, rather than the result of a sudden conquest.
1190:
in 1953, which focused primarily on attempts to recognise Christian motifs and symbols on artefacts. Following Toynbee, the most important contribution to the subject was
177:
698:
is the only surviving written testimony that was written by a Romano-British Christian, although mostly discusses his time in Ireland rather than Britain. In the 470s,
745:
Many archaeologists believe that the end of Roman life in Britain occurred swiftly during the first three decades of the fifth century. This event was followed by the
694:
642:
offered lodging at public expense, but most bishops refused, except for the British. This suggests that the British church was either poor or numerically small.
407:
Romano-British Christian community. Historian Dorothy Watts suggested that Christianity was perhaps introduced to Britain in the latter part of the 2nd century.
737:
refers to the bishop visiting Britain for a second time, this time with a Bishop Severus, in the last year of his life, although the precise year is not known.
1175:
1093:
170:
713:
There are various other surviving textual references attesting to the presence of Christianity in late 4th and 5th century Britain. In the 390s,
197:
from at least the third century until the end of the Roman imperial administration in the early fifth century, and continued in western Britain.
2480:
2438:
661:
430:
1010:
270:
770:, who argued that Romano-British Christianity was in fact the parent of what she termed "the so-called Celtic Church" of Western Britain.
389:
suggested that to "sense something of the spiritual environment of Christianity at this time", it would be useful to imagine India, where
2501:
163:
915:
Most Romano-British Christians were probably illiterate and most of their knowledge of Christianity would have come through ceremony.
2506:
674:
670:
521:
1918:
152:
856:
There are also other pre-Christian religious sites which may have been adopted by Romano-British Christians. One example is the
144:
140:
2496:
53:
2329:
996:
was a Christian who sanctioned the religion's spread, and that the British Church underwent a schism due to the influence of
381:
and imperial Roman architectural styles but was also unique. Buildings in this style remained in use until the 4th century.
688:, was likely born in Britain in the second half of the 4th century, although lived most of his life in continental Europe.
49:
909:, were lavish, suggests that the Christian community might depend on its wealthier members for their ceremonial material.
236:
988:
986:, a British Christian monk living somewhere in Western Britain during the sixth century CE, discussed the issue in his
2348:
2303:
2284:
2246:
1905:
416:
545:
120:
45:
626:
in 343. However, the council records do not indicate any British bishops were present; for this reason, historian
463:, three Romano-British martyrs mentioned in early medieval sources, were killed at this time. In 260, the Emperor
583:
The names of several Romano-British bishops have also been found in inscriptions on archaeological finds. On the
753:
communities from modern Denmark and northern Germany settled in Britain, forming the cultural area now known as
2265:
455:). These waves of persecution may have impacted the Christian community in Britain. It is possible that Saints
108:
223:
After the collapse of Roman imperial administration, much of southern and eastern Britain was affected by the
875:
Two other facts however, may give credence to St Peter's Roman past. The first is that London sent a bishop,
665:
A modern depiction of Saint Patrick, the only Romano-British Christian to leave a surviving written testimony
467:
issued an edict that decriminalised Christianity, allowing the church to own property as a corporate body.
92:
1191:
888:
was founded in 604, this clearly implies that St Peter's was considered in 1417 to be founded pre-600.
880:
627:
1154:
1030:
850:
833:
502:
483:
333:
88:
845:) have been recognised in other parts of the empire, none have so far been discovered in Britain.
785:, these Augustinian missionaries utilised an old Romano-British church that had been dedicated to
614:, British churchmen were present at other councils called to settle the controversy. According to
1046:
as two of the missionaries who brought Christianity to Britain. He also claimed that the Empress
774:
692:
was also born in Britain to a family who had been Christians for at least three generations. His
619:
607:
373:. Romano-British temples were sometimes erected at older, pre-Roman cultic sites. A new style of
329:
1005:
885:
864:
537:
72:
1159:
1055:
857:
746:
506:
248:
224:
148:
21:
1068:
1035:
699:
374:
228:
76:
8:
2389:
Sharpe, Richard (2001). "Were there British Bishops at the Council of Serdica, AD 343?".
1098:
1072:. Such stories entered and influenced popular folklore, where they were further altered.
1059:
965:
928:
781:
to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity. According to the writings of the later monk
754:
726:
635:
587:
is a fragmentary inscription stating "Bishop Exuperius gave to..." A lead salt-pan from
533:
309:
280:
240:
112:
104:
68:
16:
2432:
2318:
2226:
1198:; published in 1981, it discussed historical, archaeological, and linguistic evidence.
1145:
1123:
1016:
906:
818:
791:
750:
703:
623:
611:
549:
445:
290:
733:
in 429, there to deal with a bishop named Agricola who was promoting Pelagianism. The
595:
also contains a Latin inscription which likely related "Of Viventius, the bishop...".
2344:
2325:
2299:
2280:
2261:
2242:
2221:
1901:
1102:
1076:
1051:
868:
778:
631:
599:
136:
1050:, mother of Constantine, had been the daughter of a (mythical) ruler of Colchester,
350:. Christianity was just one of these eastern cults. Christianity was an offshoot of
320:
2459:
2455:
2398:
1179:
1133:
1047:
939:
935:
813:
across the region. One term for a church that was likely used in Roman Britain was
730:
584:
577:
460:
378:
247:
that a Romano-British Christianity had existed. In fact, the Romano-British church
1187:
1084:
786:
767:
718:
655:
239:
in the seventh century and the institutional church reintroduced, following the
2320:
The Conversion of Britain: Religion, Politics and Society in Britain c. 600–800
1203:
1167:
1149:
1137:
707:
639:
573:
525:
514:
354:, but there is no direct evidence that Judaism was practised in Roman Britain.
324:
The province of Britain within the wider Roman Empire, as it existed in 125 CE.
116:
1038:
for instance added new details to the conversion tale, for instance by naming
540:, the first church council summoned by a Roman emperor. The council condemned
2490:
2313:
1080:
1039:
689:
647:
501:). Nevertheless, it appears that British Christians suffered less during the
204:, involving multiple gods and goddesses. Christianity was different in being
194:
2294:
Sharpe, Richard (2002). "Martyrs and Local Saints in Late Antique Britain".
1122:
Christian, but not Romano-British. For example, the ploughing of a field in
1105:
switched its allegiance from Roman Catholicism to the Protestant-influenced
634:
claimed that at least three bishops from Britain were in attendance at the
490:
The most severe persecution of Christians by the empire began in 303 under
386:
304:
232:
190:
475:
414:
included Britain in a list of places reached by Christianity in his work,
2402:
1184:
1141:
1132:
plate featuring a Chi-Rho symbol. It was investigated by the antiquarian
1118:
1106:
1063:
943:
685:
456:
299:
1088:
957:
876:
714:
615:
588:
561:
491:
411:
362:
243:. There remained an awareness among Anglo-Saxon Christian writers like
205:
201:
132:
1425:
961:
923:
809:
808:
In Roman Britain, the church primarily served as the place where the
565:
464:
425:
Tertullian and Origen were basing their statements on some reality.
1548:
1043:
997:
993:
827:
681:
651:
603:
592:
569:
557:
541:
510:
390:
1686:
630:
argued that Athanasius was inaccurate. The Gallo-Roman chronicler
517:, putting an end to the persecution of Christians in the empire.
1112:
1021:
725:
referred to a priesthood existing there. Another Gaulish bishop,
553:
479:
370:
351:
343:
295:
217:
25:
2475:
2410:
Stephens, G. R. (1987). "A Note on the Martyrdom of St Alban".
1972:
1702:
1171:
983:
762:
529:
434:
421:
358:
347:
285:
209:
2324:. Religion, Politics and Society in Britain. Pearson Longman.
1271:
1097:, which dealt with the arrival of Christianity. Following the
896:
602:, but it appears that the British bishops were united against
2008:
2006:
1477:
1310:
1174:, revealed Christian symbolism on mosaics. The excavation of
900:
Votive plaque with Chi-Rho symbol from the Water Newton hoard
505:
than Christians elsewhere. In 313, the Western Roman Emperor
366:
261:
1288:
1286:
817:, a term which appears in an inscription from the Christian
2369:
Evidence for Christianity in Roman Britain: The Small Finds
2258:
Christianity in England from Roman Times to the Reformation
1206:
or of early medieval archaeology and history on the other.
1128:
1001:
912:
Some mosaic floors are likely to depict Christian imagery.
782:
710:, referring to the latter as having been British by birth.
680:
Several prominent Christians were Romano-British by birth.
658:, the Christian governor of one of the British provinces.
339:
275:
244:
213:
2296:
Local Saints and Local Churches in the Early Medieval West
2003:
1572:
1441:
1413:
1601:
1599:
1283:
1020:, later attributed—perhaps mistakenly—to the Welsh monk
1993:
1991:
1938:
1936:
1872:
1870:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1777:
1775:
1750:
1748:
1735:
1733:
1560:
2200:
2198:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2166:
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2162:
2160:
2158:
2143:
2133:
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2129:
2114:
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2102:
2089:
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2081:
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2062:
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2047:
2045:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1826:
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1822:
1809:
1807:
1652:
1650:
1635:
1596:
1538:
1536:
1523:
1521:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1389:
1331:
1329:
1261:
1259:
956:
The date of Alban's death is disputed, but he died at
821:
and which was not commonly used for pagan cult sites.
2446:
Toynbee, J. (1953). "Christianity in Roman Britain".
1465:
1353:
1000:. The arrival of Christianity was later discussed by
2298:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 75–154.
2260:. Vol. 1: From Roman Times to 1066. SCM Press.
2030:
2018:
1988:
1948:
1933:
1882:
1867:
1787:
1772:
1760:
1745:
1730:
1718:
1662:
1623:
1584:
1489:
1341:
977:
2195:
2176:
2155:
2126:
2099:
2072:
2057:
2042:
1960:
1836:
1819:
1804:
1674:
1647:
1533:
1518:
1501:
1453:
1365:
1326:
1256:
2317:
2225:
1611:
1401:
1377:
1244:
1232:
1162:in 1896, it remained little known among scholars.
863:There is a long-standing tradition in London that
532:, and the chief city of the province was led by a
2448:Journal of the British Archaeological Association
2232:(2nd ed.). London: Adam & Charles Black.
1298:
1220:
773:In the late sixth century, the Pope ordered that
2488:
740:
837:, or room where the unbaptised could withdraw.
2376:Morris, J. R. (1968). "The Date of St Alban".
1183:archaeological evidence was in a paper by the
1113:Archaeology and the development of scholarship
1087:, came to England in 1501 and befriended King
1900:'King Lucius of Britain' by David J. Knight (
671:Emperor Theodosius banned all pagan religions
171:
2255:
2012:
1578:
1554:
1483:
1447:
1435:
1419:
1292:
1277:
1011:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
953:, when the legions withdrew from Caerleon.
271:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
1917:The King Lucius Tabula, John Clark (2014),
2437:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
178:
164:
2371:. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
552:. The British bishops in attendance were
420:. His contemporary, the Greek theologian
2409:
2220:
1471:
922:
895:
831:chair where the bishop would sit, and a
660:
606:. While no British bishops attended the
474:
470:
410:Around 200, the Carthaginian theologian
401:
319:
200:Religion in Roman Britain was generally
15:
2445:
2425:Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500
1196:Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500
598:The British church was affected by the
528:. The church in each city was led by a
2489:
2422:
2388:
2375:
2341:Christians and Pagans in Roman Britain
2293:
2036:
2024:
1798:
1781:
1766:
1754:
1739:
1724:
1708:
1692:
1668:
1566:
1265:
675:Christianity now the official religion
377:developed that was influenced by both
2366:
2338:
2312:
2274:
2236:
2204:
2189:
2170:
2149:
2137:
2120:
2108:
2093:
2066:
2051:
1997:
1982:
1978:
1966:
1954:
1942:
1888:
1876:
1861:
1849:
1830:
1813:
1712:
1696:
1680:
1656:
1641:
1629:
1617:
1605:
1590:
1542:
1527:
1512:
1495:
1459:
1431:
1407:
1395:
1383:
1371:
1359:
1347:
1335:
1320:
1316:
1304:
1250:
1238:
1226:
918:
305:The Life of Saint Germanus of Auxerre
522:Christian church in the Roman Empire
50:Catholic Church in England and Wales
1004:, an Anglo-Saxon monk based in the
803:
13:
2502:History of Christianity in England
2359:
2343:. London and New York: Routledge.
2228:The Pre-Conquest Church in England
1054:. Another twelfth-century writer,
989:De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae
721:, travelled to Britain and in his
433:, particularly under the Emperors
14:
2518:
2468:
1117:In the early eighteenth century,
978:Medieval and early modern periods
972:
536:. In 314, Constantine called the
2507:History of Christianity in Wales
2474:
121:Elizabethan Religious Settlement
2241:. New York: St Martin's Press.
1924:
1911:
1894:
622:, British bishops attended the
496:
450:
439:
2460:10.1080/00681288.1953.11894720
2256:Hylson-Smith, Kenneth (1999).
729:, was sent to Britain by Pope
145:19th-century Church of England
141:18th-century Church of England
109:Dissolution of the Monasteries
1:
2497:Christianity in Roman Britain
2481:Christianity in Roman Britain
2277:Christianity in Roman Britain
1209:
947:
891:
741:5th and 6th century survivals
646:within the government of the
610:in 325, considered the first
396:
268:Literary sources include the
249:existed continuously in Wales
231:as the primary religion. The
77:Christianity in Roman Britain
1214:
673:throughout the empire, with
93:Religion in Medieval England
7:
938:from Roman Britain: Saints
798:
254:
73:Legend of Christ in Britain
10:
2523:
2213:
1921:, accessed 17 January 2022
1144:during excavations led by
548:method of calculating the
524:based its organisation on
509:and Eastern Roman Emperor
327:
315:
153:Church of England (recent)
2412:Hertfordshire Archaeology
2378:Hertfordshire Archaeology
2239:Religion in Roman Britain
1155:English Historical Review
1031:Historia Regum Britanniae
927:Shrine of Saint Alban in
544:and agreed to follow the
431:persecution of Christians
237:converted to Christianity
2423:Thomas, Charles (1981).
1008:, in his eighth-century
503:Diocletianic Persecution
484:Lullingstone Roman Villa
334:Religion in ancient Rome
89:Anglo-Saxon Christianity
2367:Mawer, Frances (1995).
2339:Watts, Dorothy (1991).
1557:, pp. 55 & 58.
1058:, added the claim that
775:Augustine of Canterbury
751:linguistically Germanic
695:Confessio of St Patrick
620:Patriarch of Alexandria
608:First Council of Nicaea
330:Ancient Celtic religion
33:History of Christianity
2237:Henig, Martin (1984).
1006:Kingdom of Northumbria
934:There are three known
931:
901:
867:church was founded by
865:St Peter upon Cornhill
735:Life of Saint Germanus
666:
487:
325:
225:Anglo-Saxon migrations
29:
20:Detail of 4th-century
2275:Petts, David (2003).
1160:Francis J. Haverfield
1083:. An Italian writer,
1056:William of Malmesbury
926:
899:
747:Anglo-Saxon migration
664:
478:
471:4th and 5th centuries
402:2nd and 3rd centuries
328:Further information:
323:
149:Catholic emancipation
22:Hinton St Mary Mosaic
19:
2483:at Wikimedia Commons
2403:10.1484/J.Peri.3.435
1069:Gesta Regum Anglorum
1036:Geoffrey of Monmouth
706:, wrote to Faustus,
700:Apollinaris Sidonius
684:, the originator of
375:Romano-Celtic temple
229:Anglo-Saxon paganism
227:and a transition to
24:showing Christ with
1280:, pp. xvi–xix.
1176:St Paul-in-the-Bail
1126:in 1729 revealed a
1099:English Reformation
1060:Joseph of Aramathea
929:St Albans Cathedral
886:St Paul's Cathedral
755:Anglo-Saxon England
727:Germanus of Auxerre
636:Council of Ariminum
578:episcopal hierarchy
534:metropolitan bishop
310:Constantius of Lyon
281:The Ruin of Britain
241:Augustinian mission
113:Marian persecutions
105:English Reformation
69:Joseph of Arimathea
56:(Church of England)
36:
2279:. Stroud: Tempus.
2222:Deanesly, Margaret
1930:Knight, 2008, p 83
1695:, pp. 78–79;
1146:John Yonge Akerman
1124:Risley, Derbyshire
1094:Historiae Anglicae
1017:Historia Brittonum
932:
919:Martyrs and saints
907:Water Newton hoard
902:
819:Water Newton hoard
792:Life of St Wilfrid
723:De Laude Sanctorum
704:Bishop of Clermont
667:
654:corresponded with
624:Council of Serdica
612:ecumenical council
488:
326:
54:Calendar of saints
32:
30:
2479:Media related to
2331:978-0-582-77292-2
2152:, pp. 16–17.
2123:, pp. 13–14.
2013:Hylson-Smith 1999
1864:, pp. 53–54.
1644:, pp. 45–46.
1608:, pp. 42–43.
1579:Hylson-Smith 1999
1569:, pp. 77–78.
1555:Hylson-Smith 1999
1486:, pp. 53–54.
1484:Hylson-Smith 1999
1448:Hylson-Smith 1999
1436:Hylson-Smith 1999
1420:Hylson-Smith 1999
1398:, pp. 30–31.
1293:Hylson-Smith 1999
1278:Hylson-Smith 1999
1152:published in the
1103:Church of England
1077:Roman Catholicism
936:Christian martyrs
779:Gregorian Mission
650:. The Roman poet
632:Sulpicius Severus
600:Arian controversy
188:
187:
137:English Civil War
46:Church of England
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2016:
2010:
2001:
1995:
1986:
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1399:
1393:
1387:
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1363:
1362:, pp. 9−10.
1357:
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1134:William Stukeley
952:
949:
940:Julius and Aaron
881:Council of Arles
858:Chedworth spring
804:Church buildings
638:in 359. Emperor
585:Risley Park Lanx
538:Council of Arles
500:
498:
486:built around 360
461:Julius and Aaron
454:
452:
443:
441:
417:Adversus Judaeos
180:
173:
166:
127:Post-Reformation
37:
31:
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2362:
2360:Further reading
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2073:
2065:
2058:
2050:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2004:
1996:
1989:
1981:, p. 125;
1977:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1916:
1912:
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1382:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1350:, pp. 2–5.
1346:
1342:
1334:
1327:
1319:, p. 121;
1315:
1311:
1303:
1299:
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1249:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1188:Jocelyn Toynbee
1115:
1101:, in which the
1091:; he wrote the
1085:Polydore Vergil
1062:had arrived in
980:
975:
966:St Albans Abbey
960:(later renamed
950:
921:
894:
843:domus ecclesiae
806:
801:
768:Jocelyn Toynbee
749:, during which
743:
719:Bishop of Rouen
656:Flavius Sanctus
550:date for Easter
526:Roman provinces
495:
473:
449:
438:
404:
399:
336:
318:
302:, particularly
291:British History
257:
193:was present in
184:
155:
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135:
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115:
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91:
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58:
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5:
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2470:
2469:External links
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2000:, p. 125.
1987:
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1957:, p. 218.
1947:
1945:, p. 123.
1932:
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1325:
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1211:
1208:
1204:Celtic studies
1192:Charles Thomas
1168:Hinton St Mary
1150:academic paper
1138:Long Wittenham
1114:
1111:
979:
976:
974:
973:Interpretation
971:
920:
917:
893:
890:
805:
802:
800:
797:
742:
739:
708:Bishop of Riez
640:Constantius II
628:Richard Sharpe
574:Lindum Colonia
568:(London), and
546:Roman church's
515:Edict of Milan
499: 284–305
472:
469:
453: 253–260
442: 249–251
403:
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317:
314:
294:attributed to
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253:
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117:Oxford Martyrs
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2250:
2248:0-312-67059-1
2244:
2240:
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2229:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2207:, p. 19.
2206:
2201:
2199:
2192:, p. 18.
2191:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2173:, p. 17.
2172:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2151:
2146:
2140:, p. 15.
2139:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2122:
2117:
2111:, p. 13.
2110:
2105:
2103:
2096:, p. 12.
2095:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2069:, p. 11.
2068:
2063:
2061:
2054:, p. 10.
2053:
2048:
2046:
2039:, p. 83.
2038:
2033:
2027:, p. 75.
2026:
2021:
2015:, p. 51.
2014:
2009:
2007:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1985:, p. 10.
1984:
1980:
1975:
1969:, p. 25.
1968:
1963:
1956:
1951:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1927:
1920:
1914:
1907:
1906:9780752445724
1903:
1897:
1890:
1885:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1863:
1858:
1852:, p. 53.
1851:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1833:, p. 51.
1832:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1816:, p. 52.
1815:
1810:
1808:
1801:, p. 91.
1800:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1784:, p. 94.
1783:
1778:
1776:
1769:, p. 82.
1768:
1763:
1757:, p. 85.
1756:
1751:
1749:
1742:, p. 86.
1741:
1736:
1734:
1727:, p. 80.
1726:
1721:
1715:, p. 46.
1714:
1710:
1705:
1699:, p. 46.
1698:
1694:
1689:
1683:, p. 46.
1682:
1677:
1671:, p. 81.
1670:
1665:
1659:, p. 45.
1658:
1653:
1651:
1643:
1638:
1631:
1626:
1619:
1614:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1592:
1587:
1581:, p. 56.
1580:
1575:
1568:
1563:
1556:
1551:
1545:, p. 38.
1544:
1539:
1537:
1530:, p. 39.
1529:
1524:
1522:
1515:, p. 10.
1514:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1497:
1492:
1485:
1480:
1473:
1472:Deanesly 1963
1468:
1462:, p. 36.
1461:
1456:
1450:, p. 50.
1449:
1444:
1438:, p. 70.
1437:
1433:
1428:
1422:, p. 39.
1421:
1416:
1409:
1404:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1380:
1374:, p. 29.
1373:
1368:
1361:
1356:
1349:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1306:
1301:
1295:, p. 10.
1294:
1289:
1287:
1279:
1274:
1268:, p. 76.
1267:
1262:
1260:
1253:, p. 26.
1252:
1247:
1241:, p. 11.
1240:
1235:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1207:
1205:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1185:art historian
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1161:
1158:; written by
1157:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:Protestantism
1078:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
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1023:
1019:
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1007:
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995:
991:
990:
985:
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728:
724:
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697:
696:
691:
690:Saint Patrick
687:
683:
678:
676:
672:
663:
659:
657:
653:
649:
648:civil diocese
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
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594:
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586:
581:
579:
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571:
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559:
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195:Roman Britain
192:
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176:
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159:
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150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
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126:
125:
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118:
114:
110:
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102:
98:
97:
94:
90:
87:
86:
82:
81:
78:
74:
70:
67:
66:
62:
61:
57:
51:
47:
44:
43:
39:
38:
28:in background
27:
23:
18:
2451:
2447:
2424:
2415:
2411:
2394:
2390:
2381:
2377:
2368:
2340:
2319:
2295:
2276:
2257:
2238:
2227:
2145:
2116:
2032:
2020:
1974:
1962:
1950:
1926:
1913:
1896:
1884:
1857:
1762:
1720:
1704:
1688:
1676:
1664:
1637:
1625:
1620:, p. 1.
1613:
1586:
1574:
1562:
1550:
1491:
1479:
1474:, p. 2.
1467:
1455:
1443:
1427:
1415:
1410:, p. 3.
1403:
1391:
1386:, p. 9.
1379:
1367:
1355:
1343:
1323:, p. 7.
1312:
1307:, p. 6.
1300:
1273:
1246:
1234:
1229:, p. 7.
1222:
1200:
1195:
1164:
1153:
1127:
1116:
1092:
1074:
1067:
1029:
1026:
1015:
1009:
987:
981:
955:
933:
914:
911:
903:
874:
862:
855:
847:
842:
839:
832:
826:
823:
814:
807:
790:
772:
759:
744:
734:
722:
712:
693:
679:
668:
644:
597:
582:
519:
489:
482:fresco from
427:
415:
409:
405:
387:Martin Henig
383:
356:
337:
303:
289:
279:
269:
267:
258:
233:Anglo-Saxons
222:
206:monotheistic
202:polytheistic
199:
191:Christianity
189:
2397:: 188–194.
2037:Sharpe 2002
2025:Sharpe 2002
1799:Sharpe 2002
1782:Sharpe 2002
1767:Sharpe 2002
1755:Sharpe 2002
1740:Sharpe 2002
1725:Sharpe 2002
1709:Sharpe 2002
1693:Sharpe 2002
1669:Sharpe 2002
1567:Sharpe 2002
1266:Sharpe 2002
1142:Oxfordshire
1119:archaeology
1107:Anglicanism
1064:Glastonbury
944:Saint Alban
869:King Lucius
731:Celestine I
686:Pelagianism
513:issued the
507:Constantine
300:hagiography
235:were later
99:Reformation
83:Middle Ages
2491:Categories
2267:0334027691
2205:Petts 2003
2190:Petts 2003
2171:Petts 2003
2150:Petts 2003
2138:Petts 2003
2121:Petts 2003
2109:Petts 2003
2094:Petts 2003
2067:Petts 2003
2052:Petts 2003
1998:Henig 1984
1983:Watts 1991
1979:Henig 1984
1967:Petts 2003
1955:Henig 1984
1943:Henig 1984
1889:Henig 1984
1877:Henig 1984
1862:Petts 2003
1850:Petts 2003
1831:Petts 2003
1814:Petts 2003
1713:Petts 2003
1697:Petts 2003
1681:Petts 2003
1657:Petts 2003
1642:Petts 2003
1630:Henig 1984
1618:Watts 1991
1606:Petts 2003
1591:Henig 1984
1543:Petts 2003
1528:Petts 2003
1513:Watts 1991
1496:Yorke 2006
1460:Petts 2003
1432:Petts 2003
1408:Petts 2003
1396:Petts 2003
1384:Watts 1991
1372:Petts 2003
1360:Petts 2003
1348:Watts 1991
1336:Henig 1984
1321:Watts 1991
1317:Henig 1984
1305:Watts 1991
1251:Petts 2003
1239:Watts 1991
1227:Petts 2003
1210:References
1089:Henry VIII
958:Verulamium
951: 290
892:Ceremonies
877:Restitutus
834:vestibulum
715:Victricius
616:Athanasius
589:Shavington
562:Restitutus
492:Diocletian
412:Tertullian
397:Chronology
363:Cunomaglus
133:Puritanism
35:in England
2433:cite book
2427:. London.
1215:Footnotes
1052:King Coel
962:St Albans
879:, to the
810:Eucharist
787:St Martin
777:lead the
566:Londinium
465:Gallienus
2454:: 1–24.
2418:: 20–21.
2316:(2006).
2224:(1963).
1044:Duvianus
998:Arianism
994:Tiberius
964:) where
828:cathedra
799:Features
682:Pelagius
669:In 391,
652:Ausonius
604:Arianism
593:Cheshire
570:Adelfius
560:(York),
558:Eboracum
542:Donatism
511:Licinius
446:Valerian
391:Hinduism
379:Iron Age
255:Evidence
2391:Peritia
2214:Sources
1180:Lincoln
1066:in his
1040:Faganus
1022:Nennius
851:theatre
554:Eborius
480:Chi-Rho
371:Minerva
352:Judaism
344:Mithras
316:Context
296:Nennius
218:Mithras
40:General
26:chi-rho
2384:: 1–8.
2347:
2328:
2302:
2283:
2264:
2245:
1904:
1172:Dorset
1048:Helena
984:Gildas
825:had a
815:altare
763:Gildas
717:, the
702:, the
618:, the
530:bishop
444:) and
435:Decius
422:Origen
359:Apollo
348:Cybele
346:, and
298:, and
286:Gildas
216:, and
210:Cybele
572:from
564:from
556:from
457:Alban
367:Sulis
262:pagan
63:Early
2439:link
2345:ISBN
2326:ISBN
2300:ISBN
2281:ISBN
2262:ISBN
2243:ISBN
1902:ISBN
1129:lanx
1079:and
1042:and
1002:Bede
942:and
783:Bede
520:The
365:and
340:Isis
332:and
276:Bede
245:Bede
214:Isis
2456:doi
2399:doi
1178:in
308:by
284:by
274:by
2493::
2452:16
2450:.
2435:}}
2431:{{
2414:.
2395:15
2393:.
2380:.
2197:^
2178:^
2157:^
2128:^
2101:^
2074:^
2059:^
2044:^
2005:^
1990:^
1935:^
1919:p7
1869:^
1838:^
1821:^
1806:^
1789:^
1774:^
1747:^
1732:^
1649:^
1598:^
1535:^
1520:^
1503:^
1328:^
1285:^
1258:^
1194:'
1170:,
1140:,
1034:,
1024:.
948:c.
860:.
853:.
795:.
591:,
580:.
497:r.
459:,
451:r.
440:r.
342:,
312:.
288:,
278:,
251:.
220:.
212:,
2462:.
2458::
2441:)
2416:9
2405:.
2401::
2382:1
2353:.
2334:.
2308:.
2289:.
2270:.
2251:.
1908:)
841:(
494:(
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369:-
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179:e
172:t
165:v
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