Dissolution of the monasteries

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monastic pensions. Cromwell had intended that the bulk of this wealth should serve as regular income. After Cromwell's fall in 1540, Henry needed money quickly to fund his military ambitions in France and Scotland. Monastic property was sold off, representing by 1547 an annual value of £90,000 (equivalent to £66,252,000 in 2023). Lands and endowments were not offered for sale, let alone auctioned. Instead, the government responded to the flood of applications for purchase. Many applicants had been founders or patrons of the relevant houses and could expect to be successful. Purchasers were predominantly leading nobles, local magnates and gentry, people with no discernible religious tendency, other than a determination to maintain and extend their family's local status. The landed property of the former monasteries included large numbers of manorial estates, each carrying the right and duty to hold a court for tenants and others. Acquiring such feudal rights was regarded as essential to establish a family in the late medieval gentry. For a long period, freehold manorial estates had been very rare in the market, and families seized on the opportunity now offered to entrench their positions. Nothing would subsequently induce them to surrender their new acquisitions. The Court of Augmentations retained income sufficient to meet its continuing obligations to pay annual pensions; but as pensioners died off, or as pensions were extinguished when their holders accepted a royal appointment of higher value, then surplus property became available each year for further disposal. The last surviving monks continued to draw their pensions into the reign of

3537:, which had been retained as a cathedral, reverted to being a monastery; while the communities of the Bridgettine nuns and of the Observant Franciscans, which had gone into exile in the reign of Henry VIII, returned to their former houses at Syon and Greenwich respectively. A small group of fifteen surviving Carthusians was re-established in their old house at Sheen, as were eight Dominican canonesses in Dartford. A house of Dominican friars was established at Smithfield, but this was only possible through importing professed religious from Holland and Spain, and Mary's hopes of further refoundations foundered, as she found it very difficult to persuade former monks and nuns to resume the religious life. Schemes for restoring the abbeys at Glastonbury and St Albans failed for lack of volunteers. All the refounded houses were in properties that had remained in Crown possession. None of Mary's lay supporters would co-operate in returning their holdings of monastic lands to religious use. Lay lords in Parliament proved unremittingly hostile, as a revival of the "mitred" abbeys would have returned the House of Lords to having an ecclesiastical majority. There remained a widespread suspicion that the return of religious communities to their former premises might unsettle the legal title of lay purchasers of monastic land, and accordingly all Mary's foundations were technically new communities in law. In 1554, 2364:, and for inquiring into evidence of moral laxity (especially sexual). The chosen commissioners were mostly secular clergy, and appear to have been Erasmian, doubtful of the value of monastic life and universally dismissive of relics and miraculous tokens. By comparison with the valuation commissions, the timetable for these monastic visitations was tight, with some houses missed altogether, and inquiries appear to have concentrated on gross faults and laxity; consequently, where the reports of misbehaviour can be checked against other sources, they commonly appear to have been both rushed and greatly exaggerated, often recalling events from years before. The visitors interviewed each member of the house and selected servants, prompting individual confessions of wrongdoing and asking them to inform on one another. From their correspondence with Cromwell it can be seen that the visitors knew that findings of impropriety were both expected and desired; however, where no faults were revealed, none were reported. The visitors put the worst construction they could on whatever they were told, but they do not appear to have fabricated allegations of wrongdoing outright. 2407:

immediately surrendered. A two-stage procedure was applied, the commissions reporting back to Cromwell for a decision as to whether to proceed with dissolution. These commissioners often supported the continuation of a house where they found no serious problem; arguments that Cromwell appears to have accepted. Around 80 houses were exempted. Where dissolution was determined, a second visit would affect the arrangements for closure of the house, disposal of its assets and endowments and provisions for the future of its members. Otherwise, the second visit would collect a fine. In general, these commissioners were less inclined to report faults in monastic observance within the smaller houses than the earlier group had been, although this may have been coloured by an awareness that monks and nuns with a bad reputation would be difficult to place elsewhere. The 1536 Act established that, whatever the claims of founders or patrons, the property of the dissolved smaller houses reverted to the Crown. Cromwell established a new government agency, the

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surrender if they could obtain favourable terms for pensions; they also knew that if they refused to surrender, they might suffer the penalty for treason and their house would be dissolved anyway. Where the King had been able to establish himself as founder, he exploited his position to place compliant monks and nuns as the head of the house while non-royal patrons and founders also tended to press superiors for an early surrender, hoping to get preferential treatment in the disposal of monastic properties. From the beginning of 1538, Cromwell targeted the houses that he knew to be wavering in their resolve, cajoling and bullying their superiors to apply for surrender. Nevertheless, the public stance of the government was that the better-run houses could still expect to survive, and Cromwell dispatched a circular in March 1538 condemning false rumours of a general policy of dissolution while also warning superiors against asset-stripping or concealment of valuables, which could be construed as treasonable action.

2381:

have instructed houses to reintroduce the strict practice of common dining and cloistered living, urging that those unable to comply should be encouraged to leave; and many appear to have been released from their monastic vows. The visitors reported the number of professed religious persons continuing in each house. In the case of seven houses, impropriety or irreligion had been so great, or the numbers remaining so few, that the commissioners had felt compelled to suppress it on the spot; in others, the abbot, prior or noble patron was reported to be petitioning the King for a house to be dissolved. Such authority had formerly rested with the Pope, but now the King would need to establish a legal basis for dissolution in statutory law. Moreover, it was by no means clear that the property of a surrendered house would automatically be at the disposal of the Crown; a good case could be made for this property to revert to the heirs and descendants of the founder or other patron. Parliament enacted the

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taken a considerable period to gain acceptance, and the circumstances of the church in the late 1530s may not have encouraged candidates to come forward. For 20 years afterwards (until the succession of Elizabeth I), the number of ordinands in every diocese in England and Wales fell drastically. At the same time, the restrictions on 'pluralism' introduced through legislation in 1529 prevented the accumulation of multiple benefices by individual clergy, and accordingly by 1559 some 10% of benefices were vacant and former reserve Mass priests had been absorbed into the ranks of beneficed clergy. Monastic successors preferred to sponsor university graduates as candidates for the priesthood; and, although the government failed to respond to the consequent need for expanded educational provision, individual benefactors stepped into the breach, with the refoundation as university colleges of five out of the six former monastic colleges of Oxford and Cambridge.

993: 2373: 2757:, Cromwell's commissioner, in October 1538, demanding the surrender of the abbey; but following a direct appeal to Cromwell himself, the house was assured that it could continue. Lady Katherine assured Cromwell that "there is neither pope nor purgatory, image nor pilgrimage nor praying to dead saints used or regarded amongst us". Godstow Abbey was providing highly regarded boarding and schooling for girls of notable families. This was the case for several other nunneries, a factor which may have accounted for their surviving so long. Diarmaid MacCulloch further suggests that "customary male cowardice" was also a factor in the reluctance of the government to confront the heads of female religious houses. But the stay of execution for Godstow Abbey lasted just over a year: the abbey was suppressed in November 1539 along with all other nunnery survivors, as Henry was determined that none should continue. 3480:

walks of life. The Court of Augmentations retained around a third of the overall monastic income since it was necessary to continue making pension payments to former monks and nuns. Just over half of the remaining property was left to be offered for sale at market prices (Henry gave away very little property to favored staff, and what he did give away tended to return to the Crown after its beneficiaries fell out of favor and were charged with treason). The English and Welsh dissolutions produced a comparatively small amount of new educational endowments compared to the violent closure of monasteries elsewhere in Protestant Europe, but the treatment of former monks and nuns was more benevolent, and there was no analogue to the mechanisms established in England to maintain pension payments over successive decades.

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parish clergy; and consequently, numbers of new ordinations dropped drastically in the ten years after the dissolution and ceased almost entirely in the reign of Edward VI. It was only in 1549, after Edward came to the throne, that former monks and nuns were permitted to marry. Within a year of permission being granted, only around a quarter had done so, only to find themselves forcibly separated (and denied their pensions) in the reign of Mary. On the succession of Elizabeth, these former monks and friars (reunited both with their wives and their pensions) formed a major part of the new Anglican church and may properly claim credit for maintaining the religious life of the country until a new generation of ordinands became available in the 1560s and 1570s.

2411:, to manage that. Although the property rights of lay founders and patrons were legally extinguished, the incomes of lay holders of monastic offices, pensions and annuities were generally preserved, as were the rights of tenants of monastic lands. Ordinary monks and nuns were given the choice of secularisation (with a cash gratuity but no pension), or of transfer to a continuing larger house of the same order. The majority of those then remaining chose to continue in the religious life. In some areas, the premises of a suppressed religious house were recycled into a new foundation to accommodate them, and rehousing those seeking a transfer proved much more difficult and time-consuming than appears to have been anticipated. Two houses, 2584:

actions diminished the eventual net return to the Crown from each house's endowments, but they were not officially discouraged. Cromwell obtained and solicited many such fees in his own personal favour. Crucially, having created the precedent that tenants and lay recipients of monastic incomes might expect to have their interests recognised by the Court of Augmentations following dissolution, the government's apparent acquiescence to the granting of additional such rights helped establish a predisposition towards dissolution amongst tenants. At the same time, and especially once the loss of income from shrines and pilgrimages was taken into account, the long-term financial sustainability of many remaining houses was fragile.

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monasteries was always planned. The selection of poorer houses for dissolution in the First Act minimised the potential release of funds to other purposes. Once pensions had been committed to former superiors, cash rewards paid to those wishing to leave the religious life, and funding allocated for refounded houses, it is unlikely that the crown profited beyond the fines levied on exempted houses. During 1537 (possibly conditioned by concern not to re-ignite rebellious impulses) no further dissolutions were undertaken. Episcopal visitations were renewed, monasteries adapted their internal discipline in accordance with Cromwell's injunctions, and many houses undertook overdue programmes of repair and reconstruction.

1898: 2930:, the conventual buildings themselves were converted to form the core of a Tudor great mansion. Otherwise, the most marketable fabric in monastic buildings was likely to be the lead on roofs, gutters and plumbing, and buildings were burned down as the easiest way to extract this. Building stone and slate were sold off to the highest bidder. Many monastic outbuildings were turned into granaries, barns and stables. Cromwell had already instigated a campaign against "superstitions": pilgrimages and veneration of saints, during which ancient and precious valuables were grabbed and melted down, the tombs of saints and kings ransacked for whatever profit could be got from them, and their 2972: 3430:, having acquired a grammar school education and appropriate experience, would have been presented to the bishop's commissary for examination. Candidates were sponsored by an ecclesiastical corporation which provided him with a 'title', a notional patrimony assuring the bishop of his financial security. By the 16th century, the sponsors were overwhelmingly religious houses, although monasteries provided no formal parochial training, and the financial 'title' was a legal fiction. With the rapid expansion of grammar school provision in the late medieval period, the numbers of men being presented each year for ordination greatly exceeded the number of 2782:, to obtain the friars' surrender, which he achieved rapidly by drafting new injunctions that enforced each order's rules and required friars to resume a strict conventual life within their walls. Failure to accept voluntary surrender would then result in enforced homelessness and starvation. Once the friars agreed to surrender, Yngworth reported to Cromwell. He noted on his actions for each friary, who was the current tenant of each of the gardens, what was the general state of the buildings, and whether any church had valuable lead on roofs and gutters. Most of the friaries were in disrepair, with leased-out gardens as the only valuable asset. 1339:

had been determined that all religious houses would have to go. In terms of popular esteem, the balance tilted the other way. Almost all monasteries supported themselves from their endowments; in late medieval terms 'they lived off their own'. Unless they were notably bad landlords, they tended to enjoy widespread local support; they also commonly appointed local notables to fee-bearing offices. The friars were by contrast much more likely to have been the objects of local hostility, especially since their practice of soliciting income through legacies appears to have been perceived as diminishing family inheritances.

497: 5896: 2018: 2634:

Where nuns came from well-born families, as many did, they seem commonly to have returned to live with their relatives. Otherwise, there were a number of instances where former nuns of a house clubbed together in a shared household. There were no retrospective pensions for those monks or nuns who had already sought secularisation following the 1535 visitation, nor for those members of the smaller houses dissolved in 1536 and 1537 who had not remained in the religious life, nor for those houses dissolved before 1538 due to the conviction for treason of their superior, and no friars were pensioned.

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nuns were provided with pensions, cash gratuities and clothing. Existing tenants would have their tenancies continued, and lay office holders would continue to receive their incomes and fees (even without duties or obligations). Monks or nuns who were aged, handicapped or infirm were given more generous pensions, and care was taken throughout that there should be nobody cast out of their place unprovided for (who might otherwise have increased the burden of charity for local parishes). In a few instances, even monastic servants were provided with a year's wages on discharge.

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surrendered, then the house ceased to exist, whether its members continued in the religious life or not. The founder and their heirs had a legally enforceable interest in certain aspects of the house; their nomination was required at the election of an abbot or prior, they could claim hospitality within the house when needed, and they could be buried within the house when they died. In addition, though this scarcely ever happened, the endowments of the house would revert to the founder's heirs if the community failed or dissolved. The status of 'founder' was considered in

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should English houses cease to exist. Much would depend on who, at the time the house ended, held the status of founder or patron; as with other such disputes in real property, the standard procedure was to empanel a jury to decide between disputing claimants. In practice, the Crown claimed the status of 'founder' in all such cases that occurred. Consequently, when a monastic community failed (e.g., through the death of most of its members, or through insolvency), the bishop would seek to obtain papal approval for alternative use of the house's endowments in

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continuation, offering to pay substantial fines. Many such cases were accepted, so that only around 330 were referred to suppression commissions, and only 243 houses were actually dissolved at this time. The choice of a £200 threshold as the criterion for general dissolution under the legislation was suspect, as the preamble refers to numbers rather than income. Adopting a financial criterion was likely determined pragmatically; the Valor Ecclesiasticus data being both more reliable and more complete than those of Cromwell's visitors.

2991: 1287: 2137:, Gustav gained large estates, as well as loyal supporters among the nobility who reclaimed donations given by their families to the convents. The Swedish monasteries and convents were simultaneously deprived of their livelihoods. They were banned from accepting new novices, and forbidden to prevent their existing members from leaving. However, the former monks and nuns were allowed to reside in the convent buildings for life on state allowance, and many communities survived the Reformation for decades. The last of them was 210: 2766:

Franciscans, by the 16th century the friars' income from donations had collapsed, their numbers had shrunk to less than 1,000 and their buildings were often ruinous or leased out commercially. No longer self-sufficient in food and with their cloistered spaces invaded by secular tenants, almost all friars were now living in rented lodgings outside their friaries and meeting for divine service in the friary church. Many friars now supported themselves through paid employment and held personal property.

1313:, and the Bridgettine nuns and monks—had long ceased to play a leading role in the spiritual life of the country. Other than in these three orders, observance of strict monastic rules was partial at best. The exceptional spiritual discipline of the Carthusian, Observant Franciscan and Bridgettine orders had, over the previous century, resulted in their being singled out for royal favour, in particular with houses benefitting from endowments confiscated by the Crown from the suppressed alien priories. 3255:

the principle that only the glebe and 'greater tithes' of grain, hay and wood could be appropriated by monastic patrons in this manner; the 'lesser tithes' had to remain within the parochial benefice, the incumbent of which carried the title of 'vicar'. By 1535, of 8,838 rectories, 3,307 had thus been appropriated with vicarages, but at this late date, a small sub-set of vicarages in monastic ownership were not being served by beneficed clergy at all. These were parish churches owned by houses of

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together, but no cases where an entire community did so, and there is no indication that any continued to pray the Divine Office. The dissolution Acts were concerned solely with the disposal of endowed property, and never explicitly forbade the continuance of a regular life. Given Henry's attitude to those religious who resumed their houses during the Pilgrimage of Grace, it would have been seen as unwise for any former community to maintain covert monastic observance.

2549: 5908: 3040: 2444: 836: 43: 2907: 3231: 1798: 3145: 3463:

being the exception), as well as six completely new bishoprics (Bristol, Chester, Gloucester, Oxford, Peterborough, Westminster) with their associated cathedrals, chapters, choirs, and grammar schools; refounding monastic institutions at Brecon, Thornton, and Burton on Trent as secular colleges; endowing five Regius Professorships at the universities of Oxford and Cambridge; the endowment of the colleges of

3452: 145: 3160:, undertaking many ambitious building schemes, and maintaining a regular conventual and spiritual life. Friaries constituted around half of the total number of religious houses. Irish monasteries, by contrast, had experienced a catastrophic decline in numbers, such that by the 16th century only a minority maintained the daily observance of the Divine Office. Henry's direct authority, as 2786:

remaining in each house at surrender so that Cromwell could provide them with legal permission to pursue careers as a secular priests. Furthermore, Yngworth had no discretion to maintain friary churches, even though many had continued to attract congregations. They were disposed of rapidly by the Court of Augmentations. Of all the friary churches in England and Wales, only

1331:. In most larger houses, the full observance of the Canonical Hours had become the task of a sub-group of 'Cloister Monks', such that the majority of inhabitants were freed to conduct their business and live much of their lives in the secular world. Extensive monastic complexes dominated English towns of any size, but most were less than half full. 2385:("Dissolution of the Lesser Monasteries Act") in early 1535, relying on the reports of "impropriety" Cromwell had received, establishing the power of the King to dissolve religious houses that were failing to maintain a religious life, consequently providing for the King to compulsorily dissolve monasteries with annual incomes declared in the 2036:

bishops found they faced opposition when urging the heads of religious houses to enforce their monastic rules, especially those requiring monks and nuns to remain within their cloisters. Monks and nuns in almost all late medieval English religious communities, although theoretically living in religious poverty, were paid an annual cash wage (

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to pay for armies, ships and fortifications. Many had already resorted to plundering monastic wealth. Protestant princes would justify this by claiming divine authority; Catholic princes would obtain the agreement of the papacy. Monastic wealth, regarded everywhere as excessive, offered a standing temptation for cash-strapped authorities.

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obtained other employment. If the pensioner accepted a royal appointment or benefice of greater annual value than their pension, the pension would be extinguished. In 1538, £5 compared with the annual wages of a skilled worker—and although the real value of such a fixed income would suffer through inflation—it remained a significant sum.

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their local community. Many other parishes bought and installed former monastic woodwork, choir stalls and stained-glass windows. As it was commonly the case by the late medieval period that the abbot's lodging had been expanded, these properties were frequently converted into country houses by lay purchasers. In other cases, such as

3026:, by Henry's son Edward VI, their property being absorbed into the Court of Augmentations and their members being added to the pensions list. Since many former monks had found employment as chantry priests, the consequence for these clerics was a double experience of dissolution, perhaps mitigated by the promise of a double pension. 3243:

predominant centres for learning and the arts. Nevertheless, particularly in rural areas, the abbeys, convents and priories were centres of hospitality and learning, and everywhere they remained a source of charity for the old and infirm. The removal of over eight hundred such institutions left great gaps in the social fabric.

3217:, and systematically sought out and destroyed former monastic houses. Subsequently, sympathetic landowners housed monks or friars close to several ruined religious houses, allowing them a continued covert existence during the 17th and 18th centuries, subject to the dangers of discovery and legal ejection or imprisonment. 1148:

expensively deployed on an unceasing round of services by men and women in theory set apart from the world be better spent on endowing grammar schools and university colleges to train men who would then serve the laity as parish priests, and on reforming the antiquated structures of over-large dioceses such as that of

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all its monastic property. The wording of the First Suppression Act had been clear that reform, not outright abolition of monastic life, was being presented as the objective of the government. There has been continuing academic debate as to whether a universal dissolution was being covertly prepared at this point.

1125:. Across much of continental Europe, the seizure of monastic property was associated with mass discontent among the common people and the lower levels of clergy and civil society against powerful and wealthy ecclesiastical institutions. Such popular hostility against the church was rare in England before 1558; the 2818: 2214:, the commendators often being lay courtiers or royal servants; around half the income of French monasteries was diverted into the hands of the Crown, or of royal supporters, all with the Popes' blessing. Where the French kings led, the Scots kings followed. In Scotland, where the proportion of parish 3447:

were newly founded with the express purpose of educating a Protestant parish clergy. One unintended long-term consequence of the dissolution was the transformation of the parish clergy in England and Wales into an educated professional class of secure, beneficed incumbents of distinctly higher social

3438:

In the knowledge that alternative arrangements for sponsorship and title would now need to be made, the dissolution legislation provided that the lay and ecclesiastical successors of the monks in former monastic endowments could provide valid title for ordinands. These new arrangements appear to have

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No great host of beggars was suddenly thrown on the roads for monastic charity had had only marginal significance and, even had the abbeys been allowed to remain, could scarcely have coped with the problems of unemployment and poverty created by the population and inflationary pressures of the middle

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canons, orders whose rules required them to provide parochial worship within their conventual churches. From the mid-fourteenth century onwards, the canons had been able to exploit their hybrid status to justify petitions for papal privileges of appropriation, allowing them to fill vicarages in their

2902:

The surrender of monastic endowments was recognised automatically as terminating all regular religious observance by its members, except in the case of a few communities, such as Syon, who went into exile. There are several recorded instances where groups of former members of a house set up residence

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priory in November 1537 when the monks were not accorded the option of transfer to another house, but with the additional motivation that from then on, ordinary monks were offered life pensions if they co-operated. Abbots and priors came under pressure from their communities to petition for voluntary

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in Northumberland, attempted to resist the commissioners by force, actions which Henry interpreted as treason. He wrote personally to demand the brutal punishment of those responsible. The prior and canons of Norton were imprisoned for several months and were fortunate to escape with their lives; the

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house were imprisoned, where many died from ill-treatment. The Carthusians eventually submitted, other than the monks of the London house which was suppressed; some of the monks were executed for high treason in 1535, and others starved to death in prison. Also opposing the Supremacy and consequently

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The medieval understanding of religious houses as institutions associated monasteries and nunneries with their property: their endowments of land and income, and not their current personnel of monks and nuns. If the property with which a house had been endowed by its founder were to be confiscated or

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Even while it had been stated that King's increased riches would make it possible to build or better fund religious, philanthropic, and educational institutions, only around 15% of the monastic money was used this way. This included refounding eight out of nine previous monastic cathedrals (Coventry

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survived (and mostly still remain) in use for parochial worship, in addition to the fourteen former monastic churches that survived in their entirety as cathedrals. In around a dozen instances, wealthy benefactors purchased a complete former monastic church from the commissioners and presented it to

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Yngworth had no authority to dispose of lands and property and could not negotiate pensions. Therefore, the friars appear to have been released and dismissed with a gratuity of around 40 shillings each. Yngworth took this payout from whatever cash resources were in hand. He listed by name the friars

2290:, the English clergy and religious orders subscribed to the proposition that the King was, and had always been, the Supreme Head of the Church in England. Consequently, in Henry's view, any act of monastic resistance to royal authority would not only be treasonable, but also a breach of the monastic 2189:

had become widespread. Since the 12th century, it had become universal in Western Europe for the household expenses of abbots and conventual priors to be separated, typically appropriating more than half the house's income. With papal approval, these funds might be diverted on a vacancy to support a

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in their programmes of monastic reform; but even so, progress was painfully slow, especially where religious orders had been exempted from episcopal oversight by papal authority. It was also never certain that juries would find in favour of the Crown in disposing of the property of dissolved houses;

2013:

of prayer required a minimum of twelve professed religious, but by the 1530s, few communities in England could provide this. Most observers were in agreement that a systematic reform of the English church must involve the drastic concentration of monks and nuns into fewer, larger houses, potentially

1338:

Almost all official action in the English dissolution was directed at the monasteries. The closing of the monasteries aroused popular opposition, but resistors became the targets of royal hostility. The surrender of the friaries, from an official perspective, arose almost as an afterthought, once it

1334:

From 1534 onwards, Cromwell and King Henry wanted to redirect ecclesiastical income to the Crown—they justified this by contending that they were reclaiming what was theirs. Renaissance princes throughout Europe were facing severe financial difficulties due to sharply rising expenditures, especially

3254:

and taking an annual rental payment. Over the medieval period, monasteries and priories continually sought papal exemptions, so as to personally use the glebe and tithe income of rectoral benefices in their possession. From the 13th century onwards, English diocesan bishops successfully established

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As 1538 proceeded, applications for surrender flooded in. Cromwell appointed a local commissioner in each case to ensure rapid compliance with the King's wishes, to supervise the orderly sale of monastic goods and buildings, to dispose of monastic endowments, and to ensure that the former monks and

2598:

Although Henry continued to maintain that his sole objective was monastic reform, in 1537 it became clear that official policy was the general extinction of monasticism in England and Wales. This extinction was now expected to be achieved through individual applications from superiors for voluntary

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provided that the property of those convicted of treason would automatically revert to the Crown, clauses that Cromwell had drafted with the intention of effecting the dissolution of religious houses, arguing that the superior of the house (abbot, abbess, prior or prioress) was the legal "owner" of

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In the autumn of 1535, the visiting commissioners were sending back to Cromwell their written reports, enclosing with them bundles of purported miraculous wimples, girdles and mantles that monks and nuns had been lending out for cash to the sick, or to mothers in labour. The commissioners appear to

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obtained from the Pope approval to appoint his illegitimate infant sons (of which he eventually acquired nine) as commendators to abbacies in Scotland. Other Scots aristocratic families stuck similar deals, and consequently over £40,000 (Scots) per annum was diverted from monasteries into the royal

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rules for those who disliked them. Religious superiors met their bishops' pressure with the response that the cloistered ideal was only acceptable to a tiny minority of regular clergy, and that any attempt to enforce their order's stricter rules could be overturned in counter-actions in the secular

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authorising some limited reforms in the English Church as early as 1518, but reformers (both conservative and radical) had become increasingly frustrated at their lack of progress. In November 1529, Parliament passed Acts reforming apparent abuses in the English Church. They set a cap on fees, both

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laws in January 1555. When Mary died in 1558 and was succeeded by her half-sister, Elizabeth I, five of the six revived communities left again to exile in continental Europe. An Act of Elizabeth's first parliament dissolved the refounded houses. But although Elizabeth offered to allow the monks in

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at high stipends, but against pressure to ensure that well-paid posts would continue, his protests had no effect. On the other hand, Cranmer ensured that the new grammar schools attached both to 'New Foundation' and 'Old Foundation' cathedrals should be well funded, and accessible to boys from all

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by choristers and vicars choral, now undertaken as public worship, which had not been the case before the dissolution. The deans and prebends of the six new cathedrals were overwhelmingly former heads of religious houses. The secularised former monks and friars commonly looked for re-employment as

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being an example which still survives). Nevertheless, it has been estimated that only in 1580 did overall levels of charitable giving in England return to those before the dissolution. On the eve of the overthrow, the various monasteries owned approximately 2,000,000 acres (8,100 km), over 16

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The abbeys of England, Wales, and Ireland had been among the greatest landowners and the largest institutions in the kingdoms, although by the early 16th century, religious donors tended to favour parish churches, collegiate churches, university colleges and grammar schools, and these were now the

3001:

The dissolution did not greatly affect English parish church activity. Parishes that had formerly paid their tithes to a religious house now paid them to a lay impropriator, but rectors, vicars, and other incumbents remained in place. Congregations that had shared monastic churches continued to do

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Pensions granted to nuns were less generous, averaging £3 per annum. During Henry's reign, former nuns, like monks, continued to be forbidden to marry, therefore it is more possible that genuine hardship resulted, especially as former nuns had little access to opportunities for gainful employment.

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in Lancashire. The abbot, fearful of a treason charge, petitioned to make a voluntary surrender of his house, which Cromwell happily approved. From then on, all dissolutions that were not a consequence of convictions for treason were legally "voluntary" – a principle that was taken a stage further

1281:

Suffice it to say that English monasticism was a huge and urgent problem; that radical action, though of precisely what kind was another matter, was both necessary and inevitable, and that a purge of the religious orders was probably regarded as the most obvious task of the new regime—as the first

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who satirized monasteries as lax, as comfortably worldly, as wasteful of scarce resources, and as superstitious; he also thought it would be better if monks were brought more directly under the authority of bishops. At that time, quite a few bishops across Europe had come to believe that resources

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friars and Bridgettine monks and nuns. Great efforts were made to cajole, bribe, trick and threaten these houses into formal compliance, with those religious who continued in their resistance being liable to imprisonment until they submitted or if they persisted, to execution for treason. All the

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made a similar act in 1528, confiscating 15 of the houses of the wealthiest monasteries and convents. Further laws by his successor in the 1530s banned the friars and forced monks and nuns to transfer title to their houses to the Crown, which passed them out to supportive nobles who soon acquired

1873:

The founders of the alien priories had been foreign monasteries refusing allegiance to the English Crown. These property rights were therefore automatically forfeited to the Crown when their English dependencies were dissolved, but their example prompted questions as to what action might be taken

1321:

were falling, although the monasteries continued to attract recruits right up to the end. Only a few monks and nuns lived in conspicuous luxury, but most were comfortably fed and housed by the standards of the time, and few orders demanded ascetic piety or religious observance. Only a minority of

2035:

This apparent consensus often faced strong resistance in practice. Members of religious houses proposed for dissolution might resist relocation; the houses invited to receive them might refuse to co-operate; and local notables might resist the disruption in their networks of influence. Reforming

3391:

for older scholars, these were commonly refounded with enhanced endowments; some by royal command in connection with the newly re-established cathedral churches, others by private initiative. Monastic orders had maintained, for the education of their members, six colleges at the universities of

3306:

had 600 books at the time of the dissolution. Only six of them are known to have survived intact to the present day. At the abbey of the Augustinian Friars at York, a library of 646 volumes was destroyed, leaving only three known survivors. Some books were destroyed for their precious bindings,

2982:

Once the new and re-founded cathedrals and other endowments had been provided for, the Crown became richer to the extent of around £150,000 (equivalent to £122,072,900 in 2023), per year, although around £50,000 (equivalent to £40,691,000 in 2023) of this was initially committed to fund

2629:

were transferred to the Court of Augmentations, who would pay out life pensions and fees at the agreed rate. Pensions averaged around £5 per annum before tax for monks, with those for superiors typically assessed at 10% of the net annual income of the house and were not reduced if the pensioner

2406:

The smaller houses identified for suppression were visited during 1536 by more local commissions, one for each county, charged with creating an inventory of assets and valuables, and empowered to obtain co-operation from monastic superiors by granting pensions or bribes. In practice, few houses

1830:

Alien priories with functioning communities were forced to pay large sums to the king, while mere estates were confiscated and run by royal officers, the proceeds going to the king's pocket. Such estates were a valuable source of income for the Crown in its French wars. Most of the larger alien

1219:

The verdict of unprejudiced historians at the present day would probably be—abstracting from all ideological considerations for or against monasticism—that there were far too many religious houses in existence in view of the widespread decline of the fervent monastic vocation, and that in every

2583:

The remaining monasteries required funds, partly to pay fines for exemption. During 1537 and 1538, there was a large increase in monastic lands and endowments being leased out, and in the offer of fee-paying offices and annuities in return for cash. By establishing long-term liabilities, these

2258:

and had ridiculed such monastic practices as repetitive formal religion, superstitious pilgrimages for the veneration of relics, and the accumulation of monastic wealth. Henry appears to have shared these views, never having endowed a religious house and only once having undertaken a religious

3155:

The dissolutions in Ireland followed a very different course from those in England and Wales. There were around 400 religious houses in Ireland in 1530—many more, relative to population and material wealth, than in England and Wales. In Ireland, the houses of friars had flourished in the 15th

2720:

King Henry's enthusiasm for creating new bishoprics was second to his passion for building fortifications. When an apparent alliance of France and the Holy Roman Empire against England was agreed at Toledo in January 1539, this precipitated a major invasion scare. Even though by midsummer the

1233:

continued until forcibly suppressed in England in 1538 by order of Henry VIII, but the dissolution resulted in few modifications to England's parish churches. The English religious reforms of the 1530s corresponded little with the movement by Protestant Reformers, and encountered much popular

2765:

None of the same legislation and visitation had applied to the houses of the friars. At the beginning of the 14th century there had been around 5,000 friars in England, occupying extensive complexes. There were still around 200 friaries in England at the dissolution. Except for the Observant

1190:

notwithstanding exceptional communities of genuine austere life and exemplary charity, the overwhelming majority of abbeys and priories were havens for idle drones, concerned only for their own existence, reserving for themselves an excessive share of the commonwealth's religious assets, and

2833:

retrospectively legalising acts of voluntary surrender and assuring tenants of their continued rights, but by then the vast majority of monasteries in England and Wales had already been dissolved or marked out for a future as a collegiate foundation. Some still resisted, and that autumn the

2263:

in 1511. From 1518, Thomas More was increasingly influential as a royal servant and counsellor, in the course of which his correspondence included strong condemnations of the idleness and vice in monastic life, alongside his equally vituperative attacks on Luther. Henry himself corresponded

2579:

The predominant academic opinion is that the extensive care taken to provide for monks and nuns from the suppressed houses to transfer demonstrates that monastic reform was still, at least in the mind of the King, the guiding principle. Further large-scale action against substandard richer

2570:

of 1536. This turn led to Henry increasingly associating monasticism with betrayal, as some of the spared religious houses in northern England (more or less willingly) sided with the rebels, while former monks resumed religious life in several of the suppressed houses. Clauses within the

2391:

of less than £200 (of which there were potentially 419) but also giving the King the discretion to exempt any of these houses from dissolution at his pleasure. All property of the dissolved house would revert to the Crown. Many monasteries falling below the threshold forwarded a case for

2097:), a treatise which declared that the monastic life had no scriptural basis, was pointless and also actively immoral, incompatible with the true spirit of Christianity. Luther also declared that monastic vows were meaningless and that no one should feel bound by them. Luther, a one-time 3275:, they had to maintain the fabric of the parish chancel. The existing rectors and vicars serving parish churches (formerly monastic property) were unaffected. However, in unclaimed canons' parish churches and chapels, the lay rector (as patron) was obliged to establish a stipend for a 1269:

for criminals; and reduced to two the number of church benefices that could in the future be held by one man. These Acts were meant to demonstrate that royal jurisdiction over the Church would ensure progress in "religious reformation" where papal authority had been insufficient.

3525:

There were rumors that the King would tax livestock and calves in addition to stripping parish churches. The rebels demanded that Cromwell be removed and that the monasteries remain untouched. Henry used promises to calm the unrest before swiftly beheading some of the leaders.

2681:. This change corresponded with ideas of a reformed future for monastic communities that had been a subject of debate and speculation amongst leading Benedictine abbots for decades, and sympathetic voices were being heard from a number of quarters in the late summer of 1538. 2716:

was presented to Parliament in May 1539, it was accompanied by an Act giving the King authority to establish new bishoprics and collegiate cathedral foundations. While the principle had been established, the numbers of successor colleges and cathedrals remained unspecified.

2700:, making extensive preparations to adopt statutes similar to those from Stoke-by-Clare, and expending substantial sums into moving shrines, relics and architectural fittings from the dissolved Castle Acre Priory into Thetford priory church. Cromwell himself proposed 3353:

Monasteries had also supplied free food and alms for the poor and destitute, and it has been argued that the removal of this and other charitable resources, amounting to about 5 per cent of net monastic income, was one of the factors in the creation of the army of

2344:, including those like the Cistercians previously exempted from episcopal oversight by papal dispensation, to instruct them in their duty to obey the King and reject papal authority. Cromwell delegated his visitation authority to hand-picked commissioners, chiefly 3520:

The Lincolnshire rising lasted less than a week but before its end their cause was carried across the county's northern border. Now, there were copycat musterings passing up through Yorkshire as far as Northumberland, and to the west as far as the gateway into

2741:, were re-founded as non-cathedral colleges. To the intense displeasure of Thomas Howard, Thetford was not spared, and was amongst the last houses to be dissolved in February 1540, while the Duke was out of the country on a hastily arranged embassy to France. 2294:. Under heavy threats, almost all religious houses joined the rest of the Church in acceding to the Royal Supremacy; and in swearing to uphold the validity of the King's divorce and remarriage. Opposition was concentrated in the houses of Carthusian monks, 2005:

to dissolve 20 other monasteries to provide an endowment for his new college. The remaining friars, monks and nuns were absorbed into other houses of their respective orders. Juries found the property of the houses to have reverted to the Crown as founder.

2645:, there was a second secular cathedral church in the same diocese, and both surrendered in 1539; but the other eight would necessarily need to continue in some form. It remained to determine what that form might be. A possible model was presented by the 2744:

Even late in 1538, Cromwell himself appears to have hoped that a select group of nunneries might be spared, where they were able to demonstrate both a high quality of regular observance and a commitment to the principles of religious reform. One was

3409:

It has been argued that the suppression of the English monasteries and nunneries contributed to the spreading decline of a contemplative spirituality which once thrived in Europe, with the occasional exception found only in groups such as the

3392:

Oxford or Cambridge, of which five survived as refoundations. Hospitals too were frequently to be re-endowed by private benefactors; and many new almshouses and charities were to be founded by the Elizabethan gentry and professional classes (

1316:

Donations and legacies had tended to go instead towards parish churches, university colleges, grammar schools and collegiate churches, which suggests greater public approbation. Levels of monastic debt were increasing, and average numbers of

1206:

tokens. The cult of relics was by no means specific to monasteries, but Erasmus was scandalised by the extent to which well-educated and highly regarded monks and nuns would participate in fraud (as he thought it) against gullible lay

2067:, facing financial and legal difficulties, petitioned the King as founder for assistance, only to find themselves dissolved arbitrarily. Rather than risk empanelling a jury, and with papal participation no longer being welcome, the 1850:; others were used for educational purposes. All these suppressions enjoyed papal approval but successive 15th-century popes continued to press for assurances that the confiscated monastic income would revert to religious uses. 2966:

where the local government agent was so determined that the monasteries should never be restored that he razed as many as he could to the ground. More often, the buildings have simply suffered from unroofing and neglect, or by

1326:

of the Divine Office. Even in houses with adequate numbers, the regular obligations of communal eating and shared living had not been fully enforced for centuries, as communities tended to sub-divide into a number of distinct

2672:

surrendered, adopting new collegiate statutes as secular priests along similar lines. The new foundation in Norwich provided for around half the number of clergies as had been monks in the former monastery, with a dean, five

983:, 142 nunneries and 183 friaries; some 12,000 people in total, 4,000 monks, 3,000 canons, 3,000 friars and 2,000 nuns. If the adult male population was 500,000, that meant that one adult man in fifty was in religious orders. 2769:

By early 1538, suppression of the friaries was widely being anticipated. In some houses, all friars save the prior had already left, and assets (standing timber, chalices, vestments) were being sold off. Cromwell deputed

2164:

pressured nuns to leave their monasteries and marry and followed up the next year by dissolving all monasteries in its territory, under the pretext of using their revenues to fund education and help the poor. The city of

1881:

The royal transfer of alien monastic estates to educational foundations inspired bishops and, as the 15th century waned, this practice was common. The subjects of these dissolutions were usually small, poor, and indebted

2132:

secured an edict of the Diet allowing him to confiscate any monastic lands he deemed necessary to increase royal revenues, and to allow the return of donated properties to the descendants of the donors. By the following

2285:

eliminated the right of clergy to appeal to "foreign tribunals" (Rome) over the King's head in any matter. All ecclesiastical charges and levies that had previously been payable to Rome would now go to the King. By the

919:

Though the policy was originally envisioned as a way to increase the regular income of the Crown, much former monastic property was sold off to fund Henry's military campaigns in the 1540s. Henry did this under the

1129:

and Ireland was directed from the king and high society. These changes were initially met with popular suspicion; on some occasions and in particular localities, there was active resistance to the royal programme.

958:

of England, is often considered the leader of the dissolution, he merely oversaw the project—he had hoped for reform, not eliminating the practice. The dissolution project was created by England's Lord Chancellor,

1138:

Dissatisfaction with regular religious life, and with the gross extent of monastic wealth, was near universal amongst late medieval secular and ecclesiastical rulers in the Latin West. Bernard says there was:

3558:, all refused and dispersed unpensioned. In less than 20 years, the monastic impulse had effectively been extinguished in England; and was only revived, even amongst Catholics, in the very different form of 3434:

falling vacant through the death of the incumbent priest. Consequently most newly ordained parish clergy could only expect to succeed to a benefice after many years as a Mass priest of low social standing.

3349:

in London (which still exists, though it took a different name between 1546 and 1948), were exempted by special royal dispensation but most closed, their residents being discharged with small pensions.

3344:

also provided for the suppression of religious hospitals, which had constituted in England a distinct class of institution, endowed for the purpose of caring for older people. Very few of these, such as

978:

The dissolution of the monasteries in the late 1530s was one of the most revolutionary events in English history. There were nearly 900 religious houses in England, around 260 for monks, 300 for regular

1870:

and some other circumstances the status of 'founder' would revert to the Crown—a procedure that many houses actively sought, as it might be advantageous in their legal dealings in the King's courts.

2360:, for the purposes of ascertaining the quality of religious life being maintained in religious houses, of assessing the prevalence of 'superstitious' religious observances such as the veneration of 2324:

In 1534, Cromwell undertook, on behalf of the King, an inventory of the endowments, liabilities and income of the entire ecclesiastical estate of England and Wales, including the monasteries (see

2918: 2897: 463: 2264:

continually with Erasmus, prompting him to be more explicit in his public rejection of the key tenets of Lutheranism and offering him church preferment should he wish to return to England.

3311:

was commissioned by the King to rescue items of particular interest (especially manuscript sources of Old English history), and other collections were made by private individuals, notably

1819:, conditional on all confiscated monastic property being redirected into other religious uses. The king's officers first sequestrated the assets of the alien priories in 1295–1303 under 3186:, An Augustinian priory founded in the 13th century, suppressed in 1603 and burned in 1653; but continually re-occupied and used for Catholic services, and re-roofed in the 20th century 2315:

All but a very few took it without demur. They were, after all, Englishmen, and shared the common prejudice of their contemporaries against the pretensions of foreign Italian prelates.

3014:, and these were unaffected. In addition, there remained over a hundred collegiate churches in England, whose endowments maintained regular choral worship through a corporate body of 1082:

The dissolution of the monasteries took place in the political context of other attacks on the ecclesiastical institutions of Western Catholicism. Many of these were related to the

2712:, and of "two or three in every shire of such remedy". By early 1539, the continuation of select great monasteries as collegiate refoundations had become an expectation. When the 3194:

to legalise the closure of monasteries. The process faced considerable opposition, and only sixteen houses were suppressed. Henry remained resolute, and from 1541 as part of the

5684: 3198:

he continued to press for more. For the most part, this involved making deals with local lords, under which monastic property was granted away in exchange for allegiance to the

1056:

in England, disposed of about half of all ecclesiastical income, and owned around a quarter of the nation's landed wealth. An English medieval proverb said that if the abbot of

2101:, found some comfort when these views had a dramatic effect: a special meeting of the German province of his order held the same year voted that henceforth every member of the 2917:

The local commissioners were instructed to ensure that, where portions of abbey churches were also used by local parishes or congregations, this use should continue. Parts of

159: 1764:

By the time Henry VIII turned to monastery reform, royal action to suppress religious houses had a history of more than 200 years. The first case was that of the so-called '

2180:

In France and Scotland, by contrast, royal action to seize monastic income proceeded along entirely different lines. In both countries, the practice of nominating abbacies

2733:. The scale of the proposed new foundations was drastically cut back. In the end, six abbeys were raised to be cathedrals of new dioceses, and only two more major abbeys, 2308:. The Syon nuns, being strictly enclosed, escaped sanction at this stage, the personal compliance of the abbess being taken as sufficient for the government's purposes. 1745: 456: 5573: 2950:, which had flourished as pilgrimage sites for many centuries, were soon reduced to ruins. However, the tales of widespread mob action resulting in destruction and 1052:

from parish churches under the founder's patronage. As a consequence, religious houses in the 16th century controlled appointment to about two-fifths of all parish

4670: 1794:, successive English governments objected to money going overseas to France. They also objected to foreign prelates having jurisdiction over English monasteries. 209: 5880: 5875: 3595: 2063:

any action that impinged on monasteries with substantial assets might be expected to be contested by a range of influential claimants. In 1532, the priory of

1878:. This, with royal agreement claiming 'foundership', would be presented to an 'empanelled jury' for consent to use of the property of the house in civil law. 1470: 449: 1842:

The properties were taken over by the Crown; some were kept, some were given or sold to Henry's supporters, others were assigned to his new monasteries of

1407: 1143:

widespread concern in the later 15th and early 16th centuries about the condition of the monasteries. A leading figure here is the scholar and theologian

5224: 4704: 3282:

It is unlikely that the monastic system could have been broken simply by royal action, had there not been the overwhelming bait of enhanced status for

1220:

country the monks possessed too much of wealth and of the sources of production both for their own well-being and for the material good of the economy.

992: 670: 2372: 5599: 3205:

By the time of Henry's death (1547) around half of the Irish houses had been suppressed, but many continued to resist dissolution until the reign of

1098:

confessions of faith (Ireland being the only major exception). They continued in states that remained Catholic, and new community orders such as the

5674: 1305:'s visitors to the monasteries may have been exaggerated but the religious houses of England and Wales—with the notable exceptions of those of the 376: 3061: 2465: 60: 1152:. Pastoral care was seen as much more important and vital than the monastic focus on contemplation, prayer and performance of the daily office. 1030:. The overwhelming majority of the 625 monastic communities dissolved by Henry VIII had developed in the wave of monastic enthusiasm that swept 4364: 4196: 1738: 17: 2332:), for the purpose of assessing the Church's taxable value, through local commissioners who reported in May 1535. At the same time, Henry had 1079:, were supported financially by donations from the faithful, while ideally being self-sufficient and raising extensive urban kitchen gardens. 4984: 4711: 3112: 2566:

The first round of suppressions initially aroused popular discontent, especially in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire where many contributed to the

2516: 790: 107: 1890:

communities (especially those of women) with few powerful friends; the great abbeys and orders exempt from diocesan supervision such as the

4663: 3084: 2599:

surrender rather than through a systematic statutory dissolution. One Abbey whose monks had been implicated in the Pilgrimage of Grace was

2488: 1623: 79: 3401:

percent of England, with tens of thousands of tenant farmers working those lands, some of whom had family ties to a particular monastery.

3290:

was a familiar feature of late medieval Europe, producing its own strain of satiric literature that was aimed at a literate middle class.

5958: 5257: 4750: 163: 4607: 5639: 4938: 3488:

The dissolution and destruction of the monasteries and shrines was very unpopular in many areas. In the north of England, centering on

1565: 3091: 2495: 86: 30:

This article is about the specific act by King Henry VIII of England. For the general phenomenon, in various countries and times, see

5953: 2685: 2072: 1731: 1520: 1351: 1075:, for the most part, were concentrated in urban areas. Unlike monasteries, friaries had no income-bearing endowments; the friars, as 960: 3267:

On the dissolution these spiritual income streams were sold off on the same basis as landed endowments, creating a new class of lay

1779:, agricultural estates with a single foreign monk in residence to supervise; others were rich foundations in their own right (e.g., 5392: 3341: 2864:, the abbey endowments were transferred alongside him directly into those of the bishops. The last two abbeys to be dissolved were 2830: 2713: 2433: 2382: 1322:

houses could now support the twelve or thirteen professed religious usually regarded as the minimum necessary to maintain the full

944: 940: 770: 4517: 3250:(right to appoint) a benefice with the legal obligation to maintain the cure of souls in the parish, originally by nominating the 1090:. By the end of the 16th century, monasticism had almost entirely disappeared from those European states whose rulers had adopted 402: 5933: 4656: 310: 3098: 2502: 397: 392: 93: 5086: 5028: 2206:

authority to nominate almost all abbots and conventual priors in France. Around 80 per cent of French abbacies came to be held

241: 2860:

in Norfolk was the only abbey in England which escaped formal dissolution. As the last abbot had been appointed to the see of

4485: 4449: 4252: 4172: 3458:, first chancellor of the Court of Augmentations, established to manage the endowments of former monasteries and pay pensions 2278: 1711: 929: 864: 2112:

News spread among Protestant-minded rulers across Europe, and some, particularly in Scandinavia, moved very quickly. In the

5943: 5938: 4896: 4792: 3080: 2484: 2169:

followed suit in 1529, and Geneva adopted the same policy in 1530. An attempt was also made in 1530 to dissolve the famous

1608: 236: 75: 5758: 5656: 5543: 4633: 4584:

Barbara Harvey; a detailed survey of the dissolution process at Westminster, in the context of overall government policy.

3319:

A great nombre of them whych purchased those supertycyous mansyons, resrved of those lybrarye bokes, some to serve theyr

3315:. Nevertheless, much was lost, especially manuscript books of English church music, none of which had then been printed. 2277:

On famously failing to receive from the Pope a declaration of nullity regarding his marriage, Henry had himself declared

2194:; and although such arrangements were nominally temporary, commendatory abbacies often continued long-term. Then, by the 1560: 1402: 1235: 1019: 778: 300: 3190:

Henry was determined to carry through a policy of dissolution in Ireland—and in 1537 he introduced legislation into the

2281:

in February 1531, and instigated a programme of legislation to establish this Royal Supremacy in law. In April 1533, an

5948: 5796: 5098: 4849: 2693: 1928: 1901: 1265:

for the probate of wills and mortuary expenses for burial in hallowed ground; tightened regulations covering rights of

824: 767: 2402:

in Oxfordshire; a smaller house with a net income below £200-year, dissolved in 1536 and purchased for a parish church

4928: 4430: 4390: 4327: 3448:

standing. Through intermarriage of one another's children, this social group became substantially self-perpetuating.

3131: 2642: 2535: 1716: 1643: 759: 580: 531: 305: 185: 126: 3844: 3069: 2473: 5699: 5179: 5069: 1823:, and the pattern repeated for long periods over the course of the 14th century, most particularly in the reign of 1489: 1359: 786: 3554:

Westminster to remain in place with restored pensions if they took the Oath of Supremacy and conformed to the new

3246:

About a quarter of net monastic wealth consisted of "spiritual" income arising where the religious house held the

1194:

the monasteries, almost without exception, were deeply involved in promoting and profiting from the veneration of

1034:

in the 11th and 12th centuries. Few had been founded later than the end of the 13th century; the youngest was the

320: 5194: 5118: 4738: 4716: 3346: 3214: 2134: 1986: 1966:

in 1506) to fund her works at Oxford and Cambridge. She was advised in this action by the staunch traditionalist

1180: 644: 167: 3323:, some to scoure candelstyckes, and some to rubbe their bootes. Some they solde to the grossers and soapsellers. 5052: 4699: 4691: 4679: 4612: 3606: 3414:("Quakers"). This may be set against the retained and newly established cathedrals of the daily singing of the 3065: 2839: 2822: 2753:, whose abbess, Lady Katherine Bulkeley, was one whom Cromwell had personally promoted. Godstow was invaded by 2469: 1434: 1429: 1103: 64: 3721: 5728: 5307: 5282: 4891: 4538: 2787: 1897: 782: 565: 4618: 3358:" that plagued late Tudor England, part of the social instability that led to the Edwardian and Elizabethan 3105: 3023: 2509: 1018:

At the time of their suppression, only some English and Welsh religious houses could trace their origins to

100: 5768: 5287: 5277: 4733: 4602: 4523: 3411: 2231: 1658: 1580: 1497: 1457: 1444: 1397: 808: 5733: 5103: 4876: 4317: 3444: 2971: 2847: 2807: 2282: 437: 427: 2299:

houses of the Observant Friars were handed over to the mainstream Franciscan order; the friars from the

2075:, recommended that dissolution should be legalised retrospectively through a special act of Parliament. 1835:), on payment of heavy fines and bribes, but for around 90 smaller houses, their fates were sealed when 1772:, some French religious orders held substantial property through their daughter monasteries in England. 916:; seized their wealth; disposed of their assets; and provided for their former personnel and functions. 5742: 4767: 4591: 3590: 3533:, succeeded to the throne in 1553, her hopes for a revival of English religious life proved a failure. 3464: 3002:

so, with former monastic parts now walled off and derelict. Most parish churches had been endowed with

2799: 2594:

in Cumbria; dissolved in 1537 and the first of the larger houses to be dissolved by voluntary surrender

1187:; and elevated man-made monastic rules for religious life above the God-given teachings of the Gospels; 1045:

Typically, 11th and 12th-century founders endowed monastic houses with revenue from landed estates and

356: 31: 3681: 3022:

or priests. All these survived the reign of Henry VIII largely intact, only to be dissolved under the

2105:

should be free to renounce their vows, resign their offices, and marry. At Luther's home monastery in

5801: 5503: 4814: 3195: 1990: 1535: 1011: 857: 738: 2880:

in Norfolk (dissolved 16 February 1540). It was not until April 1540 that the cathedral priories of

1179:

in withdrawing from the world into their own communal life, they elevated man-made monastic vows of

5634: 5209: 4726: 3176:. Outside this area, he could only proceed by tactical agreement with clan chiefs and local lords. 3050: 2454: 2287: 2022: 1948: 1932: 1905: 1811:

After 1378, French monasteries (and alien priories dependent on them) maintained allegiance to the

1706: 1575: 1392: 1164: 1007: 763: 605: 543: 325: 315: 3549:

allowing the new owners to retain the former monastic lands, and in return Parliament enacted the

2708:, the evangelical bishop of Worcester, wrote to Cromwell in 1538 to plead for the continuation of 2234:. Henry appears to have been much more influenced by the opinions on monasticism of the humanists 2230:, who had been employed by Wolsey in his monastic suppressions, and who would become Henry VIII's 2226:

It is inconceivable that these moves went unnoticed by the English government and particularly by

5252: 5108: 4835: 4400: 3308: 3272: 3251: 3054: 2458: 2376:

Altarpiece fragments (late 1300 – early 1400) destroyed during the dissolution, mid-16th century.

2349: 2160:

In Switzerland, too, monasteries were under threat. In 1523, the government of the city-state of

2014:

making monastic income available for more productive religious, educational and social purposes.

1212: 662: 422: 258: 248: 53: 3209:, and some houses in the West of Ireland remained active until the early 17th century. In 1649, 154:

may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience

5723: 5609: 5322: 2408: 2153: 1955: 1855: 1540: 1250:; but any momentum towards Protestantism stalled when Henry VIII expressed his support for the 1126: 921: 284: 4581: 3271:, who became entitled to patronage, and the income from tithes and glebe lands. Though as lay 2978:

in Wiltshire, an Augustinian nunnery converted into an aristocratic mansion and country estate

2017: 1071:

in England and Wales constituted a second distinct wave of monastic zeal in the 13th century.

5619: 5604: 5317: 5174: 5081: 4881: 4864: 4777: 4721: 4346: 3585: 3555: 3440: 3371: 3191: 2943: 2803: 2726: 2395: 2333: 2125: 1998: 1862:, and could consequently be bought and sold, in which case the purchaser would be called the 1691: 1525: 1515: 939:

the previous year. The monasteries were dissolved by two Acts of Parliament, those being the

925: 820: 816: 629: 609: 596: 574: 561: 523: 432: 412: 407: 263: 5669: 3500:, that threatened the Crown for some weeks. In 1536, there were major, popular uprisings in 3426:

or other institutions dedicated to training men as parish clergy. An aspiring candidate for

3298:

Along with the destruction of the monasteries, some centuries old, the destruction of their

5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5778: 5705: 5548: 5508: 5327: 5229: 5204: 5143: 4948: 4923: 4859: 4542: 3580: 3415: 3264:

possession either from among their own number, or from secular priests removable at will.

3179: 2881: 2869: 2795: 2754: 2721:

immediate danger had passed, Henry still demanded from Cromwell unprecedented sums for the

2709: 2689: 2337: 2327: 2295: 2218:

appropriated by higher ecclesiastical institutions exceeded 85 per cent, in 1532 the young

2195: 2064: 2010: 1940: 1920: 1916: 1648: 1505: 1310: 1118: 850: 812: 718: 674: 519: 496: 480: 417: 371: 351: 253: 2587: 279: 8: 5900: 5624: 5614: 5563: 5421: 5407: 5267: 5009: 4772: 3559: 3497: 3397: 3393: 3303: 3157: 2885: 2857: 2854:, their houses being dissolved and their monks receiving a basic pension of £4 per year. 2567: 2560: 2421: 2203: 2145:, from which the last nuns emigrated in 1595, about half a century after the Reduction. 1971: 1696: 1510: 1421: 1318: 1251: 1049: 1031: 1023: 840: 682: 658: 539: 2254:(1516). Erasmus and More promoted ecclesiastical reform while remaining faithful to the 1156: 5912: 5689: 5458: 5382: 5350: 5169: 5138: 4975: 4963: 4824: 4762: 4358: 4279: 4190: 3987: 3600: 3546: 3199: 3183: 2552: 2250: 2244: 2149: 2129: 1836: 1832: 1588: 1570: 1465: 1452: 1367: 1160: 1149: 1144: 1087: 913: 909: 774: 754: 569: 511: 231: 5478: 4162: 3362:. This argument has been disputed, for example, by G. W. O. Woodward, who summarises: 1175:

Erasmus had made a threefold criticism of the monks and nuns of his day, saying that:

5858: 5763: 5538: 5524: 5498: 5483: 5387: 5372: 5302: 5292: 5161: 5093: 4994: 4958: 4854: 4608:

Dissolution of the Monasteries and historical records of some of the abbeys dissolved

4554: 4481: 4455: 4445: 4426: 4386: 4323: 4283: 4248: 4226: 4178: 4168: 3534: 3359: 3260: 2947: 2939: 2791: 2701: 2669: 2646: 2572: 2174: 2170: 2098: 1963: 1936: 1912: 1061: 1057: 971: 734: 694: 557: 515: 506: 366: 215: 4262:

Carley, James P. (December 1997). "Marks in Books and the Libraries of Henry VIII".

3676: 2990: 885:, was the set of administrative and legal processes between 1536 and 1541, by which 5748: 5553: 5533: 5453: 5438: 5337: 5239: 5113: 4953: 4911: 4906: 4886: 4869: 4782: 4504: 4271: 4222: 3287: 3276: 2935: 2771: 2399: 2291: 1994: 1801: 1671: 1653: 1613: 1301:

The stories of monastic impropriety, vice, and excess that were to be collected by

1274: 726: 640: 636: 535: 527: 361: 5806: 5773: 5717: 5711: 5568: 5473: 5377: 5189: 4683: 4648: 3993: 3235: 3210: 3165: 3161: 2954:

partly confuses the looting spree of the 1530s with the vandalism wrought by the

2931: 2877: 2779: 2775: 2697: 2662: 2361: 2357: 2255: 2227: 2068: 1978: 1944: 1776: 1769: 1701: 1323: 1302: 1290: 1257: 1195: 1027: 951: 936: 890: 743: 2637:

The future of the ten monastic cathedrals came into question. For two of these,

2009:

The conventional wisdom of the time was that the proper daily observance of the

5869: 5694: 5488: 5463: 5427: 5367: 5360: 5355: 5345: 5199: 5184: 5123: 4999: 4989: 4745: 4275: 3998: 3994:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 3472: 3388: 3312: 3256: 3015: 3011: 2984: 2738: 2654: 2345: 2142: 2102: 1816: 1812: 1666: 1530: 1439: 1282:

function of a Supreme Head empowered by statute "to visit, extirp and redress".

980: 794: 730: 714: 710: 706: 686: 632: 5062: 4642: 4182: 5927: 5753: 5679: 5645: 5629: 5589: 5272: 5247: 5023: 4933: 4918: 4840: 4624: 4459: 4300: 3538: 3468: 3355: 3268: 2873: 2843: 2650: 2591: 2412: 2121: 2084: 1924: 1859: 1475: 1286: 1243: 584: 4587: 2872:, on 23 March 1540, and several priories also survived into 1540, including 166:

any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against

5863: 5738: 5594: 5558: 5297: 5219: 5063: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4787: 3542: 3501: 3493: 3455: 2994: 2975: 2963: 2923: 2811: 2734: 2722: 2705: 2674: 2416: 2353: 2209: 2059: 1982: 1959: 1887: 1847: 1805: 1780: 1765: 1759: 1239: 964: 722: 624: 613: 600: 3475:

objected to the provision of the new cathedrals with complete chapters of

3302:

was perhaps the greatest cultural loss caused by the English Reformation.

5664: 5493: 5468: 5443: 5416: 5403: 5312: 5214: 4901: 4312: 3206: 2958:

in the next century against the Anglican privileges. Woodward concludes:

2927: 2913:

in Yorkshire, Benedictine abbey, purchased by the town as a parish church

2910: 2817: 2678: 2341: 2239: 2138: 1967: 1891: 1883: 1791: 1784: 1247: 1199: 1191:

contributing little or nothing to the spiritual needs of ordinary people;

1083: 1035: 702: 588: 488: 346: 2898:

List of English abbeys, priories and friaries serving as parish churches

5448: 5033: 4374:

The Last Days of the Lancashire Monasteries and the Pilgrimage of Grace

3575: 3427: 3151:, a Franciscan Friary built in the 15th century and suppressed in 1541 3148: 2951: 2865: 2814:). Almost all other friaries have disappeared with few visible traces. 2638: 2305: 2260: 2199: 2106: 2052: 2002: 1843: 1824: 1618: 1306: 1297:

in Spirituals; created the administrative machinery for the dissolution

1294: 1261: 1076: 1039: 997: 955: 886: 678: 592: 3286:, and the convictions of the small but determined Protestant faction. 4213:

Bernard, G. W. (October 2011). "The Dissolution of the Monasteries".

3505: 3489: 3431: 3387:

and sometimes other younger scholars. Where monasteries had provided

3003: 2730: 2556: 2300: 2184: 2177:

in its own right, but this failed, and St. Gall survived until 1798.

1875: 1867: 1376: 1266: 1110: 1095: 893: 698: 3383:

members, which in the later medieval period had tended to extend to

3202:. Henry acquired little (if any) of the wealth of the Irish houses. 3039: 2548: 2443: 2190:

non-monastic ecclesiastic, commonly a bishop or member of the Papal

2161: 1109:

The religious and political changes in England under Henry VIII and

42: 5907: 5262: 5016: 5004: 4236:

The Dissolution of the Religious Orders in Ireland under Henry VIII

3423: 3320: 3247: 3169: 2955: 2906: 2420:

canons of Hexham, who made the mistake of becoming involved in the

2047: 2043: 1820: 1167:; Renaissance humanist and influential critic of religious orders. 1091: 1072: 1053: 905: 3807: 3230: 3144: 1797: 5519: 5133: 4755: 4056: 3563: 3509: 3476: 3299: 3019: 3007: 2861: 2851: 2746: 2658: 2600: 2235: 2219: 2115: 1203: 1184: 1114: 1099: 901: 835: 2997:

in Yorkshire, surviving parochial nave and ruined monastic choir

5685:

Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary

5128: 5038: 4943: 3550: 3530: 3380: 3283: 3173: 2750: 2622: 1863: 1230: 1168: 1122: 1113:

were of a different nature from those taking place in Germany,

1046: 897: 4376:. Manchester: Manchester University Press for Chetham Society. 3451: 1804:

in Somerset. An alien priory dissolved in 1414 and granted to

1790:

Owing to frequent wars between England and France in the late

1211:

Summarising the state of monastic life across Western Europe,

4129: 3384: 2835: 2626: 2605: 2215: 2191: 2166: 1977:

In 1522, Fisher himself dissolved the women's monasteries of

1068: 4442:

Heretics and Believers: A History of the English Reformation

3891: 3889: 2938:

was not spared. Great abbeys and priories like Glastonbury,

1064:, their heir would have more land than the king of England. 3824: 666: 4059:'s Pardoner and other Chaucerian anticlerical satire, see 3751: 2657:, had recast the college statutes away from the saying of 2621:

The endowments of landed property and appropriated parish

27:

1536–1541 disbanding of religious residences by Henry VIII

5574:

Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

4597: 3937: 3925: 3901: 3886: 3874: 3467:, and Christ Church, Oxford; and the maritime charity of 2825:, with the execution of the abbot shown in the background 4645:(1763–1835), Letter VI. Confiscation of the Monasteries. 4643:

The Protestant Reformation in England by William Cobbett

4117: 4093: 3702: 3692: 3690: 3624: 3622: 218:, dissolved in 1539 following the execution of the abbot 4544:

The Dissolution of the Monasteries in England and Wales

2987:(1603–1625), more than 60 years after the dissolution. 2051:

courts, if aggrieved monks and nuns obtained a writ of

4105: 4037: 4025: 4013: 3963: 3913: 3862: 3596:

List of monasteries dissolved by Henry VIII of England

3307:

others were sold off by the cartload. The antiquarian

2962:

There was no general policy of destruction, except in

5605:

Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary

4293:

Wealth and Society in Early Sixteenth-Century England

4154:

Reliker och mirakel. Den heliga Birgitta och Vadstena

3787: 3775: 3763: 3687: 3634: 3619: 4264:

The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America

4206:

English Monks and the Suppression of the Monasteries

4069: 3646: 3603:, a children's rhyme allegedly based on the episode. 2272: 4635:

Dissolution of the monasteries in England 1536–1541

4245:

Early Modern England 1485–1714: a narrative history

4156:(in Swedish). Stockholm: Wahlström & Widstrand. 3739: 2802:remain standing (although the London church of the 1293:by Hans Holbein: Chief Minister for Henry VIII and 1242:, containing some terminology and ideas drawn from 67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4678: 4553: 4081: 2888:were transformed into secular cathedral chapters. 2367: 1254:, which remained in effect until after his death. 4497:English Monasteries on the Eve of the Dissolution 4383:Studies in the Early History of Shaftesbury Abbey 4322:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 4164:The Dissolution of the Monasteries: A New History 2704:(once purged of its "superstitious" shrine), and 2668:In May 1538, the monastic cathedral community of 5925: 5675:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII 4208:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 4063:Complaint and Satire in Early English Literature 2661:masses and towards preaching, observance of the 2653:, where, in 1535 the evangelically minded Dean, 2427: 2319: 1787:and answered to the abbot of the French house). 4151: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3830: 3658: 3496:, the suppression led to a popular rising, the 3379:Monasteries had undertaken schooling for their 2934:destroyed or dispersed. Even the crypt of King 2612: 2058:The King actively supported Wolsey, Fisher and 1815:. Their suppression was supported by the rival 1342: 3812:. Melchior Lotter d.J. / World Digital Library 2042:) and received other regular cash rewards and 4664: 4247:(2nd ed.). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. 2876:in Yorkshire (dissolved 29 January 1540) and 2113: 1839:dissolved them by act of Parliament in 1414. 1739: 858: 457: 4582:The Dissolution and Westminster Abbey (2007) 4519:Extents of Irish Monastic possessions 1540–1 4416:. Vol. III. Cambridge University Press. 4320:: Traditional Religion in England, 1400–1580 3975: 1989:. That same year, Cardinal Wolsey dissolved 1624:History of the Puritans under King Charles I 4503: 4407:. Vol. II. Cambridge University Press. 4203: 3757: 3068:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2555:in Yorkshire; dissolved in 1537 due to the 2472:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2386: 2325: 2207: 2181: 2088: 2037: 5690:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary 5640:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart 4671: 4657: 4420: 4363:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4339:Reading and Writing During the Dissolution 4242: 4195:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4152:Andersson, Erika; Jörälv, Lennart (2003). 4135: 3943: 3931: 3907: 3895: 3880: 3512:the following year. James Clark claims in 3422:In the medieval church, there had been no 3375:Lost monastic houses in the City of London 3367:and latter parts of the sixteenth century. 3304:Worcester Priory (now Worcester Cathedral) 1831:priories became naturalised (for instance 1746: 1732: 1566:History of the Puritans under King James I 1366: 865: 851: 464: 450: 3990:inflation figures are based on data from 3954: 3952: 3132:Learn how and when to remove this message 2891: 2536:Learn how and when to remove this message 2078: 1521:History of the Puritans under Elizabeth I 1277:remarked in his biography of Henry VIII: 186:Learn how and when to remove this message 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 4551: 4537: 4439: 4295:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4290: 4233: 4111: 3969: 3868: 3845:"Erasmus and the Second Vatican Council" 3842: 3805: 3745: 3708: 3450: 3370: 3342:Suppression of Religious Houses Act 1539 3229: 3178: 3156:century, attracting popular support and 3143: 2989: 2970: 2905: 2816: 2586: 2547: 2434:Suppression of Religious Houses Act 1535 2394: 2383:Suppression of Religious Houses Act 1535 2371: 2242:, especially as found in Erasmus's work 2141:, where the last nuns died in 1582, and 2016: 1911:The resources were transferred often to 1896: 1796: 1285: 1183:above the God-given vows of sacramental 1155: 991: 4565: 4411: 4399: 4345: 4307:(2nd ed.). London: B. T. Batsford. 4299: 4212: 4043: 4031: 4019: 3793: 3781: 3769: 3696: 3652: 3640: 3628: 3335: 2559:of the prior for treason following the 2304:imprisoned were Bridgettine monks from 1904:; dissolved in 1496 and converted into 311:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England 14: 5926: 4494: 4475: 4466: 4351:Henry VIII and the English Monasteries 4261: 4087: 4075: 3958: 3949: 3809:On Monastic Vows – De votis monasticis 3225: 4652: 4515: 4385:. Dorchester: Dorset County Council. 4371: 4336: 4311: 4238:. London: Cambridge University Press. 4160: 4123: 4099: 4060: 3991: 3919: 3529:When Henry VIII's Catholic daughter, 2760: 2279:Supreme Head of the Church of England 4444:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 4380: 3843:Cummings, Thomas (17 October 2016). 3664: 3066:adding citations to reliable sources 3033: 2470:adding citations to reliable sources 2437: 1919:colleges: instances of this include 1609:Arminianism in the Church of England 1106:emerged alongside the older orders. 433:Disestablishment of the Welsh Church 413:Disestablishment of the Irish Church 237:Catholic Church in England and Wales 138: 65:adding citations to reliable sources 36: 5544:Suppression of the Society of Jesus 4469:The Library: An Illustrated History 3293: 3279:effectively from their own income. 2829:In April 1539, Parliament passed a 1866:. Like any other real property, in 1403:Convocations of Canterbury and York 1273:The monasteries were next in line. 1238:adopted and Parliament enacted the 963:, and Court of Augmentations head, 24: 5959:History of Christianity in Ireland 5099:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 4630:Suppression of English Monasteries 4568:The Dissolution of the Monasteries 4562:Concentrates on England and Wales. 4556:The Dissolution of the Monasteries 3514:The Dissolution of the Monasteries 2694:Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk 2311:G. W. O. Woodward concluded that: 2109:all the friars, save one, did so. 1234:hostility when they did. In 1536, 881:, occasionally referred to as the 825:North American Anglican Conference 25: 5970: 4575: 4511:. University of California Press. 2273:Declaration as Head of the Church 1962:(whose religious had all died of 1717:History of the Anglican Communion 1644:History of the Puritans from 1649 306:Christianity in Medieval Scotland 5954:Christian monasteries in Ireland 5906: 5894: 5225:Fourth Council of Constantinople 5180:Second Council of Constantinople 4560:. London: Pitkin Pictorials Ltd. 4547:. Sheffield: Equinox Publishing. 4243:Bucholz, R. O.; Key, N. (2009). 4227:10.1111/j.1468-229X.2011.00526.x 3081:"Dissolution of the monasteries" 3038: 2690:Colchester and St Osyth's Priory 2604:with the voluntary surrender of 2485:"Dissolution of the monasteries" 2442: 2025:, founded in 1155 and destroyed 1360:History of the Church of England 834: 495: 208: 143: 76:"Dissolution of the monasteries" 41: 5195:Third Council of Constantinople 5119:First Council of Constantinople 4480:. Malvern: Folly Publications. 4414:The Religious Orders in England 4405:The Religious Orders in England 4145: 4049: 3836: 3799: 3220: 3168:, only extended to the area of 2368:Reports and further visitations 2135:Reduction of Gustav I of Sweden 1929:St Radegund's Priory, Cambridge 1902:St Radegund's Priory, Cambridge 1181:poverty, chastity and obedience 671:Medieval cathedral architecture 645:First seven ecumenical councils 301:Early Christian Ireland 400–800 52:needs additional citations for 5934:Dissolution of the Monasteries 5434:Dissolution of the monasteries 4700:History of the Catholic Church 4603:Dissolution of the Monasteries 4588:Dissolution of the Monasteries 4499:. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. 4204:Baskerville, Geoffrey (1937). 3714: 3670: 3607:Religion in the United Kingdom 2692:as a possible future college. 1490:Elizabethan Church (1558–1603) 1435:Dissolution of the Monasteries 883:suppression of the monasteries 879:dissolution of the monasteries 691:Dissolution of the monasteries 418:Religion in Scotland - present 398:19th century Church of England 393:18th century Church of England 377:Puritanism and the Restoration 342:Dissolution of the monasteries 18:Dissolution of the Monasteries 13: 1: 5308:Fourth Council of the Lateran 5283:Second Council of the Lateran 4892:Apostles in the New Testament 4421:MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2018). 4341:. Cambridge University Press. 3612: 2778:and former Provincial of the 2665:, and children's education. 2428:Initial round of suppressions 2320:Visitation of the monasteries 2026: 1133: 1000: 783:Anglican Consultative Council 532:Chicago–Lambeth Quadrilateral 385:Eighteenth century to present 280:Christianity in Roman Britain 5422:Catholic Counter-Reformation 5288:Third Council of the Lateran 5278:First Council of the Lateran 4734:Catholic ecumenical councils 4639:on website The History Notes 4524:Irish Manuscripts Commission 3347:Saint Bartholomew's Hospital 3213:led a Parliamentary army to 2696:and Lord Treasurer proposed 2613:Second round of dissolutions 1987:St John's College, Cambridge 1561:James I and religious issues 1398:Religion in Medieval England 1343:Precedents for confiscations 935:. He had broken from Rome's 809:Continuing Anglican movement 805:Other Anglican Denominations 768:Anglican Communion Primates' 168:Knowledge's inclusion policy 7: 5944:Anti-Catholicism in Ireland 5939:Anti-Catholicism in England 4372:Haigh, Christopher (1969). 4318:The Stripping of the Altars 3831:Andersson & Jörälv 2003 3806:Lutherus, Martinus (1521). 3569: 3483: 3445:Emmanuel College, Cambridge 3404: 2848:hanged, drawn and quartered 2823:St John's Abbey, Colchester 2283:Act in Restraint of Appeals 2173:, which was a state of the 1997:) to form the basis of his 1927:dissolving the Benedictine 1602:Caroline period (1625–1649) 1554:Jacobean period (1603–1625) 438:Church of Scotland Act 1921 285:Legend of Christ in Britain 10: 5975: 4768:History of the Roman Curia 4570:. London: Allen and Unwin. 4516:White, Newport B. (1943). 4495:Savine, Alexander (1909). 4276:10.1086/pbsa.91.4.24304797 4234:Bradshaw, Brendan (1974). 4065:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 3591:Dissolution (Sansom novel) 3465:Trinity College, Cambridge 3029: 2895: 2800:Greyfriars Church, Reading 2788:St. Andrew's Hall, Norwich 2431: 2267: 2021:A portion of the ruins of 1954:In the following century, 1757: 1224: 987: 760:Anglican Communion history 403:Church of England (recent) 357:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 32:Suppression of monasteries 29: 5949:Anti-Catholicism in Wales 5889: 5789: 5655: 5582: 5517: 5504:European wars of religion 5401: 5336: 5238: 5160: 5051: 4974: 4834: 4823: 4815:Eastern Catholic Churches 4690: 4552:Woodward, G.W.O. (1974). 4478:Medieval English Friaries 4291:Cornwall, J.C.K. (1988). 3196:Tudor conquest of Ireland 1958:obtained the property of 1947:in Hampshire in 1484 for 1012:Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum 5635:Mary of the Divine Heart 5258:Clash against the empire 5210:Second Council of Nicaea 5104:Old St. Peter's Basilica 4440:Marshall, Peter (2017). 4161:Clark, James G. (2021). 3508:and a further rising in 2806:continued in use by the 2288:Submission of the Clergy 2124:in 1527, initiating the 2001:; in 1524, he secured a 1949:Magdalen College, Oxford 1933:Jesus College, Cambridge 1906:Jesus College, Cambridge 1707:Disestablishmentarianism 1576:Hampton Court Conference 1393:Anglo-Saxon Christianity 1229:Pilgrimages to monastic 1008:Hans Holbein the Younger 933:of the Church in England 928:in 1534, which made him 764:Archbishop of Canterbury 326:Hiberno-Scottish mission 316:Anglo-Saxon Christianity 5901:Vatican City portal 5253:Investiture Controversy 5109:First Council of Nicaea 4467:Murray, Stuart (2009). 4423:Thomas Cromwell: A Life 4412:Knowles, David (1959). 4381:Keen, Laurence (1999). 4353:(8th ed.). London. 4337:Erler, Mary.C. (2013). 4305:The English Reformation 3992:Clark, Gregory (2017). 3682:Encyclopædia Britannica 2868:, in January 1540, and 2810:until destroyed in the 2651:Stoke-by-Clare, Suffolk 2336:authorise Cromwell to " 2157:former monastic lands. 1846:and the Carthusians at 1422:Reformation (1509–1559) 1408:Development of dioceses 1026:foundations before the 841:Christianity portal 663:Augustine of Canterbury 428:1904–1905 Welsh Revival 423:Welsh Methodist revival 201:History of Christianity 5913:Catholicism portal 5724:Second Vatican Council 5610:Our Lady of La Salette 5417:Protestant Reformation 5404:Protestant Reformation 5323:Second Council of Lyon 4712:Ecclesiastical history 4471:. Skyhorse Publishing. 4136:Bucholz & Key 2009 3523: 3459: 3376: 3369: 3331: 3239: 3187: 3152: 2998: 2979: 2969: 2919:117 former monasteries 2914: 2892:Effects on public life 2826: 2714:Second Suppression Act 2595: 2563: 2409:Court of Augmentations 2403: 2387: 2377: 2326: 2317: 2208: 2182: 2114: 2089: 2079:Continental precedents 2038: 2032: 1991:St Frideswide's Priory 1956:Lady Margaret Beaufort 1908: 1808: 1768:'. As a result of the 1541:Marprelate Controversy 1536:Foxe's Book of Martyrs 1430:Reformation Parliament 1386:Middle Ages (597–1500) 1298: 1284: 1222: 1172: 1154: 1127:Reformation in England 1060:married the abbess of 1015: 985: 945:Second Suppression Act 655:Background and history 5620:First Vatican Council 5318:First Council of Lyon 5082:Constantine the Great 4778:Christian monasticism 4626:Catholic Encyclopedia 3586:Compendium Competorum 3556:Book of Common Prayer 3518: 3454: 3441:Jesus College, Oxford 3374: 3364: 3317: 3233: 3182: 3147: 3006:, each maintaining a 2993: 2974: 2960: 2909: 2820: 2723:coastal defence works 2684:The Lord Chancellor, 2590: 2551: 2398: 2375: 2313: 2126:Reformation in Sweden 2023:St Mary's Abbey, York 2020: 1999:Christ Church, Oxford 1900: 1800: 1692:Bangorian Controversy 1660:Book of Common Prayer 1582:Book of Common Prayer 1526:Vestments controversy 1516:The Books of Homilies 1499:Book of Common Prayer 1459:Book of Common Prayer 1446:Book of Common Prayer 1311:Observant Franciscans 1289: 1279: 1217: 1159: 1141: 995: 976: 941:First Suppression Act 821:Congress of St. Louis 817:Bartonville Agreement 575:Book of Common Prayer 408:Catholic emancipation 5797:Sexual abuse scandal 5706:Mit brennender Sorge 5549:Age of Enlightenment 5328:Bernard of Clairvaux 5205:Byzantine Iconoclasm 5144:Council of Chalcedon 4924:Council of Jerusalem 4793:Role in civilization 4773:Religious institutes 4705:By country or region 4566:Youings, J. (1971). 4061:Peter, John (1956). 3581:Charter of Liberties 3562:orders, such as the 3336:Health and education 3158:financial endowments 3062:improve this section 2796:Chichester Guildhall 2794:(Warwickshire), the 2710:Great Malvern Priory 2466:improve this section 2388:Valor Ecclesiasticus 2328:Valor Ecclesiasticus 2296:Observant Franciscan 2196:Concordat of Bologna 2095:On the monastic vows 2065:Christchurch Aldgate 1941:Bishop of Winchester 1917:Cambridge University 1649:Westminster Assembly 1506:Thirty-nine Articles 1252:Six Articles of 1539 954:, vicar-general and 813:Anglican realignment 675:Apostolic succession 554:Ministry and worship 520:Thirty-nine Articles 372:Book of Common Order 352:Scottish Reformation 254:Religion in Scotland 203:in the British Isles 61:improve this article 5625:Papal infallibility 5615:Our Lady of Lourdes 5564:Shimabara Rebellion 5408:Counter-Reformation 4621:English Reformation 4476:Salter, M. (2010). 4138:, pp. 110–111. 4126:, pp. 284–285. 4102:, pp. 440–441. 3849:Church Life Journal 3677:Counter-Reformation 3560:Counter-Reformation 3498:Pilgrimage of Grace 3398:Charterhouse School 3394:London Charterhouse 3226:Social and economic 3172:immediately around 3164:and, from 1541, as 2842:, Glastonbury, and 2821:The suppression of 2568:Pilgrimage of Grace 2561:Pilgrimage of Grace 2422:Pilgrimage of Grace 2090:De votis monasticis 1972:Bishop of Rochester 1775:Some of these were 1697:Evangelical Revival 1511:Convocation of 1563 1319:professed religious 1067:200 more houses of 1042:, founded in 1415. 1032:western Christendom 791:Ordination of women 683:English Reformation 659:Celtic Christianity 259:Celtic Christianity 249:Religion in Ireland 244:(Church of England) 204: 5670:Our Lady of Fátima 5459:Ignatius of Loyola 5383:Catherine of Siena 5351:Pope Boniface VIII 5170:Benedict of Nursia 5139:Council of Ephesus 4976:Ante-Nicene period 4929:Split with Judaism 4763:Crusading movement 4505:Scarisbrick, J. J. 4055:For background on 3988:Retail Price Index 3601:Little Jack Horner 3547:papal dispensation 3460: 3412:Society of Friends 3377: 3240: 3188: 3184:Ballintubber Abbey 3153: 3024:Chantries Act 1547 2999: 2980: 2915: 2827: 2761:Later dissolutions 2727:St Michael's Mount 2596: 2564: 2553:Bridlington Priory 2404: 2378: 2248:(1511) and More's 2245:In Praise of Folly 2236:Desiderius Erasmus 2033: 1909: 1833:Castle Acre Priory 1809: 1783:was a daughter of 1712:Prayer Book Crisis 1589:King James Version 1571:Millenary Petition 1466:Forty-two Articles 1453:Edwardine Ordinals 1299: 1173: 1161:Desiderius Erasmus 1145:Desiderius Erasmus 1088:Continental Europe 1016: 775:Lambeth Conference 755:Anglican Communion 570:King James Version 512:Christian theology 242:Calendar of saints 232:Anglican Communion 200: 5921: 5920: 5881:COVID-19 pandemic 5859:Pope Benedict XVI 5764:Pope John Paul II 5539:Pope Benedict XIV 5525:French Revolution 5509:Thirty Years' War 5499:Robert Bellarmine 5484:John of the Cross 5388:Pope Alexander VI 5373:Council of Vienne 5303:Francis of Assisi 5293:Pope Innocent III 5162:Early Middle Ages 5156: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5094:Arian controversy 5047: 5046: 4995:Apostolic Fathers 4487:978-1-871731-87-3 4451:978-0-300-17062-7 4254:978-1-4051-6275-3 4174:978-0-300-26418-0 3922:, pp. 60–72. 3711:, pp. 29–30. 3535:Westminster Abbey 3261:Premonstratensian 3142: 3141: 3134: 3116: 2792:Atherstone Priory 2702:Little Walsingham 2647:collegiate church 2573:Treasons Act 1534 2546: 2545: 2538: 2520: 2424:, were executed. 2175:Holy Roman Empire 2171:Abbey of St. Gall 2099:Augustinian friar 2046:, which softened 1964:sweating sickness 1937:William Waynflete 1913:Oxford University 1894:were unaffected. 1756: 1755: 1373:Westminster Abbey 1275:J. J. Scarisbrick 1198:, in the form of 972:George W. Bernard 875: 874: 735:Anglo-Catholicism 695:Church of England 524:Books of Homilies 516:Anglican doctrine 474: 473: 367:English Civil War 264:Religion in Wales 216:Glastonbury Abbey 196: 195: 188: 137: 136: 129: 111: 16:(Redirected from 5966: 5911: 5910: 5899: 5898: 5897: 5876:Patriarch Kirill 5749:Pope John Paul I 5554:Anti-clericalism 5534:Pope Innocent XI 5454:Society of Jesus 5439:Council of Trent 5393:Age of Discovery 5338:Late Middle Ages 5240:High Middle Ages 5230:East–West Schism 5114:Pope Sylvester I 5060: 5059: 5049: 5048: 4959:General epistles 4954:Pauline epistles 4887:John the Baptist 4870:Great Commission 4832: 4831: 4783:Catholic culture 4673: 4666: 4659: 4650: 4649: 4571: 4561: 4559: 4548: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4512: 4500: 4491: 4472: 4463: 4436: 4417: 4408: 4396: 4377: 4368: 4362: 4354: 4342: 4333: 4308: 4296: 4287: 4258: 4239: 4230: 4221:(324): 390–409. 4209: 4200: 4194: 4186: 4157: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4006: 3984: 3973: 3967: 3961: 3956: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3758:Scarisbrick 1968 3755: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3726:Oxford Reference 3718: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3685: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3329: 3294:Arts and culture 3288:Anti-clericalism 3277:perpetual curate 3192:Irish Parliament 3137: 3130: 3126: 3123: 3117: 3115: 3074: 3042: 3034: 2936:Alfred the Great 2858:St Benet's Abbey 2772:Richard Yngworth 2541: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2521: 2519: 2478: 2446: 2438: 2415:in Cheshire and 2400:Dorchester Abbey 2390: 2331: 2292:vow of obedience 2232:King's Secretary 2213: 2188: 2119: 2092: 2041: 2031: 2028: 1995:Oxford Cathedral 1802:Stogursey Priory 1748: 1741: 1734: 1672:Nonjuring schism 1654:Savoy Conference 1614:Caroline Divines 1370: 1347: 1346: 1005: 1002: 943:in 1535 and the 922:Act of Supremacy 867: 860: 853: 839: 838: 727:Nonjuring schism 641:Christian Church 536:Episcopal polity 528:Caroline Divines 499: 476: 475: 466: 459: 452: 212: 205: 199: 191: 184: 180: 177: 171: 147: 146: 139: 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 21: 5974: 5973: 5969: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5924: 5923: 5922: 5917: 5905: 5895: 5893: 5885: 5807:World Youth Day 5785: 5774:World Youth Day 5718:Pacem in terris 5712:Pope John XXIII 5651: 5578: 5569:Edict of Nantes 5527: 5523: 5513: 5479:Teresa of Ávila 5474:Tridentine Mass 5410: 5406: 5397: 5378:Knights Templar 5332: 5234: 5190:Gregorian chant 5148: 5074: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5055: 5043: 4970: 4839: 4827: 4819: 4686: 4684:Catholic Church 4677: 4578: 4528: 4526: 4488: 4452: 4433: 4393: 4356: 4355: 4330: 4255: 4188: 4187: 4175: 4148: 4143: 4142: 4134: 4130: 4122: 4118: 4110: 4106: 4098: 4094: 4086: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4054: 4050: 4042: 4038: 4030: 4026: 4018: 4014: 4004: 4002: 3985: 3976: 3968: 3964: 3957: 3950: 3944:MacCulloch 2018 3942: 3938: 3932:MacCulloch 2018 3930: 3926: 3918: 3914: 3908:MacCulloch 2018 3906: 3902: 3896:MacCulloch 2018 3894: 3887: 3881:MacCulloch 2018 3879: 3875: 3867: 3863: 3853: 3851: 3841: 3837: 3829: 3825: 3815: 3813: 3804: 3800: 3792: 3788: 3780: 3776: 3768: 3764: 3756: 3752: 3744: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3707: 3703: 3695: 3688: 3675: 3671: 3663: 3659: 3651: 3647: 3639: 3635: 3627: 3620: 3615: 3572: 3545:, negotiated a 3486: 3407: 3389:grammar schools 3338: 3330: 3328:John Bale, 1549 3327: 3296: 3236:Fountains Abbey 3228: 3223: 3215:conquer Ireland 3211:Oliver Cromwell 3200:new Irish Crown 3166:King of Ireland 3162:Lord of Ireland 3138: 3127: 3121: 3118: 3075: 3073: 3059: 3043: 3032: 2944:Bury St Edmunds 2900: 2894: 2878:Thetford Priory 2776:Bishop of Dover 2763: 2735:Burton-on-Trent 2698:Thetford Priory 2615: 2542: 2531: 2525: 2522: 2479: 2477: 2463: 2447: 2436: 2430: 2370: 2358:John Tregonwell 2322: 2275: 2270: 2259:pilgrimage, to 2228:Thomas Cromwell 2081: 2069:Lord Chancellor 2029: 1945:Selborne Priory 1770:Norman Conquest 1762: 1752: 1723: 1722: 1721: 1702:Oxford Movement 1686: 1678: 1677: 1676: 1638: 1630: 1629: 1628: 1603: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1555: 1547: 1546: 1545: 1492: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1424: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1387: 1379: 1345: 1324:canonical hours 1303:Thomas Cromwell 1291:Thomas Cromwell 1260:had obtained a 1258:Cardinal Wolsey 1227: 1136: 1028:Norman Conquest 1003: 990: 952:Thomas Cromwell 937:papal authority 871: 833: 828: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 806: 798: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 766: 762: 757: 747: 746: 744:Oxford Movement 742: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 656: 648: 647: 643: 639: 635: 627: 617: 616: 612: 608: 604: 583: 581:Liturgical year 579: 568: 564: 560: 555: 547: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 509: 470: 243: 219: 202: 192: 181: 175: 172: 158:Please help by 157: 148: 144: 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5972: 5962: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5903: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5855: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5804: 5799: 5793: 5791: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5783: 5782: 5781: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5714: 5709: 5702: 5697: 5695:Lateran Treaty 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5661: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5649: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5586: 5584: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5530: 5528: 5520:Baroque period 5518: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5489:Peter Canisius 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5464:Francis Xavier 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5428:Exsurge Domine 5424: 5419: 5413: 5411: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5368:Pope Clement V 5365: 5364: 5363: 5361:Avignon Papacy 5356:Western Schism 5353: 5348: 5346:Thomas Aquinas 5342: 5340: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5244: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5200:Saint Boniface 5197: 5192: 5187: 5185:Pope Gregory I 5182: 5177: 5172: 5166: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5124:Biblical canon 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5090: 5089: 5078: 5076: 5057: 5053:Late antiquity 5045: 5044: 5042: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5014: 5013: 5012: 5007: 5002: 5000:Pope Clement I 4990:Church Fathers 4987: 4981: 4979: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4968: 4967: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4915: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4846: 4844: 4829: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4759: 4758: 4753: 4751:Biblical canon 4746:Catholic Bible 4743: 4742: 4741: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4696: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4676: 4675: 4668: 4661: 4653: 4647: 4646: 4640: 4631: 4622: 4616: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4585: 4577: 4576:External links 4574: 4573: 4572: 4563: 4549: 4539:Willmott, Hugh 4535: 4513: 4501: 4492: 4486: 4473: 4464: 4450: 4437: 4431: 4425:. Allen Lane. 4418: 4409: 4401:Knowles, David 4397: 4391: 4378: 4369: 4347:Gasquet, F. A. 4343: 4334: 4328: 4309: 4301:Dickens, A. G. 4297: 4288: 4270:(4): 583–606. 4259: 4253: 4240: 4231: 4210: 4201: 4173: 4158: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4140: 4128: 4116: 4104: 4092: 4080: 4068: 4048: 4046:, p. 292. 4036: 4034:, p. 291. 4024: 4022:, p. 290. 4012: 3999:MeasuringWorth 3974: 3962: 3948: 3946:, p. 491. 3936: 3934:, p. 463. 3924: 3912: 3910:, p. 511. 3900: 3898:, p. 490. 3885: 3883:, p. 489. 3873: 3861: 3835: 3823: 3798: 3786: 3774: 3762: 3760:, p. 337. 3750: 3738: 3722:"Six Articles" 3713: 3701: 3699:, p. 150. 3686: 3669: 3657: 3645: 3643:, p. 175. 3633: 3631:, p. 390. 3617: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3610: 3609: 3604: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3571: 3568: 3485: 3482: 3473:Thomas Cranmer 3406: 3403: 3356:sturdy beggars 3337: 3334: 3325: 3313:Matthew Parker 3295: 3292: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3140: 3139: 3046: 3044: 3037: 3031: 3028: 3010:priest to say 2896:Main article: 2893: 2890: 2762: 2759: 2755:Dr John London 2655:Matthew Parker 2614: 2611: 2544: 2543: 2450: 2448: 2441: 2432:Main article: 2429: 2426: 2369: 2366: 2346:Richard Layton 2321: 2318: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2256:Church of Rome 2150:Denmark–Norway 2143:Vadstena Abbey 2103:regular clergy 2087:had published 2080: 2077: 1813:Avignon Papacy 1766:alien priories 1758:Main article: 1754: 1753: 1751: 1750: 1743: 1736: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1720: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1688: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1675: 1674: 1669: 1667:Great Ejection 1664: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1640: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1586: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1557: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1544: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1531:Richard Hooker 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1494: 1493: 1488: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1455: 1450: 1442: 1440:Thomas Cranmer 1437: 1432: 1426: 1425: 1420: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1411: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1389: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1371: 1363: 1362: 1356: 1355: 1344: 1341: 1226: 1223: 1209: 1208: 1202:and purported 1192: 1188: 1135: 1132: 989: 986: 910:England, Wales 873: 872: 870: 869: 862: 855: 847: 844: 843: 830: 829: 807: 804: 803: 800: 799: 795:Windsor Report 758: 753: 752: 749: 748: 731:Latitudinarian 711:Richard Hooker 707:Matthew Parker 687:Thomas Cranmer 657: 654: 653: 650: 649: 628: 623: 622: 619: 618: 556: 553: 552: 549: 548: 510: 505: 504: 501: 500: 492: 491: 485: 484: 472: 471: 469: 468: 461: 454: 446: 443: 442: 441: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 387: 386: 382: 381: 380: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 336: 335: 331: 330: 329: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 295: 294: 290: 289: 288: 287: 282: 274: 273: 269: 268: 267: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 239: 234: 226: 225: 221: 220: 213: 194: 193: 151: 149: 142: 135: 134: 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5971: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5902: 5892: 5891: 5888: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5871: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5788: 5780: 5777: 5776: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5754:Mother Teresa 5752: 5750: 5747: 5744: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5719: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5707: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5680:Pope Pius XII 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5646:Rerum novarum 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5630:Pope Leo XIII 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5600:United States 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5590:Pope Pius VII 5588: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 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5015: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4973: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4934:New Testament 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4897:Commissioning 4895: 4894: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4851: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4841:Apostolic Age 4837: 4833: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4748: 4747: 4744: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4735: 4732: 4728: 4727:Papal primacy 4725: 4724: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4701: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4674: 4669: 4667: 4662: 4660: 4655: 4654: 4651: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4614: 4613:BBC Timeline: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4595: 4594: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4579: 4569: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4550: 4546: 4545: 4540: 4536: 4525: 4521: 4520: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4493: 4489: 4483: 4479: 4474: 4470: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4447: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4432:9781846144295 4428: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4392:9780852168875 4388: 4384: 4379: 4375: 4370: 4366: 4360: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4331: 4329:0-300-06076-9 4325: 4321: 4319: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4250: 4246: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4170: 4166: 4165: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4149: 4137: 4132: 4125: 4120: 4114:, p. 24. 4113: 4112:Woodward 1974 4108: 4101: 4096: 4089: 4084: 4078:, p. 94. 4077: 4072: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4045: 4040: 4033: 4028: 4021: 4016: 4001: 4000: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3972:, p. 23. 3971: 3970:Woodward 1974 3966: 3960: 3955: 3953: 3945: 3940: 3933: 3928: 3921: 3916: 3909: 3904: 3897: 3892: 3890: 3882: 3877: 3871:, p. 19. 3870: 3869:Woodward 1974 3865: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3832: 3827: 3811: 3810: 3802: 3796:, p. 77. 3795: 3790: 3784:, p. 74. 3783: 3778: 3772:, p. 79. 3771: 3766: 3759: 3754: 3747: 3746:Marshall 2017 3742: 3727: 3723: 3717: 3710: 3709:Marshall 2017 3705: 3698: 3693: 3691: 3684: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3666: 3661: 3655:, p. 75. 3654: 3649: 3642: 3637: 3630: 3625: 3623: 3618: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3573: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3539:Cardinal Pole 3536: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3481: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3469:Trinity House 3466: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3446: 3442: 3436: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3417: 3416:Divine Office 3413: 3402: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3348: 3343: 3333: 3324: 3322: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3301: 3291: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3269:impropriators 3265: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3237: 3232: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3150: 3146: 3136: 3133: 3125: 3114: 3111: 3107: 3104: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3090: 3086: 3083: – 3082: 3078: 3077:Find sources: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3047:This section 3045: 3041: 3036: 3035: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2986: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2965: 2959: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2874:Bolton Priory 2871: 2870:Waltham Abbey 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2804:Austin Friars 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2767: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2747:Godstow Abbey 2742: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2686:Thomas Audley 2682: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2631: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2610: 2607: 2602: 2593: 2592:Furness Abbey 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2574: 2569: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2540: 2537: 2529: 2518: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2501: 2497: 2494: 2490: 2487: – 2486: 2482: 2481:Find sources: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2451:This section 2449: 2445: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2425: 2423: 2418: 2414: 2413:Norton Priory 2410: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2374: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2329: 2316: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2265: 2262: 2257: 2253: 2252: 2247: 2246: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2211: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2187: 2186: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2117: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2085:Martin Luther 2076: 2074: 2073:Thomas Audley 2070: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2024: 2019: 2015: 2012: 2011:Divine Office 2007: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1925:Bishop of Ely 1922: 1918: 1914: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1879: 1877: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1860:real property 1857: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1793: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1761: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1737: 1735: 1730: 1729: 1727: 1726: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1682: 1681: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1634: 1633: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1599: 1598: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1551: 1550: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1485: 1477: 1476:Marian exiles 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1417: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1383: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1276: 1271: 1268: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1221: 1216: 1214: 1213:David Knowles 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1177: 1176: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1151: 1146: 1140: 1131: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1013: 1009: 999: 994: 984: 982: 975: 974:argues that: 973: 968: 966: 962: 961:Thomas Audley 957: 953: 948: 946: 942: 938: 934: 932: 927: 923: 917: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 892: 888: 884: 880: 868: 863: 861: 856: 854: 849: 848: 846: 845: 842: 837: 832: 831: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 802: 801: 796: 792: 788: 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Retrieved 4518: 4508: 4496: 4477: 4468: 4441: 4422: 4413: 4404: 4382: 4373: 4350: 4338: 4316: 4313:Duffy, Eamon 4304: 4292: 4267: 4263: 4244: 4235: 4218: 4214: 4205: 4163: 4153: 4146:Bibliography 4131: 4119: 4107: 4095: 4083: 4071: 4062: 4051: 4044:Knowles 1955 4039: 4032:Knowles 1955 4027: 4020:Knowles 1955 4015: 4003:. Retrieved 3997: 3965: 3939: 3927: 3915: 3903: 3876: 3864: 3852:. Retrieved 3848: 3838: 3826: 3814:. Retrieved 3808: 3801: 3794:Dickens 1989 3789: 3782:Dickens 1989 3777: 3770:Dickens 1989 3765: 3753: 3741: 3729:. Retrieved 3725: 3716: 3704: 3697:Knowles 1959 3680: 3672: 3660: 3653:Dickens 1989 3648: 3641:Dickens 1989 3636: 3629:Bernard 2011 3543:papal legate 3528: 3524: 3519: 3513: 3502:Lincolnshire 3494:Lincolnshire 3487: 3477:prebendaries 3461: 3456:Richard Rich 3437: 3421: 3408: 3378: 3365: 3352: 3339: 3332: 3318: 3297: 3281: 3266: 3245: 3241: 3221:Consequences 3204: 3189: 3154: 3128: 3119: 3109: 3102: 3095: 3088: 3076: 3060:Please help 3048: 3000: 2995:Bolton Abbey 2981: 2976:Lacock Abbey 2964:Lincolnshire 2961: 2924:Lacock Abbey 2916: 2901: 2856: 2828: 2812:London Blitz 2808:Dutch Church 2784: 2774:, suffragan 2768: 2764: 2743: 2719: 2706:Hugh Latimer 2683: 2679:minor canons 2677:and sixteen 2675:prebendaries 2667: 2636: 2632: 2620: 2616: 2597: 2582: 2578: 2565: 2532: 2523: 2513: 2506: 2499: 2492: 2480: 2464:Please help 2452: 2417:Hexham Abbey 2405: 2379: 2354:John ap Rice 2323: 2314: 2310: 2276: 2249: 2243: 2225: 2210:in commendam 2179: 2159: 2147: 2111: 2094: 2082: 2060:Richard Foxe 2057: 2034: 2008: 1976: 1960:Creake Abbey 1953: 1935:(1496), and 1910: 1880: 1872: 1852: 1848:Sheen Priory 1841: 1829: 1810: 1806:Eton College 1789: 1781:Lewes Priory 1774: 1763: 1760:Alien priory 1659: 1581: 1498: 1458: 1445: 1372: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1315: 1300: 1280: 1272: 1256: 1240:Ten Articles 1228: 1218: 1210: 1174: 1142: 1137: 1108: 1081: 1066: 1050:appropriated 1044: 1017: 977: 969: 965:Richard Rich 949: 931:Supreme Head 930: 924:, passed by 918: 882: 878: 876: 723:William Laud 690: 625:Christianity 614:Jesus Prayer 573: 341: 334:Early Modern 197: 182: 173: 160:spinning off 153: 123: 114: 104: 97: 90: 83: 71: 59:Please help 54:verification 51: 5870:Laudato si' 5665:Pope Pius X 5494:Philip Neri 5469:Pope Pius V 5444:Thomas More 5313:Inquisition 5215:Charlemagne 5175:Monasticism 4985:Persecution 4877:Holy Spirit 4860:Crucifixion 4739:First seven 4593:In Our Time 4088:Carley 1997 4076:Murray 2009 3959:Salter 2010 3309:John Leland 3257:Augustinian 3238:, Yorkshire 3207:Elizabeth I 2948:Shaftesbury 2928:Forde Abbey 2911:Selby Abbey 2688:, proposed 2350:Thomas Legh 2342:monasteries 2240:Thomas More 2202:granted to 2154:Frederick I 2139:Vreta Abbey 2130:Gustav Vasa 2030: 1539 1968:John Fisher 1921:John Alcock 1892:Cistercians 1888:Augustinian 1884:Benedictine 1817:Roman Popes 1792:Middle Ages 1307:Carthusians 1248:Melanchthon 1236:Convocation 1200:pilgrimages 1084:Reformation 1062:Shaftesbury 1058:Glastonbury 1038:nunnery of 1036:Bridgettine 1020:Anglo-Saxon 1004: 1537 894:monasteries 703:Elizabeth I 606:Monasticism 489:Anglicanism 347:Welsh Bible 321:Celtic Rite 5928:Categories 5743:coronation 5449:Pope Leo X 5034:Tertullian 4964:Revelation 4939:Background 4522:. Dublin: 4509:Henry VIII 4183:1273001858 4167:. London. 4124:Clark 2021 4100:Clark 2021 3920:Erler 2013 3613:References 3576:Cestui que 3428:ordination 3424:seminaries 3385:choristers 3149:Quin Abbey 3092:newspapers 2967:quarrying. 2952:iconoclasm 2940:Walsingham 2882:Canterbury 2866:Shap Abbey 2840:Colchester 2780:Dominicans 2496:newspapers 2340:" all the 2334:Parliament 2306:Syon Abbey 2261:Walsingham 2200:Pope Leo X 2107:Wittenberg 2053:praemunire 2003:papal bull 1943:acquiring 1844:Syon Abbey 1825:Edward III 1619:Laudianism 1375:(1749) by 1295:Vicegerent 1262:papal bull 1207:believers. 1204:miraculous 1134:Complaints 1117:, France, 1077:mendicants 1040:Syon Abbey 998:Henry VIII 970:Historian 956:vicegerent 947:in 1539. 926:Parliament 889:disbanded 887:Henry VIII 679:Henry VIII 540:Sacraments 164:relocating 87:newspapers 5759:Communism 5729:Ecumenism 5075:(380–451) 5067:(180–451) 5056:(313–476) 4978:(100–325) 4460:961308356 4359:cite book 4284:164047873 4191:cite book 3665:Keen 1999 3506:Yorkshire 3490:Yorkshire 3432:benefices 3360:Poor Laws 3300:libraries 3234:Ruins of 3122:July 2020 3049:does not 3008:stipended 3004:chantries 2886:Rochester 2731:Lowestoft 2557:attainder 2526:July 2020 2453:does not 2301:Greenwich 2223:coffers. 2204:Francis I 2198:in 1516, 2185:commendam 2083:In 1521, 2048:claustral 2044:pittances 1931:to found 1876:canon law 1868:intestacy 1856:civil law 1685:1700–1950 1637:1649–1688 1377:Canaletto 1267:sanctuary 1111:Edward VI 1104:Capuchins 1054:benefices 1014:, Madrid. 787:Ecumenism 719:Charles I 699:Edward VI 566:Eucharist 176:June 2024 117:June 2024 5769:HIV/AIDS 5263:Crusades 5017:Irenaeus 5010:Ignatius 5005:Polycarp 4855:Ministry 4843:(30–100) 4717:Timeline 4541:(2020). 4507:(1968). 4403:(1955). 4349:(1925). 4315:(1992). 4303:(1989). 3731:19 April 3570:See also 3484:Politics 3405:Religion 3326:— 3248:advowson 3170:the Pale 3030:Ireland 3020:prebends 2956:Puritans 2739:Thornton 2643:Coventry 2122:Västerås 2039:peculium 1979:Bromhall 1821:Edward I 1352:a series 1350:Part of 1329:familiae 1171:, Paris. 1119:Scotland 1096:Reformed 1092:Lutheran 1073:Friaries 906:friaries 902:convents 898:priories 891:Catholic 771:Meetings 558:Ministry 507:Theology 481:a series 479:Part of 293:Medieval 5734:Judaism 5134:Vulgate 4944:Gospels 4919:Stephen 4836:Origins 4756:Vulgate 4692:General 4682:of the 4680:History 4596:at the 4215:History 4057:Chaucer 3816:1 March 3679:at the 3564:Jesuits 3510:Norfolk 3273:rectors 3106:scholar 3070:removed 3055:sources 2985:James I 2862:Norwich 2852:treason 2844:Reading 2831:new law 2670:Norwich 2659:chantry 2601:Furness 2510:scholar 2474:removed 2459:sources 2268:Process 2220:James V 2152:, King 2128:, King 2116:Riksdag 1985:to aid 1837:Henry V 1777:granges 1471:Martyrs 1231:shrines 1225:Reforms 1185:baptism 1165:Holbein 1150:Lincoln 1115:Bohemia 1100:Jesuits 988:Context 914:Ireland 779:Bishops 739:Liberal 715:James I 597:Central 224:General 101:scholar 5700:Nazism 5522:to the 5129:Jerome 5039:Origen 4722:Papacy 4615:Tudors 4529:19 May 4484: 4458: 4448: 4429: 4389: 4326: 4282: 4251: 4181: 4171: 3551:heresy 3531:Mary I 3521:Wales. 3381:novice 3284:gentry 3252:rector 3174:Dublin 3108: 3101: 3094: 3087: 3079: 3016:canons 2946:, and 2932:relics 2836:abbots 2798:, and 2751:Oxford 2663:office 2623:tithes 2512: 2505: 2498: 2491: 2483: 2362:relics 2251:Utopia 2216:tiends 2162:Zürich 1983:Higham 1864:patron 1858:to be 1662:(1662) 1584:(1604) 1501:(1559) 1461:(1552) 1448:(1549) 1354:on the 1309:, the 1244:Luther 1215:said, 1196:relics 1169:Louvre 1123:Geneva 1069:friars 1047:tithes 1024:Celtic 981:canons 950:While 912:, and 904:, and 633:Christ 610:Saints 103: 96: 89: 82: 74: 5802:Islam 5070:Roman 5029:Canon 4902:Peter 4850:Jesus 4280:S2CID 4005:7 May 3854:5 May 3321:jakes 3113:JSTOR 3099:books 2846:were 2749:near 2725:from 2627:glebe 2606:Lewes 2517:JSTOR 2503:books 2338:visit 2192:Curia 2167:Basel 1993:(now 1785:Cluny 996:King 630:Jesus 601:Broad 562:Music 272:Early 108:JSTOR 94:books 5852:2023 5847:2019 5842:2016 5837:2013 5832:2011 5827:2008 5822:2005 5817:2002 5812:2000 5779:1995 4949:Acts 4912:Paul 4907:John 4882:Mary 4531:2017 4482:ISBN 4456:OCLC 4446:ISBN 4427:ISBN 4387:ISBN 4365:link 4324:ISBN 4249:ISBN 4197:link 4179:OCLC 4169:ISBN 4007:2024 3856:2022 3818:2014 3733:2022 3541:the 3504:and 3492:and 3443:and 3340:The 3085:news 3053:any 3051:cite 3012:Mass 2926:and 2884:and 2850:for 2737:and 2641:and 2639:Bath 2625:and 2489:news 2457:any 2455:cite 2356:and 2238:and 1981:and 1915:and 1246:and 1121:and 1102:and 877:The 667:Bede 637:Paul 589:High 544:Mary 80:news 4838:and 4788:Art 4598:BBC 4590:on 4272:doi 4223:doi 3986:UK 3259:or 3064:by 2838:of 2729:to 2649:of 2468:by 2183:in 2148:In 2120:of 1886:or 1163:by 1094:or 1086:in 1022:or 1006:by 908:in 593:Low 162:or 63:by 5930:: 4454:. 4361:}} 4357:{{ 4278:. 4268:91 4266:. 4219:96 4217:. 4193:}} 4189:{{ 4177:. 3996:. 3977:^ 3951:^ 3888:^ 3847:. 3724:. 3689:^ 3621:^ 3566:. 3516:: 3471:. 3018:, 2942:, 2790:, 2352:, 2348:, 2071:, 2055:. 2027:c. 1974:. 1970:, 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