History of Ireland

44: 2785: 1663: 3209:. However, these non-violent protests posed a problem to Northern Ireland's prime minister Terrance O'Neil (1963) because it hampered his efforts to persuade Catholics in Northern Ireland that they too, like their Protestant counterparts, belong within the United Kingdom. Despite O'Neil's reforming efforts there was growing discontent amongst both Catholics and Unionists. In October 1968 a peaceful civil rights march in Derry turned violent as police brutally beat protesters. The outbreak was televised by international media, and as a result the march was highly publicised which further confirmed the socio-political turmoil in Ireland. A violent counter-reaction from conservative unionists led to civil disorder, notably the 2252: 1540: 1530: 618: 1997:

sectors of the Irish economy, the bulk of the farmland, the legal system, local government and held strong majorities in both houses of the Irish Parliament. They strongly distrusted the Presbyterians in Ulster and were convinced that the Catholics should have minimal rights. They did not have full political control because the government in London had superior authority and treated Ireland as a backward colony. When the American colonies revolted in the 1770s, the Ascendency wrested multiple concessions to strengthen its power. They did not seek independence because they knew they were heavily outnumbered and ultimately depended upon the British Army to guarantee their security.

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from Stormont to the people of Northern Ireland (and the Republic of Ireland). Conversely, the Sunningdale Agreement included a "provision of a Council of Ireland which held the right to execute executive and harmonizing functions". Most significantly, the Sunningdale Agreement brought together political leaders from Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland and the UK to deliberate for the first time since 1925. The Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention and Jim Prior's 1982 assembly were also temporarily implemented; however all failed to either reach consensus or operate in the longer term.

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would bring about a civil war. After the Second World War, keeping the cohesion within Stormont seemed impossible; increased economic pressures, solidified Catholic unity, and British involvement ultimately led to Stormont's collapse. As the civil rights movement of the United States gained worldwide acknowledgment, Catholics rallied together to achieve a similar socio-political recognition. This resulted in the formation of various organisations such as the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA) in 1967 and the Campaign for Social Justice (CSJ) in 1964.

1760:, 1594–1603, for details.) After this point, the English authorities in Dublin established real control over Ireland for the first time, bringing a centralised government to the entire island, and successfully disarmed the native lordships. In 1614 the Catholic majority in the Irish Parliament was overthrown through the creation of numerous new boroughs which were dominated by the new settlers. However, the English were not successful in converting the Catholic Irish to the Protestant religion and the brutal methods used by crown authority (including resorting to 3355:

stated that the two governments must implement a cross-border co-operation. Socially and economically Northern Ireland suffered the worst levels of unemployment in the UK and although high levels of public spending ensured a slow modernisation of public services and moves towards equality, progress was slow in the 1970s and 1980s. Only in the 1990s, when progress toward peace became tangible, did the economic situation brighten. By then the demographics of Northern Ireland had undergone significant change, and more than 40% of the population was Catholic.

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emigration was disproportionate in this period. Many Protestants left the country in the early 1920s, either because they felt unwelcome in a predominantly Catholic and nationalist state, because they were afraid due to the burning of Protestant homes (particularly of the old landed class) by republicans during the civil war, because they regarded themselves as British and did not wish to live in an independent Irish state, or because of the economic disruption caused by the recent violence. The Catholic Church had also issued a decree, known as

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eleventh century. On the interior of the town, an extensive series of defences have been excavated at Fishamble Street, Dublin. The site featured nine waterfronts, including two possible flood banks and two positive defensive embankments during the Viking Age. The early embankments were non-defensive, being only one metre high, and it is uncertain how much of the site they encircled. After several generations a group of mixed Irish and Norse ethnic background arose, the

7970: 1724:, Fitzgerald went into open rebellion against the crown. Having put down this rebellion, Henry resolved to bring Ireland under English government control so the island would not become a base for future rebellions or foreign invasions of England. In 1542, he upgraded Ireland from a lordship to a full kingdom. Henry was proclaimed King of Ireland at a meeting of the Irish Parliament that year. This was the first meeting of the Irish Parliament to be attended by the 231: 924: 1001: 8540: 3453: 1592: 2742:. Nevertheless, until the mid-1930s, considerable parts of Irish society saw the Free State through the prism of the civil war, as a repressive, British-imposed state. It was only the peaceful change of government in 1932 that signalled the final acceptance of the Free State on their part. In contrast to many other states in the period, the Free State remained financially solvent as a result of low government expenditure, despite the 3190:, declared that it would be "a Protestant State for a Protestant People". Craig's goal was to form and preserve Protestant authority in the new state which was above all an effort to secure a unionist majority. In 1926 the majority of the population in the province were Presbyterian and Anglican, therefore, solidifying Craig's Protestant political power. The Ulster Unionist Party thereafter formed every government until 1972. 3444:, who resigned abruptly in 1992 after it was revealed that he had had an affair with an American woman and had fathered a child. Further controversies and scandals arose concerning paedophile and child-abusing priests. As a result, many in the Irish public began to question the credibility and effectiveness of the Catholic Church. In 2011 Ireland closed its embassy at the Vatican, an apparent result of this growing trend. 2549: 43: 350:), settled from the late 8th century CE which resulted in extensive cultural interchange, as well as innovation in military and transport technology. Many of Ireland's towns were founded at this time as Scandinavian trading posts and coinage made its first appearance. Scandinavian penetration was limited and concentrated along coasts and rivers, and ceased to be a major threat to Gaelic culture after the 3432:. By the beginning of the 1990s, Ireland had transformed itself into a modern industrial economy and generated substantial national income that benefited the entire nation. Although dependence on agriculture still remained high, Ireland's industrial economy produced sophisticated goods that rivalled international competition. Ireland's international economic boom of the 1990s became known as the 754: 2692: 2044:. Originally they sought to reform the Irish Parliament which was controlled by those belonging to the state church; seek Catholic Emancipation; and help remove religion from politics. When their ideals seemed unattainable they became more determined to use force to overthrow British rule and found a non-sectarian republic. Their activity culminated in the 2327:, the long-separated wife of a fellow Irish MP. Disaster came quickly: Gladstone and the Liberal Party refused to cooperate with him; his party split; the Irish Catholic bishops led the successful effort to crush his minority faction at by-elections. Parnell fought for control to the end, but his body was collapsing and he died in 1891 at age 45. 997:, which demonstrates that there were already Christians living in Ireland. Palladius seems to have worked purely as Bishop to Irish Christians in the Leinster and Meath kingdoms, while Patrick – who may have arrived as late as 461 – worked first and foremost as a missionary to the pagan Irish, in the more remote kingdoms in Ulster and Connacht. 1019:, which enabled Irish monks to preserve parts of the extensive oral literature. The historicity of these claims remains the subject of debate and there is no direct evidence linking Patrick with any of these accomplishments. The myth of Patrick, as scholars refer to it, was developed in the centuries after his death. 382:), martial traditions, difficult terrain and climate and lack of urban infrastructure, meant that attempts to assert Crown authority were slow and expensive. Attempts to impose the new Protestant faith were also successfully resisted by both the Gaelic and Norman-Irish. The new policy fomented the rebellion of the 1862:. Cromwell's conquest was the most brutal phase of the war. By its close, around half of Ireland's pre-war population was killed or exiled as slaves, where many died due to harsh conditions. As retribution for the rebellion of 1641, the better-quality remaining lands owned by Irish Catholics were confiscated and 6354: 4383: 723:, under earthen mounds and were accompanied by distinctive decorated pottery. This culture apparently prospered, and the island became more densely populated. Near the end of the Neolithic new types of monuments developed, such as circular embanked enclosures and timber, stone and post and pit circles. 3354:

signalling a formal partnership in seeking a political solution. The Anglo-Irish Agreement (AIA) recognised the Irish government's right to be consulted and heard as well as guaranteed equality of treatment and recognition of the Irish and British identities of the two communities. The agreement also

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The violent outbreaks in the late 1960s encouraged and helped strengthen military groups such as the IRA, who served as the protectors of the working class Catholics who were vulnerable to police and civilian brutality. During the late sixties and early seventies recruitment into the IRA organisation

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A central issue throughout the 19th and early 20th century was land ownership. A small group of about 10,000 English families owned practically all the farmland; Most were permanent residents of England, and seldom presented the land. They rented it out to Irish tenant farmers. Falling behind in rent

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in the way that the High King would now have more power and control over the country and could manage the country's affairs. This led to prosperity for Ireland over the next few years. The Irish economy grew as international trade became more common. The towns founded by the Vikings continued to grow

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to serve as control centres to exert a more localized force on the island through raiding. The third wave in 917 established towns as not only control centres, but also as centres of trade to enter into Irish economy and greater Western Europe. Returning to Dublin, they set up a market town. Over the

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and established a fortress. Dublin became the centre for the trade of many goods, especially slaves. Bringing back new ideas and motivations, they began settling more permanently. In the tenth century, an earthen bank was constructed around the city with a second larger bank built outside that in the

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Ireland in some ways was the first acquisition of the British Empire. Marshall says historians continue to debate whether Ireland should be considered part of the British Empire. Recent work by historians pays special attention to continuing Imperial aspects of Irish history, Atlantic Ocean history,

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The middle centuries of the first millennium CE marked great changes in Ireland. Politically, what appears to have been a prehistoric emphasis on tribal affiliation had been replaced by the 8th century by patrilineal dynasties ruling the island's kingdoms. Many formerly powerful kingdoms and peoples

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still existed at that time, more recent studies indicate that Ireland was separated from Britain by c. 14,000 BCE when the climate was still cold and local ice caps persisted in parts of the country. The people remained hunter-gatherers until about 4000 BCE. It is argued this is when the first signs

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is an approach in several academic disciplines that seeks to analyze, explain, and respond to the cultural legacies of colonialism and imperialism. The emphasis is usually on the human consequences of controlling a country and establishing settlers for the economic exploitation of the native people

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Ireland has a very large historiography, contributed by scholars in Ireland, North America, and Britain. There has been both a standard interpretation and, since the late 1930s, a good deal of revisionism. One of the most important themes has always been Irish nationalism—what Alfred Markey, calls:

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From the 15th to the 18th century, Irish, English, Scots and Welsh prisoners were transported for forced labour in the Caribbean to work off their term of punishment. Even larger numbers came voluntarily as indentured servants. In the 18th century they were sent to the American colonies, and in the

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The Catholic Church, which once exercised great power, found its influence on socio-political issues in Ireland much reduced. Irish bishops were no longer able to advise and influence the public on how to exercise their political rights. Modern Ireland's detachment of the Church from ordinary life

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and nationalists control of limited areas of government. However, both the power-sharing Executive and the elected Assembly were suspended between January and May 2000, and from October 2002 until April 2007, following breakdowns in trust between the political parties involving outstanding issues,

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families, who were loyal to the Anglican Church of Ireland. They owned the great bulk of the farmland, where the work was done by the Catholic peasants. Many of these families lived in England and were absentee landlords, whose loyalty was basically to England. The Anglo-Irish who lived in Ireland

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aristocracy. With the institutions of government in place, the next step was to extend the control of the English Kingdom of Ireland over all of its claimed territory. This took nearly a century, with various English administrations either negotiating or fighting with the independent Irish and Old

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arrived in Ireland in 1348. Because most of the English and Norman inhabitants of Ireland lived in towns and villages, the plague hit them far harder than it did the native Irish, who lived in more dispersed rural settlements. After it had passed, Gaelic Irish language and customs came to dominate

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community suffered from a series of invasions that ceased the spread of their settlement and power. Politics and events in Gaelic Ireland served to draw the settlers deeper into the orbit of the Irish. Furthermore, unlike the Anglo-Normans, the Gaelic kings did not keep detailed estate inventories

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According to L.A. Clarkson in 1980, the 18th and 19th centuries are the best covered time frames. Recent research on 18th-century overseas trade and 19th-century agrarian conditions has broken the nationalist approach that traditionally structured Irish economic historiography. Understudied areas

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Both acts however did little to create cohesion between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. The Constitution Act of 1973 formalised the UK government's affirmation of reunification of Ireland by consent only; therefore ultimately delegating the authoritative power of the border question

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in the late 1960s, inspired by Martin Luther King's civil rights movement in the United States of America. The military forces of the Northern Protestants and Northern Catholics (IRA) turned to brutal acts of violence to establish power. As time went on it became clear that these two rival states

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The majority of the people of Ireland were Catholic peasants; they were very poor and largely inert politically during the eighteenth century, as many of their leaders converted to Protestantism to avoid severe economic and political penalties. Nevertheless, there was a growing Catholic cultural

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were reinforced more thoroughly after this war, as the infant Anglo-Irish Ascendancy wanted to ensure that the Irish Roman Catholics would not be in a position to repeat their rebellions. Power was held by the 5% who were Protestants belonging to the Church of Ireland. They controlled all major

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looted the island. Early Viking raids were generally fast-paced and small in scale. These early raids interrupted the golden age of Christian Irish culture and marked the beginning of two centuries of intermittent warfare, with waves of Viking raiders plundering monasteries and towns throughout

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in 1169 resulted again in a partial conquest of the island and marked the beginning of more than 800 years of English political and military involvement in Ireland. Initially successful, Norman gains were rolled back over succeeding centuries as a Gaelic resurgence reestablished Gaelic cultural

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bursting. Some 25-26% of GDP was needed to bail out failing Irish banks and force banking sector consolidation. This was the largest banking bailout for any country in history, in comparison, only 7–8% of GDP was needed to bail out failing Finnish banks in its banking crisis in the 1990s. This

1567:, and penetrated a considerable distance inland as well. The counties were ruled by many smaller kings. The first Lord of Ireland was King John, who visited Ireland in 1185 and 1210 and helped consolidate the Norman-controlled areas while ensuring that the many Irish kings swore fealty to him. 885:

tells us that Roman "arms had been taken beyond the shores of Ireland". In recent years, some experts have hypothesized that Roman-sponsored Gaelic forces (or perhaps even Roman regulars) mounted some kind of invasion around CE 100, but the exact relationship between Rome and the dynasties and

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With the partition of Ireland in 1922, 92.6% of the Free State's population were Catholic while 7.4% were Protestant. By the 1960s the Protestant population had fallen by half. Although emigration was high among all the population, due to a lack of economic opportunity, the rate of Protestant

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and agrarian. The northeast, however, was predominantly unionist, Protestant and industrialised. Unionists feared a loss of political power and economic wealth in a predominantly rural, nationalist, Catholic home-rule state. Nationalists believed they would remain economically and politically

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served 1767-72 and was in residence in The Castle in Dublin. Townsend had the strong support of both the King and the British cabinet in London, and all major decisions were basically made in London. The Ascendancy complained, and obtained a series of new laws in the 1780s that made the Irish

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from the 1660s, which placed tariffs on Irish products entering England, but exempted English goods from tariffs on entering Ireland. Despite this, most of the 18th century was relatively peaceful in comparison with the preceding two centuries, and the population doubled to over four million.

1615:. The war continued between the different lords and earls for about 100 years, causing much destruction, especially around Dublin. In this chaotic situation, local Irish lords won back large amounts of land that their families had lost since the conquest and held them after the war was over. 838:

from the continent. However, other research has postulated that the culture developed gradually and continuously and that the introduction of Celtic language and elements of Celtic culture may have been a result of cultural exchange with Celtic groups in southwest continental Europe from the

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in the late 1960s, after civil rights marches were met with opposition by authorities. The violence escalated after the deployment of the British Army to maintain authority led to clashes with nationalist communities. The violence continued for twenty-eight years until an uneasy, but largely

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being found in at least the northern part of the island by about 300 BCE. The result of a gradual blending of Celtic and indigenous cultures would result in the emergence of Gaelic culture by the fifth century. It is also during the fifth century that the main over-kingdoms of In Tuisceart,

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was introduced, the tricolour was formally confirmed as the national flag: "The national flag is the tricolour of green, white and orange." While the tricolour today is the official flag of Ireland, it is not an official flag in Northern Ireland although it is sometimes used unofficially.

1159: 1186:, and by the early 840s, had begun to establish settlements along the Irish coasts and to spend the winter months there. The longships were technologically advanced, allowing them to travel faster through the narrow rivers. Vikings founded settlements in several places; most famously in 3463:

The national flag of Ireland is a tricolour of green, white and orange. This flag, which bears the colours green for Irish Catholics, orange for Irish Protestants, and white for the desired peace between them, dates to the mid-19th century. The tricolour was first unfurled in public by

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to be at the forefront of combating the IRA). Although IRA violence decreased it was obvious that no military victory was on hand in either the short or medium terms. Even Catholics who generally rejected the IRA were unwilling to offer support to a state that seemed to remain mired in

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dramatically increased as street and civilian violence worsened. The interjection from the British troops proved to be insufficient to quell the violence and thus solidified the IRA's growing military importance. On 30 January 1972 the worst tensions came to a head with the events of

1190:. Most of the settlements were near the water, allowing the Vikings to trade using their longships. Written accounts from this time (early to mid 840s) show that the Vikings were moving further inland to attack (often using rivers) and then retreating to their coastal headquarters. 797:. As the period progressed, inhumation burial gave way to cremation and by the Middle Bronze Age, remains were often placed beneath large burial urns. During the late Bronze Age, there was an increase in stored weapons, which has been taken as evidence for greater warfare. Fleshed 2055:

or viceroy. In practice, the viceroys lived in England and the affairs in the island were largely controlled by an elite group of Irish Protestants known as "undertakers." The system changed in 1767, with the appointment of an English politician who became a very strong Viceroy.

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ornaments, weapons and tools. There was a movement away from the construction of communal megalithic tombs to the burial of the dead in small stone cists or simple pits, which could be situated in cemeteries or in circular earth or stone-built burial mounds known respectively as

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next century, a great period of economic growth would spread across the pastoral country. The Vikings brought Ireland into their wide-ranging system of international trade, as well as popularizing a silver-based economy with local trade and the first minting of coins in 997.

2151:, known in Ireland as "The Liberator" began an ultimately successful Irish campaign to achieve emancipation and to be seated in the Parliament. This culminated in O'Connell's successful election in the Clare by-election, which revived the parliamentary efforts at reform. 3991:

Edwards, R.J., Brooks, A.J. (2008) The Island of Ireland: Drowning the Myth of an Irish Land-bridge? In: Davenport, J.J., Sleeman, D.P., Woodman, P.C. (eds.) Mind the Gap: Postglacial Colonisation of Ireland. Special Supplement to The Irish Naturalists' Journal. pp.

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The 17th century was perhaps the bloodiest in Ireland's history. Two periods of war (1641–53 and 1689–91) caused a huge loss of life. The ultimate dispossession of most of the Irish Catholic landowning class was engineered, and recusants were subordinated under the

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Perhaps it was some of the latter returning home as rich mercenaries, merchants, or slaves stolen from Britain or Gaul, that first brought the Christian faith to Ireland. Some early sources claim that there were missionaries active in southern Ireland long before

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parties. On 28 July 2005, the Provisional IRA announced the end of its armed campaign and on 25 September 2005 international weapons inspectors supervised the disarmament of the majority of weapons of the PIRA. Eventually, devolution was restored in April 2007.

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The Iron Age in Ireland began about 600 BCE. The period between the start of the Iron Age and the historic period (CE 431) saw the gradual infiltration of small groups of Celtic-speaking people into Ireland, with items of the continental Celtic

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A 16th century perception of Irish women and girls, illustrated in the manuscript "Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel". Painted by

6344: 3268:(RUC) also took part in the chaos that resulted in the deaths of over 3,000 men, women and children, civilians and military. Most of the violence took place in Northern Ireland, but some also spread to England and across the Irish border. 471:

During the 17th century, this division between a Protestant landholding minority and a dispossessed Catholic majority was intensified and conflict between them was to become a recurrent theme in Irish history. Domination of Ireland by the

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As historiography evolves, new approaches have been applied to the Irish situation. Studies of women, and gender relationships more generally, had been rare before 1990; they now are commonplace with over 3,000 books and articles.

3473:"The white in the centre signifies a lasting truce between the "Orange" and the "Green," and I trust that beneath its folds the hands of the Irish Protestant and the Irish Catholic may be clasped in generous and heroic brotherhood" 651:, that lasted between 14,700 and 12,700 years ago (i.e. between 12,700 BCE and 10,700 BCE) towards the end of the last ice age, and allowed the reinhabitation of northern Europe. A sudden return to freezing conditions known as the 3601:, 1912–23. Starting in 2012 a series of conferences on "Reflecting on a decade of War and Revolution in Ireland 1912-1923: Historians and Public History" brought together hundreds of academics, teachers, and the general public. 2209:, exacerbated by the political factors of the time leading to mass starvation and emigration. The impact of emigration in Ireland was severe; the population dropped from over 8 million before the Famine to 4.4 million in 1911. 3338:

discrimination, and the Unionists were not interested in Catholic participation in running the state in any case. In the 1980s the IRA attempted to secure a decisive military victory based on massive arms shipments from

2888:, led to the emergence of one of the world's highest economic growth rates, with mass immigration (particularly of people from Asia and Eastern Europe) as a feature of the late 1990s. This period came to be known as the 849:

in Wales causing concerns across the Irish Sea, but there is a small controversy on if they even set foot into Ireland. The closest Rome got to conquering Ireland was in 80 CE, when, according to Turtle Bunbury from the

2469:, an insurrection in Dublin. Though support for the insurgents was small, the violence used in its suppression led to resentment against British rule and a swing in support of the rebels. In addition, the unprecedented 655:

cold phase, which lasted from 10,900 BCE to 9700 BCE, may have depopulated Ireland. During the Younger Dryas, sea levels continued to rise and no ice-free land bridge between Great Britain and Ireland ever returned.

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Presbyterians and Dissenters too faced persecution on a lesser scale, and in 1791 a group of dissident Protestant individuals, all of whom but two were Presbyterians, held the first meeting of what would become the

4647:"Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel par Luc Dheere peintre et sculpteur Gantois[manuscript]" 644:, County Clare, in 1903 may push back dates for the earliest human settlement of Ireland to 10,500 BCE. The bone shows clear signs of cut marks with stone tools and has been radiocarbon dated to 12,500 years ago. 3628:

include economic growth and fluctuations, the labour market, capital formation, business, and history. Except for emigration, little has been written on Ireland's external economic relations in the 19th century.

2781:, whereby the children of marriages between Catholics and Protestants had to be brought up as Catholics. From 1945, the emigration rate of Protestants fell and they became less likely to emigrate than Catholics. 1965:

awakening underway. There were two Protestant groups. The Presbyterians in Ulster in the North lived in much better economic conditions but had virtually no political power. Power was held by a small group of

378:(1488). This released resources and manpower for overseas expansion, beginning in the early 16th century. However, the nature of Ireland's decentralised political organisation into small territories (known as 1431: 3440:

can be explained by the increasing disinterest in Church doctrine by younger generations and the questionable morality of the Church's representatives. A highly publicised case was that of Eamonn Casey, the

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Irish society adopted relatively liberal social policies during this period. Divorce was legalised, homosexuality decriminalised, and abortion in limited cases was allowed by the Irish Supreme Court in the

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Tanabe, Susumu; Nekanishi, Toshimichi; Yasui, Satoshi (14 October 2010). "Relative sea-level change in and around the Younger Dryas inferred from late Quaternary incised valley fills along the Japan sea".

1791:. These Protestant settlers replaced the Irish Catholic landowners who were removed from their lands. These settlers formed the ruling class of future British appointed administrations in Ireland. Several 1478:, known as Strongbow, heir to his kingdom. This troubled King Henry, who feared the establishment of a rival Norman state in Ireland. Accordingly, he resolved to establish his authority. In 1177, Prince 2338:"Grand Juries", passing for the first time democratic control of local affairs into the hands of the people through elected Local County Councils, the debate over full Home Rule led to tensions between 5071:

SDLP leader John Hume regularly refers to Martin Luther King as an important influence in the late 1960s, and representatives from King's Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) visited Belfast

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to establish self-government for Ireland, but it was suspended for the duration of the war. To ensure implementation of Home Rule after the war, nationalist leaders and the IPP under Redmond supported

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the received nationalist tale replete with heroes, villains, and a host of stock elements, has a long history and has exercised a particularly important influence on the development of Irish identity.

1307:, to lead campaigns against the Irish in 1098 and again in 1102 to bring Norse areas back under Norwegian control, while also raiding the various British kingdoms. Although direct conflict with the 1034:

spread the news of the flowering of learning, and scholars from other nations came to Irish monasteries. The excellence and isolation of these monasteries helped preserve Latin learning during the

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early 19th century to Australia. The Irish were dehumanised by the English, described as "savages," so making their displacement appear all the more justified. In 1654 the British parliament gave

819:). Within these kingdoms, a rich culture flourished. The society of these kingdoms was dominated by an upper class consisting of aristocratic warriors and learned people, which possibly included 2032:. This was partially enabled in 1793, but Catholics could not yet become members of the Irish Parliament, or become government officials. Some were attracted to the more militant example of the 1819:, on behalf of the English Commonwealth, re-conquered Ireland by invasion which lasted from 1649 to 1651. Under Cromwell's government, landownership in Ireland was transferred overwhelmingly to 3205:

Non-violent protest became an increasingly important factor in mobilising Catholic sympathies and opinion and thus more effective in generating support than actively violent groups such as the

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struck Ireland in 1845 resulting in over a million deaths from starvation and disease and a million refugees fleeing the country, mainly to America. Irish attempts to break away continued with

2824:), which saved it from much of the horrors of the war, although tens of thousands volunteered to serve in the British forces. Ireland was also impacted by food rationing, and coal shortages; 2657:

in 1949); while the 6-county Northern Ireland, gaining Home Rule for itself, remained part of the United Kingdom. For most of the next 75 years, each territory was strongly aligned to either

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legal judgement. Major scandals in the Roman Catholic Church, both sexual and financial, coincided with a widespread decline in religious practice, with weekly attendance at Roman Catholic

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succeeded in turning public opinion against the British establishment after the execution of the leaders by British authorities. It also eclipsed the home rule movement. In 1922, after the

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in Northern Ireland discouraged foreign investment. Devaluation was enabled when the Irish Pound, or Punt, was established as a separate currency in 1979, breaking the link with the UK's

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reads: "Indarba n-gennti a h-Ere, .í. longport Atha Cliath o Mael Findia m. Flandacain co feraibh Bregh & o Cerball m. Muiricain co Laignibh...", that is "longport", not "fortress".

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and accounts. Coupled with the absence of archaeological evidence to the contrary, this has tempted many scholars of medieval western Ireland to agree with the twelfth-century historian

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had a powerful influence over the Irish state for much of its history. The clergy's influence meant that the Irish state had very conservative social policies, forbidding, for example,

2300:. This Act set the conditions for the break-up of large estates and gradually devolved to rural landholders, and tenants' ownership of the lands. It effectively ended the era of the 2276:. Parliament passed laws in 1870, 1881, 1903 and 1909 that enabled most tenant farmers to purchase their lands, and lowered the rents of the others. From 1870 and as a result of the 679:

culture, characterised by the appearance of pottery, polished stone tools, rectangular wooden houses, megalithic tombs, and domesticated sheep and cattle. Some of these tombs, as at

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became a priority during this time. Though nominally neutral, recent studies have suggested a far greater level of involvement by the state with the Allies than was realised, with

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disappeared. Irish pirates struck all over the coast of western Britain in the same way that the Vikings would later attack Ireland. Some of these founded entirely new kingdoms in

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in 1014 which began the decline of Viking power in Ireland but the towns which Vikings had founded continued to flourish, and trade became an important part of the Irish economy.

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in 1886 and 1893. Parnell's leadership ended when he was implicated in a divorce scandal that gained international publicity in 1890. He had been secretly living for years with

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and land confiscations, whereas Protestants supported William and Mary in this "Glorious Revolution" to preserve their property in the country. James and William fought for the

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lords expanded their powers at the expense of the English government in Dublin but the power of the Dublin government was in any case seriously curtailed by the introduction of

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Patrick is traditionally credited with preserving and codifying Irish laws and changing only those that conflicted with Christian practices. He is credited with introducing the

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in the world. Using various dating methods, it was discovered that the creation and development of the Céide Fields goes back some five and a half thousand years (~3500 BCE).

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The plagues of the 660s and the 680s had a traumatic effect on Irish society. The golden age of the saints was over, together with the generation of kings who could fire a

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of Leinster joined forces against Dublin, and "The heathens were driven from Ireland, i.e. from the fortress of Áth Cliath ". They were allowed by the Saxons to settle in

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Forty years later, Irish Catholics, known as "Jacobites", fought for James from 1688 to 1691, but failed to restore James to the throne of Ireland, England and Scotland.

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of many books and films. In addition, the Church largely controlled the State's hospitals and schools, and remained the largest provider of many other social services.

8858: 2186:. The continuing enactment of parliamentary reform during the ensuing administrations further extended the initially limited franchise. Daniel O'Connell later led the 4931: 3178:, which consisted of the six northeastern counties of Londonderry, Tyrone, Fermanagh, Antrim, Down and Armagh. From 1921 to 1972, Northern Ireland was governed by a 1446:

and over-kingdoms. Power was exercised by the heads of a few regional dynasties vying against each other for supremacy over the whole island. One of these men, King

3520:

Since Partition, there has been no universally accepted flag to represent the entire island. As a provisional solution for certain sports fixtures, the Flag of the

2458:

during 1917–1918, but the Irish sides (Nationalist, Unionist) were unable to agree to terms for the temporary or permanent exclusion of Ulster from its provisions.

8836: 3306:

with minimal parliamentary scrutiny. Attempts were made to establish a power-sharing executive, representing both the nationalist and unionist communities, by the

6788: 1319:

in August 1103, under mysterious circumstances (it is possible Muircherteach ordered his killing). Muircherteach was also politically involved in the Kingdoms of

8863: 7885: 6808: 452:

landholders. With English colonies going back to the 1550s, Ireland was arguably the first English and then British territory colonised by a group known as the

8411: 4908: 2004:

managed their estates inefficiently, and food tended to be produced for export rather than for domestic consumption. Two very cold winters near the end of the

6905: 5002: 1268:

levied tribute from the Norse, they rarely directly intervened in the affairs of the city-state, as it brought trade to the area. This changed, however, when

8006: 2734:

in 1929. In contrast with many contemporary European states, it remained a democracy. Testament to this came when the losing faction in the Irish civil war,

1570:

Throughout the thirteenth century, the policy of the English Kings was to weaken the power of the Norman Lords in Ireland. For example, King John encouraged

5019: 1108:, felt the need to collect ancient traditions before they were totally forgotten. Many were in fact swallowed by oblivion; when we examine the writing of 842:

The hypothesis that the native Late Bronze Age inhabitants gradually absorbed Celtic influences has since been supported by some recent genetic research.

5209: 2613:". In July 1921 the Irish and British governments agreed to a truce that halted the war. In December 1921 representatives of both governments signed an 7890: 6306: 854:, “Túathal Techtmar, the son of a deposed high king, who is said to have invaded Ireland from afar in order to regain his kingdom at about this time”. 4673: 4087: 6901: 4051: 2383:

and the third Home Rule Bill was introduced in 1912. Unionist resistance was immediate with the leadership of Edward Carson and the formation of the

562:, remained within the United Kingdom, creating the partition of Ireland. The treaty was opposed by many; their opposition led to the outbreak of the 346:

church, profoundly altering Irish society. Scandinavian seafaring people who took jobs pirating, pillaging, and raiding lands (later referred to as

2707:

supporters (who accepted the Free State as the first step towards full independence and unity). Between 1922 and 1923 both sides fought the bloody

2140:, which allowed Catholic members of parliament but raised the property qualification to £10 effectively removing the poorer Irish freeholders from 6336: 6170:

King, Jason. "The Genealogy of Famine Diary in Ireland and Quebec: Ireland's Famine Migration in Historical Fiction, Historiography, and Memory."

5302: 3343:. When this failed, senior republican figures began to look to broaden the struggle from purely military means. In time this began a move towards 1936:

a free hand to banish Irish "undesirables". Cromwell rounded up Catholics throughout the Irish countryside and placed them on ships bound for the

484:

in 1689–91. Political power thereafter rested almost exclusively in the hands of a minority Protestant Ascendancy, while Catholics and members of

7747: 2435: 2213:

or Irish, once the island's spoken language, declined in use sharply in the nineteenth century as a result of the Famine and the creation of the

1311:

seemed imminent, the two Kings formed an alliance by the marriage of Muircherteach's daughter to Magnus' son. The two would campaign together in

985:, in Latin, written by him is the earliest Irish historical document. It gives some information about the Saint. On the other hand, according to 2020:

By the 18th century, the Anglo-Irish ruling class had come to see Ireland, not England, as their native country. A Parliamentary faction led by

9108: 2465:

in 1920 and independence for 26 of its 32 counties. A failed militant attempt was made to gain separate independence for Ireland with the 1916

1112:

we encounter obscure references to tribes that are quite unknown to the later genealogical tradition. The laws describe a ... society that was

2872:

Global economic problems in the 1970s, augmented by a set of misjudged economic policies followed by governments, including that of Taoiseach

6967: 2896:

in the early 2000s (decade). Property values had risen by a factor of between four and ten between 1993 and 2006, in part fuelling the boom.

4281: 1843:, when Irish Catholics rebelled against the domination of English and Protestant settlers. The Catholic gentry briefly ruled the country as 9220: 7919: 2746:

with Britain. However, unemployment and emigration were high. The population declined to a low of 2.7 million recorded in the 1961 census.

1704:, who had become the effective rulers of Ireland in the 15th century, had become unreliable allies of the Tudor monarchs. They had invited 259: 3412:

announced that the DUP would restore an executive government on the condition that new legislation was passed by the UK house of commons.

1970:

became increasingly identified as Irish nationalists, and were resentful of the English control of their island. Their spokesmen, such as

9398: 9276: 7086: 6510: 6422: 2909: 2101: 1647: 504: 132: 8846: 3298:

was designed to be a temporary solution until Northern Ireland was capable of governing itself again. Principal acts were passed by the

2061:

Parliament effective and independent of the British Parliament, although still under the supervision of the king and his Privy Council.

1630:

By the end of the 15th century, central English authority in Ireland had all but disappeared. England's attentions were diverted by the

9230: 8404: 7933: 5375: 3080: 2264:

payments meant eviction, and very bad feelings – often violence. The late 19th century witnessed major land reform, spearheaded by the

2217:

education system, as well as hostility to the language from leading Irish politicians of the time; it was largely replaced by English.

1136:

were founded by 670 for English students who wished to study or live in Ireland. In summer 684, an English expeditionary force sent by

3193:

Discrimination against the minority Catholic community in jobs and housing, and their total exclusion from political power due to the

2012:, which killed about 400,000 people and caused over 150,000 Irish to leave the island. In addition, Irish exports were reduced by the 1642:, who dominated the country by means of military force and alliances with Irish lords and clans. Around the country, local Gaelic and 7999: 6854: 6732: 3367:("Good Friday Agreement") of 10 April 1998 brought – on 2 December 1999 – a degree of power-sharing to Northern Ireland, giving both 3198: 2719:. This division among nationalists still colours Irish politics today, specifically between the two leading Irish political parties, 1470:

knights to regain his kingdom. The first Norman knights landed in Ireland in 1167, followed by the main forces of Normans, Welsh and

464:

in 1601 which marked the collapse of the Gaelic system and the beginning of Ireland's history as fully part of the English and later

3823: 3420:

Ireland's economy became more diverse and sophisticated than ever before; integrating itself into the global economy by joining the

1354:

in Ireland were built bringing improved defence and brought a new aspect to Irish warfare. He also built a naval base and castle at

9113: 7752: 6388: 4636:

Inside a Medieval Gaelic Castle, Author : Jarrett A. Lobell, Magazine : Archaeology, p.27. Issue : March/April 2020.

2159: 2057: 8942: 7924: 6948: 6737: 3728: 3291: 2571: 5325: 4702:

Hilary McD. Beckles, "A 'riotous and unruly lot': Irish Indentured Servants and Freemen in the English West Indies, 1644-1713,"

4531:

Keimelia: Studies in Medieval Archaeology and History in Memory of Tom Delaney, ed. Geared Mac Niocaill & Patrick F. Wallace

2730:

The new Irish Free State (1922–1937) existed against the backdrop of the growth of dictatorships in mainland Europe and a major

8908: 8764: 7098: 6982: 6642: 3307: 1475: 1455: 4333: 2351:

second-class citizens without self-government. Out of this division, two opposing sectarian movements evolved, the Protestant

9240: 8397: 7900: 6931: 4889: 4778: 4743: 4625: 4438: 4253: 3976: 3214: 2912:

set up from the 1990s have investigated alleged malpractices by politicians, the Catholic clergy, judges, hospitals, and the

2770: 2716: 2504: 2051:

Ireland was a separate kingdom ruled by King George III of Britain; he set policy for Ireland through his appointment of the

8607: 3769: 417:

England's attempts either to conquer or to assimilate both the Hiberno-Norman lordships and the Gaelic territories into the

9098: 8800: 8656: 7992: 7802: 7185: 7071: 4928: 3723: 1386:, increasing Ireland's international presence which brought more trade to the island. His reign lasted more than 50 years. 1700:

From 1536, Henry VIII of England decided to reconquer Ireland and bring it under crown control. The Fitzgerald dynasty of

640:

tools have been found, none of the finds is convincing of Paleolithic settlement in Ireland. However a bear bone found in

8783: 7140: 7053: 7010: 3187: 2762: 2331: 2000:

Subsequent Irish antagonism toward England was aggravated by the economic situation of Ireland in the 18th century. Some

8811: 2024:

agitated for a more favourable trading relationship with Great Britain and for greater legislative independence for the

1662: 9308: 9235: 8870: 8795: 8746: 8548: 8134: 7905: 7669: 7572: 7066: 6977: 6752: 6555: 6515: 6503: 6498: 6486: 6414: 5760: 4773:. New Gill History of Ireland. Vol. 4. ch. 6: How Catholic Ireland Survived, ch. 7: Bishops, Priests, and people. 4014: 3698: 3693: 3373: 3091: 2674: 2399: 2077: 1953: 1792: 1680: 1414: 150: 93: 88: 83: 78: 4957: 2454:. Before the war ended, Britain made two concerted efforts to implement Home Rule, one in May 1916 and again with the 1737:

suffered heavy losses during an extraordinary season of storms in the autumn of 1588. Among the survivors was Captain

1234:

The Vikings never achieved total domination of Ireland, often fighting for and against various Irish kings. The great

974:. Whatever the route, and there were probably many, this new faith was to have the most profound effect on the Irish. 577:

has since been dominated by the division of society along sectarian faultlines and conflict between (mainly Catholic)

448:

settlers, and the displacement of both the Hiberno-Normans (or Old English as they were known by then) and the native

8875: 8741: 8692: 8064: 6762: 6481: 6283: 6089: 6066: 6049: 5894: 5746: 5690: 5661: 5623: 5593: 5264: 5064: 4593: 4269: 4237: 4217: 4201: 3867: 3322: 3295: 3287: 3241: 2936:. Emigration rose to 1989 levels as the unemployment rate rose from 4.2% in 2007 to reach 14.6% as of February 2012. 2929: 2225: 1153: 207: 73: 6149:(1969), annotated guide to 1000 history books on every major topic, plus book reviews and major scholarly articles. 4905: 4143: 4117: 8967: 8753: 8736: 8702: 8697: 8621: 7928: 6952: 6584: 6527: 6467: 5351: 4999: 3385: 3299: 2297: 2251: 2117: 1651: 1571: 1425: 1308: 918: 648: 252: 68: 8596: 5549: 4710: 8680: 8675: 7565: 7192: 6638: 2645:

could opt out of the Free State and stay within the United Kingdom: it promptly did so. In 1922 both parliaments

1855: 1767:

From the mid-16th to the early 17th century, crown governments had carried out a policy of land confiscation and

981:

arrived on the island and, in the years that followed, worked to convert the Irish to Christianity. St Patrick's

3408:

as deputy first minister and collapsed the executive of Northern Ireland. On 30 January 2024, leader of the DUP

9541: 8714: 8670: 7197: 7093: 6767: 6747: 6702: 6400: 6321: 4032: 3249: 2622: 2610: 2598: 2575: 2411: 2155: 2109: 2064:

Largely in response to the 1798 rebellion, Irish self-government was ended altogether by the provisions of the

2041: 1539: 1529: 617: 202: 2220:

Outside mainstream nationalism, a series of violent rebellions by Irish republicans took place in 1803, under

1795:, aimed at Catholics, Baptists and Presbyterians, were introduced to encourage conversion to the established ( 9313: 8820: 8724: 8719: 8479: 8437: 8378: 8271: 8084: 7175: 6884: 6798: 5461:

Barry Crosbie, "Networks of Empire: Linkage and Reciprocity in Nineteenth‐Century Irish and Indian History."

5206: 4923:

Timothy W. Guinnane and Ronald I. Miller. "The Limits to Land Reform: The Land Acts in Ireland, 1870–1909*."

4070: 3708: 3668: 3257: 2602: 1438:. The Normans consolidated their presence in Ireland by building hundreds of castles and towers such as this. 1350:, Ireland underwent a period of modernization and elevation on the European stage. Under his rule, the first 1269: 990: 485: 217: 6303: 6235: 4670: 2892:

and was focused on as a model for economic development in the former Eastern Bloc states, which entered the

2391:

were established to oppose Unionist efforts for resistance and enforce the introduction of self-government.

390:

in 1534, keen to defend his traditional autonomy and Catholicism, and marked the beginning of the prolonged

9271: 8788: 8640: 8447: 8428: 8420: 8337: 8109: 7832: 7150: 7076: 6926: 6859: 6783: 6657: 6614: 6381: 5189: 5118:

Paseta, Senia :"Modern Ireland: A Very Short Introduction", pp. 119–121. Oxford University Press, 2003

5109:

Paseta, Senia :"Modern Ireland: A Very Short Introduction", pp. 116–118. Oxford University Press, 2003

4095: 2869:

but, because 90% of exports were to the United Kingdom market, it did not do so until the UK did, in 1973.

2241: 2009: 1944:. By 1655, 12,000 political prisoners had been forcibly shipped to Barbados and into indentured servitude. 1900: 430: 172: 5129:"DUP's Paul Givan resigns as Northern Ireland first minister, as Taoiseach brands it 'very damaging move'" 4416:*Philip Rance, 'Attacotti, Déisi and Magnus Maximus: the Case for Irish Federates in Late Roman Britain’, 4048: 9646: 9323: 9250: 8935: 8687: 8498: 7170: 6543: 5320:

Steven G. Ellis, "Nationalist historiography and the English and Gaelic worlds in the late middle ages."

3683: 3568: 3548:

a blue flag with a harp used from the 18th century onwards by many nationalists (now the standard of the

3421: 3146: 2952: 2866: 2739: 2534: 2486: 2478: 2470: 2358: 1574:

to destabilise and then overthrow the Lord of Ulster, before naming him as the first Earl of Ulster. The

1284:, who ruled Ireland since the days of Brian Boru, reclaimed the High Kingship and Irish influence in the 574: 245: 212: 154: 23: 6028:

In Search of Ancient Ireland: the origins of the Irish from Neolithic Times to the Coming of the English

9606: 9350: 9245: 9225: 8962: 8731: 8665: 8510: 8352: 8304: 8196: 8191: 7875: 7514: 7180: 6874: 5474:

Joe Cleary, "Amongst Empires: A Short History of Ireland and Empire Studies in International Context,"

3598: 3564: 3102: 2990: 2370: 2265: 2052: 1848: 1402: 1335: 712: 355: 5179:

Paseta, Senia: "Modern Ireland: A Very Short Introduction", pp. 128–141. Oxford University Press, 2003

5100:

Paseta, Senia: "Modern Ireland: A Very Short Introduction", pp. 114–116. Oxford University Press, 2003

5091:

Paseta, Senia: "Modern Ireland: A Very Short Introduction", pp. 110–114. Oxford University Press, 2003

5082:

Paseta, Senia: "Modern Ireland: A Very Short Introduction", pp. 108–110. Oxford University Press, 2003

5045:

Paseta, Senia: "Modern Ireland: A Very Short Introduction", pp. 102–104. Oxford University Press, 2003

4689:

Kristen Block and Jenny Shaw, "Subjects Without an Empire: The Irish in the Early Modern Caribbean,"

3541:

a green flag with a harp (used by most nationalists in the 19th century and which is also the flag of

1513:

to set foot on Irish soil. Henry awarded his Irish territories to his younger son John with the title

9103: 7582: 7438: 7158: 6972: 6894: 6879: 6864: 6712: 6647: 6609: 6599: 6589: 6449: 3946: 3743: 3389: 3265: 3237: 3016: 2594: 2579: 2346:(those who favoured the maintenance of the Union). Most of the island was predominantly nationalist, 2312: 2214: 2158:

was eventually approved by the UK parliament under the leadership of the Dublin-born Prime Minister,

1916: 1734: 1691: 1343: 1265: 641: 547: 527: 481: 98: 7600: 6332:

Historic Maps of Ireland from the Library of Congress, 1665 – 1797. A UCD Digital Library Collection

4169: 9383: 9255: 8709: 8309: 8156: 7827: 6957: 6571: 6203:

Ireland's 1916 Rising: Explorations of History-making, Commemoration & Heritage in Modern Times

5611: 4976:"Central Statistics Office Ireland Key short-term economic indicators:Gross Domestic Product (GDP)" 3580: 2979: 2686: 2380: 2320: 2166:, guided the legislation through both houses of Parliament. By threatening to resign, he persuaded 2125: 1757: 1672: 1027: 739: 426: 403: 182: 8562: 6210:

Holodomor and Gorta Mór: histories, memories, and representations of famine in Ukraine and Ireland

6035:

In Search of Ireland's Heroes: the Story of the Irish from the English Invasion to the Present Day

5941:"The Course of Irish History" Fourth Edition (Lanham, Maryland: Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 2001) 5565:

Timothy W. Guinnane, "Interdisciplinary perspectives on Irish economic and demographic history."

3513:

of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland however its use is controversial. The

3217:. To restore order, British troops were deployed to the streets of Northern Ireland at that time. 2170:

to sign the bill into law in 1829. The continuing obligation of Catholics to fund the established

2162:. This indefatigable Anglo-Irish statesman, a former Chief Secretary for Ireland, and hero of the 1650:

in 1494. According to this act, the Irish Parliament was essentially put under the control of the

1608: 1474:. Several counties were restored to the control of Diarmait, who named his son-in-law, the Norman 1390: 1224: 8851: 8635: 8631: 8314: 8276: 7895: 7844: 7560: 7312: 7061: 6921: 6727: 6672: 6662: 6629: 6462: 6374: 6175: 5712: 5036:

Paseta, Senia: "Modern Ireland: A Very Short Introduction", p. 102. Oxford University Press, 2003

4311: 4285: 3531: 3498: 3330: 3253: 3001: 2843: 2835: 2801: 2654: 2638: 2482: 2430:. The core of the Irish Volunteers were against this decision, but the majority left to form the 2415: 2316: 2308: 2179: 2093: 2045: 1840: 1141: 607: 524: 496: 422: 338:". By the late 4th century CE Christianity had begun to gradually subsume or replace the earlier 331: 192: 63: 3302:

in the same way as for much of the rest of the UK, but many smaller measures were dealt with by

2832:'s date set on the basis of secret weather information on Atlantic storms supplied by Ireland. ( 8928: 8626: 8256: 7915: 7792: 7418: 6938: 6793: 6682: 6633: 6360: 6258: 6229: 5368:""Reflecting on a Decade of War and Revolution in Ireland 1912 - 1923: The Road to War" (2014)" 4369: 3468: 3047: 2451: 2233: 2121: 2104:

with effect from 1 January 1801. Part of the agreement forming the basis of union was that the

2082: 1904: 1863: 1836: 1772: 1745: 1366:

and this allowed him to keep control of Ireland, with the help of the castles he built and his

1289: 1137: 1043: 874: 826:

Linguists realised from the 17th century onwards that the language spoken by these people, the

816: 696: 520: 500: 477: 449: 438: 411: 330:

Greek and Roman writers give some information about Ireland during the Classical period (see "

187: 4735: 4088:"Where To Go in Ireland | Cities in Ireland | Visit Ireland | Discover Ireland" 3486:

it became widely accepted by nationalists as the national flag and was used officially by the

1623:

the country again. The English-controlled territory shrank to a fortified area around Dublin (

342:. By the end of the 6th century it had introduced writing along with a predominantly monastic 9531: 9376: 9072: 8226: 8186: 8166: 8146: 8049: 7577: 7548: 7081: 3610:

and the role of migration in forming the Irish diaspora across the Empire and North America.

3381: 3351: 3311: 3210: 3206: 3179: 3069: 2924: 2750: 2743: 2712: 2658: 2590: 2447: 2443: 2419: 2347: 2335: 2183: 2137: 2029: 2025: 1959: 1447: 1430: 591: 512: 473: 434: 285: 5651: 5254: 3563:

St Patrick's Saltire was formerly used to represent the island of Ireland by the all-island

3225:. Paratroops opened fire on civil rights protesters in Derry, killing 13 unarmed civilians. 647:

It is possible that humans crossed a land bridge during the warm period, referred to as the

9150: 8992: 8893: 8773: 8572: 8567: 8342: 8161: 7947: 7714: 7485: 7462: 7247: 7133: 6987: 6962: 6831: 6652: 6624: 6267: 5297:

Alfred Markey, "Revisionisms and the Story of Ireland: From Sean O'Faolain to Roy Foster,"

3919: 3718: 3549: 3521: 3294:

in the British Cabinet responsible for the departments of the Northern Ireland government.

3226: 3222: 3058: 2493: 2462: 2307:

In the 1870s the issue of Irish self-government again became a major focus of debate under

1989: 1908: 1873: 1859: 1829: 1738: 1394: 1347: 1296: 1277: 1273: 1253: 1235: 1129: 986: 927: 531: 516: 489: 197: 6293: 5227: 4461:

Meaning "pertaining to the tribe of . .", or roughly equivalent to the later "Mc" or "Mac"

3883: 3135: 2589:

Unwilling to negotiate any understanding with Britain short of complete independence, the

2205:) was the second of Ireland's "Great Famines". It struck the country during 1845–49, with 1260:

Despite the breaking of Norse power in Ireland, the Norse still maintained control of the

1058:

that dot the island. Insular style was to be a crucial ingredient in the formation of the

8: 9616: 9536: 9393: 9340: 9328: 9029: 8591: 8557: 8526: 8516: 8464: 8459: 8452: 8362: 8347: 8294: 8241: 8236: 8211: 8069: 7822: 7724: 7620: 7508: 7353: 7043: 7033: 6943: 6619: 6476: 6457: 6411: 6018:

The Irish Constitutional Tradition: Responsible Government & Modern Ireland 1782–1992

4508: 3703: 3688: 3678: 3405: 3368: 3194: 3124: 3114: 2913: 2865:

as Minister for Education in 1968. From the early 1960s, Ireland sought admission to the

2861:, who produced a series of economic plans. Free second-level education was introduced by 2682: 2646: 2439: 2431: 2343: 2296:

to pave the way for the most advanced social legislation in Ireland since the Union, the

2148: 2086: 1920: 1896: 1892: 1882: 1878: 1844: 1635: 1580: 1554: 1522: 1487: 1463: 1397:

himself. He was arguably the first High King without opposition, however, he would later

1320: 622: 603: 582: 407: 343: 289: 121: 58: 8332: 7984: 7649: 5154: 3923: 3844:

The Resurgence of Gaelic power in Ireland and Scotland and its wider impact, c.1350-1513

3798: 9426: 9388: 9371: 9318: 9118: 9064: 8898: 8577: 8474: 8442: 8266: 8216: 8176: 8129: 8124: 8114: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8074: 8059: 8054: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 7849: 7782: 7777: 7704: 7687: 7605: 7292: 7287: 7220: 6849: 6717: 6667: 6604: 6579: 6575: 6493: 6150: 4975: 3658: 3638: 2885: 2862: 2614: 2289: 2198: 2187: 2097: 2065: 1993: 1912: 1753: 1749: 1695: 1435: 1363: 1339: 1324: 1304: 1281: 1272:, King of Leinster, captured Dublin in 1052. This gave the Irish greater access to the 1243: 1081: 1031: 1026:

learning and Christian theology in the monasteries that flourished shortly thereafter.

882: 827: 765: 555: 535: 508: 418: 351: 126: 5960:

Abject Loyalty: Nationalism and Monarchy in Ireland During the Reign of Queen Victoria

4814:

Dickinson, Harry T. (2012). "Why did the American Revolution not spread to Ireland?".

2735: 2597:) from 1919 to 1921. In the course of the fighting and amid much acrimony, the Fourth 865:, in CE 100, recorded Ireland's geography and tribes. Ireland was never a part of the 359:

preeminence over most of the country, apart from the walled towns and the area around

324: 9596: 9487: 9345: 8645: 8584: 8521: 8469: 8357: 8299: 8261: 8251: 8231: 8221: 8206: 8201: 8181: 8151: 8119: 8104: 8079: 8015: 7880: 7810: 7530: 7392: 7257: 7163: 7113: 7028: 6889: 6803: 6276: 6262: 6085: 6062: 6045: 5911: 5890: 5742: 5686: 5657: 5619: 5599: 5589: 5487:

Catriona Kennedy, "Women and Gender in Modern Ireland," in Bourke and McBride, eds.

5260: 5060: 4885: 4774: 4771:

Eighteenth-Century Ireland: The Isle of Slaves - The Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland

4739: 4728: 4621: 4599: 4589: 4566: 4434: 4265: 4249: 4233: 4213: 4197: 4010: 3972: 3863: 3673: 3663: 3653: 3409: 3364: 3183: 2825: 2384: 2339: 2324: 2301: 2191: 2171: 2033: 2001: 1985: 1800: 1764:) to bring the country under English control, heightened resentment of English rule. 1631: 1612: 1491: 1261: 1133: 1092:-writer's imagination. The literary tradition looks back to the reign of the sons of 1035: 578: 488:

Protestant denominations suffered severe political and economic privations under the

461: 375: 339: 320: 7386: 7123: 4527:"Muircherteach Ua Briain, politics and naval activity in the Irish Sea 1075 to 1119" 4471: 3931: 2649:, formalising independence for the 26-county Irish Free State (which renamed itself 2492:, the party of the rebels, won three-quarters of all seats in Ireland, twenty-seven 1596: 1288:

area would increase dramatically over the next few decades, notably under High King

9591: 9457: 9449: 9434: 9366: 9333: 9043: 8841: 8486: 8246: 8171: 8141: 7739: 7719: 7540: 7495: 6869: 6550: 6532: 6419: 6077: 6023: 5977: 5057:

Black and Green: The Fight for Civil Rights in Northern Ireland & Black America

4504: 4449: 4344: 3927: 3733: 3713: 3648: 3506: 3491: 3441: 3303: 3175: 3037: 2820: 2731: 2678: 2665:

ideologies, although this was more marked in the six counties of Northern Ireland.

2642: 2630: 2606: 2455: 2388: 2281: 2229: 1811: 1228: 898: 831: 567: 559: 551: 453: 145: 4403: 2565: 2461:

The period 1916–1921 was marked by political violence and upheaval, ending in the

2108:

would be repealed to remove any remaining discrimination against Roman Catholics,

815:

Airgialla, Ulaid, Mide, Laigin, Mumhain, Cóiced Ol nEchmacht began to emerge (see

719:

and Munster, individual adult males were buried in small stone structures, called

402:

in 1541 to facilitate the project. Ireland became a potential battleground in the

9611: 9500: 9462: 9204: 9145: 9021: 7839: 7767: 7762: 7592: 7470: 7397: 7038: 6722: 6697: 6348: 6310: 6147:

Modern Historians on British History 1485-1945: A Critical Bibliography 1945-1969

6005: 5900: 5696: 5678: 5629: 5553: 5355: 5332: 5309: 5213: 5006: 4935: 4912: 4784: 4714: 4677: 4388: 4074: 4055: 4036: 3799:"Reindeer bone found in north Cork to alter understanding of Irish human history" 3773: 3767: 3738: 3643: 3620: 3556: 3517:

is sometimes used unofficially as a de facto regional flag for Northern Ireland.

3457: 2789: 2708: 2618: 2407: 2293: 2285: 2163: 2129: 2013: 1933: 1852: 1816: 1717: 1701: 1639: 1518: 1510: 1483: 1300: 1200: 1075: 851: 663: 563: 442: 399: 5965: 5670:

Brendan Bradshaw, 'Nationalism and Historical Scholarship in Modern Ireland' in

1128:

The first English involvement in Ireland took place in this period. Tullylease,

727: 666:, who arrived sometime around 7900 BCE. While some authors take the view that a 9576: 9571: 9566: 9477: 9467: 9439: 9187: 9170: 9165: 9034: 8389: 7974: 7870: 7709: 7697: 7475: 6538: 6522: 6472: 6135:

Clarkson, L. A. "The writing of Irish economic and social history since 1968."

6123:

The Making of Modern Irish History: Revisionism and the Revisionist Controversy

5987: 5872: 5718: 5343:

Brendan Bradshaw, "Nationalism and historical scholarship in modern Ireland."

3487: 3429: 3425: 3229:, Bloody Sunday, and other violent acts in the early 1970s came to be known as 3006: 2940: 2905: 2893: 2881: 2626: 2554: 2520: 2497: 2427: 2423: 2375:

Home Rule became likely when in 1910 the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP) under

2364: 2269: 2210: 2005: 1971: 1729: 1725: 1713: 1668: 1575: 1096:(Diarmait and Blathmac, who died in 665) as to the end of an era. Antiquaries, 1059: 1051: 1016: 1009: 935: 465: 457: 383: 335: 305: 276:

dates to around 33,000 years ago, with further findings dating the presence of

235: 140: 116: 9505: 5541:

L.A. Clarkson, "The writing of Irish economic and social history since 1968."

3286:

years, with the exception of five months in 1974, Northern Ireland was under "

2854: 2720: 2711:. The new Irish Free State government defeated the anti-Treaty remnant of the 2394: 1257:

and thrive as centres of Irish trade and finance. They remain so to this day.

374:

did not make another attempt to conquer the island until after the end of the

9640: 9472: 9155: 8951: 8903: 8831: 8826: 8616: 7525: 7358: 7232: 6707: 6692: 6315: 6271: 5997: 5765: 4603: 4170:"The Irish Bronze Age | National Museum of Ireland | Bronze Age Handling Box" 3514: 3479:

said of it: "I hope to see that flag one day waving as our national banner."

3465: 3326: 2939:

However, since 2014, Ireland has seen strong economic growth, dubbed as the "

2884:. However, economic reforms in the late 1980s, helped by investment from the 2858: 2758: 2466: 2237: 2206: 2021: 1721: 1643: 1479: 1443: 1371: 1355: 1047: 1005: 978: 906: 894: 878: 811: 747: 688: 671: 652: 543: 387: 371: 281: 5603: 4788: 4570: 3534:(St Patrick's Saltire, St Patrick's Cross) which represented Ireland on the 2501: 2028:. However, reform in Ireland stalled over the more radical proposals toward 1046:, metalworking, and sculpture flourished and produced such treasures as the 550:, most of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom to become the independent 9621: 9586: 8778: 8491: 7679: 7615: 7610: 7520: 7503: 7328: 7267: 6757: 6742: 6331: 6009: 5938: 5904: 5700: 5633: 5567:

Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History

5530:

Empire, the national and postcolonial, 1890-1920: Resistance in Interaction

5286:

Interpreting Irish history: the debate on historical revisionism, 1938-1994

3476: 3433: 3377: 3261: 3245: 3230: 2889: 2877: 2815: 2593:, the army of the newly declared Irish Republic, waged a guerilla war (the 2474: 2376: 2353: 2221: 1975: 1768: 1498: 866: 761: 708: 633: 629: 586: 391: 277: 6337:

New Discovery Pushes back date of human existence in Ireland by 2500 Years

6044:, prefazione di Luca Riccardi, Guerini e Associati, Milano 2006, 294 pp., 4307: 3393: 2489: 1775:. Scottish and English Protestant colonists were sent to the provinces of 1741:, who gave a remarkable account of his experiences on the run in Ireland. 902: 534:

through the parliamentary constitutional movement, eventually winning the

9601: 9182: 9082: 7816: 7729: 7428: 7372: 7333: 6594: 6250: 5934: 4766: 4147: 4121: 3483: 2793: 2766: 2116:

and other dissenter religions in the newly United Kingdom. However, King

1966: 1761: 1705: 1619: 1113: 1105: 1039: 971: 931: 780:, which came to Ireland around 2000 BCE, saw the production of elaborate 731: 704: 667: 637: 539: 177: 9510: 5348: 4144:"Ceide Fields Visitor Centre, Ballycastle, County Mayo, West of Ireland" 3842: 2849:

In the 1960s, Ireland underwent a major economic change under reforming

1000: 923: 9581: 9515: 7910: 7433: 7343: 7307: 7297: 7103: 6140: 5829: 5546: 4707: 3535: 3510: 3471:

who, using the symbolism of the flag, explained his vision as follows:

3401: 3240:

in 1972 and abolished in 1973. Paramilitary private armies such as the

2919:

Ireland's newfound prosperity was challenged abruptly in 2008 when the

2873: 2662: 1981: 1398: 1249: 1239: 1194: 1093: 1063: 1055: 777: 773: 660: 445: 395: 309: 301: 293: 7554: 6081: 1084:

describes the effect of the epidemics which occurred during this era:

1066:

styles throughout Western Europe. Sites dating to this period include

9495: 8539: 7942: 7663: 7447: 7302: 7277: 7252: 6677: 3335: 2933: 2850: 2778: 2724: 2175: 2167: 1937: 1627:), whose rulers had little real authority outside (beyond the Pale). 1560: 1517:("Lord of Ireland"). When John unexpectedly succeeded his brother as 1506: 1502: 1459: 1285: 1212: 1163: 1121: 1101: 959: 757: 743: 692: 676: 421:

provided the impetus for ongoing warfare, notable examples being the

297: 7628: 7348: 6165:

The Shadow of a Year: The 1641 Rebellion in Irish History and Memory

4526: 4452:, Leo Eaton "In Search of Ancient Ireland" Ivan R Dee (2002)PBS 2002 4029: 2496:

of which assembled in Dublin on 21 January 1919 to form a 32-county

1591: 1334:

One of the most prosperous reigns of any High King was the reign of

966:

may even have served in the Roman military in the mid-to-late 300s.

9197: 9160: 9048: 9002: 7854: 7787: 7452: 7338: 7282: 6687: 6061:

Nicholas Canny "The Elizabethan Conquest of Ireland"(London, 1976)

3847:(Doctoral thesis). University College Cork – via cora.ucc.ie. 3542: 2699:

The treaty to sever the Union divided the republican movement into

2634: 2277: 2256: 2141: 2133: 2113: 2105: 1941: 1907:. The wealthier Irish Catholics backed James to try to reverse the 1867: 1866:. Several hundred remaining native landowners were transplanted to 1796: 1624: 1471: 1451: 1442:

By the 12th century, Ireland was divided politically into shifting

1183: 1109: 1071: 963: 947: 869:, but Roman influence was often projected well beyond its borders. 858: 846: 798: 716: 364: 313: 6299:

Sources: A National Library of Ireland database for Irish research

6182:

The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume V: Historiography

6114:

Bourke, Richard. "Historiography" in Bourke and Ian McBride, eds.

5424:

Ireland and empire: colonial legacies in Irish history and culture

4308:"DNA Research Links Scots, Irish And Welsh To North-western Spain" 4067: 4000: 3998: 3452: 2703:(who wanted to fight on until an Irish Republic was achieved) and 1815:

After an unusually bitter Irish Catholic rebellion and civil war,

1358:. A settlement grew around this castle which would grow to be the 675:

of agriculture started to show, leading to the establishment of a

379: 9177: 9038: 8987: 7772: 7757: 7656: 7443: 7423: 6397: 6366: 6240: 6196:

Ireland's Heritages: Critical Perspectives On Memory and Identity

5823: 5020:"Ireland is a spending nation once again as Celtic Phoenix rises" 2754: 2738:'s Fianna Fáil, was able to take power peacefully by winning the 2284:

of the 1880s, various British governments introduced a series of

2124:

controversially and adamantly blocked attempts by Prime Minister

1820: 1776: 1709: 1604: 1467: 1383: 1158: 1067: 955: 870: 862: 790: 735: 347: 280:

to around 10,500 to 7,000 BCE. The receding of the ice after the

273: 8997: 8920: 6326: 2810: 2601:

implemented Home Rule while separating the island into what the

2548: 2132:

and his new cabinet failed to legislate to repeal or change the

1374:. He also had commercial and political links with the rulers of 1211:

The second wave of Vikings made stations at winter bases called

628:

What is known of pre-Christian Ireland comes from references in

9546: 9192: 9077: 8977: 7642: 7635: 7480: 7413: 7272: 5155:"DUP executive endorses deal to restore devolution at Stormont" 3995: 3947:"The Mesolithic and Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in Ireland" 2901: 1788: 1780: 1564: 1375: 1359: 1351: 1312: 1187: 1179:

Ireland. Most of those early raiders came from western Norway.

1175: 1171: 1097: 785: 700: 680: 360: 312:

proper begins around 2000 BCE and ends with the arrival of the

5649: 5502:

Claire Connolly, "Postcolonial Ireland: Posing the Question."

5252: 4230:

Treasures of the National Museum of Ireland: Irish Antiquities

3524:

enjoys a certain amount of general acceptance and popularity.

3321:

During the 1970s British policy concentrated on defeating the

9053: 8982: 7692: 7262: 6322:

Irish history stories recalled on dvd, free web videos online

4556: 4554: 4552: 3340: 3169: 2829: 1784: 1559:

The Normans initially controlled the entire east coast, from

1379: 1328: 1316: 1252:, though he did not succeed in unifying Ireland, changed the 1023: 951: 943: 890: 820: 794: 684: 433:. This period was marked by the Crown policies of, at first, 317: 5784:

Gaelic Ireland c.1250-c.1650:Land, Lordship & Settlement

5437:

Kingdom and Colony: Ireland in the Atlantic World, 1560-1800

4671:'The Wild Irish are Barbarous and Most Filthy in their Diet' 3967:

O'Kelly, Michael J. (2005). "III. Ireland Before 3000 BCE".

3567:(IRFU), before the adoption of the four-provinces flag. The 3388:

parties lost their dominant positions to the more hard-line

3358: 2540:

House of Commons of the Kingdom of Ireland (abolished 1800)

2365:

Home Rule, Easter Rising and War of Independence (1912–1922)

1231:, England, but would however later return to retake Dublin. 753: 8972: 6130:

Interpreting Irish History: The Debate On Irish Revisionism

5929:

Ireland in the age of imperialism and revolution, 1760–1801

4855:

Ireland in the age of imperialism and revolution, 1760–1801

3344: 3186:

in east Belfast. Unionist leader and first Prime Minister,

2920: 1367: 1174:

raid in Irish history occurred in 795 CE when Vikings from

1147: 1089: 835: 781: 720: 6245: 6208:

Noack, Christian, Lindsay Janssen, and Vincent Comerford.

5190:"Closure of Vatican embassy has wide-ranging implications" 4549: 4486:

Annála Ríoghachta Éireann (The Annals of the Four Masters)

3527:

Historically a number of flags have been used, including:

3424:(EEC), a precursor to the European Community (EC) and the 8014: 7380: 4834: 4795: 3404:

resigned as first minister, which automatically resigned

3174:

The 1920 Government of Ireland Bill created the state of

2691: 2668: 2641:

in the manner of Canada and Australia. Under the Treaty,

2526:

House of Lords of the Kingdom of Ireland (abolished 1800)

1923:

in 1690, where James's outnumbered forces were defeated.

687:, are huge stone monuments and many of them, such as the 292:, which includes the archaeological periods known as the 6298: 4248:

S.J. Connolly, Oxford Companion to Irish History, 2002,

4077:, Placenames Database of Ireland. Retrieved: 2010-09-10. 4039:, Placenames Database of Ireland. Retrieved: 2010-09-10. 3594:

Nationalism has led to numerous monographs and debates.

3571:(GAA) uses the tricolour to represent the whole island. 1583:

who argued that the Gaelic kings did not build castles.

834:. This is usually explained as a result of invasions by 801:

also appear at this time, continuing into the Iron Age.

6809:

List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland

5411:

The Cambridge illustrated history of the British Empire

4484:"Chronicles the history of the world from the deluge". 3969:

A New History of Ireland: Prehistoric and early Ireland

2071: 1823:

soldiery and commercial undertakers to pay for the war.

1586: 1295:

Perhaps it was Muircherteach's increasing power in the

476:

was reinforced after two periods of religious war, the

4958:"Today marks 70 years since Ireland became a republic" 4871:. London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1972. pp. 187–243 4730:

The historical encyclopedia of world slavery. 1. A – K

3857: 1671:

in the 2nd half of the 16th century. Preserved in the

4822: 3372:

including "decommissioning" of paramilitary weapons,

3350:

In 1985 the Irish and British governments signed the

2255:

Irish family evicted at Moyasta, County Clare during

1292:, who was noted for his interest in foreign affairs. 538:, although this Act was suspended at the outbreak of 6539:

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

6042:

I cristiani d'Irlanda e la guerra civile (1968–1998)

3908: 2248:

remained an undercurrent in the nineteenth century.

2096:, the Irish and the British parliaments enacted the 2068:(which abolished the Irish Parliament of that era). 1947: 912: 441:, involving the arrival of thousands of English and 6056:

Ireland: Contested Ideas of Nationalism and History

4370:"Romans in Ireland? - Archaeology Magazine Archive" 4058:, New York Times 2001-07-08. Retrieved: 2010-09-10. 2100:. The merger created a new political entity called 1744:The re-conquest was completed during the reigns of 1657: 1408: 1338:, who had overthrown Muircherteach and partitioned 659:The earliest confirmed inhabitants of Ireland were 334:" period), by which time the island may be termed " 6101:Ireland: a social and cultural history, 1922-2001, 4727: 4725: 3860:Early Ireland: an introduction to Irish prehistory 2946: 1835:During the 17th century, Ireland was convulsed by 1182:The Vikings were expert sailors, who travelled in 597: 304:beginning around 2500 BCE with the arrival of the 6902:List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland 4537: 4334:"A Y Chromosne Census of the British Isles (pdf)" 2814:in Irish). The state remained neutral throughout 2178:of 1831–38. The Church was disestablished by the 2174:, however, led to the sporadic skirmishes of the 1984:resistance in Ireland eventually ended after the 695:, are astronomically aligned. Four main types of 495:On 1 January 1801, in the wake of the republican 218:History of the Irish language 9638: 8419: 4264:Sean Duffy, A Concise History of Ireland, 2005, 3325:(IRA) by military means including the policy of 2956: 7748:Association football in the Republic of Ireland 5881:F. S. L. Lyons, Culture and Anarchy in Ireland, 5859:The problem of the frontier in medieval Ireland 5822:, Historical Geography Research Series, No. 3, 5741:. Vol. I – Prehistoric and Early Ireland. 1891:Ireland became the main battleground after the 1543:The extent of Norman control of Ireland in 1300 1458:of the Western kingdom of Connacht. Fleeing to 995:"first Bishop to the Irish believing in Christ" 590:successful peace was finally achieved with the 511:. Catholics were not granted full rights until 503:was abolished and Ireland became part of a new 394:conquest of Ireland lasting from 1536 to 1603. 6217:Young Ireland And the Writing of Irish History 5776:The Nature of the Medieval Frontier in Ireland 5299:Estudios Irlandeses - Journal of Irish Studies 4946:M.E.Collins, Ireland 1868–1966, (1993) p. 431) 3380:bases. In new elections in 2003, the moderate 2128:. Pitt resigned in protest, but his successor 1533:Ireland in 1014: a patchwork of rival kingdoms 1315:, until Magnus was killed in an ambush by the 746:site in Ireland and contains the oldest known 8936: 8405: 8000: 6382: 5946:Patrick Pearse and the Politics of Redemption 4501:Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle Online 4228:Wallace, Patrick F., O'Floinn, Raghnall eds. 3858:O'Kelly, Michael J.; O'Kelly, Claire (1989). 3597:A great deal of attention has focused on the 2834:For more detail on 1939–45, see main article 2304:, finally resolving the Irish Land Question. 845:In 60 CE, it is said that the Romans invaded 636:, myth, and archaeology. While some possible 570:, or "pro-treaty", forces proved victorious. 370:Reduced to the control of small pockets, the 327:brought new styles and practices by 300 BCE. 253: 5852:The Modernisation of Irish Society 1848–1918 5685:. Civilization and Capitalism. Vol. 3. 5650:Richard Bourke and Ian McBride, ed. (2016). 5253:Richard Bourke and Ian McBride, ed. (2016). 4396: 4196:Jonathan Bardon, A History of Ulster, 2005, 3329:(requiring the RUC and British Army reserve 3244:, resulted from a split within the IRA, the 2274:3 Fs; Fair rent, free sale, fixity of tenure 1638:lay in the hands of the powerful Fitzgerald 881:and would return to seize power in Ireland. 873:writes that an exiled Irish prince was with 804: 288:, around 9700 BCE, heralds the beginning of 9399:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 6511:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 6294:A Concise History of Ireland by P. W. Joyce 6139:33.1 (1980): 100–111. DOI: 10.2307/2595549 5916:Ireland in the Age of Reform and Revolution 5884: 5732:. Vol. I – Medieval Ireland 1169–1534. 3966: 3796: 2857:and Secretary of the Department of Finance 2102:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1752:, after several brutal conflicts. (See the 505:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 9109:British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference 8943: 8929: 8412: 8398: 8007: 7993: 7934:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland 6389: 6375: 6118:(Princeton University Press, 2016), ch 11. 5867:The Lordship of Ireland in the Middle Ages 4563:The tribes of Galway = na tuatha Gaillimhe 4384:"What did the Romans ever do for Ireland?" 4258: 3271: 3081:Belfast International Airport Constabulary 2557:, home of Ireland's parliament since 1922. 1847:(1642–1649) against the background of the 1454:was forcibly exiled by the new High King, 993:was sent to Ireland by the Pope in 431 as 612: 323:, beginning about 600 BCE. The subsequent 260: 246: 5798:Patrick Pearse and the Triumph of Failure 5791:The archaeology of early medieval Ireland 5225: 4813: 4719: 4470:"Tribes and Tribalism in Early Ireland", 4212:David Ross, Ireland History of a Nation, 4192: 4190: 3862:. Cambridge University Press. p. 5. 3824:"What have the Vikings ever done for us?" 3604: 3359:Devolution and direct rule (1999–present) 3199:Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association 2147:In 1823 an enterprising Catholic lawyer, 1992:that had been relaxed somewhat after the 1685: 1525:" fell directly under the English Crown. 1419: 7753:Association football in Northern Ireland 6355:What did the Romans ever do for Ireland? 5727: 4925:Economic Development and Cultural Change 4852: 4274: 3884:"Earliest evidence of humans in Ireland" 3451: 2876:, caused the Irish economy to stagnate. 2783: 2690: 2410:broke out, the UK Parliament passed the 2402:, issued by Leaders of the Easter Rising 2393: 2250: 2190:in an unsuccessful campaign to undo the 2160:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington 2081: 1872: 1810: 1661: 1590: 1538: 1528: 1429: 1157: 1148:Early medieval and Viking era (795–1169) 1022:Irish scholars excelled in the study of 999: 922: 752: 616: 558:the six northeastern counties, known as 272:The first evidence of human presence in 6949:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland 6327:The Irish Story – Irish History website 6180:Louis, Wm Roger, and Robin Winks, eds. 6116:The Princeton History of Modern Ireland 6071: 5812:Anglo-Norman settlement in County Meath 5736: 5677: 5653:The Princeton History of Modern Ireland 5490:The Princeton History of Modern Ireland 5256:The Princeton History of Modern Ireland 4902:Ireland and the Land Question 1800-1922 4884:, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1991, p. 19. 4765: 3729:History of Roman Catholicism in Ireland 3292:Secretary of State for Northern Ireland 2319:made two unsuccessful attempts to pass 1208:being the Old Irish word for foreign). 738:, about 7 kilometres northwest of 730:is an archaeological site on the north 9639: 6121:Boyce, D. George and Alan O'Day, eds, 6074:The prehistoric archaeology of Ireland 5782:23 & 23, 1982–83, pp. 21–38; 5610: 5054: 5000:CSO figures reveal unemployment levels 4840: 4828: 4816:Valahian Journal of Historical Studies 4801: 4560: 4524: 4242: 4187: 4004: 3841:Egan, Simon Peter (18 December 2018). 2846:and was formally declared a republic. 2669:Free State and Republic (1922–present) 1858:Ireland in 1649–1653 on behalf of the 1806: 1548: 1456:Ruaidri mac Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair 1116:, and the meaning and use of the word 977:Tradition maintains that in A.D. 432, 530:which strove from the 1880s to attain 8924: 8393: 8016:History of current European countries 7988: 7218: 7008: 6829: 6435: 6370: 6236:History of Ireland: Primary Documents 6158:Memory Ireland: History and Modernity 5996: 5953:James Connolly: A Political Biography 5709:The Oxford Companion to Irish History 5583: 5273:The Oxford Companion to Irish History 4955: 4618:The Oxford Companion to Irish History 4583: 4543: 4520: 4518: 3797:Roseingrave, Louise (18 April 2021). 3215:Northern Ireland riots of August 1969 2450:, their Northern counterparts in the 1505:, Henry landed with a large fleet at 1497:With the authority of the papal bull 946:and, to a lesser degree, in parts of 886:peoples of Hibernia remains unclear. 742:, and the site is the most extensive 9114:British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly 6189:History and Memory in Modern Ireland 5288:(Dublin, Irish Academic Press, 1994) 4509:10.1163/9789004184640_emc_sim_001174 4404:"Yes, the Romans did invade Ireland" 4206: 3944: 3840: 3724:History of rail transport in Ireland 3613: 3505:The only official flag representing 2507:sovereignty over the entire island. 2471:threat of Irishmen being conscripted 2072:Union with Great Britain (1801–1912) 1926: 1587:Gaelic resurgence and Norman decline 1462:, Diarmait obtained permission from 1124:at the beginning of the new century. 905:settled in western Scotland and the 8859:Post-war period (political history) 6357:By Turtle Bunbury on March 21, 2020 6108: 6103:Rev. edn, Harper Perennial, London. 6076:. Galway: Galway University Press. 5504:European Journal of English Studies 5226:Devenport, Mark (15 January 2018). 4956:Aodha, Gráinne Ní (18 April 2019). 4620:, 2007, Oxford Univ. Press. p.423. 4300: 4284:. Prospect Magazine. Archived from 3971:. Clarendon Press. pp. 66–67. 3447: 2332:Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 2272:demanding what became known as the 13: 6978:Tourism in the Republic of Ireland 6753:Economy of the Republic of Ireland 6551:Irish Free State (1922–1937) 6396: 6002:England in the Eighteenth Century 5642: 4515: 3699:History of the Republic of Ireland 3092:Police Service of Northern Ireland 2908:dropping by half in twenty years. 2842:In 1949, Ireland left the British 2675:History of the Republic of Ireland 2617:. The Irish delegation was led by 2485:) accelerated this change. In the 2292:played a leading role in the 1902 857:The Romans referred to Ireland as 14: 9658: 8950: 6763:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn 6223: 4120:. Museums of Mayo. Archived from 3574: 3415: 3323:Provisional Irish Republican Army 3308:Northern Ireland Constitution Act 3242:Provisional Irish Republican Army 2136:. This was followed by the first 2120:, invoking the provisions of the 2048:, which was bloodily suppressed. 1948:Protestant ascendancy (1691–1800) 913:Early Christian Ireland (400–795) 760:, built c. 3200 BCE, is an Irish 9099:Ireland–United Kingdom relations 8864:Post-war period (social history) 8538: 7968: 6932:Tallest buildings and structures 6363:By Andrew L. Slayman in May 1996 5972:Ireland in the Twentieth Century 4525:Candon, Anthony (January 1988). 3766:Note that the untranslated text 3300:Parliament of the United Kingdom 3170:"A Protestant state" (1921–1972) 2564: 2547: 2533: 2519: 2298:Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903 1708:troops into Dublin to crown the 1658:Early modern Ireland (1536–1691) 1426:Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland 1409:Anglo-Norman Ireland (1169–1536) 229: 42: 5737:Cróinín, Dáibhí Ó, ed. (1976). 5559: 5535: 5522: 5517:Ireland and postcolonial theory 5509: 5496: 5481: 5468: 5455: 5442: 5429: 5416: 5403: 5390: 5360: 5337: 5314: 5291: 5278: 5245: 5219: 5200: 5182: 5173: 5147: 5121: 5112: 5103: 5094: 5085: 5076: 5048: 5039: 5030: 5012: 4993: 4968: 4949: 4940: 4917: 4894: 4874: 4861: 4846: 4807: 4759: 4696: 4683: 4664: 4639: 4630: 4610: 4577: 4492: 4477: 4464: 4455: 4443: 4423: 4410: 4376: 4362: 4326: 4222: 4162: 4136: 4110: 4080: 4061: 4042: 4023: 4007:Landscapes of Neolithic Ireland 3932:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.09.018 3757: 2947:Northern Ireland (1921–present) 2572:Parliament Buildings (Stormont) 2406:In September 1914, just as the 1756:, 1569–73 and 1579–83, and the 893:) attacked and some settled in 598:Prehistory (10,500 BCE–600 BCE) 585:. These divisions erupted into 9542:Northern Ireland Sign Language 6768:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis 5966:the 1921 Treaty debates online 5656:. Princeton University Press. 5576: 5398:Ireland and the British Empire 5259:. Princeton University Press. 5009:- Inside Ireland, 7 March 2012 4586:The Norman invasion of Ireland 3985: 3960: 3938: 3902: 3876: 3851: 3834: 3816: 3790: 3694:History of Ireland (1801–1923) 3428:(EU), at the same time as the 3250:Irish National Liberation Army 3197:, led to the emergence of the 2930:financial and political crisis 2599:Government of Ireland Act 1920 2412:Government of Ireland Act 1914 2330:After the introduction of the 2156:Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 2078:History of Ireland (1801–1923) 2042:Society of the United Irishmen 1954:History of Ireland (1691–1800) 1681:History of Ireland (1536–1691) 1611:defeated a Norman army at the 1415:History of Ireland (1169–1536) 1276:. Diarmuit was able to become 1242:, defeated the Vikings at the 1193:In 852, the Vikings landed in 1: 6830: 5982:Gaelic and Gaelicised Ireland 5962:(Cork University Press, 2001) 5757:Atlas of the Irish Revolution 4561:Martyn, Adrian James (2001). 4118:"Céide Fields Visitor Centre" 3783: 3709:History of the United Kingdom 3669:History of the European Union 3264:and the (largely Protestant) 3195:majoritarian electoral system 2379:held the balance of power in 2334:which broke the power of the 2232:, most prominent among them, 2030:enfranchising Irish Catholics 1978:, sought more local control. 1603:By 1261 the weakening of the 1154:History of Ireland (795–1169) 989:, a contemporary chronicler, 839:Neolithic to the Bronze Age. 300:from about 4000 BCE, and the 8421:History of the British Isles 7833:Northern Ireland flags issue 7009: 6784:List of conflicts in Ireland 6528:Southern Ireland (1921–1922) 6020:(Irish Academic Press, 1994) 6000:(1963). "The Irish Empire". 5885:Mac Annaidh, Séamus (1999). 5837:The Most Distressful Country 5683:The Perspective of the World 5584:Byrne, Francis John (1973). 4704:William & Mary Quarterly 4068:Céide, "a hill level at top" 3236:The Stormont parliament was 2804:re-established the state as 2477:in 1918 (for service on the 2242:Irish Republican Brotherhood 2010:famine between 1740 and 1741 1509:in 1171, becoming the first 1389:One of Tairrdelbach's sons, 919:History of Ireland (400–795) 460:was finally defeated at the 7: 7219: 6804:Gaelic clothing and fashion 6436: 6288:1916 Rebellion Walking Tour 5728:Cosgrove, Art, ed. (1987). 5271:; and S. J. Connolly, ed., 5216:Department of the Taoiseach 4726:Junius P Rodriguez (1997). 4499:"Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib". 4282:"Myths of British Ancestry" 3684:History of Northern Ireland 3631: 3569:Gaelic Athletic Association 3422:European Economic Community 3028:Current Irish police forces 2971:Defunct Irish police forces 2953:History of Northern Ireland 2867:European Economic Community 2769:as well as encouraging the 2359:Ancient Order of Hibernians 1895:of 1688, when the Catholic 1280:, and after his death, the 901:of 367. In particular, the 817:Kingdoms of ancient Ireland 713:wedge-shaped gallery graves 575:history of Northern Ireland 10: 9663: 5833:The Green Flag Volumes 1–3 5755:John Crowley et al. eds., 5586:Irish Kings and High Kings 5059:. Pluto Press. p. 4. 3912:Quaternary Science Reviews 3599:Irish revolutionary period 3578: 3565:Irish Rugby Football Union 3386:Social Democrat and Labour 3103:Ministry of Defence Police 2991:Dublin Metropolitan Police 2950: 2672: 2655:declared itself a republic 2371:Irish revolutionary period 2368: 2280:agitations and subsequent 2246:physical force nationalism 2075: 2053:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland 1957: 1951: 1849:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1728:chieftains as well as the 1689: 1678: 1595:Irish soldiers, 1521 – by 1552: 1423: 1412: 1403:Norman invasion of Ireland 1393:, would later go on to be 1336:Toirdelbach Ua Conchobhair 1221:Máel Finnia mac Flannacain 1151: 1042:, mainly in the fields of 916: 889:Irish confederations (the 601: 9559: 9524: 9486: 9448: 9425: 9418: 9411: 9359: 9301: 9285: 9270: 9213: 9138: 9131: 9091: 9063: 9020: 9013: 8958: 8885: 8810: 8763: 8655: 8606: 8547: 8536: 8427: 8371: 8323: 8285: 8022: 7964: 7863: 7801: 7738: 7678: 7591: 7539: 7494: 7461: 7406: 7371: 7321: 7240: 7231: 7227: 7214: 7149: 7052: 7021: 7017: 7004: 6914: 6842: 6838: 6825: 6776: 6564: 6448: 6444: 6431: 6407: 6284:Timeline of Irish History 5820:Medieval Irish Settlement 5616:Modern Ireland, 1600–1972 3744:Timeline of Irish history 3266:Royal Ulster Constabulary 3017:Royal Ulster Constabulary 2595:Irish War of Independence 2426:against the expansion of 2313:Irish Parliamentary Party 1864:given to British settlers 1735:Spanish Armada in Ireland 1692:Tudor conquest of Ireland 1607:had become manifest when 1028:Missionaries from Ireland 805:Iron Age (600 BCE–400 CE) 642:Alice and Gwendoline Cave 548:Irish War of Independence 528:Irish Parliamentary Party 497:United Irishmen Rebellion 135:Great Britain and Ireland 99:Timeline of Irish history 9384:Kingdom of Great Britain 6304:The Ireland of Yesterday 6255:The diary of an American 6241:History of Ireland guide 5876:Ireland Since the Famine 5739:A New History of Ireland 5730:A New History of Ireland 5707:S. J. Connolly (editor) 5672:Irish Historical Studies 5448:Andrew Bielenberg, ed., 5345:Irish Historical Studies 5331:1 September 2011 at the 5322:Irish Historical Studies 4934:17 November 2015 at the 4853:McDowell, R. B. (1979). 4706:(1990) 47#4 pp 503-545. 4049:A Pompeii in Slow Motion 4005:Cooney, Gabriel (2000). 3772:27 February 2017 at the 3750: 3581:List of Irish historians 2980:Royal Irish Constabulary 2695:Political map of Ireland 2687:Names of the Irish state 2126:William Pitt the Younger 1720:in 1487. Again in 1536, 1673:Ghent University Library 1270:Diarmuit mac Maél na mBó 581:and (mainly Protestant) 8693:Early medieval Scotland 7925:Prostitution (Republic) 6347:3 December 2020 at the 6261:, published 1888, from 6246:Irish History Digitized 6137:Economic History Review 5793:(London, Batsford 1990) 5713:Oxford University Press 5543:Economic History Review 5372:Creativecentenaries.org 5308:17 January 2018 at the 4900:Michael J. Winstanley, 4713:8 November 2018 at the 4584:Roche, Richard (1995). 4312:George Mason University 4073:21 October 2013 at the 4035:21 October 2013 at the 3763: 3538:after the Act of Union; 3499:Constitution of Ireland 3331:Ulster Defence Regiment 3272:Direct rule (1972–1999) 3254:Ulster Defence Regiment 3002:Irish Republican Police 2732:world economic downturn 2639:Commonwealth of Nations 2487:December 1918 elections 2483:German spring offensive 2416:Ireland's participation 2309:Charles Stewart Parnell 2094:Irish Rebellion of 1798 2092:In 1800, following the 2046:Irish Rebellion of 1798 1940:, mainly the island of 1919:, most famously at the 1837:eleven years of warfare 1362:today. He was a superb 1290:Muircherteach Ua Briain 1044:illuminated manuscripts 649:Bølling–Allerød warming 613:Stone Age to Bronze Age 608:Protohistory of Ireland 8737:Early medieval Ireland 8703:Late medieval Scotland 8698:High medieval Scotland 8671:Early medieval England 8065:Bosnia and Herzegovina 6794:List of Irish kingdoms 6259:William Henry Hurlbert 6251:Ireland Under Coercion 6232:at Irish History Links 6230:Irish History Timeline 6072:Waddell, John (1998). 5055:Dooley, Brian (1998). 4927:45#3 (1997): 591-612. 4693:(2011) 210#1 pp 33-60. 4420:32 (2001), pp. 243–270 4406:. British Archaeology. 4092:www.discoverireland.ie 3605:Relations with Britain 3469:Thomas Francis Meagher 3460: 3258:Ulster Volunteer Force 3147:Garda Síochána Reserve 3048:Belfast Harbour Police 2797: 2696: 2505:unilaterally declaring 2500:Parliament, the first 2452:36th (Ulster) Division 2448:16th (Irish) Divisions 2403: 2260: 2234:Thomas Francis Meagher 2122:Act of Settlement 1701 2089: 1888: 1824: 1686:Conquest and rebellion 1676: 1652:Westminster Parliament 1600: 1544: 1534: 1439: 1420:Arrival of the Normans 1167: 1126: 1120:dies out with archaic 1054:, and the many carved 1012: 938: 830:, was a branch of the 772:The short-lived Irish 769: 699:have been identified: 697:Irish Megalithic Tombs 670:connecting Ireland to 625: 478:Irish Confederate Wars 412:Protestant Reformation 9532:British Sign Language 9377:Principality of Wales 9221:Bailiwick of Guernsey 9104:British–Irish Council 9092:Political cooperation 9073:Bailiwick of Guernsey 8784:Early modern Scotland 8747:Late medieval Ireland 8742:High medieval Ireland 8681:Late medieval England 8676:High medieval England 8632:Protohistoric Ireland 7901:Mass media (Republic) 7845:National coat of arms 6733:IRA Northern Campaign 6212:(Anthem Press, 2012). 5796:Ruth Dudley Edwards, 5569:30.4 (1997): 173-181. 5552:4 August 2020 at the 5545:33.1 (1980): 100-111 5478:(2007) 42#1 pp 11-57. 5465:7#3 (2009): 993-1007. 5354:4 August 2020 at the 4880:Cecil Woodham-Smith, 4734:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 4429:MacAmnaidh, S. 2013. 4054:6 August 2019 at the 4009:. London: Routledge. 3579:Further information: 3482:After its use in the 3475:. Fellow nationalist 3455: 3352:Anglo-Irish Agreement 3312:Sunningdale Agreement 3211:Battle of the Bogside 3182:government, based at 3070:Royal Military Police 2932:as Ireland entered a 2925:Irish property bubble 2923:collapsed due to the 2910:A series of tribunals 2787: 2771:censoring and banning 2751:Roman Catholic Church 2740:1932 general election 2713:Irish Republican Army 2694: 2625:. This abolished the 2591:Irish Republican Army 2574:. Previously home of 2422:war effort under the 2397: 2254: 2184:Irish Church Act 1869 2138:Irish Reform Act 1832 2085: 1960:Protestant Ascendancy 1876: 1839:, beginning with the 1814: 1665: 1594: 1542: 1532: 1448:Diarmait Mac Murchada 1433: 1225:Cerball mac Muirecáin 1161: 1086: 1003: 926: 756: 734:coast in the west of 620: 592:Good Friday Agreement 515:in 1829, achieved by 513:Catholic Emancipation 474:Protestant Ascendancy 435:surrender and regrant 427:2nd Desmond Rebellion 423:1st Desmond Rebellion 213:Economic history 208:British monarchs 9151:Islands of the Clyde 8894:House of Plantagenet 8796:Early modern Ireland 8779:Early modern England 8774:Early modern Britain 8715:Early medieval Wales 8573:Prehistoric Shetland 8568:Prehistoric Scotland 7823:County coats of arms 7715:List of Irish people 6789:List of Irish tribes 6639:Cromwellian conquest 6625:Plantation of Ulster 6556:Ireland (since 1922) 6268:The Story of Ireland 6201:McCarthy, Mark, ed. 6194:McCarthy, Mark, ed. 6174:47#1 (2012): 45–69. 6004:. pp. 179–185. 5974:(Gill and Macmillan) 5944:Seán Farrell Moran, 5854:(Gill and Macmillan) 5769:The Isles: A History 5515:Patricia King, ed., 5506:3#3 (1999): 255-261. 5212:24 June 2018 at the 5005:8 March 2012 at the 4911:22 June 2018 at the 4676:1 March 2012 at the 4433:Parragon Books Ltd. 4314:History News Network 4288:on 26 September 2006 4174:microsites.museum.ie 3918:(27–28): 3956–3971. 3719:History of Waterford 3550:president of Ireland 3532:Saint Patrick's Flag 3400:On 3 February 2022, 3059:Larne Harbour Police 2960:Irish police forces 2928:resulted in a major 2463:partition of Ireland 2238:another insurrection 2180:Gladstone government 1899:left London and the 1860:English Commonwealth 1783:and the counties of 1739:Francisco de Cuellar 1519:King John of England 1278:High King of Ireland 1274:Kingdom of the Isles 1236:High King of Ireland 987:Prosper of Aquitaine 198:Gaelic monarchs 111:Peoples and polities 9537:Irish Sign Language 9394:Kingdom of Scotland 9231:Bailiwick of Jersey 9214:Lists of islands of 8871:Late modern Ireland 8765:Early modern period 8725:Late medieval Wales 8720:High medieval Wales 8592:Prehistoric Ireland 8563:Prehistoric England 8558:Prehistoric Britain 8286:States with limited 7938:in Northern Ireland 7929:in Northern Ireland 7670:Legendary creatures 7583:Traditional singing 7419:Saint Patrick's Day 7054:Republic of Ireland 6983:Tourist attractions 6968:ROI–UK border 6953:of Northern Ireland 6906:in Northern Ireland 6738:IRA Border Campaign 6713:War of Independence 6683:Second Great Famine 6668:Act of Union (1800) 6620:Flight of the Earls 6477:Lordship of Ireland 6412:Republic of Ireland 6351:By Rare Irish Stuff 5841:The Bold Fenian Men 5618:. Penguin history. 5435:Nicholas P. Canny, 5378:on 11 December 2015 5284:Ciaran Brady, ed., 5228:"Flags and symbols" 5196:. 18 February 2012. 4843:, pp. 226–240. 4804:, pp. 153–225. 4350:on 1 September 2012 3945:Driscoll, Killian. 3924:2010QSRv...29.3956T 3704:History of Scotland 3689:History of Kilkenny 3679:History of Limerick 3390:Democratic Unionist 3376:and the removal of 3363:More recently, the 3252:fought against the 3115:Republic of Ireland 2717:multiple executions 2683:Republic of Ireland 2647:ratified the Treaty 2633:, a self-governing 2481:as a result of the 2432:National Volunteers 2418:in the British and 2400:Easter Proclamation 1921:Battle of the Boyne 1893:Glorious Revolution 1883:Sir Godfrey Kneller 1879:James II of England 1845:Confederate Ireland 1807:Wars and penal laws 1733:English lords. The 1636:Lordship of Ireland 1581:Giraldus Cambrensis 1555:Lordship of Ireland 1549:Lordship of Ireland 1523:Lordship of Ireland 1488:Henry II of England 1434:A tower house near 1170:The first recorded 621:Ireland during the 604:Prehistoric Ireland 480:in 1641-52 and the 408:Counter-Reformation 398:proclaimed himself 290:Prehistoric Ireland 151:Republic of Ireland 122:Lordship of Ireland 9647:History of Ireland 9389:Kingdom of Ireland 9372:Kingdom of England 9119:Common Travel Area 9065:Crown Dependencies 8899:House of Lancaster 8852:World Wars (Wales) 8812:Late modern period 8789:Early modern Wales 8578:Prehistoric Orkney 8549:Prehistoric period 7975:Ireland portal 7293:Skirts and kidneys 6799:List of High Kings 6718:Anglo-Irish Treaty 6658:First Great Famine 6643:Settlement of 1652 6615:Tyrone's Rebellion 6605:Desmond Rebellions 6494:Kingdom of Ireland 6361:Romans in Ireland? 6342:History of Ireland 6309:5 May 2010 at the 6037:(Ivan R Dee, 2006) 6030:(Ivan R Dee, 2002) 5998:Plumb, John Harold 5990:, (Lord Longford) 5923:The Irish Republic 5889:. Bath: Parragon. 5774:Patrick J. Duffy, 5724:(Hutchinson, 1993) 5450:The Irish Diaspora 5396:Kevin Kenny, ed., 4691:Past & Present 3659:History of England 3639:History of Belfast 3490:(1919–21) and the 3461: 3392:and (nationalist) 3384:and (nationalist) 3345:military cessation 3314:in December 1973. 2886:European Community 2798: 2697: 2615:Anglo-Irish Treaty 2603:British government 2578:. Now used by the 2404: 2340:Irish nationalists 2336:landlord-dominated 2261: 2244:. All failed, but 2199:Great Irish Famine 2188:Repeal Association 2090: 2066:Acts of Union 1800 2008:led directly to a 2002:absentee landlords 1988:in July 1691. The 1913:Kingdom of Ireland 1903:replaced him with 1901:English Parliament 1889: 1825: 1754:Desmond Rebellions 1696:Kingdom of Ireland 1677: 1601: 1545: 1535: 1440: 1436:Quin, County Clare 1364:military commander 1244:Battle of Clontarf 1168: 1164:Viking settlements 1134:Maigh Eo na Saxain 1082:Francis John Byrne 1032:Continental Europe 1013: 939: 828:Goidelic languages 770: 626: 579:Irish nationalists 556:Anglo-Irish Treaty 536:Home Rule Act 1914 509:Acts of Union 1800 419:Kingdom of Ireland 352:Battle of Clontarf 284:cold phase of the 236:Ireland portal 127:Kingdom of Ireland 9634: 9633: 9630: 9629: 9555: 9554: 9407: 9406: 9266: 9265: 9127: 9126: 8918: 8917: 8801:Early modern Mann 8688:Medieval Scotland 8646:Sub-Roman Britain 8641:End of Roman rule 8585:Prehistoric Wales 8387: 8386: 7982: 7981: 7960: 7959: 7956: 7955: 7367: 7366: 7258:Bacon and cabbage 7210: 7209: 7206: 7205: 7077:Foreign relations 7000: 6999: 6996: 6995: 6927:Notable buildings 6821: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6277:Project Gutenberg 6263:Project Gutenberg 6058:(NYU Press, 2007) 6033:Carmel McCaffrey 5921:Dorothy McCardle 5912:Nicholas Mansergh 5771:(Macmillan, 1999) 5674:, XXVI, Nov. 1989 5528:Ellekje Boehmer, 5347:(1989): 329-351. 5275:(Oxford UP, 2000) 5161:. 30 January 2024 5135:. 3 February 2022 5026:. 24 August 2014. 5024:Irish Independent 4890:978-0-14-014515-1 4818:. 18–19: 155–180. 4780:978-0-7171-5927-7 4745:978-0-87436-885-7 4626:978-0-19-923483-7 4488:((Noah) to 1616). 4439:978-1-4723-2723-9 4341:Familytreedna.com 4254:978-0-19-923483-7 3978:978-0-19-821737-4 3674:History of Galway 3664:History of Europe 3654:History of Dublin 3614:Recent approaches 3497:In 1937 when the 3410:Jeffrey Donaldson 3365:Belfast Agreement 3167: 3166: 3151: 3140: 3129: 3118: 3107: 3096: 3085: 3074: 3063: 3052: 3041: 3030: 3021: 3010: 2995: 2984: 2973: 2853:(prime minister) 2513:Irish parliaments 2385:Ulster Volunteers 2357:and the Catholic 2315:. Prime Minister 2311:, founder of the 2302:absentee landlord 2192:Act of Union 1800 2172:Church of Ireland 2034:French Revolution 1986:Battle of Aughrim 1927:Indentured Labour 1905:William of Orange 1841:Rebellion of 1641 1801:Church of Ireland 1632:Wars of the Roses 1613:Battle of Callann 1515:Dominus Hiberniae 1492:Council of Oxford 1309:Kingdom of Norway 1262:Kingdom of Dublin 1036:Early Middle Ages 583:British unionists 462:battle of Kinsale 406:between Catholic 376:Wars of the Roses 340:Celtic polytheism 321:Hallstatt culture 270: 269: 133:United Kingdom of 9654: 9592:Irish Travellers 9423: 9422: 9419:Modern languages 9416: 9415: 9367:Irish Free State 9324:Northern Ireland 9283: 9282: 9136: 9135: 9044:Northern Ireland 9022:Sovereign states 9018: 9017: 8945: 8938: 8931: 8922: 8921: 8876:Late modern Mann 8847:Second World War 8832:Edwardian period 8827:Victorian period 8732:Medieval Ireland 8666:Medieval England 8608:Classical period 8597:Prehistoric Mann 8542: 8499:Northern Ireland 8414: 8407: 8400: 8391: 8390: 8324:Dependencies and 8023:Sovereign states 8009: 8002: 7995: 7986: 7985: 7973: 7972: 7971: 7650:Tuatha Dé Danann 7238: 7237: 7229: 7228: 7216: 7215: 7151:Northern Ireland 7129: 7119: 7109: 7019: 7018: 7006: 7005: 6840: 6839: 6827: 6826: 6703:Home Rule crisis 6533:Northern Ireland 6446: 6445: 6433: 6432: 6420:Northern Ireland 6391: 6384: 6377: 6368: 6367: 6099:Brown, T. 2004, 6095: 6054:Hugh F. Kearney 6024:Carmel McCaffrey 6013: 5978:Kenneth Nicholls 5958:James H. Murphy 5927:R. B. McDowell, 5908: 5803:Marianne Eliot, 5780:Studia Hibernica 5752: 5733: 5704: 5679:Braudel, Fernand 5667: 5637: 5607: 5570: 5563: 5557: 5539: 5533: 5526: 5520: 5513: 5507: 5500: 5494: 5485: 5479: 5472: 5466: 5459: 5453: 5446: 5440: 5433: 5427: 5420: 5414: 5407: 5401: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5374:. Archived from 5364: 5358: 5341: 5335: 5318: 5312: 5301:(2005): 91-101. 5295: 5289: 5282: 5276: 5270: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5223: 5217: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5186: 5180: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5125: 5119: 5116: 5110: 5107: 5101: 5098: 5092: 5089: 5083: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5052: 5046: 5043: 5037: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5016: 5010: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4953: 4947: 4944: 4938: 4921: 4915: 4898: 4892: 4882:The Great Hunger 4878: 4872: 4865: 4859: 4858: 4850: 4844: 4838: 4832: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4811: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4792: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4733: 4723: 4717: 4700: 4694: 4687: 4681: 4668: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4643: 4637: 4634: 4628: 4616:Connolly, S.J., 4614: 4608: 4607: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4558: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4522: 4513: 4512: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4481: 4475: 4474:22, 1971, p. 153 4468: 4462: 4459: 4453: 4450:Carmel McCaffrey 4447: 4441: 4427: 4421: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4349: 4343:. Archived from 4338: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4278: 4272: 4262: 4256: 4246: 4240: 4226: 4220: 4210: 4204: 4194: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4146:. Archived from 4140: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4098:on 14 April 2019 4094:. Archived from 4084: 4078: 4065: 4059: 4046: 4040: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4002: 3993: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3794: 3777: 3761: 3734:Irish Historians 3714:History of Wales 3649:History of Derry 3624:and their land. 3507:Northern Ireland 3492:Irish Free State 3448:Flags in Ireland 3442:Bishop of Galway 3406:Michelle O'Neill 3310:of 1973 and the 3304:Order in Council 3285: 3284: 3280: 3260:. Moreover, the 3176:Northern Ireland 3145: 3134: 3123: 3112: 3101: 3090: 3079: 3068: 3057: 3046: 3038:Northern Ireland 3035: 3026: 3015: 3000: 2989: 2978: 2969: 2957: 2821:Irish neutrality 2792:in motorcade in 2679:Irish Free State 2643:Northern Ireland 2631:Irish Free State 2629:and created the 2611:Southern Ireland 2607:Northern Ireland 2568: 2551: 2537: 2523: 2456:Irish Convention 2440:New British Army 2434:who enlisted in 2389:Irish Volunteers 2325:Katherine O'Shea 2282:Plan of Campaign 2230:Young Irelanders 2149:Daniel O'Connell 2087:Daniel O'Connell 2058:George Townshend 2026:Irish Parliament 1609:Fineen MacCarthy 1476:Richard de Clare 1344:King of Connacht 1266:King of Leinster 1162:Map showing the 1076:promontory forts 1038:. The period of 1004:A page from the 930:'s monastery at 899:Great Conspiracy 832:Celtic languages 664:hunter-gatherers 568:Irish Free State 560:Northern Ireland 554:, but under the 552:Irish Free State 517:Daniel O’Connell 501:Irish Parliament 454:West Country Men 386:Earl of Kildare 344:Celtic Christian 262: 255: 248: 234: 233: 232: 155:Northern Ireland 146:Irish Free State 46: 36: 18: 17: 9662: 9661: 9657: 9656: 9655: 9653: 9652: 9651: 9637: 9636: 9635: 9626: 9582:English Gypsies 9551: 9520: 9482: 9463:Scottish Gaelic 9444: 9403: 9355: 9297: 9274: 9262: 9209: 9205:Isles of Scilly 9146:Channel Islands 9123: 9087: 9059: 9009: 8954: 8949: 8919: 8914: 8913: 8881: 8880: 8842:Interwar period 8837:First World War 8806: 8805: 8759: 8758: 8657:Medieval period 8651: 8650: 8602: 8601: 8543: 8534: 8533: 8517:Channel Islands 8453:Isles of Scilly 8423: 8418: 8388: 8383: 8367: 8325: 8319: 8305:Northern Cyprus 8287: 8281: 8197:North Macedonia 8018: 8013: 7983: 7978: 7969: 7967: 7952: 7920:outside Ireland 7891:Historic houses 7859: 7840:Irish Wolfhound 7811:Brighid's Cross 7797: 7768:Gaelic handball 7763:Gaelic football 7734: 7705:Hiberno-Normans 7674: 7587: 7535: 7490: 7471:Hiberno-English 7457: 7402: 7363: 7317: 7223: 7202: 7145: 7127: 7117: 7107: 7048: 7039:Ulster loyalism 7013: 6992: 6910: 6834: 6813: 6772: 6698:Dublin lock-out 6634:Confederate War 6585:Norman invasion 6572:Battles of Tara 6560: 6516:1801–1923 6504:1691–1800 6499:1536–1691 6487:1169–1536 6440: 6427: 6403: 6395: 6349:Wayback Machine 6313:– slideshow by 6311:Wayback Machine 6226: 6156:Frawley, Oona. 6128:Brady, Ciaran, 6111: 6106: 6092: 5992:Peace by Ordeal 5970:John A. Murphy 5951:Austen Morgan, 5897: 5845:Ourselves Alone 5789:Nancy Edwards, 5749: 5693: 5664: 5645: 5643:Further reading 5640: 5626: 5596: 5579: 5574: 5573: 5564: 5560: 5554:Wayback Machine 5540: 5536: 5527: 5523: 5514: 5510: 5501: 5497: 5492:(2016) pp: 361+ 5486: 5482: 5473: 5469: 5463:History Compass 5460: 5456: 5447: 5443: 5434: 5430: 5421: 5417: 5409:P.J. Marshall, 5408: 5404: 5395: 5391: 5381: 5379: 5366: 5365: 5361: 5356:Wayback Machine 5342: 5338: 5333:Wayback Machine 5319: 5315: 5310:Wayback Machine 5296: 5292: 5283: 5279: 5267: 5250: 5246: 5236: 5234: 5224: 5220: 5214:Wayback Machine 5205: 5201: 5194:The Irish Times 5188: 5187: 5183: 5178: 5174: 5164: 5162: 5153: 5152: 5148: 5138: 5136: 5127: 5126: 5122: 5117: 5113: 5108: 5104: 5099: 5095: 5090: 5086: 5081: 5077: 5067: 5053: 5049: 5044: 5040: 5035: 5031: 5018: 5017: 5013: 5007:Wayback Machine 4998: 4994: 4984: 4982: 4974: 4973: 4969: 4954: 4950: 4945: 4941: 4936:Wayback Machine 4922: 4918: 4913:Wayback Machine 4899: 4895: 4879: 4875: 4866: 4862: 4851: 4847: 4839: 4835: 4827: 4823: 4812: 4808: 4800: 4796: 4781: 4764: 4760: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4724: 4720: 4715:Wayback Machine 4701: 4697: 4688: 4684: 4678:Wayback Machine 4669: 4665: 4655: 4653: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4635: 4631: 4615: 4611: 4596: 4588:. Anvil Books. 4582: 4578: 4559: 4550: 4542: 4538: 4523: 4516: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4483: 4482: 4478: 4469: 4465: 4460: 4456: 4448: 4444: 4428: 4424: 4415: 4411: 4402: 4401: 4397: 4389:The Irish Times 4382: 4381: 4377: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4336: 4332: 4331: 4327: 4317: 4315: 4306: 4305: 4301: 4291: 4289: 4280: 4279: 4275: 4263: 4259: 4247: 4243: 4227: 4223: 4211: 4207: 4195: 4188: 4178: 4176: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4153: 4151: 4150:on 22 July 2011 4142: 4141: 4137: 4127: 4125: 4124:on 22 July 2011 4116: 4115: 4111: 4101: 4099: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4075:Wayback Machine 4066: 4062: 4056:Wayback Machine 4047: 4043: 4037:Wayback Machine 4028: 4024: 4017: 4003: 3996: 3990: 3986: 3979: 3965: 3961: 3951: 3949: 3943: 3939: 3907: 3903: 3893: 3891: 3890:. 21 March 2016 3882: 3881: 3877: 3870: 3856: 3852: 3839: 3835: 3828:The Irish Times 3822: 3821: 3817: 3807: 3805: 3795: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3780: 3774:Wayback Machine 3762: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3739:Irish genealogy 3644:History of Cork 3634: 3621:Postcolonialism 3616: 3607: 3583: 3577: 3557:Irish tricolour 3466:Young Irelander 3458:Irish tricolour 3450: 3418: 3382:Ulster Unionist 3374:policing reform 3361: 3282: 3278: 3277: 3276:For the next 27 3274: 3172: 3149: 3138: 3127: 3105: 3094: 3083: 3072: 3061: 3050: 3019: 3004: 2993: 2982: 2955: 2949: 2863:Donogh O'Malley 2826:peat production 2796:on 27 June 1963 2790:John F. Kennedy 2736:Éamon de Valera 2709:Irish Civil War 2689: 2673:Main articles: 2671: 2623:Michael Collins 2619:Arthur Griffith 2605:'s Act termed " 2587: 2586: 2585: 2584: 2583: 2569: 2560: 2559: 2558: 2552: 2543: 2542: 2541: 2538: 2529: 2528: 2527: 2524: 2515: 2514: 2436:Irish regiments 2408:First World War 2373: 2367: 2344:Irish unionists 2294:Land Conference 2290:William O'Brien 2286:Irish Land Acts 2236:; and in 1867, 2215:National School 2164:Napoleonic Wars 2130:Henry Addington 2080: 2074: 2014:Navigation Acts 1962: 1956: 1950: 1934:Oliver Cromwell 1929: 1886: 1853:Oliver Cromwell 1817:Oliver Cromwell 1809: 1718:King of England 1698: 1690:Main articles: 1688: 1683: 1660: 1640:Earl of Kildare 1589: 1557: 1551: 1546: 1536: 1511:King of England 1484:Lord of Ireland 1428: 1422: 1417: 1411: 1348:King of Ireland 1301:Magnus Barefoot 1282:O'Brien dynasty 1264:. Although the 1156: 1150: 1030:to England and 1008:that opens the 921: 915: 861:around CE 100. 807: 776:and subsequent 615: 610: 602:Main articles: 600: 564:Irish Civil War 542:. In 1916, the 400:King of Ireland 356:Norman invasion 325:La Tène culture 266: 230: 228: 223: 222: 168: 160: 159: 137: 134: 112: 104: 103: 54: 34: 27: 12: 11: 5: 9660: 9650: 9649: 9632: 9631: 9628: 9627: 9625: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9607:Northern Irish 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9563: 9561: 9557: 9556: 9553: 9552: 9550: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9528: 9526: 9522: 9521: 9519: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9492: 9490: 9484: 9483: 9481: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9454: 9452: 9446: 9445: 9443: 9442: 9437: 9431: 9429: 9420: 9413: 9409: 9408: 9405: 9404: 9402: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9380: 9379: 9369: 9363: 9361: 9357: 9356: 9354: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9337: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9314:United Kingdom 9311: 9305: 9303: 9302:Current states 9299: 9298: 9296: 9295: 9289: 9287: 9280: 9268: 9267: 9264: 9263: 9261: 9260: 9259: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9241:United Kingdom 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9217: 9215: 9211: 9210: 9208: 9207: 9202: 9201: 9200: 9195: 9188:Northern Isles 9185: 9180: 9175: 9174: 9173: 9168: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9142: 9140: 9133: 9129: 9128: 9125: 9124: 9122: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9095: 9093: 9089: 9088: 9086: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9069: 9067: 9061: 9060: 9058: 9057: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9035:United Kingdom 9032: 9026: 9024: 9015: 9011: 9010: 9008: 9007: 9006: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8965: 8959: 8956: 8955: 8948: 8947: 8940: 8933: 8925: 8916: 8915: 8912: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8890: 8889: 8887: 8883: 8882: 8879: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8867: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8855: 8854: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8821:United Kingdom 8817: 8816: 8814: 8808: 8807: 8804: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8792: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8770: 8769: 8767: 8761: 8760: 8757: 8756: 8751: 8750: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8729: 8728: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8710:Medieval Wales 8707: 8706: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8685: 8684: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8662: 8661: 8659: 8653: 8652: 8649: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8629: 8624: 8622:Roman Scotland 8619: 8613: 8612: 8610: 8604: 8603: 8600: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8588: 8587: 8582: 8581: 8580: 8575: 8565: 8554: 8553: 8551: 8545: 8544: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8531: 8530: 8529: 8524: 8514: 8508: 8503: 8502: 8501: 8496: 8495: 8494: 8484: 8483: 8482: 8480:Outer Hebrides 8477: 8475:Inner Hebrides 8472: 8467: 8457: 8456: 8455: 8450: 8438:United Kingdom 8434: 8433: 8431: 8425: 8424: 8417: 8416: 8409: 8402: 8394: 8385: 8384: 8382: 8381: 8379:European Union 8375: 8373: 8372:Other entities 8369: 8368: 8366: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8329: 8327: 8326:other entities 8321: 8320: 8318: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8291: 8289: 8283: 8282: 8280: 8279: 8274: 8272:United Kingdom 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8085:Czech Republic 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8026: 8024: 8020: 8019: 8012: 8011: 8004: 7997: 7989: 7980: 7979: 7965: 7962: 7961: 7958: 7957: 7954: 7953: 7951: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7931: 7922: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7886:Heritage Sites 7883: 7878: 7873: 7867: 7865: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7836: 7835: 7825: 7820: 7813: 7807: 7805: 7799: 7798: 7796: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7744: 7742: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7710:Irish diaspora 7707: 7702: 7701: 7700: 7698:Gaelic Ireland 7690: 7684: 7682: 7676: 7675: 7673: 7672: 7667: 7660: 7653: 7646: 7639: 7632: 7625: 7624: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7597: 7595: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7569: 7568: 7558: 7551: 7545: 7543: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7511: 7506: 7500: 7498: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7467: 7465: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7455: 7450: 7441: 7439:Rose of Tralee 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7410: 7408: 7404: 7403: 7401: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7383: 7377: 7375: 7369: 7368: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7325: 7323: 7319: 7318: 7316: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7248:List of dishes 7244: 7242: 7235: 7225: 7224: 7212: 7211: 7208: 7207: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7189: 7188: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7167: 7166: 7164:D'Hondt method 7155: 7153: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7143: 7138: 7137: 7136: 7131: 7125:Seanad Éireann 7121: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7090: 7089: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7058: 7056: 7050: 7049: 7047: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7025: 7023: 7015: 7014: 7002: 7001: 6998: 6997: 6994: 6993: 6991: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6935: 6934: 6929: 6918: 6916: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6908: 6899: 6898: 6897: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6865:Extreme points 6862: 6857: 6855:Climate change 6852: 6846: 6844: 6836: 6835: 6823: 6822: 6819: 6818: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6780: 6778: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6673:1803 Rebellion 6670: 6665: 6663:1798 Rebellion 6660: 6655: 6650: 6648:Williamite War 6645: 6636: 6630:1641 Rebellion 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6610:Spanish Armada 6607: 6602: 6600:Tudor conquest 6597: 6592: 6590:Bruce campaign 6587: 6582: 6568: 6566: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6547: 6546: 6536: 6535:(1921–present) 6530: 6525: 6523:Irish Republic 6520: 6519: 6518: 6508: 6507: 6506: 6501: 6491: 6490: 6489: 6484: 6482:800–1169 6473:Gaelic Ireland 6470: 6465: 6460: 6454: 6452: 6442: 6441: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6425: 6417: 6408: 6405: 6404: 6394: 6393: 6386: 6379: 6371: 6365: 6364: 6358: 6352: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6281: 6265: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6225: 6224:External links 6222: 6221: 6220: 6215:Quinn, James. 6213: 6206: 6199: 6192: 6187:McBride, Ian, 6185: 6178: 6168: 6163:Gibney, John. 6161: 6154: 6143: 6133: 6126: 6119: 6110: 6109:Historiography 6107: 6105: 6104: 6097: 6090: 6069: 6059: 6052: 6038: 6031: 6026:and Leo Eaton 6021: 6014: 5994: 5988:Frank Pakenham 5985: 5975: 5968: 5963: 5956: 5949: 5942: 5932: 5925: 5919: 5909: 5895: 5882: 5879: 5873:F. S. L. Lyons 5870: 5855: 5848: 5827: 5808: 5801: 5794: 5787: 5772: 5763: 5753: 5747: 5734: 5725: 5719:Tim Pat Coogan 5716: 5705: 5691: 5675: 5668: 5662: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5638: 5624: 5608: 5594: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5558: 5534: 5521: 5508: 5495: 5480: 5467: 5454: 5441: 5428: 5422:Stephen Howe, 5415: 5402: 5389: 5359: 5336: 5324:(1986): 1-18. 5313: 5290: 5277: 5265: 5244: 5218: 5199: 5181: 5172: 5146: 5133:Independent.ie 5120: 5111: 5102: 5093: 5084: 5075: 5065: 5047: 5038: 5029: 5011: 4992: 4967: 4948: 4939: 4916: 4893: 4873: 4869:The Green Flag 4860: 4845: 4833: 4831:, p. 178. 4821: 4806: 4794: 4779: 4758: 4744: 4718: 4695: 4682: 4663: 4638: 4629: 4609: 4594: 4576: 4565:. The author. 4548: 4536: 4514: 4491: 4476: 4472:Ériu (journal) 4463: 4454: 4442: 4431:Irish History. 4422: 4409: 4395: 4375: 4361: 4325: 4299: 4273: 4257: 4241: 4232:, pp. 126–12, 4221: 4205: 4186: 4161: 4135: 4109: 4079: 4060: 4041: 4030:Achaidh Chéide 4022: 4016:978-0415169776 4015: 3994: 3984: 3977: 3959: 3937: 3901: 3875: 3868: 3850: 3833: 3815: 3803:Irish Examiner 3788: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3778: 3755: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3615: 3612: 3606: 3603: 3592: 3591: 3576: 3575:Historiography 3573: 3561: 3560: 3553: 3546: 3539: 3522:Four Provinces 3488:Irish Republic 3449: 3446: 3430:United Kingdom 3426:European Union 3417: 3416:Modern Ireland 3414: 3360: 3357: 3273: 3270: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3157: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3142: 3141: 3131: 3130: 3125:Garda Síochána 3120: 3119: 3109: 3108: 3098: 3097: 3087: 3086: 3076: 3075: 3065: 3064: 3054: 3053: 3043: 3042: 3032: 3031: 3023: 3022: 3012: 3011: 3007:Irish Republic 2997: 2996: 2986: 2985: 2975: 2974: 2966: 2965: 2962: 2961: 2951:Main article: 2948: 2945: 2941:Celtic Phoenix 2921:banking system 2894:European Union 2800:In 1937 a new 2670: 2667: 2627:Irish Republic 2570: 2563: 2562: 2561: 2555:Leinster House 2553: 2546: 2545: 2544: 2539: 2532: 2531: 2530: 2525: 2518: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2511: 2510: 2509: 2498:Irish Republic 2428:Central Powers 2424:Triple Entente 2387:. In turn the 2369:Main article: 2366: 2363: 2270:Michael Davitt 2076:Main article: 2073: 2070: 2006:Little Ice Age 1972:Jonathan Swift 1952:Main article: 1949: 1946: 1928: 1925: 1917:Williamite War 1808: 1805: 1758:Nine Years War 1730:Hiberno-Norman 1714:Lambert Simnel 1687: 1684: 1679:Main article: 1659: 1656: 1597:Albrecht Dürer 1588: 1585: 1576:Hiberno-Norman 1553:Main article: 1550: 1547: 1537: 1527: 1486:by his father 1444:petty kingdoms 1424:Main article: 1421: 1418: 1413:Main article: 1410: 1407: 1401:following the 1360:city of Galway 1305:King of Norway 1152:Main article: 1149: 1146: 1144:raided Brega. 1052:Ardagh Chalice 1017:Roman alphabet 1010:Gospel of John 936:County Wicklow 917:Main article: 914: 911: 806: 803: 614: 611: 599: 596: 507:formed by the 482:Williamite war 466:British Empire 458:Gaelic Ireland 431:Nine Years War 384:Hiberno-Norman 336:Gaelic Ireland 306:Beaker Culture 268: 267: 265: 264: 257: 250: 242: 239: 238: 225: 224: 221: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 175: 169: 166: 165: 162: 161: 158: 157: 148: 143: 141:Irish Republic 138: 131: 129: 124: 119: 117:Gaelic Ireland 113: 110: 109: 106: 105: 102: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 55: 52: 51: 48: 47: 39: 38: 29: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9659: 9648: 9645: 9644: 9642: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9564: 9562: 9558: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9529: 9527: 9523: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9493: 9491: 9489: 9485: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9455: 9453: 9451: 9447: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9432: 9430: 9428: 9424: 9421: 9417: 9414: 9410: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9378: 9375: 9374: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9364: 9362: 9360:Former states 9358: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9316: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9306: 9304: 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8850: 8849: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8824: 8823:(since 1707) 8822: 8819: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8809: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8776: 8775: 8772: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8762: 8755: 8754:Medieval Mann 8752: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8734: 8733: 8730: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8712: 8711: 8708: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8690: 8689: 8686: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8668: 8667: 8664: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8654: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8636:Roman Ireland 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8617:Roman Britain 8615: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8605: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8586: 8583: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8570: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8560: 8559: 8556: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8546: 8541: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8519: 8518: 8515: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8500: 8497: 8493: 8490: 8489: 8488: 8485: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8462: 8461: 8458: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8448:Isle of Wight 8446: 8445: 8444: 8441: 8440: 8439: 8436: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8415: 8410: 8408: 8403: 8401: 8396: 8395: 8392: 8380: 8377: 8376: 8374: 8370: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8338:Faroe Islands 8336: 8334: 8331: 8330: 8328: 8322: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8310:South Ossetia 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8284: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8157:Liechtenstein 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8027: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8010: 8005: 8003: 7998: 7996: 7991: 7990: 7987: 7977: 7976: 7963: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7943:Public houses 7941: 7939: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7862: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7834: 7831: 7830: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7818: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7808: 7806: 7804: 7800: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7745: 7743: 7741: 7737: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7685: 7683: 7681: 7677: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7665: 7661: 7659: 7658: 7654: 7652: 7651: 7647: 7645: 7644: 7640: 7638: 7637: 7633: 7631: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7603: 7602: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7594: 7590: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7556: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7542: 7538: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7516: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7501: 7499: 7497: 7493: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7464: 7460: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7411: 7409: 7405: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7388: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7374: 7370: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7320: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7217: 7213: 7199: 7198:Peace process 7196: 7194: 7191: 7187: 7184: 7183: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7165: 7162: 7161: 7160: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7152: 7148: 7142: 7139: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7128:(upper house) 7126: 7122: 7120: 7118:(lower house) 7116: 7112: 7111: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7088: 7085: 7084: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7051: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7034:Republicanism 7032: 7030: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7007: 7003: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6923: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6913: 6907: 6903: 6900: 6896: 6893: 6892: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6828: 6824: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6775: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6748:Peace process 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6728:The Emergency 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6708:Easter Rising 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6693:Fenian Rising 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6563: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6540: 6537: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6512: 6509: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6495: 6492: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6479: 6478: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6468:Early history 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6434: 6430: 6424: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6406: 6402: 6399: 6392: 6387: 6385: 6380: 6378: 6373: 6372: 6369: 6362: 6359: 6356: 6353: 6350: 6346: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6317: 6316:Life magazine 6312: 6308: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6289: 6285: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6273: 6272:Emily Lawless 6269: 6266: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6218: 6214: 6211: 6207: 6204: 6200: 6197: 6193: 6190: 6186: 6183: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6166: 6162: 6159: 6155: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6131: 6127: 6124: 6120: 6117: 6113: 6112: 6102: 6098: 6093: 6091:9781901421101 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6070: 6068: 6067:0-85527-034-9 6064: 6060: 6057: 6053: 6051: 6050:88-8335-794-9 6047: 6043: 6040:Paolo Gheda, 6039: 6036: 6032: 6029: 6025: 6022: 6019: 6016:Alan J. Ward 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5986: 5983: 5979: 5976: 5973: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5961: 5957: 5954: 5950: 5947: 5943: 5940: 5936: 5933: 5930: 5926: 5924: 5920: 5917: 5913: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5896:0-7525-6139-1 5892: 5888: 5887:Irish History 5883: 5880: 5877: 5874: 5871: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5853: 5849: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5828: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5810:B.J. Graham, 5809: 5806: 5802: 5799: 5795: 5792: 5788: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5770: 5767: 5766:Norman Davies 5764: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5748:0-19-821737-4 5744: 5740: 5735: 5731: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5692:0-06-015317-2 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5663:9781400874064 5659: 5655: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5625:9780140132502 5621: 5617: 5613: 5612:Foster, R. F. 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5595:0-7134-1304-2 5591: 5587: 5582: 5581: 5568: 5562: 5555: 5551: 5548: 5544: 5538: 5531: 5525: 5518: 5512: 5505: 5499: 5493: 5491: 5484: 5477: 5471: 5464: 5458: 5451: 5445: 5438: 5432: 5425: 5419: 5412: 5406: 5399: 5393: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5363: 5357: 5353: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5334: 5330: 5327: 5323: 5317: 5311: 5307: 5304: 5300: 5294: 5287: 5281: 5274: 5268: 5266:9781400874064 5262: 5258: 5257: 5248: 5233: 5229: 5222: 5215: 5211: 5208: 5207:National Flag 5203: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5176: 5160: 5156: 5150: 5134: 5130: 5124: 5115: 5106: 5097: 5088: 5079: 5072: 5068: 5066:9780745312958 5062: 5058: 5051: 5042: 5033: 5025: 5021: 5015: 5008: 5004: 5001: 4996: 4981: 4977: 4971: 4963: 4962:TheJournal.ie 4959: 4952: 4943: 4937: 4933: 4930: 4926: 4920: 4914: 4910: 4907: 4903: 4897: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4877: 4870: 4867:Kee, Robert. 4864: 4856: 4849: 4842: 4837: 4830: 4825: 4817: 4810: 4803: 4798: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4762: 4747: 4741: 4737: 4732: 4731: 4722: 4716: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4699: 4692: 4686: 4679: 4675: 4672: 4667: 4652: 4648: 4642: 4633: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4595:0-9479-6281-6 4591: 4587: 4580: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4545: 4540: 4532: 4528: 4521: 4519: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4495: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4467: 4458: 4451: 4446: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4426: 4419: 4413: 4405: 4399: 4391: 4390: 4385: 4379: 4371: 4365: 4346: 4342: 4335: 4329: 4313: 4309: 4303: 4287: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4270:0-7171-3810-0 4267: 4261: 4255: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4238:0-7171-2829-6 4235: 4231: 4225: 4219: 4218:1-84205-164-4 4215: 4209: 4203: 4202:0-85640-764-X 4199: 4193: 4191: 4175: 4171: 4165: 4149: 4145: 4139: 4123: 4119: 4113: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4083: 4076: 4072: 4069: 4064: 4057: 4053: 4050: 4045: 4038: 4034: 4031: 4026: 4018: 4012: 4008: 4001: 3999: 3988: 3980: 3974: 3970: 3963: 3948: 3941: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3905: 3889: 3885: 3879: 3871: 3869:0-521-33687-2 3865: 3861: 3854: 3846: 3845: 3837: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3804: 3800: 3793: 3789: 3775: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3760: 3756: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3636: 3629: 3625: 3622: 3611: 3602: 3600: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3587: 3582: 3572: 3570: 3566: 3558: 3554: 3551: 3547: 3544: 3540: 3537: 3533: 3530: 3529: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3518: 3516: 3515:Ulster Banner 3512: 3508: 3503: 3500: 3495: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3467: 3459: 3454: 3445: 3443: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3413: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3366: 3356: 3353: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3328: 3327:Ulsterisation 3324: 3319: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3269: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3232: 3228: 3227:Bloody Friday 3224: 3223:Bloody Sunday 3218: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3163: 3162: 3159: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3148: 3144: 3143: 3137: 3133: 3132: 3126: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3116: 3111: 3110: 3104: 3100: 3099: 3093: 3089: 3088: 3082: 3078: 3077: 3071: 3067: 3066: 3060: 3056: 3055: 3049: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3039: 3034: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3024: 3018: 3014: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2998: 2992: 2988: 2987: 2981: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2967: 2964: 2963: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2944: 2942: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2897: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2859:T.K. Whitaker 2856: 2852: 2847: 2845: 2840: 2838: 2837: 2836:The Emergency 2831: 2827: 2823: 2822: 2817: 2813: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2780: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2759:contraception 2756: 2752: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2693: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2653:in 1937, and 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2567: 2556: 2550: 2536: 2522: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2479:Western Front 2476: 2472: 2468: 2467:Easter Rising 2464: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2401: 2396: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2372: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2355: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2207:potato blight 2204: 2200: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2142:the franchise 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2110:Presbyterians 2107: 2103: 2099: 2098:Acts of Union 2095: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2069: 2067: 2062: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2022:Henry Grattan 2018: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1961: 1955: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1722:Silken Thomas 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1697: 1693: 1682: 1674: 1670: 1669:Lucas d'Heere 1664: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1648:Poynings' Law 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1598: 1593: 1584: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1556: 1541: 1531: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1480:John Lackland 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1416: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1372:Dún Gaillimhe 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1356:Dún Gaillimhe 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1330: 1327:, as well as 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1255: 1254:High Kingship 1251: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1223:of Brega and 1222: 1217: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1202: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1177: 1173: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1106:hagiographers 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1056:stone crosses 1053: 1049: 1048:Book of Kells 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1020: 1018: 1011: 1007: 1006:Book of Kells 1002: 998: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 975: 973: 967: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 937: 933: 929: 925: 920: 910: 908: 907:Western Isles 904: 900: 896: 892: 887: 884: 880: 879:Roman Britain 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 855: 853: 848: 843: 840: 837: 833: 829: 824: 822: 818: 813: 812:La Tene style 802: 800: 796: 792: 787: 783: 779: 775: 767: 766:Brú na Bóinne 763: 759: 755: 751: 749: 748:field systems 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 724: 722: 718: 714: 710: 709:passage tombs 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 689:Passage Tombs 686: 682: 678: 673: 672:Great Britain 669: 665: 662: 657: 654: 653:Younger Dryas 650: 645: 643: 639: 635: 631: 624: 619: 609: 605: 595: 593: 588: 584: 580: 576: 571: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 544:Easter Rising 541: 537: 533: 529: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 493: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 469: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 444: 440: 437:, and later, 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 415: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 388:Silken Thomas 385: 381: 377: 373: 372:English Crown 368: 366: 362: 357: 354:in 1014. The 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 332:protohistoric 328: 326: 322: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 282:Younger Dryas 279: 275: 263: 258: 256: 251: 249: 244: 243: 241: 240: 237: 227: 226: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 170: 164: 163: 156: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 136: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 114: 108: 107: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 70: 67: 65: 62: 60: 57: 56: 50: 49: 45: 41: 40: 37: 31: 30: 25: 20: 19: 16: 9617:Ulster-Scots 9292: 8505: 8315:Transnistria 8277:Vatican City 7966: 7936: / 7927: / 7918: / 7896:Homelessness 7815: 7783:Road bowling 7778:Martial arts 7725:Ulster Scots 7662: 7655: 7648: 7641: 7634: 7627: 7606:Mythological 7553: 7513: 7486:Ulster Scots 7446: / 7385: 7313:Three-in-One 7124: 7115:Dáil Éireann 7114: 7104: 7062:Constitution 6951: / 6922:Architecture 6904: / 6777:Other topics 6758:Celtic Tiger 6743:The Troubles 6641: / 6632: / 6578: / 6574: / 6475: / 6463:Protohistory 6437: 6314: 6287: 6275: 6254: 6216: 6209: 6202: 6195: 6188: 6181: 6172:Éire-Ireland 6171: 6164: 6157: 6146: 6145:Elton, G.R. 6136: 6129: 6122: 6115: 6100: 6073: 6055: 6041: 6034: 6027: 6017: 6001: 5991: 5981: 5971: 5959: 5952: 5945: 5939:F. X. Martin 5928: 5922: 5915: 5886: 5875: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5857:J.F. Lydon, 5851: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5804: 5797: 5790: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5768: 5756: 5738: 5729: 5721: 5708: 5682: 5671: 5652: 5615: 5585: 5566: 5561: 5542: 5537: 5529: 5524: 5516: 5511: 5503: 5498: 5489: 5483: 5476:Eire-Ireland 5475: 5470: 5462: 5457: 5449: 5444: 5436: 5431: 5423: 5418: 5410: 5405: 5397: 5392: 5380:. Retrieved 5376:the original 5371: 5362: 5344: 5339: 5321: 5316: 5298: 5293: 5285: 5280: 5272: 5255: 5251:For example 5247: 5235:. Retrieved 5231: 5221: 5202: 5193: 5184: 5175: 5163:. Retrieved 5158: 5149: 5137:. Retrieved 5132: 5123: 5114: 5105: 5096: 5087: 5078: 5070: 5056: 5050: 5041: 5032: 5023: 5014: 4995: 4983:. Retrieved 4979: 4970: 4961: 4951: 4942: 4924: 4919: 4901: 4896: 4881: 4876: 4868: 4863: 4854: 4848: 4836: 4824: 4815: 4809: 4797: 4770: 4767:McBride, Ian 4761: 4749:. Retrieved 4729: 4721: 4703: 4698: 4690: 4685: 4666: 4654:. 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Retrieved 3802: 3792: 3759: 3626: 3617: 3608: 3596: 3593: 3584: 3562: 3526: 3519: 3504: 3496: 3481: 3477:John Mitchel 3472: 3462: 3438: 3434:Celtic tiger 3419: 3399: 3378:British army 3362: 3349: 3320: 3316: 3275: 3262:British army 3246:Official IRA 3235: 3231:the Troubles 3219: 3204: 3192: 3173: 3136:Póilíní Airm 3113: 3036: 3027: 2970: 2938: 2918: 2898: 2890:Celtic Tiger 2878:The Troubles 2871: 2848: 2844:Commonwealth 2841: 2833: 2819: 2816:World War II 2809: 2805: 2802:Constitution 2799: 2775: 2748: 2744:Economic War 2729: 2704: 2700: 2698: 2650: 2588: 2502:Dáil Éireann 2475:British Army 2460: 2405: 2377:John Redmond 2374: 2354:Orange Order 2352: 2329: 2306: 2273: 2262: 2245: 2224:; in 1848 a 2222:Robert Emmet 2219: 2203:An Gorta Mór 2202: 2196: 2153: 2146: 2091: 2063: 2050: 2038: 2019: 1999: 1980: 1976:Edmund Burke 1963: 1930: 1890: 1877:Portrait of 1834: 1826: 1769:colonisation 1766: 1743: 1726:Gaelic Irish 1699: 1629: 1617: 1602: 1572:Hugh de Lacy 1569: 1558: 1514: 1499:Laudabiliter 1496: 1441: 1388: 1342:in 1118. As 1333: 1294: 1259: 1248: 1233: 1218: 1210: 1205: 1199: 1192: 1181: 1169: 1138:Northumbrian 1130:Rath Melsigi 1127: 1117: 1102:genealogists 1087: 1080: 1021: 1014: 994: 982: 976: 968: 940: 888: 867:Roman Empire 856: 844: 841: 825: 808: 771: 762:passage tomb 728:Céide Fields 725: 705:court cairns 658: 646: 634:Irish poetry 627: 587:the Troubles 572: 521:Great Famine 494: 470: 416: 369: 329: 308:. The Irish 278:homo sapiens 271: 64:Protohistory 32: 15: 9506:Guernésiais 9351:Isle of Man 9236:Isle of Man 9183:Isle of Man 9083:Isle of Man 8968:Terminology 8627:Roman Wales 8511:Isle of Man 8353:Isle of Man 8288:recognition 8257:Switzerland 8192:Netherlands 7916:Place names 7793:Rugby union 7688:Anglo-Irish 7573:Instruments 7429:The Twelfth 7393:Set dancing 7193:LGBT rights 7099:LGBT rights 7029:Nationalism 6595:Black Death 6286:1840–1916 ( 6096:Alex Vittum 5935:T. W. Moody 5577:Works cited 5413:(2001) p 9. 4841:Foster 1988 4829:Foster 1988 4802:Foster 1988 4751:19 November 4680:, bbc.co.uk 3494:(1922–37). 3484:1916 Rising 3296:Direct Rule 3288:direct rule 3188:James Craig 3020:(1922–2001) 2994:(1836–1925) 2983:(1822–1922) 2855:Seán Lemass 2767:pornography 2721:Fianna Fáil 2715:, imposing 2701:anti-Treaty 2266:Land League 1994:Restoration 1967:Anglo-Irish 1856:reconquered 1773:Plantations 1762:martial law 1712:pretender, 1620:Black Death 1563:to eastern 1466:to recruit 1114:obsolescent 1040:Insular art 979:St. Patrick 972:St. Patrick 932:Glendalough 897:during the 852:Irish Times 764:located at 740:Ballycastle 732:County Mayo 668:land bridge 638:Paleolithic 566:, in which 540:World War I 33:History of 9516:Sercquiais 8227:San Marino 8187:Montenegro 8167:Luxembourg 8147:Kazakhstan 8050:Azerbaijan 7817:Cláirseach 7720:Travellers 7578:Rock music 7561:Folk music 7496:Literature 7298:Soda bread 7181:Government 7108:parliament 7105:Oireachtas 7082:Government 7022:Ideologies 6653:Penal Laws 6544:since 1922 6458:Prehistory 6082:10379/1357 5865:13, 1967; 5850:J. J. Lee 5830:Robert Kee 5805:Wolfe Tone 5588:. Dublin. 5382:15 January 5237:15 January 5165:30 January 5139:30 January 4985:15 January 4544:Byrne 1973 4354:15 January 4128:3 February 4102:9 November 3894:15 January 3784:References 3536:Union Flag 3511:Union Flag 3402:Paul Givan 3009:1920–1922) 2874:Jack Lynch 2788:President 2705:pro-Treaty 2663:Protestant 2576:Parliament 2118:George III 1990:Penal Laws 1958:See also: 1909:Penal Laws 1830:Penal Laws 1793:Penal Laws 1706:Burgundian 1644:Gaelicised 1250:Brian Boru 1240:Brian Boru 1213:longphorts 1201:Gall-Gaels 1195:Dublin Bay 1166:in Ireland 1094:Aed Slaine 1060:Romanesque 983:Confession 799:bog bodies 778:Bronze Age 774:Copper Age 661:Mesolithic 632:writings, 490:Penal Laws 486:dissenting 446:Protestant 439:plantation 396:Henry VIII 310:Bronze Age 302:Copper Age 294:Mesolithic 286:Quaternary 59:Prehistory 53:Chronology 9496:Auregnais 9132:Geography 8343:Gibraltar 8162:Lithuania 7948:Squatting 7664:Fomorians 7593:Mythology 7463:Languages 7448:Halloween 7424:Bealtaine 7407:Festivals 7398:Stepdance 7303:Spice Bag 7288:Irish fry 7278:Colcannon 7253:Barmbrack 7176:Education 7134:President 7072:Education 6988:Transport 6963:Provinces 6885:Mountains 6860:Coastline 6832:Geography 6723:Civil War 6678:Tithe War 6153:pp 206–16 5816:RIA Proc. 5722:De Valera 5232:Bbc.co.uk 4789:48222771M 4656:25 August 4604:231697876 4418:Britannia 3888:Bbc.co.uk 3394:Sinn Féin 3369:unionists 3336:sectarian 3290:" with a 3238:prorogued 2934:recession 2851:Taoiseach 2779:Ne Temere 2725:Fine Gael 2490:Sinn Féin 2321:Home Rule 2317:Gladstone 2226:rebellion 2176:Tithe War 2168:George IV 2036:of 1789. 1938:Caribbean 1771:known as 1746:Elizabeth 1561:Waterford 1507:Waterford 1503:Adrian IV 1482:was made 1460:Aquitaine 1395:High King 1370:based at 1346:and then 1299:that led 1286:Irish Sea 1184:longships 1122:Old Irish 1072:ringforts 991:Palladius 962:of south 960:Attacotti 903:Dál Riata 758:Newgrange 744:Neolithic 693:Newgrange 677:Neolithic 594:in 1998. 532:Home Rule 525:Parnell's 363:known as 298:Neolithic 173:Conflicts 94:1801–1923 89:1691–1800 84:1536–1691 79:1169–1536 9641:Category 9612:Scottish 9511:Jèrriais 9427:Germanic 9341:Guernsey 9329:Scotland 9251:Scotland 9198:Shetland 9161:Hebrides 9049:Scotland 9014:Politics 9003:Hibernia 8909:Monarchs 8527:Guernsey 8492:Anglesey 8465:Shetland 8460:Scotland 8429:Overview 8363:Svalbard 8348:Guernsey 8295:Abkhazia 8242:Slovenia 8237:Slovakia 8212:Portugal 8070:Bulgaria 7906:Monastic 7871:Calendar 7855:Shamrock 7850:Red Hand 7788:Rounders 7453:Wren Day 7387:Sean-nós 7339:Guinness 7283:Drisheen 7159:Assembly 7141:Taxation 7044:Unionism 7011:Politics 6944:Counties 6688:Land War 6580:Clontarf 6576:Glenmama 6450:Timeline 6345:Archived 6307:Archived 6274:, 1896 ( 6010:4610830M 5905:7983444M 5759:(2017). 5701:9230060M 5681:(1982). 5634:7348307M 5614:(1988). 5604:47920418 5550:Archived 5352:Archived 5349:in JSTOR 5329:Archived 5306:Archived 5210:Archived 5159:BBC News 5003:Archived 4932:Archived 4909:Archived 4769:(2009). 4711:Archived 4708:in JSTOR 4674:Archived 4571:48208254 4071:Archived 4052:Archived 4033:Archived 3808:23 April 3770:Archived 3764:AU 902.2 3632:See also 3543:Leinster 3256:and the 3213:and the 3184:Stormont 3180:Unionist 2882:sterling 2763:abortion 2659:Catholic 2635:Dominion 2580:Assembly 2348:Catholic 2278:Land War 2259:, c.1879 2257:Land War 2134:Test Act 2114:Baptists 2106:Test Act 1982:Jacobite 1942:Barbados 1897:James II 1868:Connacht 1797:Anglican 1625:the Pale 1472:Flemings 1464:Henry II 1452:Leinster 1399:abdicate 1321:Scotland 1142:Ecgfrith 1110:Tirechan 1068:clochans 964:Leinster 948:Cornwall 944:Pictland 875:Agricola 859:Hibernia 847:Anglesey 717:Leinster 450:Catholic 443:Scottish 429:and the 414:Europe. 365:The Pale 314:Iron Age 188:Kingdoms 74:795–1169 24:a series 22:Part of 9577:English 9572:Cornish 9567:British 9488:Romance 9458:Cornish 9435:English 9412:Society 9319:England 9309:Ireland 9293:Ireland 9277:outline 9272:History 9246:England 9226:Ireland 9178:Ireland 9039:England 9030:Ireland 8993:Britain 8988:Prydain 8886:Related 8506:Ireland 8443:England 8267:Ukraine 8217:Romania 8177:Moldova 8135:Ireland 8130:Iceland 8125:Hungary 8115:Germany 8110:Georgia 8100:Finland 8095:Estonia 8090:Denmark 8075:Croatia 8060:Belgium 8055:Belarus 8045:Austria 8040:Armenia 8035:Andorra 8030:Albania 7876:Castles 7803:Symbols 7773:Hurling 7758:Camogie 7657:Firbolg 7643:Immrama 7636:Echtrai 7566:session 7549:Ballads 7526:Theatre 7515:Gaeilge 7509:Fiction 7444:Samhain 7359:Whiskey 7233:Cuisine 7221:Culture 7171:Economy 7067:Economy 6875:Islands 6850:Climate 6843:Natural 6438:History 6398:Ireland 5824:Norwich 5761:excerpt 5715:, 2000) 5426:(2002). 4904:(1984) 4318:30 June 4292:30 June 4154:16 July 3952:19 July 3920:Bibcode 3509:is the 3281:⁄ 2806:Ireland 2755:divorce 2651:Ireland 2637:of the 2609:" and " 2473:to the 2438:of the 2381:Commons 2240:by the 2228:by the 2182:in the 1915:in the 1821:Puritan 1777:Munster 1750:James I 1710:Yorkist 1702:Kildare 1605:Normans 1521:, the " 1490:at the 1391:Ruadhrí 1384:England 1352:castles 1340:Munster 1325:England 1219:In 902 1098:brehons 956:Cumbria 895:Britain 883:Juvenal 871:Tacitus 863:Ptolemy 791:barrows 736:Ireland 701:dolmens 623:Ice Age 348:Vikings 316:of the 274:Ireland 203:Judaism 183:Cuisine 69:400–795 35:Ireland 9560:People 9547:Shelta 9501:French 9450:Celtic 9346:Jersey 9193:Orkney 9078:Jersey 8978:Albion 8522:Jersey 8513:(Mann) 8470:Orkney 8358:Jersey 8300:Kosovo 8262:Turkey 8252:Sweden 8232:Serbia 8222:Russia 8207:Poland 8202:Norway 8182:Monaco 8152:Latvia 8120:Greece 8105:France 8080:Cyprus 7881:Cinema 7680:People 7629:Aos Sí 7616:Ulster 7611:Fenian 7601:Cycles 7531:Triads 7521:Poetry 7504:Annals 7481:Shelta 7434:Lúnasa 7414:Imbolc 7349:Poitín 7329:Coffee 7322:Drinks 7273:Coddle 6939:Cities 6890:Rivers 6880:Loughs 6565:Events 6423:topics 6415:topics 6401:topics 6257:", by 6219:(2015) 6205:(2012) 6198:(2005) 6191:(2001) 6184:(2001) 6176:online 6167:(2013) 6160:(2011) 6151:online 6141:online 6132:, 1994 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