History of Ireland (795–1169)

44: 1916:("High kings with opposition") was used from the 12th century. According to Byrne, "it could be argued that the 'high kings with opposition' met with opposition precisely because they tried to become kings of Ireland in a real sense. They were not less successful than their predecessors, but only seemed so in the light of the teaching of the schools". Following a similar line of reasoning, Byrne suggests that the focus from historians on the decline of the Uí Néill in the 11th century may be a "tribute to the success of their own propaganda". After Brian, the previous Uí Néill monopoly of high kingship as described in poems and chronicles was anyway broken for good. The Cenél nEógain suffered from internal factions, and this allowed the Ulaid, under Niall mac Eochada, to expand their influence. Niall and Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó became allies, and effectively controlled the whole east coast of Ireland. This alliance helped to make it possible for Diarmait to take direct control of Dublin in 1052. Unlike Máel Sechnaill in 980 or Brian in 999, he wasn't content with just looting the city and expelling the Hiberno-Norse ruler ( 2163: 1302:, and the compilation of elaborate law tracts. Patronage for scholars and scholarship came largely from Irish kings who regarded the presence of court scholars as part and parcel of the trappings of kingship, but also as a means of bolstering their own image through praise poetry that such scholars composed and performed. With the advent of the Vikings, patronage ties have been argued to have been loosened, thereby affecting directly the livelihood of Irish scholars. In addition, some kings would have turned their attention to more pressing (but also more profitable) pursuits, such as engaging in warfare or alliances with Vikings or other Irish kings, as well as tapping the economic benefits that Viking trade would have brought. While this was happening in Ireland, we observe a more pronounced presence of Irish scholars in Frankish Europe, and especially in circles associated with the 1206:, in the north west of England. "The Three Fragments" refers to a distinct group of settlers living among these Vikings as "Irishmen": "Then the King, who was on the point of death, and the Queen sent messengers to the Irishmen who were among the pagans, for there were many Irish among the pagans, to say to the Irishmen, life and health to you from the King of the Saxons, who is in disease, and from his Queen, who has all authority over the Saxons, and they are certain that you are true and trusty friends to them. Therefore, you should take their side; for they did not bestow any greater honour to a Saxon warrior or cleric than to each warrior and cleric who came to them from Ireland, because this inimical race of pagans is equally hostile to you also." Further evidence of an Irish presence in Wirral comes from the name of the village of 1175:Áed Findliath was king of Ailech and the leading king within the Northern Uí Néill. After the death of Máel Sechnaill he is counted in the regal lists as high king, following the established scheme where this alternated between Cenél nEógain in the north and Clann Cholmáin of Mide. His kingship was disputed though, and he did not come close to being an actual king over Ireland. He could count some successes against the Norse, however, most notably burning all the Norse longports in the north in 866. Áed seems to have used the opportunity while Olaf was involved in warfare in 577: 2080: 5926: 231: 7070: 454: 7060: 1555:). Norse influence shows in the Norse-derived names of many contemporary Irish kings (e.g. Magnus, Lochlann or Sitric), and in DNA evidence in some residents of these coastal cities to this day. A genetics paper in 2006 by Dr Brian McEvoy found that most men with Irish-Viking surnames carried typically Irish genes. This suggests that Viking settlements may have had a Scandinavian elite but with most of the inhabitants being indigenous Irish. 6091: 1228: 967:—"great royal meeting") between Niall and Feidlimid was held. This meeting did not result in any lasting peace though; in 840 Feidlimid led an army into Mide and encamped at Tara, thereby challenging the Uí Néill also in the north. In 841, however, Feidlimid was routed in battle by Niall in Leinster. His successors in the south would not be able to challenge the north again to this extent until some 150 years later. 43: 7080: 1933: 364: 1768:(emperor of the Irish). According to Bart Jaski, "This can be regarded as a claim that he ruled both the Irish and the Norse in Ireland, and may even imply suzerainty over the Gaels of Scotland". In his obituary in the Annals of Ulster he is styled as "over-king of the Irish of Ireland, and of the foreigners and of the Britons, the Augustus of the whole of north-west Europe". 1289:

their domestic rivals. The Vikings were able to defeat the centralized Kingdoms of Europe, since the small ruling class was easily removed. However, Ireland was composed of more than 150 different Kingdoms ruling over small territories. This decentralized system of governance made it almost impossible to gain control of a territory, since defeated Kings were easily replaced.

1024: 1321:

of the Vikings on Ireland, which may have driven such people to seek employment elsewhere. If one accepts this version of events, then the Vikings can be said to have inadvertently been one of the principal catalysts for the spread of Irish culture abroad and the subsequent foundation of Irish centres on the Continent which remained influential for centuries to come.

1897:, a regnal poem on the Christian (Uí Néill) kings of Tara some time between 1014 and 1022. When he wrote in 1056 he evidently did not know any high king of Ireland, and instead lists a number of kings of the day: (Duncan) Conchobar, Áed, Garbith, Diarmait, Donnchad (Duncan) and two Nialls. According to Byrne, these are Conchobar Ua Maíl Schechnaill of Mide, 611:(Meath), although some accounts discount Mide and split Mumu in two. This is not an accurate description of the political landscape c. 800, but when discussing the political subdivisions of Ireland at this time, it is still useful to refer to this system; if Laigin and Mide are combined as Leinster, it roughly corresponds with the modern 1677: 861:. (Duncan) This followed the classic Uí Néill political arrangement, where over-kingship alternated regularly between Cenél nEógain and Clann Cholmáin of the Southern Uí Néill. During his reign he campaigned in Mide, Leinster and Ulaid to assert his authority, though unlike Donnchad (Duncan) he did not campaign in Munster. 2127:

refused him safe conduct through England unless he pledged himself to do nothing in Ireland that would injure England's interests there. This was not acceptable for Paparo, who returned to Rome. It seems likely that this was an attempt by Stephen to prevent Paparo from bringing papal confirmation for

2000:

Toirdelbach appears to have responded favourably to this, and convened a synod in Dublin in 1080 – the outcome of this synod is not known. Toirdelbach may have seen cooperation with Canterbury as a way to reduce the influence from Armagh, traditionally dominated by Cenél nEógain, within the church in

1755:

In 1000, Brian turned against Máel Sechnaill, and by 1002 he had forced Máel Sechnaill to submit to him, and now claimed kingship over the whole of Ireland. In the following decade, there were several campaigns in the north to force the Ulaid and the Northern Uí Néill into submission as well. Even if

1571:

assumed control of Dublin. Gofraid was active as a Viking raider and slaver, but there were signs during his reign that the Norse were not just mere Vikings any more. During a raid at Armagh in 921 Gofraid "...spared the prayerhouses... ...and the sick from destruction", considerations never taken by

1320:

became among the most prominent and influential in ninth-century continental Europe, studying and teaching a range of subjects, from theology to political philosophy. It is tempting to link their presence on the Continent as well as the presence of scores of other Irish learned people with the impact

1297:

Historians debate the consequences that the initial phases of Viking settlement had on scholarship and literary output. Scholarly activity, for which the Irish are famous in the early Medieval period, consisted of the writing of poetry, the production of Christian devotional texts, the development of

1288:

The Vikings were able to exploit internal divisions in order to invade England and France. As Ireland was one of the most politically fractured countries at the time, it was a prime target for Viking conquest. Furthermore, Irish Kings often made alliances with foreign invaders in an attempt to weaken

1162:

Máel Sechnaill had more success as high king than his predecessors Niall Caille and Conchobar Donnchada (Duncan) in dealing with the south, and forced Munster into submission in 858 and as noted above, Osraige in 859. He also asserted control over Ulaid, Leinster and Connacht, and was in his obituary

891:, a royal site in the possession of Armagh. Byrne states that "...the foundation marked the resolution of any remaining rivalry between the Columban and Patrician churches...". That the community of Columba in 817 tried to have Áed excommunicated may show that not all rivalry was resolved after all. 739:

from which they would later rise to dominance, but were not yet a significant power in Munster. The Eóganachta rivalled the Uí Néill in power and influence, and claimed suzerainty over the southern part of Ireland. This claim was in part anchored within the legendary ancient division of the island in

2099:

for the two incumbent archbishops at Cashel and Armagh during his trip to the Continent in 1139/40. This first bid was unsuccessful, but Malachy was told to reapply after he had gained the agreement of all Ireland. Before undertaking his second trip to the Continent in 1148, Malachy convened a synod

2044:

and attended by fifty bishops, three hundred priests and over three thousand laymen, marked the transition of the Irish church from a monastic to a diocesan and parish-based church. It established two provinces, with archbishoprics at Armagh and Cashel, and prominence given to Armagh, making Cellach

1808:

The battle of Clontarf was not a struggle between the Irish and the Norse for the sovereignty of Ireland; neither was it a great national victory which broke the power of the Norse forever (long before Clontarf the Norse had become a minor political force in Irish affairs). In fact Clontarf was part

1739:

Máel Sechnaill obviously perceived Brian as a threat, and as early as 982 raided Munster and the territory of the Dal gCais. The next two decades saw more or less constant warfare between them, mostly with Leinster as their battleground. Even if Brian never defeated Máel Sechnaill in battle, Brian's

1191:. Ivar died in 873. In his obituary, the Annals of Ulster call Ivar "king of the Norsemen of all Ireland and Britain". With their disappearance, there were frequent changes of leadership among the Norse in Ireland and a great deal of internecine conflict is reported for the following decades. In 902 1150:

had become king of Osraige in 842. Cerball had defeated Viking raiders in 846 and 847, but from 858 he is allied with Olaf and Ivar against Máel Sechnaill, campaigning in Leinster and Munster, and in 859 also raiding Máel Sechnaill's heartlands in Mide, though Cerball had to submit to Máel Sechnaill

466:

A large body of contemporary and near-contemporary material on early medieval Ireland has survived. From the titles of works mentioned in these sources, it is clear that a great deal of additional material has now been lost. The surviving materials usually exist in the form of much later copies, and

1886:

lists Flaitbertach Ua Néill as high king, but he proved unable even to control the north of Ireland. Neither was anyone else able to make a recognised claim for kingship over all of Ireland: according to Byrne, "what distinguished the great interregnum of 1022–72 from other periods in Irish history

1075:

is uncertain as he was recorded in books written over 200 years after his death in a period of strong anti-Viking sentiment. He was often depicted as a villain and his wife was said to be a witch that would perform pagan rituals on altars. It is highly likely that this was war propaganda as we have

809:

These early raids interrupted the golden age of Christian Irish culture and marked the beginning of two hundred years of intermittent warfare, with waves of Viking raiders plundering monasteries and towns throughout Ireland. Most of the early raiders came from the fjords of western Norway. They are

2410:

Grandsons or great grandsons of Ivar, no other patronym was given for these, which makes it difficult trace their lineage. Modern scholarly literature also refer to later descendants as "of the Uí Ímair". However, "a collective term for all the descendants of Ívarr is lacking in the medieval Irish

1953:

There were major reforms in the Irish church during the 12th century. These reforms have been generally interpreted as a reaction to previous secularisation, but could also be seen as a continuous development. The reforms had consequences for, and were influenced by, relations within the church as

2024:

The first of the four main synods associated with the church reforms of the 12th century took place in Cashel in 1101, at the instigation of Muirchertach Ua Briain. How many who actually attended this synod is not known, but some of its decrees have been preserved. There is a decree on simony, on

1583:

from Clann Cholmáin who is titled "high king" after Niall however, and Muirchertach did not succeed his father as king of Ailech either until 938. Apart from his victories over the Norse, Muirchertach led campaigns forcing other provincial kingdoms into submission, most notably taking the king of

1019:

on the Liffey, carrying 1,500 men, and another one of a similar size sailing up the river Boyne, making their way into the inland territories and launching attacks on the lands of Brega in the south of County Meath. In general, from 837 onward larger Viking forces hit larger targets – such as the

444:

came to opposite conclusions analyzing the same period. Orpen saw an anarchic country still in 'a tribal state'; he could see no nation, no wider community in Ireland than the tribe. MacNeill stressed the reality of the high-kingship of Ireland and the existence of many of those institutions of

1171:

notes: "Máel Sechnaill's unprecedented success in achieving the high-kingship of all Ireland was marred by the chronic complaint of Irish politics: having united the Ulaid, Munster, Osraige, Connacht and Leinster, he was attacked at the end of his reign by a combination of Uí Néill kings."

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in terms of society, culture and language. People lived in rural communities, and the only larger settlements were monastic towns of varying sizes. The monasteries played an important part in society, not just with regards to religious and cultural life, but also to economy and politics.

2361:. According to Hudson, "Any agreement made there has not survived, although the report of the meeting from a Munster chronicle with a bias towards the southern prince claims that Niall submitted to Feidlimid, while a contemporary northern chronicle has no report of the proceedings." 1719:

Brian quickly established himself as the most powerful ruler in Munster, defeating the Norse of Limerick in 977 and the Eóganachta the following year. Having gained control over Munster, he tried to extend his authority by raiding Osraige in 982 and 983, and also, according to the

944:(Duncan) succeeded Áed Oirdnide as Uí Néill overking in 819, and soon found himself challenged by Feidlimid, both by Feidlimid launching raids into Mide and Connacht and by him interfering (as would be the Uí Néill view) in the affairs of Armagh. Conchobar and Feidlimid met at 2045:

the primate of the church in Ireland. Each province consisted of twelve territorial dioceses. The see of Dublin was not included, as this was under primacy from Canterbury, but a place was left open for it, in the sense that only eleven dioceses were declared under Cashel.

1183:

observes: "Ironically, success may have held back the economic development of the north and ultimately prevented the growth of port towns like those on the east and south coasts, on which the Leinster and Munster kings subsequently depended for much of their wealth."

1740:

and Munster's influence was growing at the expense of Máel Sechnaill and the Southern Uí Néill. In 997 Máel Sechnaill was forced to acknowledge Brian's authority over the south of Ireland, and they formally divided Ireland according to the traditional scheme of

1542:. Significant excavations in Dublin and Waterford in the 20th century have unearthed much of the Viking heritage of those cities. A large amount of Viking burial stones, called the Rathdown Slabs, have been found in multiple locations across South Dublin. 1566:

and inflicted on him a decisive defeat, with Niall and numerous other Irish leaders among the casualties. Dublin was secured for the Norse, and in 920 Sitric left for York and following Ragnall's death succeeded him as ruler there in 921. Their kinsman

1572:

the raiders of the previous century. Another was the intense campaigns led by Dublin in eastern Ulster from 921 to 927, which appear to have aimed at conquest in order to create a Scandinavian kingdom like the one on the eastern side of the Irish sea.

342:

in 1014, the political situation became more complex with rivalry for high kingship from several clans and dynasties. Brian's descendants failed to maintain a unified throne, and regional squabbling over territory led indirectly to the invasion of the

2465:, p. 288. After quoting Ó Corráin, Duffy states that:"...Few now, beyond the ranks of the purveyors of popular fiction, perpetuate the portrayal of Brian, eliminator of the viking scourge" – which may be an overly optimistic assertion from Duffy. 1015:). They were also moving further inland to attack, often using rivers such as the Shannon, and then retreating to their coastal bases. The raiding parties also increased in size, becoming regular armies—in 837 the annals report a fleet of sixty 423:

In trying to interpret the history of early Ireland, one of the most frequently asked questions addressed by historians is how early it is possible to speak of an Irish nation encompassing the whole island of Ireland. Early poet-historians like

401:

The first part of the period from 795 to 1014 is well-studied; the "Viking age" has attracted the interest of historians for quite some time. The period between 1014 and 1169 has received less attention. In the words of Sean Duffy, this period

939:

in 820, beginning a 130-year domination by this branch of Eóganachta. Combining military campaigns with manipulation of ecclesiastical affairs, he embarked on a policy of aggressive expansion to counter the growth in power of the Uí Néill.

1827:, and Dúngal Ua Donnchada of Eóganachta also claimed the kingship of the province. Though Donnchad (Duncan) eventually was victorious, the descendants of Brian would not be able to make a real claim to kingship over Ireland again until 1595:, and returned to Dublin half a year later. The Vikings of Limerick had taken Dublin in his absence. Gofraid retook the city, but the struggle between Limerick continued well after Gofraid's death in 934. He was succeeded by his son, 406:

has – historiographically speaking – fallen between two stools. Historians of early medieval Ireland, seeking to conclude their narratives on a high note, have traditionally done so after recounting the death of the famous high-king

2299:, "The 150 years before 1200 have been lost, between the assumptions that life was a continuation of the fifth through eighth-century world and that the incursion of English lords marked a fundamental change throughout Ireland." 2503:

The see of Waterford however, where the incumbent bishop Máel Ísu Ua hAinmire also had been consecrated in, and taken vows of obedience to, Canterbury, was moved to Lismore, and Máel Ísu chosen as the first archbishop of

1020:

greater monastic towns of Armagh, Glendalough, Kildare, Slane, Clonard, Clonmacnoise, and Lismore – while smaller targets such as local churches with less material to be plundered may have escaped the Vikings' attention.

2029:(heads of ecclesiastical establishments) and finally a decree that defines what relationships are considered to be incestuous. None of these decrees are radical, but they are generally interpreted to be in line with the 1756:

faced with multiple rebellions, both in the north and in Leinster, by 1011 he had received submission from every major regional king in Ireland, and thus earned the recognition by historians as the first real

1791:

participated on the Dublin/ Leinster side, and this may, in conjunction with the propagandistic account of the battle given in the Cogad, have created the still popular myth that what took place at Clontarf

867:

credits Áed for "the absence of any major Viking attacks on Ireland during his reign after 798". The annals give no reference, however, to Áed at any time being involved with warfare against Viking raiders.

2452:, Hudson also notes that "As a descendant of the kings of Dál Riata, being the great-grandson of the Scottish king Cináed mac Alpin, he may have considered that he had hereditary interests in the region." 2490:

Gilla received a letter from Anselm congratulating him on his elevation to the see of Limerick, and there was no suggestion that Anselm felt Canterbury had been slighted or ought to have been involved.

1579:, the son of Niall Glúndub. According to Benjamin Hudson, "Muirchertach was one of the most successful generals of his day and was described as the 'Hector of the Irish'". In the annals, it is (Duncan) 1809:

of the internal struggle for sovereignty and was essentially the revolt of the Leinstermen against the dominance of Brian, a revolt in which their Norse allies played an important but secondary role.

1629:, succeeded (Duncan) Donnchad Donn as Uí Néill overking in 944 (Muirchertag, who otherwise might have been the obvious successor, had been killed in 943). Congalach was king of Brega and a member of 518:

are late, and include some material of doubtful origin. While the annals provide a considerable amount of information, they are generally terse, and most focus their attention on the doings of the

2440:"The second and more intensive period of settlement was characterised by the establishment of a series of towns. Waterford (914), Cork (c.915), Dublin (917), Wexford (c.921) and Limerick (922)." 2108:, presently the most powerful king in Ireland, was eager to increase Connacht influence on the church. The solution reached was to extend the number of metropolitan sees from two to four, with 2072:

observance. Malachy used these as agencies of monastic reform within the Irish church. Malachy resigned as archbishop of Armagh in 1136, but was appointed native papal legate to Ireland by

536:

were composed. Even though the historical accuracy of these accounts is dubious, the Cogad especially has had a great impact on the interpretation of Irish medieval history until recently.

323:), and attempts were made by various factions to gain political control over the whole of the island. For the first two centuries of this period, this was mainly a rivalry between putative 2401:

reads: "Indarba n-gennti a h-Ere, .í. longport Atha Cliath o Mael Findia m. Flandacain co feraibh Bregh & o Cerball m. Muiricain co Laignibh...", that is "longport", not "fortress".

1986: 1649:. This alliance did not last long after Ruaidrí's death in 950, however, and Congalach was killed in 956 in a battle against an alliance of Dublin and Leinster. He was succeeded by 1744:. In the years that followed, the two of them acted as allies in accordance with this agreement. In 999 Brian quelled a revolt against him by the men of Leinster and Dublin at the 1545:

The Vikings founded many other coastal towns, and after several generations of coexistence and intermarriage a group of mixed Irish and Norse ethnic background arose (often called

1167:, king of all Ireland. In the last years of his reign he had however experienced serious opposition from his Uí Néill kinsmen of Ailech and Brega, allied with the Norse of Dublin. 1192: 2009:

were also consecrated in Canterbury, and so was the first bishop of Waterford, Máel Ísu Ua hAinmire in 1096. The written request for Máel Ísu's consecration, as preserved in

1819:

Following Brian's death, Máel Sechnaill resumed as High King, supported by Flaithbertach ua Néill. In Munster, internal strife almost immediately began between Brian's sons

2162: 2128:

an arrangement in Ireland that would finally extinguish Canterbury's claims in Ireland. In 1151 he returned and this time reached Ireland, his journey being facilitated by

5893: 2017:, is subscribed by bishops from Munster, Mide, Dublin and Leinster. Gilla Espaic, the first bishop of Limerick, was however not consecrated in Canterbury, but probably by 1965:

structure. The circumstances surrounding the foundation of the diocese of Dublin early in the century are obscure, but at some point during the reign of Sithric Silkbeard

1356: 2112:

and Dublin included alongside Cashel and Armagh. Malachy died on his way to meet the pope, but the message was transmitted by other means and papal approval was granted.

948:

in 827 to discuss peace terms, and the very fact that "the king of Munster could force the high-king to a peace conference is indicative of Feidlimid's growing power".

6409: 6387: 4319:, an exhibition catalogue from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on this period (section 4: pp. 144–86 ) 4744: 1495:

had followed Flann Sinna as Uí Néill overking in 916, and he marched into Munster against Ragnall, but no decisive engagement followed. The men of Leinster under

6414: 5841: 4764: 2006: 6523: 5962: 4861: 4130:

Historical Studies XI: Nationality and the pursuit of national independence, papers read before the Conference held at Trinity College, Dublin, 26–31 May 1975

6889: 1511:. With Sithric in Dublin and Ragnall in York, a Dublin-York axis developed which would have influence on both England and Ireland for the next half-century. 1179:, presumably bringing a large contingent of the Norse forces in Ireland with him. The Vikings never managed to establish permanent settlements in the north. 2136:

was convened in 1152, with Paparo presiding as papal legate. The decrees from the synod are no longer extant, but some information is preserved through the

3959: 3917: 3697: 478:

which was probably being compiled in the midlands of Ireland by around 800. All include material derived from other sources, or added at a later date. The

630:", was the leading dynasty in Ireland. The Northern Uí Néill controlled the north-western part of Ireland, and was divided into two leading branches, the 7025: 1882:(Duncan) Donnchad mac Brian styled himself as 'King of Ireland' after the death of Máel Sechnaill, but failed to gain recognition as such. A glossing of 981:

The Viking raids on Ireland resumed in 821, and intensified during the following decades. The Vikings were beginning to establish fortified encampments,

955:

in 833. With Niall, we for the first time see a reference in the annals of a Uí Néill leading an army against the Vikings; he defeated Viking raiders in

642:. Cenél nEógain had become the more powerful of the two in 789, and had expanded east and southwards, gaining control over the important monastic centre 587:

identified the "oldest certain fact in the political history of Ireland" as the existence in late prehistory of a pentarchy, probably consisting of the

5846: 1249: 857:

of the Cenél nEógain branch of the Northern Uí Néill became King of Tara in 797, after the death of his predecessor, father-in-law and political rival

4857: 4096: 1349: 5703: 1708:

ruler to be named by the annals as king of Cashel (i.e. king of Munster) in historical times. He was killed in 976, and succeeded by his brother

732: 665:

The central region of Mide had been dominated by what became known as the "southern Uí Néill" since the 7th century. Until the 8th century, the

374:

Due to the rich amount of written sources, the study of Irish history 795–1169 has, to a large extent, focused on gathering, interpretation and

6538: 4119: 4027: 3896: 3873: 3850: 3827: 3804: 3500: 1159:

of the Northern Uí Néill, while Olaf and Ivar had allied themselves with Áed. In 870, however, Cerball and Áed appeared as allies in Leinster.

830:. The early raids on Ireland seem to have been aristocratic free enterprise, and named leaders appear in the Irish annals: Saxolb (Soxulfr) in 4923: 1641:. When Amlaíb Cuaran returned to Ireland the next year, he became ruler of Dublin and acted as an ally of Congalach in the struggle against 6615: 5875: 2325:

they :"paraded illustrious ancestors and their claim to precedence was expressed in an elaborate mythography that passed for history."

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In addition to the annals, a large number of genealogies survive, along with geographical and legal texts, poetry, sagas and hagiography.

5042: 4466: 4378: 1342: 692:

since 728. The Uí Cheinnselaig now controlled a territory in the south-eastern part of Leinster, and had close links to the monastery of

132: 6397: 5955: 5889: 4810: 4688: 2148:. The main result of the synod was the official papal sanctioning of the episcopal structure as created in 1111 and refined in 1148. 1507:(917). This victory allowed Sithric to re-establish Norse control over Dublin. Ragnall left Ireland again in 918, and became king of 879:. His rivals for supremacy within Uí Néill, the Clann Cholmáin and the Cenél Conaill, had on the other hand supported the familia of 419:. Eleventh- and early twelfth-century Ireland has, therefore, often assumed the character of a snappy epilogue or a lengthy prologue. 1146:

A significant new trait from the middle of the 9th century was that the Norse now also entered alliances with various Irish rulers.

5708: 4344: 1728:, with the intention of attacking Dublin. There was such an attack, but Brian does not seem to have been involved – instead it was 5880: 4904: 4693: 2209:

landed a much bigger force in Waterford to at least ensure his continuing control over the Norman force. In the process he took

428:

constructed a history of a monarchy of all Ireland going back to and beyond St Patrick. Only a hundred years after Mainistrech,

6459: 6315: 5054: 4938: 4598: 2308:Ó Cróinín also points out the irony of "at no time in the historical period did the political division represented by the word 1076:

very little evidence of his existence from his own period, and it is unlikely those close to him would record this themselves.

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of Leinster joined forces against Dublin, and "The heathens were driven from Ireland, i.e. from the fortress of Áth Cliath ".

759:

had emerged in Connacht, and since the first half of the 8th century been the dominant dynasty. Uí Briúin also influenced the

7134: 7109: 6493: 5948: 5856: 4887: 4300: 4279: 4239: 3780: 3680: 3593: 3517: 1653:, and in the following decades alliances shifted constantly between the different branches of Uí Néill, Leinster and Dublin. 963:

as king of Leinster, and also invaded Mide. This brought him into conflict with Feidlimid, however, and in 838 a conference (

6158: 959:

the same year. He sought to further expand Uí Néill influence in the south; in 835 he led an army to Leinster and installed

398:, great advances have been made in the understanding of the physical character of the towns established during this period. 7104: 6351: 6207: 5758: 5141: 5027: 2979: 1064: 6949: 6924: 6864: 6334: 5096: 5009: 4966: 1993:. There is no evidence of Canterbury claiming primacy over the church in Ireland prior to this, and neither Lanfranc nor 1447:

After having been forced to leave Dublin in 902, the descendants of Ivar, now described generically in the annals as the

6362: 2395: 1522:

A new and more intensive period of Viking settlement in Ireland began in 914. Between 914 and 922 the Norse established

777: 7040: 6421: 6346: 6297: 6099: 5861: 5625: 5528: 5022: 4933: 4708: 4511: 4471: 4459: 4454: 4442: 4370: 2157: 2109: 1784: 1599:, who inflicted a decisive defeat on Limerick in 937. The same year Amlaíb went to Northumbria and allied himself with 1211: 529: 150: 93: 88: 83: 78: 2095:

No formal attempts on getting papal approval for the structure chosen at Rathbreasail are known before Malachy sought

7083: 7045: 6575: 6426: 6292: 6243: 4718: 4437: 4218: 4173: 4046: 4000: 3758: 3738: 3635: 3553: 3535: 1611:(937), but after Athelstan's death in 939 Amlaíb became king of York. He was joined by a kinsman with the same name, 1275: 207: 1257: 1202:

A group of Vikings led by Hingamund who were forced out of Ireland were given permission by the Saxons to settle in

822:, and then over to Ireland. During these early raids the Vikings also travelled to the west coast of Ireland to the 7129: 7124: 7119: 6304: 6287: 6253: 6248: 6172: 5884: 4908: 4540: 4483: 4423: 4249: 252: 68: 6147: 1596: 563:

had begun in the 5th century, and by the early 9th century the island was almost entirely Christian. However, the

7114: 6543: 6231: 6226: 5521: 5148: 4594: 4055:

McEvoy, Brian, Claire Brady, Laoise T Moore and Daniel G Bradley; Brady, C; Moore, L. T.; Bradley, D. G. (2006).

1796:

1014 was a decisive battle where the Irish defeated Viking invaders and were liberated from oppression. (Duncan)

711:, was considered part of Munster until the late ninth century, when it received an independent status under king 415:

in 1014. On the other hand, historians of later medieval Ireland generally choose to begin proceedings with the

6909: 6849: 6821: 6580: 6265: 6221: 5153: 5049: 4723: 4703: 4658: 4356: 1253: 202: 1657: 6995: 6826: 6371: 6275: 6270: 6030: 5988: 5131: 4840: 4754: 1902: 1126:

of Scotland. Olaf assumed leadership of the Vikings in Ireland, probably in some way shared with his kinsman

217: 4227: 6339: 6191: 5998: 5979: 5971: 5788: 5106: 5032: 4882: 4815: 4739: 4613: 4570: 4337: 1776: 172: 1622: 7005: 6238: 6049: 5126: 4499: 4270:

Wallace, Patrick F. (2005), "The archaeology of ireland's Viking-age towns", in Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí (ed.),

4009: 3544:

Byrne, Francis John (2005), "Ireland and her neighbours, c. 1014 – c. 1072", in Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí (ed.),

1664:. Following this victory Máel Sechnaill forced Dublin into submission, and his half-brother, Amlaíbs son 745: 378:

of these. Only recently have other sources of historical knowledge received more attention, particularly

245: 212: 154: 23: 7000: 6990: 6954: 6796: 6698: 6282: 6216: 6061: 5831: 5470: 5136: 4830: 4113: 3890: 3867: 3844: 3821: 3798: 3494: 2230: 2171: 2137: 2105: 1839:

dominance in the region. Despite the defeat at Clontarf, Sigtrygg remained ruler of Dublin until 1036.

1600: 1380: 1044: 549: 514: 503: 436:

as utterly primitive and savage. At the beginning of modern scholarly interpretation of Irish history,

416: 285: 2424:

The identity between the Ragnall of Waterford and Ragnall (Rögnvald) of York has been questioned, see

2321:

They may not have been as dominant in earlier history as medieval sources tend to claim, according to

1783:, where Brian was killed, even if his army was victorious over Máel Mórda, Sigtrygg and their allies. 1701: 1591:

When Sihtric died in 927 Gofraid left for York, trying to assume kingship there. He was driven out by

1130:, first mentioned in the Irish Annals in 857. Olaf and Ivar remained active in Ireland and around the 533: 6723: 6486: 5538: 5394: 5114: 4928: 4850: 4835: 4820: 4668: 4603: 4565: 4555: 4545: 4405: 4146: 3729:

Flanagan, Marie Therese (2005), "High-kings with opposition, 1072–1166", in Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí (ed.),

2241: 1697: 1642: 1366: 1084: 689: 98: 5556: 4127:Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (1978), "Nationality and Kingship in Pre-Norman Ireland", in T.W. Moody (ed.), 2810: 1772: 1576: 6974: 6260: 5783: 4913: 4527: 2133: 1982: 1948: 1797: 1661: 1634: 1422: 1238: 1180: 720: 182: 6113: 1630: 1196: 1147: 712: 666: 467:

it is only from comparison of the various texts that the original documents can be reconstructed.

6678: 6648: 6402: 6186: 6182: 5851: 5800: 5516: 5268: 5017: 4877: 4683: 4628: 4618: 4585: 4418: 4330: 3508:

Byrne, Francis John (2005), "Church and politics, c. 750 – c. 1100", in Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí (ed.),

2088: 1966: 1917: 1242: 941: 928: 565: 192: 63: 1638: 7035: 6791: 6565: 6177: 5871: 5748: 5374: 4894: 4749: 4638: 4589: 3603: 2101: 1559: 1416: 1398: 864: 627: 623: 492: 187: 4190: 1099:

the same year. These victories form the background of an embassy sent to the Frankish emperor

288:. The first two centuries of this period are characterised by Viking raids and the subsequent 6854: 6746: 6703: 5533: 5504: 5037: 4295:, The New Edinburgh History of Scotland, vol. 2, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 4090: 2669: 2271: 2256: 2037: 1944: 1905:

of Leinster, Donnchad (Duncan) Mac Briain of Munster, Niall mac Máel Sechnaill of Ailech and

1828: 1721: 1604: 1313: 960: 693: 486: 433: 324: 4234:, A New History of Ireland, vol. I, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 182–234, 3733:, A New History of Ireland, vol. I, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 899–933, 2481:(p. 864): "..since 970 the Northern and Southern Uí Néill were... ...irreconcilable foes..." 2477:: "Flaithbertach ua Néill went into Mide to assist Mael Sechnaill." This seem to contradict 1898: 1575:

Dublin's ambitions in Ulster were halted by a series of defeats inflicted upon the Norse by

1088: 7073: 7015: 6811: 6718: 6688: 6673: 6479: 6444: 6324: 6123: 6118: 5903: 5670: 5441: 5418: 5203: 5089: 4943: 4918: 4787: 4608: 4580: 4274:, A New History of Ireland, vol. I, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 814–41, 4057:"The scale and nature of Viking settlement in Ireland from Y-chromosome admixture analysis" 3995:, A New History of Ireland, vol. I, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 635–79, 3548:, A New History of Ireland, vol. I, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 862–98, 3530:, A New History of Ireland, vol. I, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 609–34, 3512:, A New History of Ireland, vol. I, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 654–79, 2266: 2053: 1994: 1608: 1592: 1151:

later the same year. These alliances were by no means permanent. In 860 Cerball was allied

612: 475: 445:

government which Orpen found wanting, and claimed that Irish law had a national character.

197: 1475:, and soon the Uí Ímair followed, again taking control over Viking activities in Ireland. 932: 680:

was the dominant dynasty c. 800. They were closely associated with the large monastery of

669:(also known as the kingdom of Brega) was pre-eminent, but from 728 the western dynasty of 331:. The one who came closest to being de facto king over the whole of Ireland, however, was 8: 6959: 6939: 6919: 6884: 6816: 6728: 6595: 6142: 6108: 6077: 6067: 6015: 6010: 6003: 5778: 5680: 5576: 5464: 5309: 4999: 4989: 4899: 4575: 4432: 4413: 4367: 3604:""Hiberno-Norwegians" and "Anglo-Danes": Anachronistic Ethnicities in Viking Age England" 2214: 2206: 2129: 2002: 1989:

urging reforms, in particular regarding the consecration of bishops and the abolition of

1820: 1745: 1496: 1410: 1392: 945: 498: 121: 58: 5605: 4209:Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (2001), "The Vikings in Ireland", in Larsen, Anne-Christine (ed.), 3991:

Hughes, Kathleen (2005), "The Irish Church, 800 – c. 1050", in Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí (ed.),

3644:

Duffy, Seán (1992). "Irishmen and Islesmen in the Kingdom of Dublin and Man 1052-1171".

1650: 1588:

captive in 941. The same year he led a fleet to the Hebrides, collecting tribute there.

1585: 1568: 1476: 1292: 7063: 6899: 6874: 6776: 6653: 6605: 6600: 6590: 6528: 6449: 6128: 6056: 6025: 5993: 5805: 5738: 5733: 5660: 5643: 5561: 5248: 5243: 5176: 4805: 4673: 4623: 4560: 4535: 4531: 4449: 4393: 3655: 3433: 3416: 3082: 2673:

where these early raiders can be identified as originating on the west-coast of Norway.

2251: 2191: 2179: 2124: 2018: 1780: 1749: 1612: 1434: 1428: 1168: 1104: 1091:

of Leinster. For the first time the leader of the Vikings is described as royalty from

760: 700: 635: 508: 412: 339: 277: 126: 32: 3399: 1836: 1752:

as ruler of Dublin after he had formally submitted to Brian by handing over hostages.

685: 7059: 6801: 6771: 6761: 6751: 6668: 6658: 6643: 6510: 6196: 6135: 6072: 6020: 5836: 5766: 5486: 5348: 5213: 5119: 5069: 4984: 4845: 4759: 4296: 4275: 4235: 4214: 4169: 4078: 4042: 4021: 3996: 3776: 3754: 3734: 3676: 3631: 3589: 3549: 3531: 3513: 2213:

and had accepted the fealty of the Irish kings and bishops by 1172, so creating the "

2199: 2117: 1906: 1890: 1874: 1832: 1831:. In Leinster, the defeat at Clontarf and death of Máel Mórda seriously weakened the 1733: 1472: 1404: 1127: 1122:; it is now considered more plausible that it refers to a Scandinavian colony in the 677: 576: 425: 375: 5342: 5079: 3646: 3191:, "ardrí Gaidhel Erenn & Gall & Bretan, August iartair tuaiscirt Eorpa uile" 1883: 1558:

Niall Glúndub marched on Dublin in September 919, but Sihtric met his forces at the

670: 7020: 6969: 6964: 6904: 6869: 6781: 6738: 6708: 6630: 6548: 6518: 6392: 6037: 5695: 5675: 5496: 5451: 4825: 4506: 4488: 4375: 4161: 4068: 3964: 3922: 3768: 3702: 3668: 2141: 2073: 2030: 1970: 1500: 1386: 1317: 1207: 1203: 1100: 936: 560: 480: 459: 145: 3983: 3941: 3721: 1997:

ever made direct primatial claims for Canterbury in relation to the Irish church.

1974: 1800:

was one of the first to publicly debunk this national myth, in his groundbreaking

1646: 1492: 1480: 1156: 970: 883:. During Áed's reign the Columban familia, following several Viking raids against 631: 7030: 6944: 6914: 6638: 6555: 5795: 5723: 5718: 5548: 5426: 5353: 4994: 4678: 4653: 4036: 3904: 3748: 2399: 2113: 1824: 823: 704: 608: 570: 429: 352: 2052:, drove the reform process onwards. Malachy, in close cooperation with (Duncan) 854: 408: 6934: 6879: 6833: 6786: 6766: 6610: 6533: 5940: 5930: 5826: 5665: 5653: 5431: 4494: 4478: 4428: 3968: 3926: 3835:

Holland, Martin (2005). "Church reform, Twelfth century". In Seán Duffy (ed.).

3468: 2983: 2346: 2218: 2187: 2120:

as papal legate, and sent him to Ireland with pallia for the four archbishops.

2104:. The main challenge must have been to reach an accommodation with Dublin, and 2079: 2048:

Gilla, Cellach and Cellach's successor Máel Máedóc Ua Morgair, better known as

1761: 1307: 1111: 1080: 888: 843: 839: 831: 799: 787: 756: 545: 235: 140: 116: 4128: 3951: 3909: 3706: 2174:

was a two-stage process, which began on 1 May 1169 when a force of individual

1676: 987:, along the Irish coast and overwintering in Ireland instead of retreating to 871:Áed was connected to the monastic community at Armagh, and a supporter of the 655: 651: 7098: 6693: 6454: 6382: 6377: 6167: 5481: 5314: 5188: 4663: 4648: 3691: 2246: 1760:. During his visit to Armagh in 1005, he had his secretary add a note to the 1729: 1660:

succeeded Domnall, and the same year he defeated the forces of Dublin at the

1580: 1448: 1135: 1068: 992: 858: 795: 619: 584: 519: 453: 437: 367: 328: 4073: 4056: 3858:

Holland, Martin (2005). "Gille (Gilbert) of Limerick". In Seán Duffy (ed.).

3567: 3450: 1705: 716: 6859: 6756: 6560: 6329: 6042: 5635: 5571: 5566: 5476: 5459: 5284: 5223: 4713: 4698: 4082: 3812:

Holland, Martin (2005). "Cashel, synod of II (1172)". In Seán Duffy (ed.).

3673:

A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland, c. 500 – c. 1100

2065: 2041: 1187:

The last report of Olaf is when he and Ivar returned to Dublin in 871 from

1056: 1008: 952: 827: 736: 708: 471: 3789:

Holland, Martin (2005). "Cashel, synod of I (1101)". In Seán Duffy (ed.).

3526:

Byrne, Francis John (2005), "The Viking Age", in Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí (ed.),

1985:, and on that occasion Lanfranc sent letters to Toirdelbach Ua Briain and 1665: 806:

in 807. These early Viking raids were generally small in scale and quick.

728: 647: 7010: 6713: 6620: 6502: 5772: 5685: 5384: 5328: 5289: 4550: 4165: 2371: 2057: 2049: 1936: 1920:); in an unprecedented move he assumed the kingship "of the foreigners" ( 1793: 1788: 1779:

of Leinster and Sigtrygg of Dublin did too. The latter led to the famous

1741: 1547: 1527: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1334: 1330: 1303: 1214:

which is known to have been founded by "Christian Vikings from Ireland".

988: 876: 741: 379: 305: 177: 4255: 3659: 3086: 1671: 6585: 6471: 5866: 5389: 5299: 5263: 5253: 5059: 4288: 3773:

A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland, c.500–c.1100

2950:

Imhar, rex Nordmannorum totius Hibernie & Brittanie, uitam finiuit.

2123:

Cardinal Paparo's first attempt to reach Ireland was stalled when king

1973:, thus establishing the first proper diocese in Ireland. His successor 1709: 1685: 1060: 1000: 749: 659: 496:

survive only in an eccentric 17th-century English translation, and the

441: 332: 5510: 3586:

Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014

3004: 1518:

Map showing the major Norse settlements in Ireland in the 10th Century

977:

Early Scandinavian Dublin § The first Norse settlements in Dublin

6894: 6663: 6090: 5898: 5619: 5403: 5258: 5233: 5208: 4633: 3485:

Breatnach, Caoimhín (2005). "Historical tales". In Seán Duffy (ed.).

2385:Ó Corráin, "The Vikings in Scotland and Ireland in the Ninth Century" 2069: 2061: 1725: 1693: 1681: 1523: 1452: 1293:

Impact on cultural activity and formation of Irish scholarly diaspora

1138:, would be an important political factor for the next two centuries. 1131: 983: 835: 596: 490:

cover most of this period, but have a gap between 1132 and 1155. The

391: 301: 5584: 5304: 1227: 335:, the first high king in this period not belonging to the Uí Néill. 320: 6929: 6806: 6683: 5810: 5743: 5408: 5294: 5238: 4643: 2370:

The first report of Vikings spending the winter in Ireland is from

2083:

Maps of dioceses in Ireland as defined by the synod of Kells. From

1978: 1958: 1539: 1456: 1299: 1176: 1123: 1092: 1072: 1048: 1036: 1016: 819: 811: 803: 395: 309: 289: 3750:

The Irish in Early Medieval Europe: Identity, Culture and Religion

2667:

Woolf "constructs a plausible narrative" based on an entry in the

1939:

was an influential 12th-century reformist ecclesiastic in Ireland.

1114:, identified as a "son of the king of Lochlann", came to Ireland. 6570: 5728: 5713: 5612: 5399: 5379: 4353: 4322: 2175: 2096: 1962: 1535: 1514: 1488: 880: 681: 604: 387: 370:, one of the pioneers in modern studies of Irish medieval history 344: 313: 297: 3881:

Holland, Martin (2005). "Kells, synod of". In Seán Duffy (ed.).

1637:

in the early 8th century. In 944 he sacked Dublin, now ruled by

818:. The Vikings would have then sailed down the Atlantic coast of 363: 5598: 5591: 5436: 5369: 5228: 3949:

Hudson, Benjamin T. (2004). "Muirchertach mac Néill (d. 943)".

2210: 2183: 2010: 1990: 1961:, with bishops residing at monasteries and without a permanent 1531: 1119: 1012: 971:

Intensified raiding and the first Viking settlements in Ireland

815: 791: 783: 643: 639: 600: 383: 293: 281: 1932: 1887:

is that it was recognised as such by contemporary observers".

1023: 292:

settlements along the coast. Viking ports were established at

5648: 5218: 3467:

Bracken, Damian (2004), "Feidlimid mac Crimthainn (d. 847)",

2261: 1028: 956: 592: 555: 1842: 1141: 1508: 1188: 1052: 884: 724: 4147:"The Vikings in Scotland and Ireland in the Ninth Century" 4104:

McNeill, T.E. (2005). "Archaeology". In Seán Duffy (ed.).

3075:

The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland

1736:, and they were defeated by Glúniairn and Máel Sechnaill. 1095:. Máel Sechnaill, now High King, defeated another army at 5336: 2383:

For a longer discussion on the location on Lochlann, see

2056:, king of Fernmag/Airgialla, established the first Irish 1633:, and the first of this dynasty called "High King" since 554:

At the end of the 8th century, Ireland was homogeneously

3562:

Charles-Edwards, T. M. (2004), "Áed Oirdnide mac Néill (

3073:

hÉailidhe, P. Ó (1 January 1957). "The Rathdown Slabs".

2345:, a name that could mean either modern Lambay Island or 1210:

in Wirral, which means "farmstead of the Irishmen", and

658:, was now more or less confined to the area east of the 569:(written sometime in the 8th or 9th century) hints that 319:

Ireland consisted of many semi-independent territories (

4765:

List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland

4230:(2005), "Ireland 400–800", in Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí (ed.), 2806: 2804: 1134:

for the next two decades. The descendants of Ivar, the

2585:, chapter 4, especially pp. 135–37.; Charles-Edwards, 3767:

Hadley, Dawn (2009), "Viking Raids and Conquest", in

3667:

Duffy, Sean (2009), "Ireland, c. 1000 – c. 1100", in

1672:

Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill and Brian Boru (980–1022)

4495:

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

4317:

Treasures of early Irish art, 1500 B.C. to 1500 A.D.

4213:, Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum, pp. 17–29, 4014:

Early Christian Ireland. Introduction to the sources

3963:(online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3921:(online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3140: 3138: 2801: 1499:

attacked Sithric but suffered a heavy defeat in the

2695:Ó Corráin, "The Vikings in Scotland and Ireland..." 1645:, a rival Uí Néill claimant for High Kingship from 778:

Early Scandinavian Dublin § Early Viking raids

4251:The archaeology of the early viking age in Ireland 3950: 3908: 3690: 2438:The archaeology of the early viking age in Ireland 1957:Before the 11th century the church in Ireland was 894: 763:on the southern borders of the Northern Uí Néill. 735:in 744 and taken control over the area in present 684:. Their main rival for dominance in Leinster, the 4858:List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland 3746: 3135: 3045: 3015: 2742: 2740: 2717:Byrne, Francis John (2005), "Church and politics" 2641: 2639: 731:(not yet known under this name) had defeated the 703:, occupying roughly the same area as the present 650:. The traditional kingdom of Ulaid, dominated by 512:supplying only part of the missing material. The 218:History of the Irish language 7096: 5970: 2374:840–41, the first overwintered in Dublin 841–42. 2202:who sought their help in regaining his kingdom. 1083:a Norse army was defeated at Sciath Nechtain by 448: 386:started in 1961, followed by similar efforts in 5704:Association football in the Republic of Ireland 4038:Literacy and Identity in Early Medieval Ireland 3173: 3171: 3033:Literacy and Identity in Early Medieval Ireland 1775:revolted against Brian, and the following year 1118:has been understood as (a district of) present 914:To take the hostages of Connacht without battle 327:from the northern and southern branches of the 3775:, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, pp. 195–211, 3675:, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, pp. 285–302, 2737: 2729:T. M. Charles-Edwards, 'Áed Oirdnide mac Néill 2706:T. M. Charles-Edwards, 'Áed Oirdnide mac Néill 2636: 1324: 798:. This was followed by a raid on the coast of 6487: 5956: 4338: 1927: 1901:of Connacht, Garbíth Ua Cathassaig of Brega, 1350: 766: 539: 253: 4095:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3701:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3199: 3197: 3168: 3156: 3154: 3152: 2426:Downham, Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland 4467:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 2965:, pp. 17–23, 137–45, 238–41, 246, 258–59.; 2656: 2654: 2341:The annals name the site of this attack as 1256:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 6494: 6480: 5963: 5949: 5890:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland 4345: 4331: 4118:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4026:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3895:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3872:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3849:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3826:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3803:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3747:Flechner, Roy; Meeder, Sven, eds. (2016), 3499:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2040:. This synod, presided by Gilla Espaic as 1862:Donnchad, two Nialls without swift sorrow, 1364: 1357: 1343: 1035:One of the first named Viking leaders was 528:In the 12th century, propaganda text like 260: 246: 4072: 3885:. Abingdon and New York. pp. 247–49. 3862:. Abingdon and New York. pp. 198–99. 3692:"Brian Bóruma (Brian Boru) (c. 941–1014)" 3630:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 3489:. Abingdon and New York. pp. 221–22. 3194: 3149: 3145:Hudson, "Muirchertach mac Néill (d. 943)" 3072: 2631:Ó Cróinín, Dáibhi (2005) Ireland, 400–800 2450:Hudson, "Muirchertach mac Néill (d. 943)" 1843:High kings with opposition (1022 onwards) 1724:, entering an alliance with the Norse of 1479:arrived with a fleet in Waterford, while 1276:Learn how and when to remove this message 1142:Shifting alliances and struggle for power 995:bases. The first known longports were at 622:, divided in two main branches known as " 580:Peoples and subdivisions of early Ireland 474:are ultimately derived from the now-lost 6501: 5709:Association football in Northern Ireland 4108:. Abingdon and New York. pp. 24–26. 3839:. Abingdon and New York. pp. 83–86. 3816:. Abingdon and New York. pp. 66–67. 3793:. Abingdon and New York. pp. 65–66. 3455:, CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts, 2003 3438:, CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts, 2003 3421:, CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts, 2002 3404:, CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts, 2000 2651: 2554:Ó Corráin, "Nationality and Kingship..." 2161: 2078: 2064:in 1142, and also facilitated the first 1931: 1675: 1513: 1471:. In 914 a new Viking fleet appeared in 1022: 575: 452: 362: 312:, which became the first large towns in 4905:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland 4016:, London and Ithaca NY, pp. 99–159 3960:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3953:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3918:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3911:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3698:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3625: 3569:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3470:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3279:Hughes, The Irish Church, 800 – c. 1050 2277: 1607:. Athelstan defeated this coalition at 1059:in 844. He was captured and drowned in 7097: 2747:Bracken, "Feidlimid mac Crimthainn..." 2646:Ó Corráin, "The Vikings & Ireland" 2323:Ó Corráin, "The Vikings & Ireland" 1455:; reports tell of their activities in 6475: 5944: 5174: 4964: 4785: 4391: 4326: 3811: 3788: 3601: 3325: 2570:, is a general survey of the subject. 2224: 1864:are evidently the kings of this era.) 1338: 1163:in the Annals of Ulster described as 1155:Máel Sechnaill in a campaign against 786:raid in Irish history occurred in AD 771: 688:had not been able to claim the title 3907:(2004). "Niall mac Áeda (d. 846)". 3903: 3834: 3728: 3359: 3347: 3337:Holland, Gille (Gilbert) of Limerick 3313: 3302: 3290: 2492: 2358: 2001:Ireland. Gilla Pátraic's successors 1254:adding citations to reliable sources 1221: 7079: 6524:Decline of the Western Roman Empire 6410:Post-war period (political history) 3880: 3857: 3370: 3336: 3130:Ó Corráin, "The Vikings in Ireland" 3061:Ó Corráin, "The Vikings in Ireland" 2796:Ó Corráin, "The Vikings in Ireland" 2780:Ó Corráin, "The Vikings in Ireland" 2463:Duffy, "Ireland, c. 1000 – c. 1100" 432:described the Irish society in his 13: 6616:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire 4934:Tourism in the Republic of Ireland 4709:Economy of the Republic of Ireland 4507:Irish Free State (1922–1937) 4352: 4061:European Journal of Human Genetics 3990: 3507: 3484: 3326:Holland, Cashel, synod of I (1101) 3278: 3048:The Irish in Early Medieval Europe 3018:The Irish in Early Medieval Europe 2925:Ó Corráin, "Vikings & Ireland" 2866:Ó Corráin, "Vikings & Ireland" 2716: 2606: 2151: 1858:(Smooth-haired Conchobar, welcome! 1785:Sigurd Hlodvirsson, Earl of Orkney 1217: 802:in 798, and raids on the coast of 382:. Since the modern excavations of 14: 7146: 7046:Historiography in the Middle Ages 4719:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn 4310: 4106:Medieval Ireland. An Encyclopedia 4041:, Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 4034: 3883:Medieval Ireland. An Encyclopedia 3860:Medieval Ireland. An Encyclopedia 3837:Medieval Ireland. An Encyclopedia 3814:Medieval Ireland. An Encyclopedia 3791:Medieval Ireland. An Encyclopedia 3572:, Oxford: Oxford University Press 3561: 3487:Medieval Ireland. An Encyclopedia 3473:, Oxford: Oxford University Press 3255:Byrne, Ireland and her neighbours 3243:Byrne, Ireland and her neighbours 3231:Byrne, Ireland and her neighbours 3219:Byrne, Ireland and her neighbours 3177: 3030: 2890:Hadley, Viking Raids and Conquest 2880:, "Amhlaim m. righ Laithlinde..." 2728: 2705: 2542:Duffy, Ireland, c. 1000 – c. 1100 2312:... ...have a tangible existence" 2025:prohibition for laymen to become 1853:Donnchad, dá Níall cen snim snéid 1692:In Munster, the influence of the 887:, established a new monastery at 810:believed to have sailed first to 573:had not yet been fully uprooted. 506:'s abbreviated copy known as the 358: 7078: 7069: 7068: 7058: 6415:Post-war period (social history) 6089: 5924: 4888:Tallest buildings and structures 4188: 3948: 3543: 3525: 3254: 3242: 3230: 3218: 3203: 3144: 2924: 2901: 2865: 2682: 2645: 2478: 2449: 2398:Note that the untranslated text 2334: 2322: 1732:of Leinster who was allied with 1226: 229: 42: 6544:Christianity in the Middle Ages 6539:Decline of Hellenistic religion 4293:From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070 4269: 4226: 4126: 3376: 3364: 3353: 3341: 3330: 3319: 3307: 3296: 3284: 3272: 3260: 3248: 3236: 3224: 3212: 3182: 3123: 3104: 3093: 3066: 3054: 3039: 3024: 3009: 2998: 2980:"Irish Migration to Merseyside" 2972: 2953: 2941: 2930: 2918: 2907: 2895: 2883: 2871: 2859: 2848: 2837: 2826: 2815: 2785: 2773: 2762: 2751: 2722: 2710: 2699: 2688: 2676: 2630: 2590: 2553: 2529: 2497: 2484: 2468: 2455: 2443: 2431: 2418: 2404: 2389: 2377: 2364: 2352: 2328: 2315: 2302: 1851:Áed, Gairbith, Diarmait durgen, 1835:, and opened the way for a new 1212:St Bridget's Church, West Kirby 1065:Máel Sechnaill mac Maíl Ruanaid 912:For whom a single day's work is 895:Rivalry between north and south 849: 715:. Munster was dominated by the 638:, also known as the kingdom of 338:Following Brian's death at the 6822:Crisis of the late Middle Ages 4724:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis 3753:, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 3688: 3583: 3466: 3160: 3005:St Bridget's Church West Kirby 2959: 2746: 2624: 2611: 2600: 2573: 2558: 2547: 2535: 2523: 2425: 2412: 2289: 2158:History of Ireland (1169–1536) 727:as ecclesiastical centre. The 502:for this period are lost with 1: 6996:Disability in the Middle Ages 6669:Rise of the Republic of Genoa 6601:Rise of the Venetian Republic 4786: 4272:Prehistoric and Early Ireland 4232:Prehistoric and Early Ireland 4208: 4160:, Belgium: Brepols: 296–339, 4145:Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (1998), 4008: 3993:Prehistoric and Early Ireland 3766: 3731:Prehistoric and Early Ireland 3546:Prehistoric and Early Ireland 3528:Prehistoric and Early Ireland 3510:Prehistoric and Early Ireland 3129: 3060: 2889: 2795: 2779: 2607:Breatnach, "Historical tales" 2579: 2564: 2511: 2190:. This was at the request of 1860:Áed, Garbith, hardy Diarmait, 1451:, remained active around the 646:and the large sub-kingdom of 530:Caithréim Chellacháin Chaisil 449:Nature of the written sources 417:English invasion of the 1160s 7135:History of Ireland by period 7110:Early Middle Ages by country 5972:History of the British Isles 5789:Northern Ireland flags issue 4965: 4740:List of conflicts in Ireland 4484:Southern Ireland (1921–1922) 4287: 4103: 3984:UK public library membership 3942:UK public library membership 3722:UK public library membership 3666: 3643: 3435:Annals of Ulster AD 431–1201 3267:Duffy, Irishmen and Islesmen 3266: 3114: 3100:McEvoy&al., EJHG article 3046:Flechner and Meeder (2016), 3016:Flechner and Meeder (2016), 2966: 2660: 2591:Ó Cróinín, "Ireland 400–800" 2541: 2462: 2296: 2217:", which formed part of his 1895:Ríg Themra tóebaige iar tain 1849:Conchobur clannmin, fo-chen! 1047:connect him with attacks on 790:when Vikings, possibly from 7: 7105:Medieval history of Ireland 5175: 4760:Gaelic clothing and fashion 4392: 4144: 2694: 2621:, Dublin, 1920, pp. 98–132. 2530:Wallace, The archaeology... 2384: 2235: 1658:Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill 1325:Second Viking age (914–980) 1071:. However the existence of 1027:Modern replica of a Viking 951:Conchobar was succeeded by 755:During the 7th century the 274:history of Ireland 795–1169 10: 7151: 6797:Rise of the Ottoman Empire 4133:, Belfast: Appletree Press 3418:Annals of the Four Masters 3206:Ireland and her neighbours 2683:Byrne, F.J. The Viking age 2413:Downham, "Viking Kings..." 2231:Slavery in medieval Europe 2228: 2172:Norman invasion of Ireland 2155: 2138:Annals of the Four Masters 2106:Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair 1954:well as secular politics. 1942: 1928:Reform of the Irish Church 1802:Ireland before the Normans 1764:where he is proclaimed as 1742:Leath Cuinn and Leath Moga 1712:, later famously known as 1668:, became ruler in Dublin. 1601:Constantine II of Scotland 1328: 1193:Máel Finnia mac Flannacain 1045:Annals of the Four Masters 974: 775: 767:First Viking age (795–902) 742:Leath Cuinn and Leath Moga 550:Gaelic kingdoms of Ireland 543: 540:Political landscape c. 800 515:Annals of the Four Masters 504:Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh 7054: 6983: 6842: 6737: 6724:Mongol invasion of Europe 6629: 6509: 6436: 6361: 6314: 6206: 6157: 6098: 6087: 5978: 5920: 5819: 5757: 5694: 5634: 5547: 5495: 5450: 5417: 5362: 5327: 5277: 5196: 5187: 5183: 5170: 5105: 5008: 4977: 4973: 4960: 4870: 4798: 4794: 4781: 4732: 4520: 4404: 4400: 4387: 4363: 4054: 3099: 2967:Woolf, "Pictland to Alba" 2337:The Vikings & Ireland 2242:Early Scandinavian Dublin 2205:Then on 18 October 1171, 2036:The second synod was the 1623:Congalach mac Máel Mithig 1615:son of Sihtric, known as 1376: 1312:, Irish scholars such as 1306:court. Commonly known as 905:eitrige Connacht cen cath 826:located off the coast of 613:four provinces of Ireland 276:covers the period in the 135:Great Britain and Ireland 99:Timeline of Irish history 4248:Viking Network Ireland, 4247: 3415: 3382: 2821: 2437: 2282: 2134:Synod of Kells-Mellifont 1983:Archbishop of Canterbury 1949:Synod of Kells-Mellifont 1903:Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó 1855:rig na ré sea co roreid. 7130:12th century in Ireland 7125:11th century in Ireland 7120:10th century in Ireland 6679:Investiture Controversy 6649:Second Bulgarian Empire 6244:Early medieval Scotland 5881:Prostitution (Republic) 4074:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201709 4035:Johnston, Elva (2013), 3626:Downham, Clare (2017), 3602:Downham, Clare (2009). 3584:Downham, Clare (2007), 3449: 3432: 3398: 3371:Holland, Synod of Kells 3303:Holland, Church reforms 3188: 3110: 2947: 2936: 2913: 2902:Byrne, "The Viking Age" 2877: 2854: 2843: 2832: 2791: 2768: 2757: 2732: 2619:Phases of Irish History 2587:Early Christian Ireland 2582:Early Christian Ireland 2567:Early Christian Ireland 2474: 1918:Echmarcach mac Ragnaill 1787:as well as forces from 942:Conchobar mac Donnchada 929:Fedelmid mac Crimthainn 922:Annals of Ulster, 840.4 921: 901:Is he Feidhlimidh in ri 566:Martyrology of Tallaght 534:Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib 7115:9th century in Ireland 7036:Post-classical history 6792:Fall of Constantinople 6699:Capet–Plantagenet feud 6566:First Bulgarian Empire 6288:Early medieval Ireland 6254:Late medieval Scotland 6249:High medieval Scotland 6222:Early medieval England 4750:List of Irish kingdoms 4211:The Vikings in Ireland 4189:Ó Corráin, Donnchadh, 3969:10.1093/ref:odnb/19502 3927:10.1093/ref:odnb/20076 3588:, Edinburgh: Dunedin, 3360:Holland, Church reform 2297:McNeill, "Archaeology" 2167: 2092: 1940: 1880: 1871:Rédig dam, a Dé do nim 1817: 1773:Flaithbertach Ua Néill 1689: 1577:Muirchertach mac Néill 1560:battle of Islandbridge 1519: 1368:Viking wars in Ireland 1032: 926: 910:(Feidlimid is the king 903:dianid opair oenlaithi 865:Thomas Charles-Edwards 748:'s half" (north) and " 581: 493:Annals of Clonmacnoise 463: 421: 371: 6335:Early modern Scotland 6298:Late medieval Ireland 6293:High medieval Ireland 6232:Late medieval England 6227:High medieval England 6183:Protohistoric Ireland 5857:Mass media (Republic) 5801:National coat of arms 4689:IRA Northern Campaign 4192:Vikings & Ireland 3707:10.1093/ref:odnb/3377 3611:Mediaeval Scandinavia 3401:Annals of Innisfallen 3117:From Pictland to Alba 3051:, pp. 179–94, 231–41. 2670:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 2663:From Pictland to Alba 2272:MacDunleavy (dynasty) 2257:Scandinavian Scotland 2229:Further information: 2196:Diarmait Mac Murchada 2165: 2156:Further information: 2146:Foras Feasa ar Éirinn 2082: 2038:Synod of Rathbreasail 1945:Synod of Rathbreasail 1935: 1914:rí Érenn co fressarba 1846: 1829:Toirdelbach Ua Briain 1806: 1722:annals of Innisfallen 1679: 1605:Owen I of Strathclyde 1517: 1314:John Scottus Eriugena 1197:Cerball mac Muirecáin 1148:Cerball mac Dúnlainge 1026: 1011:, at or near present 907:ocus Midhe do manrath 898: 794:looted the island of 713:Cerball mac Dúnlainge 579: 544:Further information: 487:Annals of Innisfallen 456: 434:Topographia Hibernica 404: 366: 325:High Kings of Ireland 213:Economic history 208:British monarchs 7016:Medieval reenactment 6812:Renaissance Humanism 6719:Medieval Warm Period 6689:Republic of Florence 6503:European Middle Ages 6445:House of Plantagenet 6347:Early modern Ireland 6330:Early modern England 6325:Early modern Britain 6266:Early medieval Wales 6124:Prehistoric Shetland 6119:Prehistoric Scotland 5779:County coats of arms 5671:List of Irish people 4745:List of Irish tribes 4595:Cromwellian conquest 4581:Plantation of Ulster 4512:Ireland (since 1922) 4166:10.1484/J.Peri.3.334 3689:Duffy, Seán (2004). 2359:Hudson, Niall Caille 2278:Notes and references 2054:Donnchad Ua Cerbaill 1748:, and only restored 1698:Cennétig mac Lorcáin 1643:Ruaidrí ua Canannáin 1639:Blácaire mac Gofrith 1250:improve this section 1085:Ólchobar mac Cináeda 476:Chronicle of Ireland 198:Gaelic monarchs 111:Peoples and polities 6729:Kingdom of Portugal 6596:Old Church Slavonic 6581:Anglo-Saxon England 6422:Late modern Ireland 6316:Early modern period 6276:Late medieval Wales 6271:High medieval Wales 6143:Prehistoric Ireland 6114:Prehistoric England 6109:Prehistoric Britain 5894:in Northern Ireland 5885:in Northern Ireland 5626:Legendary creatures 5539:Traditional singing 5375:Saint Patrick's Day 5010:Republic of Ireland 4939:Tourist attractions 4924:ROI–UK border 4909:of Northern Ireland 4862:in Northern Ireland 4694:IRA Border Campaign 4669:War of Independence 4639:Second Great Famine 4624:Act of Union (1800) 4576:Flight of the Earls 4433:Lordship of Ireland 4368:Republic of Ireland 3905:Hudson, Benjamin T. 2986:on 19 November 2022 2215:Lordship of Ireland 2130:David I of Scotland 2116:appointed cardinal 2102:St Patrick's Island 2089:William R. Shepherd 2003:Donngus Ua hAingliu 1977:was consecrated by 1814:Donnchadh Ó Corráin 1798:Donnchadh Ó Corráin 1766:Imperator Scottorum 1746:battle of Glen Mama 1635:Cináed mac Írgalaig 1497:Augaire mac Ailella 937:kingship of Munster 916:And to spoil Mide.) 842:, Agonn (Hákon) in 782:The first recorded 591:or "fifths" of the 499:Annals of Tigernach 151:Republic of Ireland 122:Lordship of Ireland 6910:In popular culture 6875:Crusading movement 6747:Hundred Years' War 6606:Civitas Schinesghe 6591:Carolingian Empire 6576:Kingdom of Croatia 6529:Barbarian kingdoms 6450:House of Lancaster 6403:World Wars (Wales) 6363:Late modern period 6340:Early modern Wales 6129:Prehistoric Orkney 6100:Prehistoric period 5931:Ireland portal 5249:Skirts and kidneys 4755:List of High Kings 4674:Anglo-Irish Treaty 4614:First Great Famine 4599:Settlement of 1652 4571:Tyrone's Rebellion 4561:Desmond Rebellions 4450:Kingdom of Ireland 4258:on 28 January 2010 3452:Chronicon Scotorum 3281:, p. 655, note 70. 2252:History of Ireland 2225:Slavery in Ireland 2192:Dermot MacMurrough 2180:Raymond Fitzgerald 2168: 2093: 2007:Samuel Ua hÁingliu 1941: 1781:battle of Clontarf 1750:Sigtrygg Silkbeard 1704:was the first non- 1690: 1520: 1105:Annales Bertiniani 1103:, reported in the 1089:Lorcán mac Cellaig 1055:and the church at 1033: 772:Early Viking raids 761:kingdom of Breifne 752:'s half" (south). 701:kingdom of Osraige 603:(Leinster), Mumu ( 582: 522:and of churchmen. 509:Chronicon Scotorum 464: 457:Folio 53 from the 413:battle of Clontarf 372: 340:Battle of Clontarf 278:history of Ireland 236:Ireland portal 127:Kingdom of Ireland 7092: 7091: 7001:Basic topics list 6802:Swiss mercenaries 6752:Wars of the Roses 6659:Kingdom of Poland 6644:Holy Roman Empire 6511:Early Middle Ages 6469: 6468: 6352:Early modern Mann 6239:Medieval Scotland 6197:Sub-Roman Britain 6192:End of Roman rule 6136:Prehistoric Wales 5938: 5937: 5916: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5323: 5322: 5214:Bacon and cabbage 5166: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5033:Foreign relations 4956: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4883:Notable buildings 4777: 4776: 4773: 4772: 4302:978-0-7486-1234-5 4281:978-0-19-922665-8 4241:978-0-19-922665-8 4228:Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí 4114:cite encyclopedia 3982:(Subscription or 3940:(Subscription or 3891:cite encyclopedia 3868:cite encyclopedia 3845:cite encyclopedia 3822:cite encyclopedia 3799:cite encyclopedia 3782:978-1-4051-0628-3 3769:Stafford, Pauline 3720:(Subscription or 3682:978-1-4051-0628-3 3669:Stafford, Pauline 3595:978-1-903765-89-0 3519:978-0-19-922665-8 3495:cite encyclopedia 3178:Jaski, Brian Boru 3031:Johnston (2013), 2493:Flanagan, p. 915. 2267:O'Donnell dynasty 2068:community of the 1907:Niall mac Eochada 1899:Áed Ua Conchobair 1891:Flann Mainistrech 1875:Flann Mainistrech 1734:Ivar of Waterford 1473:Waterford Harbour 1444: 1443: 1286: 1285: 1278: 933:Eóganacht Chaisil 719:, centred around 628:Southern Uí Néill 624:Northern Uí Néill 426:Flann Mainistrech 376:textual criticism 270: 269: 133:United Kingdom of 7142: 7082: 7081: 7072: 7071: 7062: 7021:Medieval studies 6865:Church and State 6739:Late Middle Ages 6631:High Middle Ages 6549:Christianization 6519:Migration Period 6496: 6489: 6482: 6473: 6472: 6427:Late modern Mann 6398:Second World War 6383:Edwardian period 6378:Victorian period 6283:Medieval Ireland 6217:Medieval England 6159:Classical period 6148:Prehistoric Mann 6093: 6050:Northern Ireland 5965: 5958: 5951: 5942: 5941: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5606:Tuatha Dé Danann 5194: 5193: 5185: 5184: 5172: 5171: 5107:Northern Ireland 5085: 5075: 5065: 4975: 4974: 4962: 4961: 4796: 4795: 4783: 4782: 4659:Home Rule crisis 4489:Northern Ireland 4402: 4401: 4389: 4388: 4376:Northern Ireland 4347: 4340: 4333: 4324: 4323: 4305: 4284: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4254:, archived from 4244: 4223: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4197: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4151: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4123: 4117: 4109: 4100: 4094: 4086: 4076: 4051: 4031: 4025: 4017: 4010:Hughes, Kathleen 4005: 3987: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3956: 3945: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3914: 3900: 3894: 3886: 3877: 3871: 3863: 3854: 3848: 3840: 3831: 3825: 3817: 3808: 3802: 3794: 3785: 3763: 3743: 3725: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3694: 3685: 3663: 3640: 3628:Medieval Ireland 3622: 3620: 3618: 3608: 3598: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3558: 3540: 3522: 3504: 3498: 3490: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3385: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3334: 3328: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3201: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3175: 3166: 3158: 3147: 3142: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3108: 3102: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3043: 3037: 3028: 3022: 3013: 3007: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2982:. Archived from 2976: 2970: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2852: 2846: 2841: 2835: 2830: 2824: 2819: 2813: 2811:worldhistory.org 2808: 2799: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2766: 2760: 2755: 2749: 2744: 2735: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2703: 2697: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2658: 2649: 2643: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2615: 2609: 2604: 2598: 2577: 2571: 2562: 2556: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2505: 2501: 2495: 2488: 2482: 2472: 2466: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2422: 2416: 2408: 2402: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2332: 2326: 2319: 2313: 2306: 2300: 2293: 2200:King of Leinster 2142:Geoffrey Keating 2085:Historical Atlas 2031:Gregorian reform 2015:Historia Novorum 1971:Bishop of Dublin 1878: 1815: 1696:had grown under 1651:Domnall ua Néill 1631:Síl nÁedo Sláine 1586:Cellachán Caisil 1501:Battle of Confey 1371: 1369: 1359: 1352: 1345: 1336: 1335: 1318:Sedulius Scottus 1281: 1274: 1270: 1267: 1261: 1230: 1222: 1101:Charles the Bald 961:Bran mac Fáeláin 924: 814:, then south to 690:king of Leinster 667:Síl nÁedo Sláine 634:in the west and 599:(Connacht), the 561:Christianization 481:Annals of Ulster 460:Book of Leinster 349:Richard de Clare 262: 255: 248: 234: 233: 232: 155:Northern Ireland 146:Irish Free State 46: 36: 18: 17: 7150: 7149: 7145: 7144: 7143: 7141: 7140: 7139: 7095: 7094: 7093: 7088: 7050: 7031:Neo-medievalism 6979: 6915:Itinerant court 6838: 6733: 6654:Georgian Empire 6639:Norman Conquest 6625: 6571:Frankish Empire 6505: 6500: 6470: 6465: 6464: 6432: 6431: 6393:Interwar period 6388:First World War 6357: 6356: 6310: 6309: 6208:Medieval period 6202: 6201: 6153: 6152: 6094: 6085: 6084: 6068:Channel Islands 6004:Isles of Scilly 5974: 5969: 5939: 5934: 5925: 5923: 5908: 5876:outside Ireland 5847:Historic houses 5815: 5796:Irish Wolfhound 5767:Brighid's Cross 5753: 5724:Gaelic handball 5719:Gaelic football 5690: 5661:Hiberno-Normans 5630: 5543: 5491: 5446: 5427:Hiberno-English 5413: 5358: 5319: 5273: 5179: 5158: 5101: 5083: 5073: 5063: 5004: 4995:Ulster loyalism 4969: 4948: 4866: 4790: 4769: 4728: 4654:Dublin lock-out 4590:Confederate War 4541:Norman invasion 4528:Battles of Tara 4516: 4472:1801–1923 4460:1691–1800 4455:1536–1691 4443:1169–1536 4396: 4383: 4359: 4351: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4282: 4261: 4259: 4242: 4221: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4149: 4136: 4134: 4111: 4110: 4088: 4087: 4067:(12): 1288–94. 4049: 4019: 4018: 4003: 3981: 3973: 3971: 3939: 3931: 3929: 3888: 3887: 3865: 3864: 3842: 3841: 3819: 3818: 3796: 3795: 3783: 3761: 3741: 3719: 3711: 3709: 3683: 3638: 3616: 3614: 3606: 3596: 3575: 3573: 3556: 3538: 3520: 3492: 3491: 3476: 3474: 3458: 3456: 3441: 3439: 3424: 3422: 3407: 3405: 3389: 3388: 3381: 3377: 3369: 3365: 3358: 3354: 3346: 3342: 3335: 3331: 3324: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3277: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3217: 3213: 3202: 3195: 3187: 3183: 3176: 3169: 3159: 3150: 3143: 3136: 3128: 3124: 3113:, commented by 3109: 3105: 3098: 3094: 3071: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3044: 3040: 3029: 3025: 3014: 3010: 3003: 2999: 2989: 2987: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2958: 2954: 2946: 2942: 2935: 2931: 2923: 2919: 2912: 2908: 2900: 2896: 2888: 2884: 2876: 2872: 2864: 2860: 2853: 2849: 2842: 2838: 2831: 2827: 2820: 2816: 2809: 2802: 2790: 2786: 2778: 2774: 2769:AU 835.1, 835.3 2767: 2763: 2756: 2752: 2745: 2738: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2704: 2700: 2693: 2689: 2681: 2677: 2659: 2652: 2644: 2637: 2629: 2625: 2617:Eoin MacNeill, 2616: 2612: 2605: 2601: 2578: 2574: 2563: 2559: 2552: 2548: 2540: 2536: 2528: 2524: 2514: 2509: 2508: 2502: 2498: 2489: 2485: 2473: 2469: 2460: 2456: 2448: 2444: 2436: 2432: 2423: 2419: 2409: 2405: 2394: 2390: 2382: 2378: 2369: 2365: 2357: 2353: 2333: 2329: 2320: 2316: 2307: 2303: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2238: 2233: 2227: 2178:knights led by 2166:Ireland in 1482 2160: 2154: 2152:Norman invasion 2114:Pope Eugene III 1951: 1930: 1879: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1845: 1837:Uí Cheinnselaig 1816: 1813: 1758:king of Ireland 1674: 1491:) in Leinster. 1487:(possibly near 1445: 1440: 1381:Strangford Loch 1372: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1333: 1327: 1298:the science of 1295: 1282: 1271: 1265: 1262: 1247: 1231: 1220: 1218:Failed Conquest 1165:ri h-Erenn uile 1144: 1087:of Munster and 979: 973: 935:acceded to the 925: 920: 915: 913: 911: 908: 906: 904: 902: 897: 852: 824:Skellig Islands 780: 774: 769: 705:County Kilkenny 686:Uí Cheinnselaig 552: 542: 451: 430:Gerald of Wales 361: 286:Norman invasion 280:from the first 266: 230: 228: 223: 222: 168: 160: 159: 137: 134: 112: 104: 103: 54: 34: 27: 12: 11: 5: 7148: 7138: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7086: 7076: 7066: 7055: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7026:Misconceptions 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6987: 6985: 6981: 6980: 6978: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6846: 6844: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6836: 6834:Little Ice Age 6831: 6830: 6829: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6787:Western Schism 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6743: 6741: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6635: 6633: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6552: 6551: 6541: 6536: 6534:Late antiquity 6531: 6526: 6521: 6515: 6513: 6507: 6506: 6499: 6498: 6491: 6484: 6476: 6467: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6434: 6433: 6430: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6418: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6406: 6405: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6372:United Kingdom 6368: 6367: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6343: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6312: 6311: 6308: 6307: 6302: 6301: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6280: 6279: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6261:Medieval Wales 6258: 6257: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6236: 6235: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6204: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6180: 6175: 6173:Roman Scotland 6170: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6155: 6154: 6151: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6139: 6138: 6133: 6132: 6131: 6126: 6116: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6096: 6095: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6082: 6081: 6080: 6075: 6065: 6059: 6054: 6053: 6052: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6035: 6034: 6033: 6031:Outer Hebrides 6028: 6026:Inner Hebrides 6023: 6018: 6008: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5989:United Kingdom 5985: 5984: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5968: 5967: 5960: 5953: 5945: 5936: 5935: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5887: 5878: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5842:Heritage Sites 5839: 5834: 5829: 5823: 5821: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5792: 5791: 5781: 5776: 5769: 5763: 5761: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5700: 5698: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5666:Irish diaspora 5663: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5654:Gaelic Ireland 5646: 5640: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5628: 5623: 5616: 5609: 5602: 5595: 5588: 5581: 5580: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5553: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5525: 5524: 5514: 5507: 5501: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5467: 5462: 5456: 5454: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5423: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5411: 5406: 5397: 5395:Rose of Tralee 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5366: 5364: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5339: 5333: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5281: 5279: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5204:List of dishes 5200: 5198: 5191: 5181: 5180: 5168: 5167: 5164: 5163: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5145: 5144: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5123: 5122: 5120:D'Hondt method 5111: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5099: 5094: 5093: 5092: 5087: 5081:Seanad Éireann 5077: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5046: 5045: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5014: 5012: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4981: 4979: 4971: 4970: 4958: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4891: 4890: 4885: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4864: 4855: 4854: 4853: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4821:Extreme points 4818: 4813: 4811:Climate change 4808: 4802: 4800: 4792: 4791: 4779: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4629:1803 Rebellion 4626: 4621: 4619:1798 Rebellion 4616: 4611: 4606: 4604:Williamite War 4601: 4592: 4586:1641 Rebellion 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4566:Spanish Armada 4563: 4558: 4556:Tudor conquest 4553: 4548: 4546:Bruce campaign 4543: 4538: 4524: 4522: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4503: 4502: 4492: 4491:(1921–present) 4486: 4481: 4479:Irish Republic 4476: 4475: 4474: 4464: 4463: 4462: 4457: 4447: 4446: 4445: 4440: 4438:800–1169 4429:Gaelic Ireland 4426: 4421: 4416: 4410: 4408: 4398: 4397: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4381: 4373: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4350: 4349: 4342: 4335: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4312: 4311:External links 4309: 4307: 4306: 4301: 4285: 4280: 4267: 4245: 4240: 4224: 4219: 4206: 4186: 4174: 4142: 4124: 4101: 4052: 4047: 4032: 4006: 4001: 3988: 3946: 3901: 3878: 3855: 3832: 3809: 3786: 3781: 3764: 3759: 3744: 3739: 3726: 3686: 3681: 3664: 3654:(43): 93–133. 3641: 3636: 3623: 3599: 3594: 3581: 3559: 3554: 3541: 3536: 3523: 3518: 3505: 3482: 3464: 3447: 3430: 3413: 3395: 3394: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3375: 3363: 3352: 3340: 3329: 3318: 3306: 3295: 3283: 3271: 3259: 3247: 3235: 3223: 3211: 3193: 3181: 3167: 3148: 3134: 3122: 3103: 3092: 3065: 3053: 3038: 3023: 3008: 2997: 2971: 2952: 2940: 2929: 2917: 2906: 2894: 2882: 2870: 2858: 2847: 2836: 2825: 2814: 2800: 2784: 2772: 2761: 2750: 2736: 2721: 2709: 2698: 2687: 2675: 2650: 2635: 2623: 2610: 2599: 2572: 2557: 2546: 2534: 2521: 2520: 2519: 2518: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2496: 2483: 2467: 2454: 2442: 2430: 2417: 2403: 2388: 2376: 2363: 2351: 2327: 2314: 2301: 2287: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2275: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2237: 2234: 2226: 2223: 2219:Angevin Empire 2198:), the ousted 2188:County Wexford 2153: 2150: 1929: 1926: 1884:Baile In Scáil 1866: 1844: 1841: 1811: 1762:Book of Armagh 1700:, and his son 1673: 1670: 1662:battle of Tara 1442: 1441: 1439: 1438: 1432: 1426: 1420: 1414: 1408: 1402: 1396: 1390: 1384: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1362: 1361: 1354: 1347: 1339: 1326: 1323: 1294: 1291: 1284: 1283: 1234: 1232: 1225: 1219: 1216: 1143: 1140: 997:Linn Dúachaill 972: 969: 918: 896: 893: 851: 848: 838:(Þurgestr) in 773: 770: 768: 765: 673:was dominant. 671:Clann Cholmáin 595:(Ulster), the 546:Gaelic Ireland 541: 538: 450: 447: 411:(Boru) at the 360: 359:Historiography 357: 268: 267: 265: 264: 257: 250: 242: 239: 238: 225: 224: 221: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 175: 169: 166: 165: 162: 161: 158: 157: 148: 143: 141:Irish Republic 138: 131: 129: 124: 119: 117:Gaelic Ireland 113: 110: 109: 106: 105: 102: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 55: 52: 51: 48: 47: 39: 38: 29: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7147: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7085: 7077: 7075: 7067: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7056: 7053: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6982: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6841: 6835: 6832: 6828: 6825: 6824: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6736: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6694:Scholasticism 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6632: 6628: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6556:Rise of Islam 6554: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6497: 6492: 6490: 6485: 6483: 6478: 6477: 6474: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6455:House of York 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6439: 6435: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6374:(since 1707) 6373: 6370: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6360: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6313: 6306: 6305:Medieval Mann 6303: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6284: 6281: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6263: 6262: 6259: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6240: 6237: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6205: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6187:Roman Ireland 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6168:Roman Britain 6166: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6156: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6137: 6134: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6097: 6092: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6069: 6066: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6051: 6048: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6036: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6009: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5999:Isle of Wight 5997: 5996: 5995: 5992: 5991: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5966: 5961: 5959: 5954: 5952: 5947: 5946: 5943: 5933: 5932: 5919: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5899:Public houses 5897: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5818: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5774: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5756: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5693: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5633: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5621: 5617: 5615: 5614: 5610: 5608: 5607: 5603: 5601: 5600: 5596: 5594: 5593: 5589: 5587: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5559: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5546: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5512: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5494: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5472: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5449: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5416: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5361: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5344: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5326: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5173: 5169: 5155: 5154:Peace process 5152: 5150: 5147: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5104: 5098: 5095: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5084:(upper house) 5082: 5078: 5076: 5074:(lower house) 5072: 5068: 5067: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5044: 5041: 5040: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5007: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4990:Republicanism 4988: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4959: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4863: 4859: 4856: 4852: 4849: 4848: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4784: 4780: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4704:Peace process 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4684:The Emergency 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4664:Easter Rising 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4649:Fenian Rising 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4519: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4501: 4498: 4497: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4468: 4465: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4451: 4448: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4434: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4424:Early history 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4390: 4386: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4365: 4362: 4358: 4355: 4348: 4343: 4341: 4336: 4334: 4329: 4328: 4325: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4304: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4283: 4277: 4273: 4268: 4257: 4253: 4252: 4246: 4243: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4222: 4220:0-19-922665-2 4216: 4212: 4207: 4194: 4193: 4187: 4177: 4175:2-503-50624-0 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4148: 4143: 4132: 4131: 4125: 4121: 4115: 4107: 4102: 4098: 4092: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4050: 4048:9781843838555 4044: 4040: 4039: 4033: 4029: 4023: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4004: 4002:0-19-922665-2 3998: 3994: 3989: 3985: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3947: 3943: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3892: 3884: 3879: 3875: 3869: 3861: 3856: 3852: 3846: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3823: 3815: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3792: 3787: 3784: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3765: 3762: 3760:9781137430595 3756: 3752: 3751: 3745: 3742: 3740:0-19-922665-2 3736: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3684: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3648: 3642: 3639: 3637:9781107651654 3633: 3629: 3624: 3612: 3605: 3600: 3597: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3571: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3557: 3555:0-19-922665-2 3551: 3547: 3542: 3539: 3537:0-19-922665-2 3533: 3529: 3524: 3521: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3496: 3488: 3483: 3472: 3471: 3465: 3454: 3453: 3448: 3437: 3436: 3431: 3420: 3419: 3414: 3403: 3402: 3397: 3396: 3391: 3390: 3384: 3379: 3372: 3367: 3361: 3356: 3349: 3344: 3338: 3333: 3327: 3322: 3315: 3310: 3304: 3299: 3292: 3287: 3280: 3275: 3268: 3263: 3257:, pp. 879–80. 3256: 3251: 3244: 3239: 3232: 3227: 3220: 3215: 3209:, pp. 866–67. 3208: 3207: 3200: 3198: 3190: 3185: 3179: 3174: 3172: 3165: 3164: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3146: 3141: 3139: 3131: 3126: 3119: 3118: 3112: 3107: 3101: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3069: 3062: 3057: 3050: 3049: 3042: 3035: 3034: 3027: 3021:, pp. 231–41. 3020: 3019: 3012: 3006: 3001: 2985: 2981: 2975: 2969:, pp. 106–16. 2968: 2964: 2963: 2956: 2949: 2944: 2938: 2933: 2926: 2921: 2915: 2910: 2903: 2898: 2891: 2886: 2879: 2874: 2867: 2862: 2856: 2851: 2845: 2840: 2834: 2829: 2823: 2818: 2812: 2807: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2781: 2776: 2770: 2765: 2759: 2754: 2748: 2743: 2741: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2718: 2713: 2707: 2702: 2696: 2691: 2685:, pp. 609–10. 2684: 2679: 2672: 2671: 2666: 2664: 2657: 2655: 2647: 2642: 2640: 2632: 2627: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2603: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2583: 2576: 2569: 2568: 2561: 2555: 2550: 2543: 2538: 2532:, pp. 814–15. 2531: 2526: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2500: 2494: 2487: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2464: 2458: 2451: 2446: 2439: 2434: 2427: 2421: 2414: 2407: 2400: 2397: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2373: 2367: 2360: 2355: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2338: 2331: 2324: 2318: 2311: 2305: 2298: 2292: 2288: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2247:Great Ireland 2245: 2243: 2240: 2239: 2232: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2164: 2159: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1975:Gilla Pátraic 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1938: 1934: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1885: 1876: 1872: 1865: 1856: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1810: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1730:Domnall Claen 1727: 1723: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1687: 1683: 1680:18th-century 1678: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1647:Cenél Conaill 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1618: 1617:Amlaíb Cuarán 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1582: 1581:Donnchad Donn 1578: 1573: 1570: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1553:Hiberno-Norse 1550: 1549: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1516: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1493:Niall Glúndub 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1370: 1360: 1355: 1353: 1348: 1346: 1341: 1340: 1337: 1332: 1322: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1310: 1305: 1301: 1290: 1280: 1277: 1269: 1266:February 2023 1259: 1255: 1251: 1245: 1244: 1240: 1235:This section 1233: 1229: 1224: 1223: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1198: 1195:of Brega and 1194: 1190: 1185: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1160: 1158: 1157:Áed Findliath 1154: 1149: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1124:Western Isles 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1077: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1030: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 985: 978: 968: 966: 962: 958: 954: 949: 947: 943: 938: 934: 930: 923: 917: 909: 892: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 869: 866: 862: 860: 859:Donnchad Midi 856: 847: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 807: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 779: 764: 762: 758: 753: 751: 747: 743: 738: 734: 733:Corcu Modruad 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 697: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 674: 672: 668: 663: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 636:Cenél nEógain 633: 632:Cenél Conaill 629: 625: 621: 616: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 585:Eoin MacNeill 578: 574: 572: 568: 567: 562: 557: 551: 547: 537: 535: 531: 526: 523: 521: 517: 516: 511: 510: 505: 501: 500: 495: 494: 489: 488: 483: 482: 477: 473: 468: 462: 461: 455: 446: 443: 439: 438:Eoin MacNeill 435: 431: 427: 420: 418: 414: 410: 403: 399: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 369: 368:Eoin MacNeill 365: 356: 354: 350: 346: 341: 336: 334: 330: 326: 322: 317: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 263: 258: 256: 251: 249: 244: 243: 241: 240: 237: 227: 226: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 170: 164: 163: 156: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 136: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 114: 108: 107: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 70: 67: 65: 62: 60: 57: 56: 50: 49: 45: 41: 40: 37: 31: 30: 25: 20: 19: 16: 6855:Architecture 6827:Great Famine 6817:Universities 6757:Hussite Wars 6674:Great Schism 6561:Papal States 5922: 5892: / 5883: / 5874: / 5852:Homelessness 5771: 5739:Road bowling 5734:Martial arts 5681:Ulster Scots 5618: 5611: 5604: 5597: 5590: 5583: 5562:Mythological 5509: 5469: 5442:Ulster Scots 5402: / 5341: 5269:Three-in-One 5080: 5071:Dáil Éireann 5070: 5060: 5018:Constitution 4907: / 4878:Architecture 4860: / 4733:Other topics 4714:Celtic Tiger 4699:The Troubles 4597: / 4588: / 4534: / 4530: / 4431: / 4419:Protohistory 4292: 4271: 4260:, retrieved 4256:the original 4250: 4231: 4210: 4199:, retrieved 4191: 4179:, retrieved 4157: 4153: 4135:, retrieved 4129: 4105: 4091:cite journal 4064: 4060: 4037: 4013: 3992: 3972:. Retrieved 3958: 3952: 3930:. Retrieved 3916: 3910: 3882: 3859: 3836: 3813: 3790: 3772: 3749: 3730: 3710:. Retrieved 3696: 3672: 3651: 3645: 3627: 3615:. Retrieved 3610: 3585: 3574:, retrieved 3568: 3563: 3545: 3527: 3509: 3486: 3475:, retrieved 3469: 3457:, retrieved 3451: 3440:, retrieved 3434: 3423:, retrieved 3417: 3406:, retrieved 3400: 3392:Bibliography 3378: 3366: 3355: 3343: 3332: 3321: 3316:, pp. 911–12 3309: 3298: 3286: 3274: 3262: 3250: 3238: 3226: 3214: 3205: 3184: 3163:Brian Bóruma 3162: 3132:, pp. 22–23. 3125: 3116: 3106: 3095: 3081:(1): 75–88. 3078: 3074: 3068: 3056: 3047: 3041: 3036:, pp. 27–58. 3032: 3026: 3017: 3011: 3000: 2988:. Retrieved 2984:the original 2974: 2962:Viking Kings 2961: 2955: 2943: 2932: 2920: 2909: 2897: 2885: 2873: 2861: 2850: 2839: 2828: 2817: 2787: 2775: 2764: 2753: 2724: 2712: 2701: 2690: 2678: 2668: 2662: 2661:Woolf, Alex 2626: 2618: 2613: 2602: 2594: 2586: 2581: 2575: 2566: 2560: 2549: 2537: 2525: 2499: 2486: 2470: 2461:Quoted from 2457: 2445: 2433: 2420: 2406: 2391: 2379: 2366: 2354: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2317: 2309: 2304: 2291: 2204: 2195: 2182:landed near 2169: 2145: 2122: 2094: 2084: 2047: 2042:papal legate 2035: 2026: 2023: 2014: 1999: 1956: 1952: 1921: 1913: 1911: 1894: 1893:had written 1889: 1881: 1870: 1848: 1847: 1833:Uí Dúnlainge 1818: 1807: 1801: 1770: 1765: 1757: 1754: 1738: 1718: 1713: 1691: 1655: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1590: 1574: 1563: 1557: 1552: 1546: 1544: 1521: 1504: 1484: 1446: 1417:Cathair Cuan 1308: 1296: 1287: 1272: 1263: 1248:Please help 1236: 1201: 1186: 1174: 1164: 1161: 1152: 1145: 1115: 1109: 1096: 1078: 1069:King of Mide 1057:Clonmacnoise 1040: 1034: 1009:River Liffey 1004: 996: 982: 980: 964: 953:Niall Caille 950: 927: 900: 899: 872: 870: 863: 855:Áed Oirdnide 853: 850:Áed Oirdnide 828:County Kerry 808: 781: 754: 737:County Clare 709:County Laois 707:and western 698: 678:Uí Dúnlainge 675: 664: 617: 588: 583: 564: 553: 527: 524: 513: 507: 497: 491: 485: 479: 472:Irish annals 469: 465: 458: 422: 409:Brian Bórama 405: 400: 373: 337: 318: 284:raid to the 273: 271: 73: 64:Protohistory 15: 7084:WikiProject 7011:Medievalism 6850:Agriculture 6714:Manorialism 6709:Communalism 6704:Monasticism 6621:Reconquista 6611:Kievan Rus' 6178:Roman Wales 6062:Isle of Man 5872:Place names 5749:Rugby union 5644:Anglo-Irish 5529:Instruments 5385:The Twelfth 5349:Set dancing 5149:LGBT rights 5055:LGBT rights 4985:Nationalism 4551:Black Death 4289:Woolf, Alex 3712:24 February 2633:pp. 187–88. 2589:, p. xix.; 2411:chronicles" 2372:Lough Neagh 2335:Ó Corráin, 2118:John Paparo 2074:Innocent II 2070:Arrouaisian 2066:Augustinian 2050:St. Malachy 2021:of Armagh. 1937:St. Malachy 1924:) himself. 1804:from 1972: 1794:Good Friday 1625:, known as 1548:Norse-Gaels 1465:Northumbria 1461:Strathclyde 1331:Norse-Gaels 1304:Carolingian 989:Scandinavia 676:In Laigin, 656:Dál nAraidi 652:Dál Fiatach 380:archaeology 33:History of 7099:Categories 7006:Land terms 6960:Technology 6940:Philosophy 6920:Literature 6885:Demography 6586:Viking Age 5773:Cláirseach 5676:Travellers 5534:Rock music 5517:Folk music 5452:Literature 5254:Soda bread 5137:Government 5064:parliament 5061:Oireachtas 5038:Government 4978:Ideologies 4609:Penal Laws 4500:since 1922 4414:Prehistory 3986:required.) 3974:25 October 3944:required.) 3932:25 October 3724:required.) 3477:25 October 3383:AFM 1152.4 2822:AFM 843.13 2512:References 2058:Cistercian 2027:airchinnig 1943:See also: 1909:of Ulaid. 1873:, poem by 1777:Máel Mórda 1714:Brian Boru 1706:Eóganachta 1702:Mathgamain 1686:Brian Boru 1609:Brunanburh 1564:Áth Cliath 1505:Cenn Fuait 1485:Cenn Fuait 1483:landed at 1399:Áth Cliath 1387:Cenn Fuait 1329:See also: 1061:Lough Owel 1039:(in Latin 1001:Annagassan 975:See also: 965:rígdál mór 776:See also: 717:Eóganachta 660:river Bann 442:G.H. Orpen 333:Brian Boru 59:Prehistory 53:Chronology 6991:Dark Ages 6900:Household 6895:Hastilude 6664:Feudalism 5904:Squatting 5620:Fomorians 5549:Mythology 5419:Languages 5404:Halloween 5380:Bealtaine 5363:Festivals 5354:Stepdance 5259:Spice Bag 5244:Irish fry 5234:Colcannon 5209:Barmbrack 5132:Education 5090:President 5028:Education 4944:Transport 4919:Provinces 4841:Mountains 4816:Coastline 4788:Geography 4679:Civil War 4634:Tithe War 3576:6 January 3566:. 819)", 3373:, p. 247. 3350:, p. 923. 3293:, p. 913. 3245:, p. 870. 3233:, p. 869. 3221:, p. 865. 3189:AU 1014.2 3120:, p. 148. 2960:Downham, 2904:, p. 617. 2892:, p. 201. 2719:, p. 663. 2544:, p. 285. 2517:Footnotes 2475:AU 1015.2 2295:See also 2076:in 1139. 2062:Mellifont 2060:house at 1922:ríge Gall 1912:The term 1877:from 1056 1771:In 1012, 1726:Waterford 1694:Dal gCais 1682:engraving 1666:Glúniairn 1593:Athelstan 1524:Waterford 1453:Irish Sea 1393:Mag Femen 1309:peregrini 1237:does not 1181:Ó Corráin 1132:Irish Sea 1041:Turgesius 1017:longships 984:longports 931:from the 757:Uí Briúin 729:Dál gCais 723:and with 648:Airgíalla 597:Connachta 392:Waterford 302:Waterford 173:Conflicts 94:1801–1923 89:1691–1800 84:1536–1691 79:1169–1536 7074:Category 7041:Timeline 6930:Minstrel 6925:Medicine 6807:Chivalry 6762:Burgundy 6684:Crusades 6460:Monarchs 6078:Guernsey 6043:Anglesey 6016:Shetland 6011:Scotland 5980:Overview 5862:Monastic 5827:Calendar 5811:Shamrock 5806:Red Hand 5744:Rounders 5409:Wren Day 5343:Sean-nós 5295:Guinness 5239:Drisheen 5115:Assembly 5097:Taxation 5000:Unionism 4967:Politics 4900:Counties 4644:Land War 4536:Clontarf 4532:Glenmama 4406:Timeline 4291:(2007), 4262:19 March 4201:19 March 4181:19 March 4137:19 March 4083:16957681 4022:citation 4012:(1972), 3660:30007421 3613:: 139–69 3459:19 March 3442:19 March 3425:19 March 3408:19 March 3348:Flanagan 3314:Flanagan 3291:Flanagan 3269:, p. 94. 3111:AU 921.8 3087:25509271 3063:, p. 22. 2990:11 March 2937:AU 871.2 2927:, p. 20. 2914:AU 866.8 2878:AU 853.2 2868:, p. 16. 2855:AU 848.4 2844:AU 848.5 2833:AU 845.8 2798:, p. 19. 2792:AU 873.3 2782:, p. 19. 2758:AU 833.4 2733:AU 817.8 2665:, p. 47. 2580:Hughes, 2565:Hughes, 2428:, p. 94. 2396:AU 902.2 2236:See also 2207:Henry II 1979:Lanfranc 1963:diocesan 1959:monastic 1867:— 1821:Donnchad 1812:— 1584:Munster 1540:Limerick 1457:Pictland 1449:Uí Ímair 1435:Clontarf 1429:Glenmama 1411:Luimnech 1300:computus 1177:Pictland 1136:Uí Ímair 1116:Lochlann 1093:Lochlann 1073:Thorgest 1049:Connacht 1037:Thorgest 1007:(on the 1005:Duiblinn 919:— 820:Scotland 812:Shetland 804:Connacht 620:Uí Néill 571:paganism 520:Uí Néill 484:and the 396:Limerick 329:Uí Néill 310:Limerick 188:Kingdoms 74:795–1169 24:a series 22:Part of 6984:Related 6970:Warfare 6965:Theatre 6955:Slavery 6950:Science 6905:Hunting 6870:Cuisine 6843:Culture 6782:Castile 6777:England 6437:Related 6057:Ireland 5994:England 5832:Castles 5759:Symbols 5729:Hurling 5714:Camogie 5613:Firbolg 5599:Immrama 5592:Echtrai 5522:session 5505:Ballads 5482:Theatre 5471:Gaeilge 5465:Fiction 5400:Samhain 5315:Whiskey 5189:Cuisine 5177:Culture 5127:Economy 5023:Economy 4831:Islands 4806:Climate 4799:Natural 4394:History 4354:Ireland 4154:Peritia 3771:(ed.), 3671:(ed.), 3617:4 April 3204:Byrne, 3161:Duffy, 3115:Woolf, 2648:, p. 2. 2504:Cashel. 2415:, p. 6. 2347:Rathlin 2339:, p. 9. 2125:Stephen 2019:Cellach 1987:Gofraid 1969:became 1656:In 980 1569:Gofraid 1536:Wexford 1489:Leixlip 1477:Ragnall 1405:Sulcoit 1258:removed 1243:sources 1110:In 853 1097:Forrach 1043:). The 993:British 881:Columba 877:Patrick 873:familia 682:Kildare 626:" and " 605:Munster 589:cóiceda 470:Extant 388:Wexford 345:Normans 314:Ireland 298:Wexford 203:Judaism 183:Cuisine 69:400–795 35:Ireland 7064:Portal 6945:Poetry 6772:France 6073:Jersey 6064:(Mann) 6021:Orkney 5837:Cinema 5636:People 5585:Aos Sí 5572:Ulster 5567:Fenian 5557:Cycles 5487:Triads 5477:Poetry 5460:Annals 5437:Shelta 5390:Lúnasa 5370:Imbolc 5305:Poitín 5285:Coffee 5278:Drinks 5229:Coddle 4895:Cities 4846:Rivers 4836:Loughs 4521:Events 4379:topics 4371:topics 4357:topics 4299: 4278: 4238: 4217: 4172: 4081: 4045: 3999: 3980: 3938: 3779: 3757: 3737: 3718: 3679: 3658: 3634: 3592: 3552: 3534: 3516: 3085: 2595:passim 2343:Rechru 2310:cóiced 2211:Dublin 2184:Bannow 2176:Norman 2132:. 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Knowledge

History of Ireland (795–1169)

Index