47:
407:
881:
591:
3936:
2297:
234:
2308:
1488:
2285:
46:
2318:
906:. These were dream poems, typically featuring a woman representing Ireland who pleaded with the young men of Ireland to save her from slavery and oppression. Many Irish language poets clung to a romantic attachment to the Jacobite cause, although some wrote in praise of the United Irishmen in the 1790s. Other, non-political poetry could be quite sexually explicit, for example the poem
532:
Catholic gentry to
Protestantism to keep their lands. Another reason was the Penal laws stipulation that Catholic owned land could not be passed on intact to a single heir. This made many Catholic landholdings unproductive and caused them to fall out of Catholic hands over several generations. This period of defeat and apparent hopelessness for Irish Catholics was referred to in
770:
762:, the United Irish leader, went to France to seek French military support. These efforts bore fruit when the French launched an expeditionary force of 15,000 troops which arrived off Bantry Bay in December 1796, but failed to land due to a combination of indecisiveness, poor seamanship, and storms off the
531:
which ended in 1691. The defeat of the
Catholic landed classes in this war meant that those who had fought for James II had their lands confiscated (until a pardon of 1710). The outcome of the war also meant that Catholics were excluded from political power. One reason for this was the conversion of
666:
Partly as a result of the trade laws being liberalised, Ireland went through an economic boom in the 1780s. Canals extended from Dublin westwards and the Four Courts and Post Office were established. Dublin's granite-lined quays were built and it boasted that it was the 'second city of the empire'.
418:
The majority of the people of
Ireland were Catholic peasants; they were very poor and largely impotent politically during the eighteenth century, as many of their leaders converted to Protestantism to avoid severe economic and political penalties. Nevertheless, there was a growing Catholic cultural
397:
Great economic disparities existed between different areas of the country, with the north and east being relatively highly developed, rich and involved in export of goods, whereas much of the west was roadless, hardly developed and had a cashless subsistence economy with a growing dependence on the
951:
This period in Irish history has been called "the long peace" and indeed for nearly one hundred years, there was little political violence in
Ireland, in stark contrast to the previous two hundred years. Nevertheless, the period 1691–1801 began and ended in violence. By its close, the dominance of
681:
Further reforms for
Catholics continued to 1793, when they could again vote, sit on grand juries and buy freehold land. However they could neither enter parliament nor become senior state officials. Reform stalled because of the French war (1793), but, as the French republicans were opposed to the
486:
prohibitions against trade with other
British colonies. The king and his cabinet in London could not risk another revolution on the American model, so they made a series of concessions to the Patriot faction in Dublin. Mostly Protestant "Volunteer" units of armed men were set up to protect against
960:
that created the United
Kingdom from January 1801. The violence of the 1790s had shattered the hopes of many radicals that the old sectarian divisions in Irish society could be forgotten. Presbyterians in particular largely abandoned their alliance with Catholics and radicals in the 19th century.
579:
recognition of the
Hanoverian dynasty in 1766, the threat to the Protestant Ascendancy eased and many Penal Laws were relaxed or lightly enforced. In addition, some Catholic gentry families got around the Penal Laws by making nominal conversions to Protestantism or by getting one family member to
554:
and mostly descended from
Scottish settlers, also suffered from the Penal Laws. They could sit in Parliament but not hold office. Both Catholics and Presbyterians were also barred from certain professions (such as law, the judiciary and the army) and had restrictions on inheriting land. Catholics
462:
served from 1767–72 and, unlike his predecessors, was in full-time residence in Dublin Castle. Townshend had the strong support of both the king and the cabinet in London, so that all major decisions were basically made in London. He dismantled the undertaker system and centralized patronage and
792:
Thereafter, the government began a campaign of repression targeted against the United
Irishmen, including executions, routine use of torture, transportation to penal colonies and house burnings. As the repression began to bite, the United Irishmen decided to go ahead with an insurrection without
390:. Methods used by the secret societies included the killing or maiming of livestock, tearing down of enclosure fences and occasionally violence against landlords, bailiffs and the militia. Rural discontent was exacerbated by the rapidly growing population – a trend that would continue until the
821:. The rebellion lasted just three months before it was suppressed, but claimed an estimated 30,000 lives. Being the largest outburst of violence in modern Ireland, 1798 looms heavily in collective memory and was commemorated extensively in its centennial and bicentennial anniversaries.
613:
By the late 18th century, many of the Irish Protestant elite had come to see Ireland as their native country and were angered at the neglect from London. The Patriots, led by Henry Grattan agitated for a more favourable trading relationship with England, in particular abolition of the
427:. They owned the great bulk of the farmland, where the work was done by the Catholic peasants. Many of these families lived in England and were absentee landlords, whose loyalty was basically to England. Many of the Anglo-Irish who lived in Ireland became increasingly identified as
359:, Bishop of Cloyne wondered "how a foreigner could possibly conceive that half the inhabitants are dying of hunger in a country so abundant in foodstuffs?" In the 1740s, these economic inequalities, when combined with an exceptionally cold winter and poor harvest, led directly to the
824:
The Republican ideal of a non-sectarian society was greatly damaged by sectarian atrocities committed by both sides during the rebellion. The British response was swift and harsh: days after the outbreak of the rebellion local forces publicly executed suspected United Irishmen in
558:
In the early part of the 18th century, these Penal Laws were augmented and quite strictly enforced, as the Protestant elite were unsure of their position and threatened by the continued existence of Irish Catholic regiments in the French army committed to a restoration of the
363:, which killed about 400,000 people. In the 1780s, due to increased competition from salted-meat exporters in the Baltic and North America, the Anglo-Irish landowners rapidly switched to growing grain for export, while their impoverished tenants ate potatoes and
943:, who converted to Protestantism and became a leading philosopher in intellectual circles in Scotland, England, Germany and Bohemia. Much of Ireland's finest urban architecture also stems from this era, particularly in the cities of Dublin and Limerick.
701:, initially to campaign for the end to religious discrimination and the widening of the right to vote. However, the group soon radicalised its aims and sought to overthrow British rule and found a non-sectarian republic. In the words of
969:
would in the future be a more exclusively Catholic phenomenon. Many Protestants saw their continued pre-eminence in Irish society, and their hopes for the Irish economy, as being guaranteed only by the Union with Britain and became
627:
that allowed the English Parliament to legislate for Ireland. Many of their demands were met in 1782, when Free Trade was granted between Ireland and England and Poynings' Law was amended. Instrumental in achieving reform was the
502:
was instigated by those impatient with the slow pace of reform, with French support. Britain suppressed the separatists, and legislated a complete union with Ireland in 1801, including the abolition of the Irish Parliament.
618:
that enforced tariffs on Irish goods in English markets, but allowed no tariffs for English goods in Ireland. From early in the century, Irish parliamentarians also campaigned for legislative independence for the
419:
awakening underway. There were two Protestant groups. The Presbyterians in Ulster in the north lived in better economic conditions, but had virtually no political power. Power was held by a small group of
587:" – a moderate organisation of Catholic gentry and Clergy in each county which advocated repeal of the Penal Laws and emphasised their loyalty. Reforms on land ownership then started in 1771 and 1778–79.
801:, then briefly in Kildare, Meath, Carlow and Wicklow. County Wexford in the southeast then saw the most sustained fighting of the rebellion, to be briefly joined by rebels who took to the field in
450:
or viceroy. In practice, the viceroys lived in England and the affairs in the island were largely controlled by an elite group of Irish Protestants known as "undertakers." These men controlled the
494:
The result was a series of new laws that made the Irish Parliament a powerful institution that was independent of the British Parliament, although still under the supervision of the King and his
347:) and for a temporary iron industry in the course of the 17th century, Irish estates turned to the export of salt beef, pork, butter, and hard cheese through the slaughterhouse and port city of
739:
movement was also suppressed. However, these measures did nothing to calm the situation in Ireland and these reforms were bitterly opposed by the "ultra-loyalist" Protestant hardliners such as
446:. A declaration in 1720 stated that Ireland was dependent on Britain and that the British Parliament had power to make laws binding Ireland. The king set policy through his appointment of the
663:, remained opposed to further concessions to Catholics and, led by the 'Junta', argued that the "Protestant Interest" could only be secured by maintaining the connection with Britain.
735:
were banned after Revolutionary France in 1793 declared war on Britain and they developed from a political movement into a military organisation preparing for armed rebellion. The
463:
power. His "Castle party" took charge of the Irish House of Commons. In response, "patriot" opposition emerged to challenge the increasingly centralized, oligarchical government.
888:
Some historians argue that there were two cultures existing side by side in 18th century Ireland, which had little contact with each other. One was Catholic and Gaelic, the other
515:
in composition. Catholics had been barred from holding office in the early 17th century, barred from sitting in Parliament by mid-century and finally disenfranchised in 1727.
370:
Peasant secret societies became common in 18th century Ireland as the chief means of changing landlords' behaviour. These illegal formations called themselves names like the
299:, and had taken control of most of the land. Many were absentee landlords based in England, but others lived full-time in Ireland and increasingly identified as Irish. (See
3903:
785:
2754:
3851:
2774:
2871:
731:. Many Catholics, particularly the emergent Catholic middle class, were also attracted to the movement, and it claimed over 200,000 members by 1798. The
458:. A series of reform proposals culminated in a dramatic change in 1767, with the appointment of an English politician who became a very strong viceroy.
3856:
2867:
860:, dominated by the Protestant landed class, was persuaded to vote for its own abolition for fear of another rebellion and with the aid of bribery by
3713:
956:
that had ruled the country for 100 years was beginning to be challenged by an increasingly assertive Catholic population, and was ended by the
647:" was the start of a process that would end sectarian discrimination and usher in an era of prosperity and Irish self-government. Conservative
386:. Issues that motivated them included high rents, evictions, enclosure of common lands and payment of tithes to the state church, the Anglican
2933:
797:. When the central core of the plan, an uprising in Dublin, failed, the rebellion then spread in an apparently random fashion firstly around
3885:
1548:
833:
Government troops and militia targeted Catholics in general and the rebels on several occasions killed Protestant loyalist civilians. In
262:
3052:
2476:
2388:
1712:
1694:
861:
624:
135:
3899:
2820:
2698:
3960:
3718:
2354:
2311:
1722:
459:
852:
Largely in response to the rebellion, Irish self-government was abolished altogether from 1 January 1801 by the provisions of the
3890:
2914:
2703:
3064:
2948:
2608:
1732:
667:
Corn laws were introduced in 1784 to give a bounty on flour shipped to Dublin; this promoted the spread of mills and tillage.
3975:
3866:
2897:
1332:
323:, owned land and businesses but could not vote and had no political power. The period begins with the defeat of the Catholic
3768:
3151:
3037:
2321:
3106:
3019:
2976:
1727:
3871:
3635:
3538:
3032:
2943:
2718:
2521:
2481:
2464:
2452:
2380:
1992:
1576:
988:
983:
656:
312:
307:
controlled by the King of Great Britain and supervised by his cabinet in London. The great majority of its population,
153:
96:
86:
81:
343:
In the wake of the wars of conquest of the 17th century, completely deforested of timber for export (usually for the
2728:
2447:
1209:
210:
76:
3970:
3965:
3894:
2918:
2550:
2493:
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2064:
1541:
443:
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3531:
3158:
2604:
2059:
2004:
1669:
736:
723:
community, being literate, who were also discriminated against for their religion, and who had strong links with
640:, but was outside of government control and staged armed demonstrations in favour of Grattan's reforming agenda.
629:
608:
540:– or "shipwreck". Protestant pamphlets emphasized the positive aspects of the Glorious Revolution; liberty from
467:
303:). During this time, Ireland was nominally an autonomous Kingdom with its own Parliament; in actuality it was a
3163:
3059:
2733:
2713:
2668:
2366:
694:
487:
the possibility of an invasion from France. As happened in America, in Ireland the king no longer had a legal
300:
205:
868:. The Catholic Bishops, who had condemned the rebellion, supported the Union as a step on the road to further
583:
From 1766 Catholics favoured reform of the existing state in Ireland. Their politics were represented by the "
3141:
2850:
2764:
1032:
Louis M. Cullen, "Problems in the interpretation and revision of eighteenth-century Irish economic history."
541:
335:, which formally annexed Ireland in a United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 and dissolved the Irish Parliament.
220:
716:
The United Irishmen spread quickly throughout the country. Republicanism was particularly attractive to the
3798:
3116:
3042:
2892:
2825:
2749:
2623:
2580:
2347:
2242:
2079:
1996:
1964:
1644:
740:
652:
636:
in 1778. This militia, up to 100,000 strong, was formed to defend Ireland from foreign invasion during the
584:
360:
175:
3136:
2509:
2000:
1534:
1416:
248:
215:
157:
26:
563:
dynasty. From time to time, these fears were exacerbated by the activities of Catholic bandits known as
3841:
3480:
3146:
2840:
2258:
2089:
2020:
1664:
865:
660:
637:
447:
931:. Of importance in the British Parliament, and in the history of conservatism, was political thinker
3548:
3404:
3124:
2938:
2860:
2845:
2830:
2678:
2613:
2575:
2565:
2555:
2415:
2250:
1717:
1679:
1673:
1609:
1571:
826:
743:. Violence and disorder became widespread. Hardening loyalist attitudes led to the foundation of the
528:
328:
101:
3566:
3793:
2923:
2537:
1983:
1683:
1493:
185:
1807:
754:, now dedicated to armed revolution, forged links with the militant Catholic peasant society, the
3861:
3810:
3526:
3278:
3027:
2887:
2693:
2638:
2628:
2595:
2428:
2340:
2178:
2010:
1689:
1654:
794:
499:
479:
379:
195:
66:
1470:
406:
3881:
3758:
3384:
2904:
2759:
2648:
2599:
2227:
2044:
2039:
1977:
1737:
1659:
1634:
1624:
1283:
Swift, the book, and the Irish financial revolution: Satire and sovereignty in colonial Ireland
911:
773:
391:
296:
190:
1871:
598:. Tone was captured in the Rebellion of 1798 and committed suicide before he could be executed
498:. These concessions, instead of satisfying the Irish Patriots, intensified their demands. The
3543:
3514:
3047:
2289:
2211:
2029:
1969:
1619:
953:
927:
869:
857:
676:
620:
451:
280:
3913:
3680:
3451:
3428:
3213:
3099:
2953:
2928:
2797:
2618:
2590:
2169:
2033:
1973:
1752:
1742:
1638:
724:
644:
488:
455:
200:
880:
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3690:
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3474:
3319:
3009:
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2423:
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2074:
2069:
2049:
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1437:
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842:
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728:
702:
475:
124:
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3615:
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3743:
3670:
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3258:
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2683:
2633:
2570:
2545:
2541:
2459:
2403:
2234:
2140:
2015:
1863:
1757:
1629:
1614:
1557:
957:
853:
846:
744:
572:
431:, and were resentful of the English control of their island. Their spokesmen, such as
411:
332:
129:
35:
1061:
Gale E. Christianson, "Secret Societies and Agrarian Violence in Ireland, 1790-1840."
711:
break the connection with England, the never failing source of all our political evils
682:
Catholic Church, in 1795 the government assisted in building St. Patrick's College in
580:"convert" to hold land for the rest of his family, or to take a large mortgage on it.
3846:
3776:
3496:
3358:
3223:
3129:
3079:
2994:
2855:
2769:
2133:
2025:
1442:
1432:
1328:
1205:
1095:
Eighteenth-Century Ireland: The Isle of Slaves - The Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland
966:
830:
690:
428:
424:
387:
288:
3352:
3089:
3705:
3685:
3506:
3461:
2835:
2516:
2498:
2385:
2195:
1895:
1815:
1225:
1119:
David Lammey, "The Growth of the 'Patriot Opposition' in Ireland during the 1770,"
148:
590:
3805:
3733:
3728:
3558:
3436:
3363:
3004:
2688:
2663:
2187:
1498:
1404:
Ireland: Land of Troubles: A History from the Twelfth Century to the Present Day.
818:
751:
732:
648:
615:
524:
383:
356:
670:
3940:
3836:
3675:
3663:
3441:
2504:
2488:
2438:
2301:
2161:
2125:
1943:
1604:
1158:
Peter Jupp, "Earl Temple's Viceroyalty and the Renunciation Question, 1782-3,"
940:
922:
915:
893:
814:
533:
432:
308:
238:
143:
119:
1911:
3954:
3491:
3324:
3198:
2673:
2658:
1228:. Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain. Vol. 1800 c. 67. 2 July 1800
802:
707:
substitute the common name of Irishman for Protestant, Catholic and Dissenter
547:
495:
471:
16:
Events and issues in Ireland from the Battle of the Boyne to the Act of Union
1469:
3645:
3581:
3576:
3486:
3469:
3294:
3233:
2723:
2708:
2084:
1935:
1887:
1847:
932:
903:
720:
483:
436:
316:
304:
1839:
3782:
3695:
3394:
3338:
3299:
2560:
2153:
2145:
1988:
1799:
936:
889:
810:
806:
420:
352:
348:
284:
180:
1358:
Remembering the Year of the French: Irish Folk History and Social Memory
1325:
Eighteenth Century Ireland: The Long Peace (New Gill History of Ireland)
1312:
1250:. Acts of the Old Irish Parliament. Vol. 1800 c. 38. 1 August 1800
1082:
351:, which supplied England, the British navy and the sugar islands of the
3876:
3399:
3309:
3273:
3263:
3069:
2266:
2109:
2054:
1927:
1903:
1823:
1747:
1506:
1479:
1353:
1296:
Edmund Burke and Ireland: Aesthetics, politics and the colonial sublime
1066:
759:
595:
560:
516:
512:
344:
324:
3520:
782:
a recreant yeoman having deserted to them in uniform is being cut down
602:
3908:
3629:
3413:
3268:
3243:
3218:
2643:
2117:
1919:
1526:
1390:
The United Irishmen: Popular Politics in Ulster and Dublin, 1791-1798
838:
568:
564:
375:
371:
3594:
3314:
1791:
1376:
Religion, Law, and Power: The Making of Protestant Ireland 1660-1760
3820:
3753:
3418:
3304:
3248:
2653:
689:
Some in Ireland were attracted to the more militant example of the
683:
576:
1487:
693:
of 1789. In 1791, a small group of Protestant radicals formed the
3738:
3723:
3622:
3409:
3389:
2363:
2332:
1855:
1775:
1515:
The Men of No Property – Radical Politics in Ireland in the 1790s
898:
698:
633:
571:. However, after the demise of the Jacobite cause in Scotland at
292:
892:
and Protestant. In this period, there continued to be a vibrant
544:, the preservation of property and a degree of electoral power.
3608:
3601:
3446:
3379:
3238:
1783:
921:
Anglo-Irish writers were also prolific in this period, notably
834:
798:
763:
717:
551:
364:
320:
295:
in the wake of its conquest by England and colonisation in the
3658:
3228:
1497:
671:
The United Irishmen, the 1798 Rebellion and the Acts of Union
520:
809:
in the north. A small French force landed in Killala Bay in
643:
For the "Patriots", as Grattan's followers were known, the "
1462:
Ireland in the age of imperialism and revolution, 1760–1801
1307:
J. G. Simms, "John Toland (1670-1722), a Donegal Heretic."
1147:
Ireland in the age of imperialism and revolution, 1760–1801
813:
leading to a last outbreak of rebellion in counties Mayo,
769:
3346:
1455:
The Isle of Slaves - The Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland
555:
could not bear arms or exercise their religion publicly.
454:
and made themselves even wealthier through patronage and
1021:
An Economic History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century
511:
The Irish Parliament of this era was almost exclusively
311:, were excluded from power and land ownership under the
2775:
List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland
935:. One intellectual who crossed the cultural divide was
910:(the Midnight Court). Gaelic poets of this era include
1077:
James S. Donnelly, "The Whiteboy movement, 1761-5."
478:
and demanded more and more self-rule. The so-called "
2505:
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
550:, who were concentrated in the northern province of
778:Charge of the 5th Dragoon Guards on the insurgents
2868:List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland
221:History of the Irish language
3952:
727:emigrants who had fought against Britain in the
3714:Association football in the Republic of Ireland
1184:
793:French help. Their activity culminated in the
758:, who had been raiding farmhouses since 1792.
2348:
1542:
1505:. Dublin: Browne and Nolan, Ltd. – via
1478:. Dublin: Browne and Nolan, Ltd. – via
1346:Bartlett, Thomas, Kevin Dawson, Daire Keogh,
609:Irish Patriot Party § Grattan's Patriots
256:
1411:History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century
1047:History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century
1034:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
567:and by peasant secret societies such as the
2477:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
1492:
1204:. Cambridge University Press. p. 297.
747:, a hardline Protestant grouping, in 1795.
3900:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland
2355:
2341:
1549:
1535:
1383:The Emergence of Modern Ireland, 1600-1900
1187:The Cambridge Companion to Johnathan Swift
263:
249:
1008:Ireland: a new economic history 1780-1939
603:"Grattan's Parliament" and the Volunteers
3719:Association football in Northern Ireland
1723:Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act 1543
1199:
879:
768:
589:
442:Ireland was a separate kingdom ruled by
405:
2915:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland
1049:(6 vol. 1892) vol 2, 1760-1789 pp 1-51
474:, had been greatly strengthened by the
3953:
1733:Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652
1556:
1467:
291:, whose English ancestors had settled
3184:
2974:
2795:
2401:
2336:
1530:
1521:War and Politics in Ireland 1649–1730
1443:vol 6, international affairs of 1790s
338:
1272:(University of Illinois Press, 1962)
849:and the newly founded Orange Order.
519:, support for the Stuart dynasty by
423:families, who followed the Anglican
2317:
1728:Settlement of Laois and Offaly 1556
1500:Studies in Irish History, 1649-1775
1476:Studies in Irish History, 1649-1775
1298:(Cambridge University Press, 2003).
527:, had been utterly defeated in the
279:was marked by the dominance of the
13:
2944:Tourism in the Republic of Ireland
2719:Economy of the Republic of Ireland
2517:Irish Free State (1922–1937)
2362:
1409:Lecky, William Edward Hartpole.
1340:
989:Category:18th-century Irish people
984:Category:17th-century Irish people
939:, an Irish speaking Catholic from
14:
3987:
2729:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn
1453:(New Gill History of Ireland 4):
1406:Holmes & Meier, 1982. 224 pp.
837:, the 1790s were marked by naked
506:
401:
277:history of Ireland from 1691–1800
3934:
2898:Tallest buildings and structures
2316:
2307:
2306:
2295:
2283:
1486:
1392:(Oxford University Press, 1994).
398:potato as the main food supply.
315:. The second-largest group, the
232:
45:
3961:Early modern history of Ireland
1670:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
1327:, Gill & Macmillan (2009),
1317:
1301:
1288:
1275:
1262:
1240:
1218:
1193:
1178:
1165:
1152:
1139:
1126:
1045:William Edward Hartpole Lecky,
1036:(Fifth Series) 17 (1967): 1-22.
896:literature, exemplified by the
845:and Protestant groups like the
2734:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis
1582:History of Ireland (1691–1800)
1577:History of Ireland (1536–1691)
1113:
1100:
1087:
1071:
1055:
1039:
1026:
1013:
1000:
695:Society of the United Irishmen
301:Early Modern Ireland 1536-1691
1:
2796:
1202:A Military History of Ireland
1189:. Cambridge University Press.
994:
482:" forced the reversal of the
439:, sought more local control.
3976:History of Ireland by period
3799:Northern Ireland flags issue
2975:
2750:List of conflicts in Ireland
2494:Southern Ireland (1921–1922)
1965:Dublin Castle administration
1468:Murray, Alice Effie (1903).
1365:The Perspective of the World
1360:(U of Wisconsin Press, 2007)
7:
3185:
2770:Gaelic clothing and fashion
2402:
1369:Civilization and Capitalism
1248:Act of Union (Ireland) 1800
1226:Union with Ireland Act 1800
977:
623:, especially the repeal of
10:
3992:
1665:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
1451:Eighteenth-Century Ireland
1270:Jonathan Swift and Ireland
875:
866:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
686:for Catholic seminarians.
674:
638:American Revolutionary War
606:
470:, under the leadership of
448:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
444:King George III of Britain
331:in 1691 and ends with the
3930:
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2397:
2373:
2290:British Empire portal
2278:
2098:
1955:
1766:
1718:Crown of Ireland Act 1542
1703:
1610:Tudor conquest of Ireland
1590:
1572:Timeline of Irish history
1564:
1397:Modern Ireland, 1600–1972
1371:. (1979, in English 1985)
1268:Oliver Watkins Ferguson,
1200:Bartlett, Thomas (1997).
1108:Modern Ireland: 1600-1972
1023:(London and Dublin, 1918)
946:
529:Williamite war in Ireland
329:Williamite War in Ireland
287:families of the Anglican
138:Great Britain and Ireland
102:Timeline of Irish history
1984:Privy Council of Ireland
1309:Irish historical studies
1185:Christopher Fox (2003).
1173:Modern Ireland 1600-1972
1160:Irish Historical Studies
1134:Modern Ireland 1600-1972
1079:Irish Historical Studies
961:Under the leadership of
841:strife between Catholic
3971:18th century in Ireland
3966:17th century in Ireland
3891:Prostitution (Republic)
2011:Court of Castle Chamber
1690:Irish Rebellion of 1798
1680:Williamite–Jacobite War
1655:Irish Rebellion of 1641
1417:vol 1 1700-1760, online
1378:(Clarendon Press, 1992)
1162:(1971) 17#68 pp 499-520
795:Irish Rebellion of 1798
500:Irish Rebellion of 1798
2760:List of Irish kingdoms
2045:Trinity College Dublin
2040:Grand Lodge of Ireland
1978:Irish House of Commons
1936:Bréifne Uí Raghallaigh
1738:Act of Settlement 1662
1660:Irish Confederate Wars
1635:Plantations of Ireland
1625:Reformation in Ireland
1494:O'Brien, Richard Barry
1471:"After Limerick"
1123:(1988) 7#2 pp 257-281.
885:
789:
774:Battle of Vinegar Hill
599:
415:
297:Plantations of Ireland
3867:Mass media (Republic)
3811:National coat of arms
2699:IRA Northern Campaign
1970:Parliament of Ireland
1620:Surrender and regrant
1121:Parliamentary History
954:Protestant Ascendancy
883:
870:Catholic Emancipation
772:
705:, its goals were to "
677:Cornwallis in Ireland
632:movement, founded in
621:Parliament of Ireland
593:
409:
281:Protestant Ascendancy
216:Economic history
211:British monarchs
3789:County coats of arms
3681:List of Irish people
2755:List of Irish tribes
2605:Cromwellian conquest
2591:Plantation of Ulster
2522:Ireland (since 1922)
1974:Irish House of Lords
1753:Constitution of 1782
1063:Agricultural History
725:Scots-Irish American
645:Constitution of 1782
489:monopoly of violence
480:Grattan's Parliament
456:political corruption
201:Gaelic monarchs
114:Peoples and polities
3904:in Northern Ireland
3895:in Northern Ireland
3636:Legendary creatures
3549:Traditional singing
3385:Saint Patrick's Day
3020:Republic of Ireland
2949:Tourist attractions
2934:ROI–UK border
2919:of Northern Ireland
2872:in Northern Ireland
2704:IRA Border Campaign
2679:War of Independence
2649:Second Great Famine
2634:Act of Union (1800)
2586:Flight of the Earls
2443:Lordship of Ireland
2378:Republic of Ireland
2050:Order of St Patrick
1872:Mac William Íochtar
1649:Flight of the Earls
1600:Lordship of Ireland
908:Cuirt an Mean Oiche
729:American Revolution
703:Theobald Wolfe Tone
585:Catholic Committees
476:American Revolution
361:famine of 1740–1741
154:Republic of Ireland
125:Lordship of Ireland
3941:Ireland portal
3259:Skirts and kidneys
2765:List of High Kings
2684:Anglo-Irish Treaty
2624:First Great Famine
2609:Settlement of 1652
2581:Tyrone's Rebellion
2571:Desmond Rebellions
2460:Kingdom of Ireland
2302:Ireland portal
2080:Catholic Committee
2016:Peerage of Ireland
1824:Clann Aodha Buidhe
1758:Acts of Union 1800
1630:Desmond Rebellions
1558:Kingdom of Ireland
1374:Connolly, Sean J.
1363:Braudel, Fernand.
1323:Eamon O'Flaherty,
958:Acts of Union 1800
928:Gulliver's Travels
886:
854:Acts of Union 1800
790:
600:
429:Irish nationalists
416:
412:Kingdom of Ireland
339:Economic situation
333:Acts of Union 1800
239:Ireland portal
130:Kingdom of Ireland
3948:
3947:
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3332:
3224:Bacon and cabbage
3176:
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3043:Foreign relations
2966:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2893:Notable buildings
2787:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2330:
2329:
2026:Church of Ireland
1888:Bréifne Uí Ruairc
1388:Curtin, Nancy J.
1333:978-0-7171-1627-0
1311:(1969): 304-320.
1110:(1988) pp 153-225
1065:(1972): 369-384.
967:Irish nationalism
912:Aogán Ó Rathaille
776:(21 June 1798) -"
691:French Revolution
575:in 1746, and the
425:Church of Ireland
388:Church of Ireland
289:Church of Ireland
273:
272:
136:United Kingdom of
3983:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3616:Tuatha Dé Danann
3204:
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3194:
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3117:Northern Ireland
3095:
3085:
3075:
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2806:
2805:
2793:
2792:
2669:Home Rule crisis
2499:Northern Ireland
2412:
2411:
2399:
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2386:Northern Ireland
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2129:(1553; disputed)
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1544:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1510:
1504:
1490:
1483:
1473:
1460:McDowell, R. B.
1438:vol 5, 1798-1801
1423:vol 2, 1760-1789
1402:Johnson, Paul.
1335:
1321:
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1182:
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1175:(1988) pp 259-86
1169:
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1150:
1145:R. B. McDowell,
1143:
1137:
1136:(1988) pp 226-40
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1019:George O'Brien,
1017:
1011:
1006:Cormac O Grada,
1004:
963:Daniel O'Connell
858:Irish Parliament
630:Irish Volunteers
525:Catholic Ireland
460:George Townshend
452:Irish Parliament
265:
258:
251:
237:
236:
235:
158:Northern Ireland
149:Irish Free State
49:
39:
21:
20:
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3990:
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3886:outside Ireland
3857:Historic houses
3825:
3806:Irish Wolfhound
3777:Brighid's Cross
3763:
3734:Gaelic handball
3729:Gaelic football
3700:
3671:Hiberno-Normans
3640:
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3005:Ulster loyalism
2979:
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2664:Dublin lock-out
2600:Confederate War
2551:Norman invasion
2538:Battles of Tara
2526:
2482:1801–1923
2470:1691–1800
2465:1536–1691
2453:1169–1536
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1957:
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1343:
1341:Further reading
1338:
1322:
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1306:
1302:
1293:
1289:
1281:Sean D. Moore,
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862:Lord Cornwallis
847:Peep O'Day Boys
752:United Irishmen
733:United Irishmen
679:
673:
657:John Fitzgibbon
616:Navigation Acts
611:
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509:
404:
384:Hearts of Steel
357:George Berkeley
341:
309:Roman Catholics
269:
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3852:Heritage Sites
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3664:Gaelic Ireland
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3405:Rose of Tralee
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3214:List of dishes
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3130:D'Hondt method
3121:
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3091:Seanad Éireann
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2831:Extreme points
2828:
2823:
2821:Climate change
2818:
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2651:
2646:
2641:
2639:1803 Rebellion
2636:
2631:
2629:1798 Rebellion
2626:
2621:
2616:
2614:Williamite War
2611:
2602:
2596:1641 Rebellion
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2576:Spanish Armada
2573:
2568:
2566:Tudor conquest
2563:
2558:
2556:Bruce campaign
2553:
2548:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2502:
2501:(1921–present)
2496:
2491:
2489:Irish Republic
2486:
2485:
2484:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2448:800–1169
2439:Gaelic Ireland
2436:
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2193:
2185:
2175:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2131:
2126:Lady Jane Grey
2123:
2115:
2106:
2104:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2070:Irish Patriots
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
1986:
1981:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1917:
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1901:
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1709:
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1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1695:United Kingdom
1692:
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1677:
1667:
1662:
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1642:
1632:
1627:
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1617:
1612:
1607:
1605:British Empire
1602:
1596:
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1566:
1562:
1561:
1554:
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1546:
1539:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1513:Smyth, James.
1511:
1496:, ed. (1903).
1484:
1465:
1458:
1449:McBride, Ian.
1447:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1433:vol 4, 1796-98
1430:
1428:vol 3, 1790-96
1425:
1420:
1413:(6 vol. 1892)
1407:
1400:
1395:Foster, R. F.
1393:
1386:
1385:(Dublin, 1981)
1381:Cullen, L. M.
1379:
1372:
1361:
1351:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1316:
1300:
1294:Luke Gibbons,
1287:
1274:
1261:
1239:
1217:
1210:
1192:
1177:
1164:
1151:
1138:
1125:
1112:
1106:R. F. Foster,
1099:
1086:
1070:
1054:
1038:
1025:
1012:
998:
996:
993:
992:
991:
986:
979:
976:
948:
945:
923:Jonathan Swift
916:Brian Merriman
894:Irish language
884:Jonathan Swift
877:
874:
786:William Sadler
672:
669:
661:John Beresford
607:Main article:
604:
601:
594:A portrait of
536:poetry as the
534:Irish language
508:
507:The Penal Laws
505:
433:Jonathan Swift
403:
402:Irish politics
400:
394:of the 1840s.
340:
337:
271:
270:
268:
267:
260:
253:
245:
242:
241:
228:
227:
224:
223:
218:
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172:
169:
168:
165:
164:
161:
160:
151:
146:
144:Irish Republic
141:
134:
132:
127:
122:
120:Gaelic Ireland
116:
113:
112:
109:
108:
105:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
58:
55:
54:
51:
50:
42:
41:
32:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3988:
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3972:
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3964:
3962:
3959:
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3942:
3929:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3909:Public houses
3907:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3878:
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3165:
3164:Peace process
3162:
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3114:
3108:
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3101:
3098:
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3094:(upper house)
3092:
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3084:(lower house)
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3017:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
3000:Republicanism
2998:
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2714:Peace process
2712:
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2700:
2697:
2695:
2694:The Emergency
2692:
2690:
2687:
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2680:
2677:
2675:
2674:Easter Rising
2672:
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2659:Fenian Rising
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2461:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
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2440:
2437:
2435:
2434:Early history
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2396:
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2119:
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2097:
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2043:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1954:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1902:
1897:
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1833:
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1817:
1814:
1809:
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1801:
1798:
1793:
1790:
1785:
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1777:
1776:Tuadhmhumhain
1774:
1773:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
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1739:
1736:
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1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1713:Poynings' Law
1711:
1710:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1671:
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1658:
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1646:
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1623:
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1613:
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1601:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1523:, London 1986
1522:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1448:
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1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1367:, vol III of
1366:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1350:, Dublin 1998
1349:
1345:
1344:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1297:
1291:
1284:
1278:
1271:
1265:
1249:
1243:
1227:
1221:
1213:
1211:0-521-62989-6
1207:
1203:
1196:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1168:
1161:
1155:
1148:
1142:
1135:
1132:R.F. Foster,
1129:
1122:
1116:
1109:
1103:
1096:
1093:Ian McBride,
1090:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1035:
1029:
1022:
1016:
1009:
1003:
999:
990:
987:
985:
982:
981:
975:
973:
968:
964:
959:
955:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
929:
924:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
900:
895:
891:
882:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
822:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
719:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
687:
685:
678:
668:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
641:
639:
635:
631:
626:
625:Poynings' Law
622:
617:
610:
597:
592:
588:
586:
581:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
556:
553:
549:
548:Presbyterians
545:
543:
539:
538:long briseadh
535:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
504:
501:
497:
496:Privy Council
492:
490:
485:
481:
477:
473:
472:Henry Grattan
469:
464:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
413:
408:
399:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
380:Hearts of Oak
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
317:Presbyterians
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
283:. These were
282:
278:
266:
261:
259:
254:
252:
247:
246:
244:
243:
240:
230:
229:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
173:
167:
166:
159:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
139:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
117:
111:
110:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
59:
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:
40:
34:
33:
28:
23:
22:
19:
3932:
3902: /
3893: /
3884: /
3862:Homelessness
3781:
3749:Road bowling
3744:Martial arts
3691:Ulster Scots
3628:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3572:Mythological
3519:
3479:
3452:Ulster Scots
3412: /
3351:
3279:Three-in-One
3090:
3081:Dáil Éireann
3080:
3070:
3028:Constitution
2917: /
2888:Architecture
2870: /
2743:Other topics
2724:Celtic Tiger
2709:The Troubles
2607: /
2598: /
2544: /
2540: /
2469:
2441: /
2429:Protohistory
2204:Commonwealth
2203:
2179:Commonwealth
2177:
2144:
2085:Orange Order
2005:Common Pleas
1993:King's Bench
1904:Tír Chonaill
1864:Deasmhumhain
1848:Iar Connacht
1581:
1520:
1514:
1499:
1475:
1461:
1454:
1450:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1347:
1324:
1319:
1308:
1303:
1295:
1290:
1282:
1277:
1269:
1264:
1252:. Retrieved
1242:
1230:. Retrieved
1220:
1201:
1195:
1186:
1180:
1172:
1167:
1159:
1154:
1146:
1141:
1133:
1128:
1120:
1115:
1107:
1102:
1097:(2009 ch 6-7
1094:
1089:
1078:
1073:
1062:
1057:
1046:
1041:
1033:
1028:
1020:
1015:
1007:
1002:
950:
933:Edmund Burke
926:
920:
907:
904:Irish poetry
897:
887:
851:
823:
791:
781:
777:
749:
745:Orange Order
721:Presbyterian
715:
710:
706:
688:
680:
665:
642:
612:
582:
557:
546:
537:
510:
493:
484:mercantilist
465:
441:
437:Edmund Burke
417:
410:Flag of the
396:
392:Great Famine
369:
342:
305:client state
276:
274:
91:
67:Protohistory
18:
3882:Place names
3759:Rugby union
3654:Anglo-Irish
3539:Instruments
3395:The Twelfth
3359:Set dancing
3159:LGBT rights
3065:LGBT rights
2995:Nationalism
2561:Black Death
2322:WikiProject
2270:(1760–1800)
2262:(1727–1760)
2254:(1714–1727)
2246:(1702–1714)
2238:(1689–1694)
2231:(1689–1702)
2228:William III
2223:(1685–1691)
2215:(1660–1685)
2207:(1659–1660)
2199:(1658–1659)
2191:(1653–1658)
2183:(1649–1653)
2173:(1625–1649)
2165:(1603–1625)
2157:(1558–1603)
2154:Elizabeth I
2149:(1554–1558)
2146:jure uxoris
2137:(1553–1558)
2121:(1547–1553)
2113:(1542–1547)
1989:Four Courts
1958:and society
1920:Fear Manach
1912:Tír Eoghain
1816:Uí Díarmata
1800:Clanricarde
1615:New English
1519:Simms, J.G
1354:Beiner, Guy
1254:6 September
1232:6 September
937:John Toland
890:Anglo-Irish
811:County Mayo
788:(1782–1839)
741:John Foster
653:John Foster
421:Anglo-Irish
414:1542 – 1801
353:West Indies
285:Anglo-Irish
36:History of
3955:Categories
3783:Cláirseach
3686:Travellers
3544:Rock music
3527:Folk music
3462:Literature
3264:Soda bread
3147:Government
3074:parliament
3071:Oireachtas
3048:Government
2988:Ideologies
2619:Penal Laws
2510:since 1922
2424:Prehistory
2267:George III
2212:Charles II
2110:Henry VIII
2103:and rulers
2030:Ascendancy
1928:Uí Catháin
1832:Magh Luirg
1808:Uí Failghe
1748:Popery Act
1743:Penal Laws
1706:Parliament
1684:Wild Geese
1674:Barbadosed
1593:and events
1507:Wikisource
1480:Wikisource
995:References
925:author of
760:Wolfe Tone
709:" and to "
675:See also:
596:Wolfe Tone
542:absolutism
517:Jacobitism
513:Protestant
345:Royal Navy
313:penal laws
62:Prehistory
56:Chronology
3914:Squatting
3630:Fomorians
3559:Mythology
3429:Languages
3414:Halloween
3390:Bealtaine
3373:Festivals
3364:Stepdance
3269:Spice Bag
3254:Irish fry
3244:Colcannon
3219:Barmbrack
3142:Education
3100:President
3038:Education
2954:Transport
2929:Provinces
2851:Mountains
2826:Coastline
2798:Geography
2689:Civil War
2644:Tithe War
2259:George II
2170:Charles I
2118:Edward VI
2075:Defenders
2055:Jacobites
2034:Recusancy
1997:Exchequer
1944:Uí Mháine
1896:Cairbrigh
1840:Airgíalla
1784:Uí Echach
1769:conquests
1348:Rebellion
972:unionists
902:genre of
843:Defenders
839:sectarian
756:Defenders
737:Volunteer
649:loyalists
569:Whiteboys
565:rapparees
376:Rightboys
372:Whiteboys
325:Jacobites
176:Conflicts
97:1801–1923
92:1691–1800
87:1536–1691
82:1169–1536
3872:Monastic
3837:Calendar
3821:Shamrock
3816:Red Hand
3754:Rounders
3419:Wren Day
3353:Sean-nós
3305:Guinness
3249:Drisheen
3125:Assembly
3107:Taxation
3010:Unionism
2977:Politics
2910:Counties
2654:Land War
2546:Clontarf
2542:Glenmama
2416:Timeline
2312:Category
2251:George I
2220:James II
2100:Monarchs
2001:Chancery
1956:Politics
1704:Acts of
1457:) (2009)
1313:in JSTOR
1171:Foster,
1083:in JSTOR
1067:in JSTOR
978:See also
827:Dunlavin
819:Longford
684:Maynooth
651:such as
577:Papacy's
573:Culloden
561:Jacobite
468:Patriots
382:and the
191:Kingdoms
77:795–1169
27:a series
25:Part of
3842:Castles
3769:Symbols
3739:Hurling
3724:Camogie
3623:Firbolg
3609:Immrama
3602:Echtrai
3532:session
3515:Ballads
3492:Theatre
3481:Gaeilge
3475:Fiction
3410:Samhain
3325:Whiskey
3199:Cuisine
3187:Culture
3137:Economy
3033:Economy
2841:Islands
2816:Climate
2809:Natural
2404:History
2364:Ireland
2235:Mary II
2162:James I
1856:Umhaill
1591:General
1565:History
1285:(2010).
1010:(1995).
941:Donegal
899:Aisling
876:Culture
831:Carnew.
815:Leitrim
766:coast.
699:Belfast
634:Belfast
327:in the
293:Ireland
206:Judaism
186:Cuisine
72:400–795
38:Ireland
3847:Cinema
3646:People
3595:Aos Sí
3582:Ulster
3577:Fenian
3567:Cycles
3497:Triads
3487:Poetry
3470:Annals
3447:Shelta
3400:Lúnasa
3380:Imbolc
3315:Poitín
3295:Coffee
3288:Drinks
3239:Coddle
2905:Cities
2856:Rivers
2846:Loughs
2531:Events
2389:topics
2381:topics
2367:topics
2233:&
2141:Philip
2139:&
2134:Mary I
2065:Tories
2032:&
1947:(1611)
1939:(1607)
1931:(1607)
1923:(1607)
1915:(1607)
1907:(1607)
1899:(1606)
1891:(1605)
1883:(1603)
1880:Laigin
1875:(1602)
1867:(1596)
1859:(1593)
1851:(1589)
1843:(1585)
1835:(1585)
1827:(1574)
1819:(1574)
1811:(1550)
1803:(1544)
1795:(1543)
1792:Loígis
1787:(1543)
1779:(1543)
1767:Gaelic
1639:Ulster
1502:
1491:
1464:(1979)
1399:(1988)
1331:
1208:
1149:(1979)
1051:online
947:Legacy
864:, the
856:. The
835:Ulster
803:Antrim
799:Dublin
784:" –
764:Bantry
718:Ulster
552:Ulster
521:Gaelic
378:, the
374:, the
365:groats
321:Ulster
196:States
170:Topics
29:on the
3877:Names
3830:Other
3794:Flags
3706:Sport
3659:Gaels
3587:Kings
3521:Céilí
3507:Music
3442:Irish
3339:Dance
3300:Cream
3234:Champ
3229:Boxty
3152:local
3053:local
2939:Towns
2924:Ports
2881:Human
2836:Fauna
2060:Whigs
181:Clans
3696:Yola
3310:Mist
3274:Stew
3207:Food
2861:list
2243:Anne
2021:Army
2003:and
1976:and
1329:ISBN
1256:2015
1234:2015
1206:ISBN
952:the
914:and
829:and
817:and
807:Down
805:and
750:The
659:and
523:and
466:The
435:and
349:Cork
275:The
156:and
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3060:Law
713:".
697:in
319:in
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1995:,
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