Prehistoric Ireland

178: 1440: 562: 742: 1472: 1630: 847: 1338: 635: 1456: 913: 584:. Although sea levels were still lower than they are today, Ireland was very probably already an island by the time the first settlers arrived by boat, very likely from Britain. The earliest inhabitants of the island were seafarers who depended for much of their livelihood upon the sea, and later inland settlements or camps were usually close to water. Although archaeologists believe Mesolithic people heavily relied on riverine and coastal environments, ancient DNA indicates they had probably ceased contact with Mesolithic societies on the island of Britain and further afield. 1186: 1425: 1685: 111: 7306: 1365: 1716: 1873: 1263: 5329: 7433: 498:, but because this hypothetical link would have been cut by rising sea levels early into the warm period, perhaps by 14,000 BC, few temperate terrestrial flora or fauna would have crossed into Ireland. Snakes and most other reptiles could not populate Ireland because any land bridge disappeared before temperatures became warm enough for them. The lowered sea level also joined Britain to continental Europe; this persisted much longer, probably until around 5600 BC. 365: 891: 1387:(perhaps 1050–900 BC) is suggestive of a culture where elite feasting was important, and reflects influence from continental Europe; very large riveted bronze cauldrons were also made. Large numbers of bronze weapons were produced, and typical sword shapes changed from shorter ones for stabbing and thrusting on foot, to longer ones, perhaps for a mounted warrior to slash with. This is one example of a Dowris Phase design type originating in the 929: 7597: 1410: 22: 869: 177: 1497: 1028: 831:. The largest of these tombs were clearly places of religious and ceremonial importance to the Neolithic population, and were probably communal graves used over a long period. In most of the tombs that have been excavated, human remains—usually, but not always, cremated—have been found. Grave goods—pottery, arrowheads, beads, pendants, axes, etc.—have also been uncovered. These 1350:

Age the single-grave cist made its appearance. This consisted of a small rectangular stone chest, covered with a stone slab and buried a short distance below the surface. The body might be cremated, or not. Decorated pots often accompanied the remains, and later cremated remains were placed inside the urn, which was turned upside-down, and might also have

1707:, using cliff headlands with a narrow neck to reduce the extent of fortification necessary. In Ireland these seem to be mainly a feature of the Iron Age, with some perhaps dating to the Bronze Age, and also continuing to be used into the Early Medieval period. Although today seen as mostly dating from the early historic period, some of the perhaps 60,000 1731:, which seems to have its origins in the late Iron Age, although the site also includes a Neolithic passage grave and other earlier tombs. This is one of a number of major sites connected in later literature and mythology with kingship, and probably had a ritual and religious significance, though it is now impossible to be clear as to what this was. 962:– These constitute the smallest group in terms of numbers, but they are the most impressive in terms of size and importance. They are also found in much of Europe, and in Ireland are distributed mainly through the north and east, the biggest and most impressive of them being found in the four great Neolithic "cemeteries" of the Boyne ( 540:. These people may have also colonised Ireland by boat. Perhaps because there were few resources outside of coastal areas which permitted fishing, the region may not have been continually occupied. The early coastline of Ireland is now almost entirely under the sea, so evidence of coastal populations is mostly lost. 1379:, originally of over 200 items, mostly in bronze, has given its name to the Dowris Phase or period, as a term for the final phase of the Irish Bronze Age, about 900-600 BC. With 48 examples, the hoard contained all but two of the known examples of the distinctive "crotals", bronze rattles in the shape of a bull's 1739:), another major hilltop site, had a very large circular building constructed on it about 100 BC. It was forty metres across, with 275 tree-posts in rings. The largest was the central post, a tree felled about 95 BC. Within the century following the whole building was destroyed, apparently in a ritual fashion. 730:). The La Hoguette culture, like the western Cardial culture, raised sheep and goats more intensely. By 5100 BC there is evidence of dairy practices in southern England, and modern English cattle appear to be derived from "T1 Taurids" that were domesticated in the Aegean region shortly after the onset of the 1812:

indicate a decrease in human impact on plant life in the bogs in the third century, and specifically that "the impact of human activity upon the flora around the bogs from which the pollen came was less between c. 200 BC and c. AD 300 than either before or after." The third and fourth centuries saw a

1402:

During the Bronze Age, the climate of Ireland deteriorated and extensive deforestation took place. The population of Ireland at the end of the Bronze Age was probably in excess of 100,000, and may have been as high as 200,000. It is possible that it was not much greater than it had been at the height

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are timber homes built in shallow lakes for security, often with a narrow walkway to the shore. Some use or extend natural islets, and the largest probably housed a number of families, and animals. It is thought that most of the 1,200-odd crannogs in Ireland were begun in the Bronze Age, although

812:

Some regions of Ireland showed patterns of pastoralism that indicated that some Neolithic peoples continued to move and indicates that pastoral activities dominated agrarian activities in many regions or that there was a division of labour between pastoral and agrarian aspects of the Neolithic. At

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more than 3,000 m (9,800 ft) thick scoured the landscape of Ireland. By 24,000 years ago they extended beyond the southern coast of Ireland; but by 16,000 years ago the glaciers had retreated so that only an ice bridge remained between Ireland and Scotland. By 14,000 years ago Ireland was

1349:

Construction of wedge tombs tailed off from about 2,200 BC, and while the previous tradition of large scale monument building was much reduced, existing earlier megalithic monuments continued in use in the form of secondary insertions of funerary and ritual artefacts. Towards the end of the Bronze

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died violently about 2500-2000 BC in the early Bronze Age, and is one of the possible ritual killings; it is now thought these were deposed kings sacrificed after being seen to fail in their rule, perhaps after crop failures. Two Iron Age examples of apparent elite victims of ritual killing are

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from north Italy; these may have been slowly traded across Europe to reach Ireland over a period reaching into centuries, and show no signs of use. Miniature axes, too small to be useful, were made, and a "tiny porcellanite axe" has been found in a passage tomb; another example has a hole for a

1018:

The theory that these four groups of monuments were associated with four separate waves of invading colonists still has its adherents today, but the growth in population that made them possible need not have been the result of colonisation: it may simply have been the natural consequence of the

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From around 4500 BC a Neolithic package that included cereal cultivars, housing culture (similar to those of the same period in Scotland) and stone monuments arrived in Ireland. Sheep, goats, cattle and cereals were imported from southwestern continental Europe, after which the population rose

1110:

shells; these were on the remains of two males. As an example of the exceptional preservation sometimes possible in items found in anaerobic bogs, part of a finely woven bag with circular handles has survived; it used reedy plant material wound round thin strips of wood. Decorated pottery,

792:

This follows a pattern similar to western Europe or gradual onset of Neolithic, such as seen in La Hoguette Culture of France and Iberia's Impressed Cardial Ware Culture. Cereal culture advance markedly slows north of France; certain cereal strains such as wheat were difficult to grow in cold

1326:

made its appearance; this was a collar consisting of a bar or ribbon of metal, twisted into a spiral. Other types of gold jewellery made in Ireland during the Bronze Age, most shared with Britain, include earrings, sun disks, bracelets, clothes fasteners, and in the Late Bronze Age, the

1004:, but often their covering has now eroded to leave the impressive main stone structure. Most of them are to be found in two main concentrations, one in the southeast of the island and one in the north. The Knockeen and Gaulstown Dolmens in County Waterford are exceptional examples. 1617:

Up to about 150 BC, there are many finds that show stylistic influence from continental Europe (as in the preceding Dowris phase), and some direct imports. After that date, relationships with British styles predominate, perhaps reflecting some movement of people. The

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or raths in Ireland date back to the Late Iron Age. These vary greatly in size and function, with smaller ones a single-family farmstead (with slaves), or merely an enclosure for animals, and larger ones clearly having a wider political and military significance.

1891:, mostly from the Iron Age. Some were found and reburied before archaeological and scientific investigation was possible. Some survive as skeletons only, but the best-preserved have retained their flesh, hair, and clothing. The oldest appears to be the Neolithic 491:(11.5ky ago) and this included regions close to Ireland. However, during the early part of the Holocene Ireland itself had a climate that was inhospitable to most European animals and plants. Human occupation was unlikely, although fishing was possible. 1776:

coined the phrase "Irish Dark Age" to refer to a period of apparent economic and cultural stagnation in late prehistoric Ireland, lasting from c. 100 BC to c. AD 300. He used the phrase to describe a gap in the archaeological record coinciding with the

835:, more than 1,200 of which are now known, can be divided for the most part into four broad groups, all of which would originally have been covered with earth, that in many cases has been eroded away to leave the impressive stone frameworks: 718:(New Stone Age) with a 'package' of cereal cultivars, pastoral animals (domesticated oxen/cattle, sheep, goats), pottery, weaving, housing and burial cultures, which arrived simultaneously, a process that began in central Europe as LBK ( 517:. The bone has cut marks showing it was butchered when fresh and gave a date of around 10,500 BC, showing humans were in Ireland at that time, soon after the ice retreated. In contrast, a flint worked by a human found in 1968 at Mell, 944:– These are characterised by the presence of an entrance courtyard. They are found almost exclusively in the north of the island and are thought to include the oldest specimens. North Mayo has many examples of this type of megalith – 1516:

has long been thought to begin around 500 BC and then continue until the early Christian era in Ireland, which brought some written records and therefore the end of prehistoric Ireland. This view has been somewhat upset by the recent

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the height of the Neolithic the population of the island was probably in excess of 100,000, and perhaps as high as 200,000. But there appears to have been an economic collapse around 2500 BC, and the population declined for a while.

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was not written down until the Early Medieval period, but many scholars accept that the saga cycles preserve in some form elements from much earlier, that give some insights into the world of the last elites of prehistoric Ireland.

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also formed a collection, though this was less important for antiquities. The society was founded in 1731, and by 1733 had opened a museum. Both these collections were transferred to the new "Museum of Science and Art", now the

1322:, a distinctively Irish type of object later made in Britain and continental Europe, and disks of thin gold sheet. Many of these seem to have been long in use before they were deposited. Later the thin twisted 1246:

Bronze was used for the manufacture of both weapons and tools. Swords, axes, daggers, hatchets, halberds, awls, drinking utensils and horn-shaped trumpets are just some of the items that have been unearthed at

547:, which lasted from 10,900 BC to 9700 BC, may have depopulated Ireland. During the Younger Dryas, sea levels continued to rise, and an ice-free land bridge between Great Britain and Ireland never returned. 2334:

Tanabe, Susumu; Nekanishi, Toshimichi; Yasui, Satoshi (14 October 2010). "Relative sea-level change in and around the Younger Dryas inferred from late Quaternary incised valley fills along the Japan sea".

1439: 1544:

Alternatively, many hold the view that this happened with the bearers of the Bell Beaker culture, probably Indo-European speaking, reaching Ireland during the earlier stage of the Bronze Age. The

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fully came to an end in Ireland about 8000 BC. Until the single 2016 Palaeolithic dating described above, the earliest evidence of human occupation after the retreat of the ice was dated to the

1204:

People from their characteristic pottery, in the shape of an inverted bell. This was quite different from the finely made, round-bottomed pottery of the Neolithic. It is found, for example, at

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the first rays of the rising sun still shine through a light-box above the entrance to the tomb and illuminate the burial chamber at the centre of the monument. Another of the Boyne megaliths,

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Copper used in the manufacture of bronze was mined in Ireland, chiefly in the southwest of the island (as in the later Bronze Age copper mine at Derrycarhoon), while the tin was imported from

1231:

to produce true bronze artefacts, and this took place around 2000 BC, when some "Ballybeg-type" flat axes and associated metalwork were produced. The tin needed to be imported, normally from

1304:, which was worked for several centuries in the middle of the second millennium. Mines in Cork and Kerry are believed to have produced as much as 370 tonnes of copper during the Bronze Age. 2555: 1123:

Open-air rock art is another monument type that dates to the Late Neolithic or Early Bronze Age. These carvings are found on open-air boulders and outcrops and the most common motifs are

8325: 136:, and a great number of archaeological finds have been recovered from these. The anaerobic conditions sometimes preserve organic materials exceptionally well, as with a number of 1529:, which gave a date of between 811 and 673 BC. This may further erode the belief, still held by some, that the arrival of iron-working marked the beginning of the arrival of the 2239: 521:, is much older, probably well pre-dating 70,000 BC, and this is normally regarded as having been carried to Ireland on an ice sheet, probably from what is now the bottom of the 8340: 8292: 1962:, later renamed the Belfast Municipal Museum and Art Gallery, and was renamed again in 1961. Despite this, the pace of new finds has meant that it has an important collection. 781:

were the principal crops cultivated. Pottery made its appearance around the same time as agriculture. Ware similar to that found in northern Great Britain has been excavated in

1311:

by Irish craftsmen. More Bronze Age gold hoards have been discovered in Ireland than anywhere else in Europe. Irish gold ornaments have been found as far afield as Germany and

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The book is chapters of text, followed by commentary on the illustrations and then a section with the illustrations, cross-referred by chapter and picture numbers, e.g. "3:13"

2098: 8297: 8149: 3240: 8302: 5296: 604: 1922:. Some are in local museums, but much the most significant collections are in Dublin, Belfast and London. The first "national" collection for Irish antiquities was the 1014:

is exceptionally rich in them. They are the latest of the four types and belong to the end of the Neolithic. They are so called from their wedge-shaped burial chambers.

8219: 7915: 846: 3709: 8350: 8282: 7893: 1750:, probably representing boundaries, and acting as hindrances to cattle-raids, and "toghers" or wooden trackways across boggy areas, of which the best-known is the 777:. Consisting of small fields separated from one another by dry-stone walls, the Céide Fields were farmed for several centuries between 3500 and 3000 BC. Wheat and 4147: 7920: 5244: 4167: 2216:

Edwards, R.J., Brooks, A.J. (2008) "The Island of Ireland: Drowning the Myth of an Irish Land-bridge?" In: Davenport, J.J., Sleeman, D.P., Woodman, P.C. (eds.),

8345: 7468: 4264: 1300:; mining and metalworking took place there between 2400 and 1800 BC. Another of Europe's best-preserved copper mines has been discovered at Mount Gabriel in 1051:

was the primary and essential tool for farming, carefully made in a variety of styles, and often polished. The products of axe factories next to sources of

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Driscoll, K. The Early Prehistory in the West of Ireland: Investigations into the Social Archaeology of the Mesolithic, West of the Shannon, Ireland (2006).

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Driscoll, K. The Early Prehistory in the West of Ireland: Investigations into the Social Archaeology of the Mesolithic, West of the Shannon, Ireland (2006).

3327:

Driscoll, K. The Early Prehistory in the West of Ireland: Investigations into the Social Archaeology of the Mesolithic, West of the Shannon, Ireland (2006)

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haplotype may have been involved in the slowing of cereal culture into Ireland, Scotland and Scandinavia since this haplotype confers susceptibility to a

6726: 698:

for cooking their food. During the Mesolithic the population of Ireland was probably never more than a few thousand. Surviving artefacts include small

5249: 1000:. They consist of three or more upright stones supporting a large flat horizontal capstone (table). They were originally covered with earth to form a 726:

culture, that arrived in France's northwestern region appears to be a derivative of the Ibero Italian-Eastern Adriatic Impressed Cardial Ware culture (

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Perri, Angela R.; Power, Robert C.; Stuijts, Ingelise; Heinrich, Susann; Talamo, Sahra; Hamilton-Dyer, Sheila; Roberts, Charlotte (1 September 2018).

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was won in 1903, and marked the acceptance on all sides of the Dublin museum as the Irish national collection. This was a hoard found in what became

1455: 4260: 5365: 434: 2277: 1978: 529:, Co. Cork in 1972, was dated to 33,000 years ago, establishing human activity in Ireland more than 20,000 years earlier than previously thought. 7123: 6864: 6460: 5106: 1131:

due its similarity to other carvings across Atlantic Europe. In Ireland, the art appears in clusters with the most significant concentrations in

738:. Around 4300 BC cattle arrived in northern Ireland during the late Mesolithic period. The red deer was introduced from Britain about this time. 3689: 1650: 1212:

first arrived in Ireland. It is thought by some scholars to be associated with the Beaker People of the Bronze Age, however others argue that "

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protein induced disease as well as Type I diabetes and other autoimmune diseases that may have arisen as an indirect result of Neolithisation.

1677:

with relief decoration influenced by classical style, and other gold jewellery probably imported from the Roman world, perhaps as far away as

4326: 7232: 7079: 6588: 5278: 1657:

art and its British equivalent. Despite this it was in Ireland that the style seemed to revive in the early Christian period, to form the

1649:, are very few, to a "puzzling" extent, although some of these are of very high quality, such as a number of scabbards from Ulster and the 1482: 1308: 794: 393: 1192:, a type of ornament produced in the Bronze Age British Isles, especially Ireland. This example, probably made 2400-2000 BC, was found in 55:

evidence, which has grown at an increasing rate over the last decades. It begins with the first evidence of permanent human residence in

7336: 4445: 3869: 3781: 407: 266: 7903: 7461: 6911: 6362: 5292: 2247: 1926:

in London, where many finds from before and after it was established in 1753 have ended up. However, from the foundation of the Dublin

1334:. After the Bronze Age goldwork almost ceased to be produced in Ireland; the Irish deposits may well have been essentially exhausted. 561: 3694: 1208:, and associated with copper mining there, which had begun by at least 2,400 BC. There is some disagreement about when speakers of a 4213: 4091: 1930:

in 1785 there was a local rival, which became the main destination of objects that were newly-found, or appeared on the market. The

1816:

The reasons for the decline and recovery are uncertain, but it has been suggested that recovery may be linked to the "Golden Age" of

945: 1789:

in the fifth century. He suggested that the decrease in agricultural productivity might be due to a large-scale export of slaves to

741: 5111: 3747: 1848:. As Roman Britain collapsed politically, there was even settlement by Irish people, and leaders, in Wales and western Britain. 5283: 4307: 4096: 828: 1424: 129:, and the Bronze Age, which left among other things, gold jewellery from a time when Ireland was a major centre of gold mining. 7999: 7965: 7821: 4457: 4341: 4001: 1804:

have drawn attention to a decline in human settlement and activity in Ireland, starting from around the first century BC.

3714: 722:) about 6000 BC. Within several hundred years this culture was present in northern France. An alternative Neolithic culture, 8381: 8127: 7454: 5259: 4290: 2794: 2469: 7664: 3456:, in C. Chevillot and A. Coffyn (eds), L' Age du Bronze Atlantique. Actes du 1er Colloque de Beynac, Beynac (1991), 349–366. 8057: 7857: 7713: 5358: 5161: 4544: 4430: 3592:"The Longue Durée of Genetic Ancestry: Multiple Genetic Marker Systems and Celtic Origins on the Atlantic Facade of Europe" 3236: 1996: 448:. Genetic evidence suggests this reoccupation began in southwestern Europe, and faunal remains suggest the existence of a 7840: 4499: 4412: 4369: 2585: 1586:

The recorded tribes of Ireland included at least three with names identical or similar to British or Gaulish tribes: the

1276: 1010:– The largest and most widespread of the four groups, the wedge tombs are particularly common in the west and southwest. 59:

around 10,500 BC (although there is evidence of human presence as early as 31,000 BC) and finishes with the start of the

7868: 7305: 7927: 7852: 7803: 7605: 7354: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 5264: 5028: 4931: 4425: 4336: 4111: 3914: 3874: 3862: 3857: 3845: 3773: 1742:

Other large-scale constructions, requiring a good degree of social organization, include linear earthworks such as the

773:, an extensive Neolithic field system (arguably the oldest known in the world) has been preserved beneath a blanket of 284: 227: 222: 217: 212: 1954:. Northern Ireland had seen its many important finds of antiquities passing to first London and then Dublin, and the 912: 890: 7932: 7798: 7749: 7409: 7270: 6489: 5395: 4121: 3840: 3573: 3446: 3432: 3413: 3402: 3354: 3337: 2760: 2189: 1852:

burials may also have spread from Roman Britain, and had become common in Ireland by the fourth and fifth centuries.

1560:. When primary written records of Celtic first appear in about the fifth century, Gaelic or Goidelic, in the form of 1403:

of the Neolithic. In Ireland the Bronze Age lasted until c. 500 BC, later than continental Europe and also Britain.

1361:

many sites seem to have been used, continuously or intermittently, over very long periods, even into medieval times.

827:

The most striking characteristic of the Neolithic in Ireland was the sudden appearance and dramatic proliferation of

341: 207: 1958:

was only recognized as a national museum for antiquities in 1961. This had developed out of the collections of the

8264: 8077: 7810: 7793: 7759: 7754: 7678: 7265: 7225: 6696: 6583: 5287: 4311: 3943: 3886: 3826: 1235:. The period preceding this, in which Lough Ravel and most Ballybeg axes were produced, and which is known as the 386: 202: 7653: 1128: 591:

has been found throughout the island: a number of the key early Mesolithic excavations are the settlement site at

8391: 8102: 7737: 7732: 7108: 6499: 5537: 5351: 4924: 4551: 3997: 1959: 2225: 1884: 8386: 7771: 7727: 7404: 4556: 4452: 4126: 4106: 4061: 3759: 3369: 336: 754:

significantly. The earliest clear proof of farmers in Ireland or Great Britain is from Ferriter's Cove on the

8189: 8184: 7877: 7781: 7776: 7536: 7494: 7419: 6721: 6251: 5511: 4534: 4243: 4157: 2179: 449: 351: 5579: 3342: 3000: 2556:"Kerry red deer ancestry traced to population introduced to Ireland by ancient peoples over 5,000 years ago" 8371: 7845: 7697: 7504: 7485: 7477: 7374: 6716: 6256: 5729: 5191: 4509: 4435: 4285: 4218: 4142: 4016: 3973: 3740: 3633:

Finch; et al. (1997). "Distribution of HLA-A, B and DR genes and haplotypes in the Irish population".

3326: 1653:, apparently dating to the 2nd century AD. This was well after Celtic art elsewhere had been subsumed into 868: 746: 592: 566: 306: 5405: 2761:

The Horse, the Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world

2464: 8376: 7744: 7555: 7414: 7358: 7218: 5682: 4529: 3902: 3422: 2453: 1354:

of various sorts. Numerous stone circles were also erected at this time, chiefly in Ulster and Munster.

379: 346: 288: 157: 103:

invaded; as Ireland was not invaded by the Romans its historical record starts later, with the coming of

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Bradley, R. 1997. "Signing the Land; Rock Art and the Prehistory of Atlantic Europe", Routledge, London.

7992: 7788: 7722: 7567: 6984: 6785: 5234: 4873: 4539: 4233: 3466:

Waddell, J., 'Celts, Celticisation and the Irish Bronze Age', in J. Waddell and E. Shee Twohig (eds.),

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Mind the Gap: Postglacial Colonisation of Ireland. Special Supplement to The Irish Naturalists' Journal

1936: 1271: 1007: 982:, one of the oldest astronomically aligned monuments in the world. It was built around 3200 BC. At the 1629: 483:

These factors and ecological changes brought humans to the edge of the northernmost ice-free zones of

8249: 7295: 6790: 6605: 4941: 4797: 4517: 4331: 4253: 4238: 4223: 4071: 4006: 3968: 3958: 3948: 3808: 2498: 2320: 510: 232: 4959: 1337: 1251:

sites. Irish craftsmen became particularly noted for the horn-shaped trumpet, which was made by the

8179: 8159: 8139: 8042: 7766: 7384: 6979: 6071: 5616: 5186: 4316: 3930: 3654:

Williams; et al. (2004). "High resolution HLA-DRB1 identification of a caucasian population".

3178: 2499:"Detecting hidden diets and disease: Zoonotic parasites and fish consumption in Mesolithic Ireland" 1801: 1549: 316: 7619: 6143: 6138: 125:

The two periods that have left the most spectacular groups of remains are the Neolithic, with its

67:. Both the beginning and end dates of the period are later than for much of Europe and all of the 8330: 8154: 7908: 7692: 7688: 7394: 7260: 7096: 7006: 6178: 5945: 5764: 5697: 5429: 5254: 5203: 4919: 4671: 4420: 4280: 4086: 4031: 4021: 3988: 3821: 3733: 2028: 1856: 1821: 1767: 1580: 1538: 1446: 326: 197: 8335: 8234: 8229: 8204: 8062: 7683: 7389: 7184: 7058: 6664: 6555: 6543: 6239: 5980: 5819: 5456: 5390: 5374: 5274: 5151: 4777: 4297: 4152: 4041: 3992: 3312: 3118: 1860: 1773: 1623: 1409: 1205: 918: 822: 735: 719: 321: 8320: 3385:

Dardis GF (1986). "Late Pleistocene glacial lakes in South-central Ulster, Northern Ireland".

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In the early stages of the Bronze Age the gold ornaments included simple but finely decorated

8259: 8209: 8169: 8122: 8117: 8107: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8067: 8052: 8047: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 7985: 6923: 6859: 6733: 6426: 6352: 6126: 6121: 6059: 5998: 5935: 5883: 5876: 5422: 4936: 4907: 4440: 3717:, an exhibition catalogue from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF) 3487:"The Greek geographic tradition and Ptolemy's evidence for Irish geography", J.J. Tierney in 2308: 1910:, both from approximately 400 to 175 BC. Earlier bodies appear to have been normal burials. 1534: 1522: 1384: 1369: 1068: 852: 6308: 1095:, maces and spearheads. Only one decorated macehead has been found, in one of the tombs at 8287: 8254: 8244: 8224: 8214: 8199: 8194: 8174: 8144: 8112: 8097: 8072: 8008: 7950: 7830: 7629: 7624: 7399: 7189: 7140: 7135: 7118: 7113: 7091: 6881: 6595: 6448: 6340: 6244: 6037: 5722: 5521: 5464: 5306: 5073: 4844: 4821: 4606: 4492: 4346: 4321: 4190: 4011: 3983: 2510: 2410: 2344: 2137: 2046: 1505: 1315:, and gold-related trade was very possibly a major factor in the Bronze Age Irish economy. 441: 413: 331: 5692: 3098: 2855:

Wallace and O'Floinn, 49-50, 2:15-21, 2:28-29 (Early to Middle) and 87-90, 3:6-24 (Late);

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and other well-known masterpieces, perhaps under influence from Late Roman and post-Roman

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During the period between 17,500 and 12,000 years ago, a warmer period referred to as the

8: 8239: 8164: 8134: 7614: 7583: 7573: 7521: 7516: 7509: 7325: 7179: 6844: 6649: 6482: 6015: 5888: 5769: 5744: 5181: 5083: 4979: 4867: 4712: 4402: 4392: 4302: 3978: 3835: 3770: 3490: 3480:"A note on climatic deterioration in the first millennium BC in Britain", Stuart Piggot, 3306: 1927: 1743: 1583:. The names of its tribes were recorded by the geographer Ptolemy in the 2nd century AD. 1557: 1180: 1172: 967: 702:

blades and points, and later larger stone tools and weapons, in particular the versatile

634: 573: 422: 255: 5008: 2514: 2414: 2348: 2141: 2050: 1990: 1781:

in Britain and continental Europe. Charles-Edwards notes the lack of continuity between

1699:, near Dublin and not yet fully excavated, may have represented a centre for trade with 1185: 7955: 7634: 7562: 7531: 7499: 7330: 7241: 7130: 7033: 6935: 6748: 5930: 5660: 5626: 5208: 5141: 5136: 5063: 5046: 4964: 4651: 4646: 4579: 4208: 4076: 4026: 3963: 3938: 3934: 3852: 3796: 3616: 3591: 3534:

The Origins of the Neolithic Along the Atlantic Coast of Continental Europe: A Survey.

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Clark, Peter U.; Dyke, Arthur S.; Shakun, Jeremy D.; Carlson, Anders E.; Clark, Jorie;

1951: 1553: 1293: 1267: 1124: 963: 896: 882: 666:

were introduced in the early stages of the Neolithic. The human population hunted with

600: 536:, dated to 11,000 BC, indicated people in the area were eating a marine diet including 506: 484: 260: 166: 40: 3408:

Bradley, R. The Prehistory of Britain and Ireland. (2007) Cambridge University Press.

1684: 7702: 7641: 7578: 7526: 7172: 7162: 7152: 7101: 6758: 6676: 5970: 5955: 5940: 5920: 5811: 5790: 5601: 5444: 5239: 5169: 4889: 4751: 4616: 4522: 4472: 4387: 4248: 4162: 3671: 3642: 3621: 3569: 3442: 3428: 3409: 3398: 3365: 3350: 3333: 2955: 2790: 2657: 2538: 2526: 2440: 2428: 2185: 2157: 2062: 2030: 1845: 1619: 1388: 1176: 1156: 1107: 990:, has been claimed to contain the world's earliest map of the Moon carved into stone. 650:

The hunter-gatherers of the Mesolithic era lived on a varied diet of seafood, birds,

581: 453: 88: 60: 4745: 4482: 2356: 7898: 7543: 7349: 7167: 7074: 6817: 6600: 6400: 6320: 6276: 6076: 5898: 5749: 5709: 5098: 5078: 4899: 4854: 4228: 3909: 3891: 3778: 3699: 3663: 3611: 3603: 3561: 2647: 2637: 2518: 2418: 2352: 2321:"Reindeer bone found in Cork cave shows human activity in Ireland 33,000 years ago" 2145: 2074: 2054: 1947: 1942:

A legal dispute in which the Crown challenged the British Museum's purchase of the

1892: 1565: 1545: 1160: 1132: 755: 588: 556: 502: 477: 279: 110: 84: 6659: 6615: 2909: 1642: 7048: 7018: 6780: 6708: 6686: 6644: 6539: 6509: 6374: 6369: 6020: 5903: 5474: 5198: 5126: 5121: 4951: 4829: 4756: 4397: 4081: 4056: 3667: 3297: 2888: 2149: 1943: 1903: 1751: 1704: 1634: 1561: 1364: 1209: 1152: 983: 832: 727: 461: 457: 445: 126: 92: 2037:; Hostetler, Steven W.; McCabe, A. Marshall (2009). "The Last Glacial Maximum". 1688: 766: 758:, where a flint knife, cattle bones and a sheep's tooth were found and dated to 7446: 7437: 7344: 7320: 7157: 7084: 6906: 6871: 6802: 6691: 6563: 6271: 5856: 5846: 5667: 5648: 5333: 5229: 5068: 5056: 4834: 3897: 3881: 3831: 2844: 2773: 2423: 2398: 1931: 1923: 1907: 1876: 1841: 1670: 1666: 1328: 1201: 1140: 1136: 1060: 624: 369: 274: 250: 3252: 2959: 2522: 8365: 7960: 7888: 7883: 7673: 7043: 7028: 6974: 6952: 6849: 6837: 6753: 6622: 6504: 6465: 6453: 6441: 6153: 6064: 5993: 5734: 5677: 5655: 5564: 5496: 5491: 5469: 4884: 4717: 4591: 4066: 4051: 2530: 2008: 1955: 1919: 1833: 1829: 1817: 1797: 1790: 1755: 1700: 1662: 1576: 1518: 1383:, as well as 26 horns or trumpets, weapons, and vessels. The rather earlier 1144: 1072: 1064: 1056: 1040: 993: 643: 616: 608: 544: 119: 5584: 3511:"Cows, Ringforts and the Origins of Early Christian Ireland", F. McCormick, 2856: 2278:"New Discovery Pushes Back Date of Human Existence in Ireland by 2500 years" 2058: 1979:"New Discovery Pushes Back Date of Human Existence in Ireland by 2500 years" 1758:

dated to 148-147 BC, and about a kilometre long and some three metres wide.

476:

inhabited earlier than 10,000 years ago suggest that humans might have used

7835: 7548: 6962: 6918: 6899: 6854: 6654: 6578: 6335: 6330: 6286: 5913: 5795: 5759: 5739: 5591: 5569: 5481: 5038: 4974: 4969: 4879: 4862: 4687: 4626: 4116: 4101: 3675: 3625: 3216: 2833: 2683: 2661: 2432: 2181:

Climate Change Science: A Modern Synthesis: Volume 1 - The Physical Climate

2066: 1778: 1728: 1611: 1572: 1478: 1416: 1376: 1297: 1288:

in Britain. The earliest known copper mine in these islands was located at

1240: 1148: 1112: 1103: 1055:, an especially good stone, were traded across Ireland; the main ones were 1052: 1032: 1011: 975: 971: 959: 860: 514: 104: 100: 76: 29: 7011: 3646: 3022: 1872: 1590:(also the name of the largest tribe in northern and midland Britain), the 1262: 7379: 7001: 6991: 6947: 6942: 6894: 6832: 6795: 6768: 6669: 6639: 6514: 6436: 6357: 6345: 6106: 6091: 6081: 6052: 6010: 5925: 5893: 5841: 5774: 5611: 5486: 5343: 5175: 5088: 4787: 4731: 4692: 3953: 3704: 2399:"Incest uncovered at the elite prehistoric Newgrange monument in Ireland" 1747: 1658: 1654: 1607: 1431: 1351: 1342: 1319: 1312: 1301: 1193: 1189: 1099:, but it is extremely fine. Some finds may also be miniature maceheads. 856: 770: 723: 691: 683: 628: 620: 612: 495: 311: 144:

fish-trap, and a Bronze Age textile with delicate tassels of horse hair.

52: 3540:

Tool hoards and Neolithic use of the landscape in north-eastern Ireland.

2822: 1622:, possibly made in Britain, is an example of this. Another cup found in 1102:

Pierced beads and pendants are found, and two necklaces of shells (from

690:. They lived in seasonal shelters, which they constructed by stretching 7977: 7145: 7038: 6996: 6812: 6775: 6738: 6634: 6221: 6133: 5960: 5861: 5834: 5754: 5552: 5506: 5417: 5385: 5269: 4792: 4702: 4666: 4656: 4462: 3720: 2696: 2642: 2612: 1898: 1888: 1849: 1837: 1805: 1732: 1720: 1715: 1678: 1646: 1462: 1307:

Ireland was also rich in native gold, and the Bronze Age saw the first

1248: 1236: 1220: 941: 904: 798: 703: 679: 639: 577: 525:. In 2021, a reindeer bone fragment discovered in Castlepook Cave near 137: 80: 72: 4913: 3565: 3397:

Barry, T. (ed.) A History of Settlement in Ireland. (2000) Routledge.

3055: 2985: 2949: 2708: 1496: 1200:

Metallurgy arrived in Ireland with new people, generally known as the

7596: 7210: 7053: 6822: 6807: 6405: 6390: 6315: 6298: 6216: 6101: 6042: 6032: 6027: 5950: 5829: 5717: 5643: 5410: 5400: 5301: 5022: 4806: 4661: 4636: 4611: 4036: 3320: 3043: 1785:'s writings on the peoples of second-century Ireland and writings in 1696: 1587: 1078:

There was a much rarer class of imported prestige axe head made from

1048: 979: 949: 933: 806: 715: 699: 651: 596: 537: 533: 526: 522: 417: 68: 25: 4987: 4707: 3152:

Joseph Raftery, "Iron Age and Irish sea: problems for research", in

2307:

Wallace and O'Floinn, 45, 2:3 - they date it to 400,000-300,000 BC;

2126:"Sea-level change and inner shelf stratigraphy off Northern Ireland" 2125: 444:

allowed for the rehabitation of northern areas of Europe by roaming

6827: 6763: 6610: 6568: 6303: 6211: 6086: 5908: 5871: 5851: 5213: 5146: 4811: 4697: 4641: 4046: 3607: 2099:"The Island of Ireland: Drowning the Myth of an Irish Land-bridge?" 1825: 1820:

in the third and fourth centuries. The archaeological evidence for

1708: 1603: 1513: 1396: 1380: 1285: 1256: 1232: 1067:. There were also imports from Britain, including products of the 928: 786: 731: 663: 655: 518: 488: 465: 21: 3332:

Herity, M. and G. Eogan. Ireland in Prehistory. (1996) Routledge.

2951:

Two prehistoric bronze weapons from Ireland in the Hunt collection

2787:

Derrycarhoon: A later Bronze Age copper mine in south-west Ireland

1391:

of continental Europe, probably transmitted via southern Britain;

631:. The population has been tentatively estimated at around 8,000. 501:

The earliest known modern humans in Ireland date back to the late

6889: 6681: 6627: 6573: 6395: 6201: 6111: 5965: 5866: 5824: 5687: 5606: 5559: 5547: 5131: 5116: 5015: 4802: 4782: 3756: 3725: 3439:

Ireland’s Pre-Celtic Archaeological and Anthropological Heritage.

3293: 2997:

A New History of Ireland, Volume I: Prehistoric and Early Ireland

2226:

The Island of Ireland: Drowning the Myth of an Irish Land-bridge?

1895:, perhaps the victim of a canoeing accident around 3320–3220 BC. 1782: 1595: 1591: 1501: 1357: 1079: 1036: 1001: 687: 675: 505:(Old Stone Age). This date was pushed back some 2,500 years by a 469: 426: 133: 56: 3067: 3065: 3063: 2754:

J.X.W.P. Corcoram, "The origin of the Celts", in Nora Chadwick,

1521:

of the wood shaft of a very elegant iron spearhead found in the

1115:

rather than domestic use, appears to imitate basketry patterns.

6957: 6494: 6472: 6325: 6261: 6206: 5596: 5574: 5542: 5516: 5001: 4994: 4839: 4772: 4631: 2875: 2873: 1673:

hoard, from Ulster, includes a small model boat, a spectacular

1526: 1096: 1088: 1084: 997: 987: 874: 789:. Typical of this ware are wide-mouthed, round-bottomed bowls. 782: 778: 695: 473: 430: 141: 96: 3362:

Treasures of the National Museum of Ireland: Irish Antiquities

2734:

A New History of Ireland, vol 1: Prehistoric and early Ireland

2123: 1027: 623:

scatters have been noted around the island, from the north in

425:

is recognized as having ended about 11,700 years ago, without

7023: 6743: 6477: 6431: 6293: 6148: 6096: 5672: 5638: 5051: 4621: 3060: 1786: 1530: 1392: 1224: 1213: 953: 802: 671: 667: 3470:. Proceedings of the Dublin Conference, April 1995, 158–169. 3427:

Flanagan L. Ancient Ireland. Life before the Celts. (1998).

3054:Ó Cróinín, 137–152; Wallace and O'Floinn, 128-129, 4:10-14; 2870: 6969: 6930: 6410: 6266: 6196: 6116: 5988: 5501: 2101:. In Davenport, J.J.; Sleeman, D.P.; Woodman, P.C. (eds.). 1674: 1599: 1323: 1092: 774: 734:. These animals were probably derived from cattle from the 659: 509:

performed in 2016 on a bear bone excavated in 1903 in the "

460:. Species originally attracted to the north during the pre- 115: 3202: 3200: 1772:

The late Iron Age saw sizeable changes in human activity.

797:

were suitable replacements. It can be speculated that the

6281: 6047: 6005: 4739: 2626:"Nutrition and Health in Human Evolution–Past to Present" 2496: 1809: 1228: 3538:

Bamforth and Woodman, Oxford J. Arch. 23 (2004): 21–44.

3286: 2736:, edited by Dáibhí Ó Cróinín (Royal Irish Academy 2005). 2484:

Excavations at Mount Sandel, 1973-77, County Londonderry

662:

in the Irish Mesolithic and it is likely that the first

4168:

List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland

3347:

A New History of Ireland: Prehistoric and early Ireland

3197: 1727:

There are several ringforts in the complex topping the

1564:, is found in Ireland, while Brittonic, in the form of 1216:" arrived much later at the beginning of the Iron Age. 1166: 64: 3167:

Pagan Celtic Ireland: The Enigma of the Irish Iron Age

2240:"Snakeless in Ireland: Blame Ice Age, Not St. Patrick" 2184:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 409. 1127:

and radial grooves. This art is often referred to as

3898:

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

3715:

Treasures of early Irish art, 1500 B.C. to 1500 A.D.

3710:

John Waddell's publications on prehistory of Ireland

2732:(1996), p.114; M.J. O'Kelly, Bronze-age Ireland, in 2333: 1477:

Late Bronze Age gold "gorget", 800-700 BC, found in

3454:

The Celticization of the West: an Irish Perspective

3042:Wallace and O'Floinn, 126-127, 130-131, 4:5, 4:18; 1155:, Cork, and Kerry. The densest clusters are on the 565:Reconstruction of a hunter-gatherer hut and canoe, 2623: 147: 7420:History of the Irish language 4261:List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland 3705:Postcards of the Prehistoric Monuments of Ireland 3695:The Flandrian: the case for an interglacial cycle 3183:Irish antiquity: Essays in memory of M.V. Duignan 2624:Alt, K. W.; Al-Ahmad, A.; Woelber, J. P. (2022). 2447: 2218:Mind the Gap: Postglacial Colonisation of Ireland 1918:Almost all prehistoric Irish finds remain in the 1761: 1719:Model reconstruction of the circular building at 352:History of the Irish language 8363: 7476: 3700:Ireland's history in maps : Ancient Ireland 3504:"Dark Ages and Dendrochronology", Mike Baillie, 2947: 1883:The large areas of bog in Ireland have produced 1579:. Roman interest in the area led to some of the 1106:in Dublin) are very carefully made, with graded 1083:cord, and may have been worn as jewellery or an 429:being present, but leaving Ireland as an arctic 5107:Association football in the Republic of Ireland 3080:Charles-Edwards, 151; Wallace and O'Floinn, 126 1341:Twisted Gold Pennanular Ring, Late Bronze Age, 745:Reconstruction of an early Irish farmer's hut, 694:or thatch over wooden frames. They had outdoor 682:, while supplementing their diet with gathered 3532:Arias, J. World Prehistory 13 (1999):403–464. 3497:"Dark Ages and the Pollen Record", D.A. Weir, 3349:, (Volume 1 series), Oxford University Press, 3181:, "Celtic problems in the Irish Iron Age", in 2171: 1571:The Iron Age includes the period in which the 1031:The Malone Hoard of 19 luxury polished Antrim 494:Britain and Ireland may have been joined by a 7993: 7462: 7226: 5359: 3741: 3360:Wallace, Patrick F., O'Floinn, Raghnall eds. 2774:"A History of Ireland in 100 Objects" website 2096: 480:as places from which to hunt migratory game. 433:landscape. This period is referred to as the 416:, (between about 26,000 and 20,000 years BP) 387: 3461:The Question of the Celticization of Ireland 3241:"Laois 'bog body' said to be world's oldest" 1997:"Reindeer bone rewrites Irish human history" 1859:records begin to appear during this period. 550: 3870:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 3546:Beaker Pottery of Great Britain and Ireland 2784: 2550: 2548: 2212: 2210: 2208: 1489: 709: 532:A British site on the eastern coast of the 421:completely isolated from Britain; and this 408:Prehistoric settlement of the British Isles 8000: 7986: 7469: 7455: 7233: 7219: 5373: 5366: 5352: 5293:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland 3748: 3734: 2262: 2237: 2177: 1035:axe-heads, dated 4,500-2,500 BC, found in 394: 380: 3615: 3384: 2910:100 objects, "Castlederg Bronze Cauldron" 2651: 2641: 2422: 1703:. Drumanagh is an example of the coastal 1575:ruled most of the neighbouring island of 1327:distinctively Irish large "gorgets", and 543:The return of freezing conditions in the 8007: 5112:Association football in Northern Ireland 3653: 2545: 2396: 2284:"Earliest evidence of humans in Ireland" 2205: 1871: 1714: 1683: 1628: 1495: 1363: 1336: 1309:extensive working of this precious metal 1261: 1184: 1026: 927: 740: 633: 560: 109: 99:, the historical record begins when the 20: 4308:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland 3589: 3555: 3419:Coffey, G. Bronze Age in Ireland (1913) 3099:Megalithic Ireland.com, Corlea Trackway 2889:100 objects, "Bronze Age Funerary Pots" 2481: 2124:Andrew Cooper & D. Jackson (2006). 1581:earliest written evidence about Ireland 8364: 7240: 3558:The prehistoric archaeology of Ireland 3364:, 2002, Gill & Macmillan, Dublin, 3253:100 objects, "Armlet, Old Croghan Man" 3154:The Iron Age in the Irish Sea province 2845:100 objects, "Gleninsheen Gold Gorget" 2178:Farmer, G. Thomas; Cook, John (2013). 1822:trade with, or raids on, Roman Britain 1548:of Britain and Ireland, also known as 974:), Carrowkeel and Carrowmore (both in 678:tipped with small stone blades called 7981: 7450: 7214: 6537: 6176: 5442: 5347: 4577: 4367: 4188: 3794: 3729: 3632: 3518:"Iron-age Ireland", Barry Raftery in 2899:Wallace and O'Floinn, 86, 91, 125-126 2695:Wallace and O'Floinn, 46-47, 2:1-9; 2470:A History of the World in 100 Objects 1022: 996:– These tombs include the well known 619:. As well as these, early Mesolithic 6538: 1167:Copper and Bronze Ages (2500–500 BC) 1118: 114:Bronze Age gold dress-fasteners and 7916:Post-war period (political history) 3560:. Galway: Galway University Press. 3288:A History of Ireland in 100 Objects 2857:100 objects, "Coggalbeg Gold Hoard" 2707:Wallace and O'Floinn, 48, 2:10-14; 2281: 2009:100 objects, "Mesolithic fish trap" 1277:A History of Ireland in 100 Objects 13: 4337:Tourism in the Republic of Ireland 4112:Economy of the Republic of Ireland 3910:Irish Free State (1922–1937) 3755: 3690:Ask about Ireland, Flora and fauna 3522:volume one, 2008, pp. 134–181 3378: 2908:Wallace and O'Floinn, 90-91, 125; 2586:"Prehistoric Genocide in Ireland?" 2097:Edwards, R.J.; Brooks, A. (2008). 1641:Examples from Iron Age Ireland of 1552:, can be divided into two groups, 638:The Moss-side hoard of Mesolithic 95:societies of Ireland. For much of 14: 8403: 6490:Megalithic architectural elements 4122:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn 3683: 3474: 3243:, The Irish Times. 2 August 2013. 3217:100 objects, "Cunorix Gravestone" 3215:Charles-Edwards, 155-162, map 8; 3143:Charles-Edwards (2000), pp. 153–4 2834:100 objects, "Pair of Gold Discs" 2809:Michael Herity and George Eogan, 2728:Michael Herity and George Eogan, 2684:100 objects, "Ceremonial Axehead" 2503:Journal of Archaeological Science 1594:(possibly the same people as the 1196:, eastern Ireland. British Museum 714:Many areas of Europe entered the 7921:Post-war period (social history) 7595: 7431: 7304: 6177: 5327: 4291:Tallest buildings and structures 3550:Gulbenkain Archaeological Series 3023:100 objects, "Keshcarrigan Bowl" 3021:Wallace and O'Floinn, 127, 4:8; 2674:Wallace and O'Floinn, 46-47, 2:4 2575:Wallace and O'Floinn, 45-46, 2:1 2369:Herity and Eogan, Start of Ch. 2 2087:Herity and Eogan, start of Ch. 2 1836:, with lesser concentrations in 1470: 1454: 1438: 1423: 1408: 1087:. Other stone shapes made were 911: 889: 867: 845: 363: 176: 7109:Evolutionary origin of religion 3494:, lxxvii, 1976, pp. 257–65 3266: 3257: 3246: 3230: 3221: 3209: 3188: 3172: 3159: 3146: 3137: 3128: 3112: 3103: 3092: 3083: 3074: 3048: 3036: 3027: 3015: 3006: 2990: 2979: 2966: 2941: 2932: 2923: 2914: 2902: 2893: 2882: 2861: 2849: 2838: 2827: 2816: 2803: 2778: 2767: 2748: 2739: 2722: 2713: 2701: 2689: 2686:, Wallace and O'Floinn, 46, 2:5 2677: 2668: 2617: 2606: 2578: 2569: 2490: 2475: 2458: 2390: 2381: 2372: 2363: 2357:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.09.018 2327: 2313: 2301: 2271: 2231: 1960:Belfast Natural History Society 1796:Others such as Joseph Raftery, 1626:does seem to be an import. 1500:Tribes of Ireland according to 839:Types of Irish megalithic tombs 148:Glaciation and the Palaeolithic 4127:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis 3526: 3194:Charles-Edwards (2000), p. 148 3134:Charles-Edwards (2000), p. 152 2823:100 objects, "Basket Earrings" 2789:. Oxford, UK: BAR Publishing. 2397:Sheridan, Alison (June 2020). 2222:The Irish Naturalists’ Journal 2117: 2090: 2081: 2022: 2013: 2002: 1984: 1972: 1913: 1762:Irish Dark Age (100 BC–AD 300) 1461:Late Bronze Age bracelet from 978:). The most famous of them is 51:has been pieced together from 28:, Ireland's largest Neolithic 1: 6722:Art of the Middle Paleolithic 6252:British megalith architecture 4189: 3590:McEnvoy; et al. (2004). 3552:, Cambridge University Press. 3482:Scottish Archaeological Forum 3279: 3227:Charles-Edwards, pp. 175–176. 3056:100 objects, "Broighter Boat" 3044:100 objects, "Petrie 'Crown'" 2986:100 objects, "Iron Spearhead" 2697:100 objects, "Flint Macehead" 2613:100 objects, "Neolithic Bowl" 2309:picture and different account 2019:Wallace and O'Floinn, 92, 3:4 1867: 1598:, a Belgic tribe of northern 1430:Tongue-shaped bronze dagger, 1019:introduction of agriculture. 793:climates—however, barley and 785:(Lyle's Hill pottery) and in 759: 472:. Some sites as far north as 33: 8382:History of Ireland by period 7478:History of the British Isles 6717:Art of the Upper Paleolithic 6257:Nordic megalith architecture 5192:Northern Ireland flags issue 4368: 4143:List of conflicts in Ireland 3887:Southern Ireland (1921–1922) 3668:10.1016/j.humimm.2003.10.004 3484:, iv, 1972, pp. 109–113 3463:, Emania No. 9 (1991), 5–16. 3033:Ó Cróinín, p. lx, "puzzling" 2920:Wallace and O'Floinn, 53, 90 2709:100 objects, "Neolithic Bag" 2387:Herity and Eoghan, Chapter 2 2228:" Accessed 21 December 2018. 2150:10.1016/j.margeo.2006.04.002 1669:styles. The 1st century BC 1610:, later Cirencester and the 816: 747:Irish National Heritage Park 567:Irish National Heritage Park 7: 4578: 4163:Gaelic clothing and fashion 3795: 3583: 3441:(2006) Edwin Mellen Press. 1832:, followed by the coast of 1606:(a name similar to that of 1243:, commenced about 2500 BC. 658:. There is no evidence for 580:(Middle Stone Age), around 10: 8408: 6865:British Isles and Brittany 6786:Gwion Gwion rock paintings 3303:National Museum of Ireland 3156:, Cardiff, 1972, p. ? 2758:(1970); David W. Anthony, 2424:10.1038/d41586-020-01655-4 2337:Quaternary Science Reviews 1937:National Museum of Ireland 1765: 1272:National Museum of Ireland 1170: 820: 605:Hermitage, County Limerick 554: 405: 132:Ireland has many areas of 8311: 8273: 8015: 7942: 7867: 7820: 7712: 7663: 7604: 7593: 7484: 7428: 7367: 7339:Great Britain and Ireland 7313: 7302: 7296:Timeline of Irish history 7248: 7067: 6880: 6707: 6554: 6550: 6533: 6419: 6383: 6232: 6189: 6185: 6172: 5979: 5810: 5783: 5708: 5634: 5625: 5530: 5455: 5451: 5443: 5438: 5381: 5323: 5222: 5160: 5097: 5037: 4950: 4898: 4853: 4820: 4765: 4730: 4680: 4599: 4590: 4586: 4573: 4508: 4411: 4380: 4376: 4363: 4273: 4201: 4197: 4184: 4135: 3923: 3807: 3803: 3790: 3766: 3468:Ireland in the Bronze Age 3263:Wallace and O'Floinn, 4-9 3071:Wallace and O'Floinn, 126 3012:Wallace and O'Floinn, 171 2948:Harbison, Peter. (1970). 2929:Wallace and O'Floinn, 125 2785:O'Brien, William (2022). 2523:10.1016/j.jas.2018.07.010 1824:is strongest in northern 1691:hillfort, walls c. 500 BC 1633:Gold model boat from the 1541:speakers, to the island. 551:Mesolithic (8000–4000 BC) 511:Alice and Gwendoline Cave 269:Great Britain and Ireland 233:Timeline of Irish history 3520:A New History of Ireland 3515:13, 1995, pp. 33–37 3501:11, 1993, pp. 21–30 3206:Charles-Edwards, p. 148. 3109:Charles-Edwards, p. 145. 3089:Charles-Edwards, 146-147 2879:Wallace and O'Floinn, 51 2867:Wallace and O'Floinn, 93 2745:Wallace and O'Floinn, 49 2378:Wallace and O'Floinn, 45 2220:. Special Supplement to 1965: 1645:, the term for Iron Age 1490:Iron Age (500 BC–AD 400) 936:, and the entrance stone 932:The entrance passage to 710:Neolithic (4000–2500 BC) 587:Evidence for Mesolithic 7750:Early medieval Scotland 7097:Evolutionary musicology 6500:Oldest extant buildings 6427:Archaeological features 5946:Prepared-core technique 5284:Prostitution (Republic) 3508:11, 1993, pp. 5–12 3317:Early Christian Ireland 3272:Wallace and O'Floinn, 8 3123:Early Christian Ireland 2486:. HM Stationery Office. 2482:Woodman, Peter (1985). 2059:10.1126/science.1172873 1879:, died 392 –201 BC, NMI 1768:Protohistory of Ireland 1568:, is found in Britain. 1447:Clones, County Monaghan 16:Ireland until c. 400 AD 8392:Archaeology of Ireland 8058:Bosnia and Herzegovina 7794:Early medieval Ireland 7760:Late medieval Scotland 7755:High medieval Scotland 7728:Early medieval England 7059:Unchambered long cairn 6907:Mound Builders culture 6240:Neolithic architecture 5375:Prehistoric technology 4153:List of Irish kingdoms 3635:Exp. Clin. Immunogenet 3556:Waddell, John (1998). 3313:Thomas Charles-Edwards 3237:Kingship and Sacrifice 3119:Thomas Charles-Edwards 2974:Atlas of Irish History 2268:Cunliffe, 2012, p. 56. 1880: 1861:Early Irish literature 1840:on the north coast of 1774:Thomas Charles-Edwards 1724: 1692: 1638: 1624:Fore, County Westmeath 1614:of northern Britain). 1533:(i.e. speakers of the 1509: 1372: 1346: 1281: 1223:began once copper was 1197: 1044: 970:), Loughcrew (both in 937: 823:Irish megalithic tombs 750: 736:Linear Pottery culture 720:Linear Pottery culture 647: 611:; and the campsite at 569: 456:that extended up into 122: 44: 8387:Prehistory by country 8009:Prehistory of Europe 7841:Early modern Scotland 7804:Late medieval Ireland 7799:High medieval Ireland 7738:Late medieval England 7733:High medieval England 7689:Protohistoric Ireland 7415:Economic history 7410:British monarchs 6734:List of Stone Age art 5936:Microblade technology 5884:Langdale axe industry 5482:Ard / plough 5260:Mass media (Republic) 5204:National coat of arms 4092:IRA Northern Campaign 3721:Prehistoric Waterford 2811:Ireland in Prehistory 2730:Ireland in Prehistory 2282:BBC (21 March 2016). 2280:, Irish Archaeology; 1875: 1808:extracted from Irish 1718: 1687: 1632: 1535:Proto-Celtic language 1499: 1445:Gold Dress Fastener, 1385:Dunaverney flesh-hook 1370:Dunaverney flesh-hook 1367: 1340: 1265: 1188: 1069:Langdale axe industry 1030: 931: 853:Creevykeel Court Tomb 744: 637: 564: 435:Midlandian glaciation 406:Further information: 347:Economic history 342:British monarchs 113: 49:prehistory of Ireland 24: 7951:House of Plantagenet 7853:Early modern Ireland 7836:Early modern England 7831:Early modern Britain 7772:Early medieval Wales 7630:Prehistoric Shetland 7625:Prehistoric Scotland 7400:Gaelic monarchs 7314:Peoples and polities 7141:Prehistoric medicine 7136:Prehistoric counting 7119:Prehistoric religion 7114:Paleolithic religion 7092:Behavioral modernity 6449:Causewayed enclosure 6341:Abri de la Madeleine 5465:Neolithic Revolution 5182:County coats of arms 5074:List of Irish people 4148:List of Irish tribes 3998:Cromwellian conquest 3984:Plantation of Ulster 3915:Ireland (since 1922) 2343:(27–28): 3956–3971. 1828:, centred on modern 1508:(written c. 150 AD). 1111:apparently made for 829:megalithic monuments 603:; the cremations at 487:by the onset of the 414:Last Glacial Maximum 332:Gaelic monarchs 245:Peoples and polities 8372:Prehistoric Ireland 8274:States with limited 7928:Late modern Ireland 7822:Early modern period 7782:Late medieval Wales 7777:High medieval Wales 7649:Prehistoric Ireland 7620:Prehistoric England 7615:Prehistoric Britain 7355:Republic of Ireland 7326:Lordship of Ireland 7180:Prehistoric warfare 5926:Magdalenian culture 5889:Levallois technique 5820:Earliest toolmaking 5297:in Northern Ireland 5288:in Northern Ireland 5029:Legendary creatures 4942:Traditional singing 4778:Saint Patrick's Day 4413:Republic of Ireland 4342:Tourist attractions 4327:ROI–UK border 4312:of Northern Ireland 4265:in Northern Ireland 4097:IRA Border Campaign 4072:War of Independence 4042:Second Great Famine 4027:Act of Union (1800) 3979:Flight of the Earls 3836:Lordship of Ireland 3771:Republic of Ireland 3491:Royal Irish Academy 3489:Proceedings of the 3307:Royal Irish Academy 3185:, 1979, p. 211 3179:Donnchadh Ó Corráin 2972:After Duffy (ed.), 2515:2018JArSc..97..137P 2415:2020Natur.582..347S 2349:2010QSRv...29.3956T 2244:National Geographic 2238:James Owen (2018). 2142:2006MGeol.232....1K 2051:2009Sci...325..710C 2035:Mitrovica, Jerry X. 1999:, Irish Archaeology 1981:, Irish Archaeology 1928:Royal Irish Academy 1802:Donnchadh Ó Corráin 1181:Bell Beaker culture 1173:Chalcolithic Europe 968:World Heritage Site 607:on the bank of the 285:Republic of Ireland 256:Lordship of Ireland 8377:Prehistoric Europe 7956:House of Lancaster 7909:World Wars (Wales) 7869:Late modern period 7846:Early modern Wales 7635:Prehistoric Orkney 7606:Prehistoric period 7438:Ireland portal 7331:Kingdom of Ireland 7242:History of Ireland 7131:Origin of language 7124:Spiritual drug use 7034:Rectangular dolmen 6936:Dartmoor kistvaens 6749:Carved stone balls 6461:Circular enclosure 6420:Other architecture 6363:Alp pile dwellings 5951:Solutrean industry 5862:Gravettian culture 5512:Secondary products 5334:Ireland portal 4652:Skirts and kidneys 4158:List of High Kings 4077:Anglo-Irish Treaty 4017:First Great Famine 4002:Settlement of 1652 3974:Tyrone's Rebellion 3964:Desmond Rebellions 3853:Kingdom of Ireland 2643:10.3390/nu14173594 2031:Wohlfarth, Barbara 1952:Irish independence 1881: 1725: 1693: 1639: 1510: 1373: 1347: 1294:Lakes of Killarney 1282: 1268:Gleninsheen gorget 1198: 1125:cup and ring marks 1045: 1023:Portable artefacts 938: 897:Poulnabrone dolmen 751: 648: 642:tools and blades, 601:County Londonderry 570: 507:radiocarbon dating 485:continental Europe 370:Ireland portal 261:Kingdom of Ireland 123: 118:, amber necklace, 75:period covers the 45: 41:Boyne valley tombs 8359: 8358: 7975: 7974: 7858:Early modern Mann 7745:Medieval Scotland 7703:Sub-Roman Britain 7698:End of Roman rule 7642:Prehistoric Wales 7444: 7443: 7337:United Kingdom of 7208: 7207: 7204: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7153:Prehistoric music 7102:music archaeology 6759:Cup and ring mark 6584:Clothing/textiles 6529: 6528: 6525: 6524: 6168: 6167: 6164: 6163: 5971:Yubetsu technique 5956:Striking platform 5921:Lithic technology 5806: 5805: 5791:Game drive system 5710:Projectile points 5602:Mortar and pestle 5341: 5340: 5319: 5318: 5315: 5314: 4726: 4725: 4617:Bacon and cabbage 4569: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4436:Foreign relations 4359: 4358: 4355: 4354: 4286:Notable buildings 4180: 4179: 4176: 4175: 3596:Am. J. Hum. Genet 3374: 3343:Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí 2938:Ó Cróinín, p. lx. 2813:(1996), pp.115–6. 2796:978-1-4073-5925-0 2409:(7812): 347–349. 2045:(5941): 710–714. 1846:Carlingford Lough 1620:Keshcarrigan Bowl 1389:Hallstatt culture 1177:Bronze Age Europe 1161:Dingle peninsulas 1129:Atlantic rock art 1119:Open-air rock art 404: 403: 267:United Kingdom of 61:historical record 8399: 8312:Dependencies and 8016:Sovereign states 8002: 7995: 7988: 7979: 7978: 7933:Late modern Mann 7904:Second World War 7889:Edwardian period 7884:Victorian period 7789:Medieval Ireland 7723:Medieval England 7665:Classical period 7654:Prehistoric Mann 7599: 7556:Northern Ireland 7471: 7464: 7457: 7448: 7447: 7436: 7435: 7434: 7359:Northern Ireland 7350:Irish Free State 7308: 7235: 7228: 7221: 7212: 7211: 7168:Divje Babe flute 7075:Archaeoastronomy 6818:Petrosomatoglyph 6552: 6551: 6535: 6534: 6384:Water management 6187: 6186: 6174: 6173: 6077:Denticulate tool 5899:Lithic reduction 5632: 5631: 5453: 5452: 5440: 5439: 5368: 5361: 5354: 5345: 5344: 5332: 5331: 5330: 5009:Tuatha Dé Danann 4597: 4596: 4588: 4587: 4575: 4574: 4510:Northern Ireland 4488: 4478: 4468: 4378: 4377: 4365: 4364: 4199: 4198: 4186: 4185: 4062:Home Rule crisis 3892:Northern Ireland 3805: 3804: 3792: 3791: 3779:Northern Ireland 3750: 3743: 3736: 3727: 3726: 3679: 3656:Human Immunology 3650: 3629: 3619: 3579: 3394: 3387:Ir. J. Earth Sci 3372: 3273: 3270: 3264: 3261: 3255: 3250: 3244: 3234: 3228: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3204: 3195: 3192: 3186: 3176: 3170: 3163: 3157: 3150: 3144: 3141: 3135: 3132: 3126: 3116: 3110: 3107: 3101: 3096: 3090: 3087: 3081: 3078: 3072: 3069: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3010: 3004: 3001:Dáibhí Ó Cróinín 2994: 2988: 2983: 2977: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2945: 2939: 2936: 2930: 2927: 2921: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2897: 2891: 2886: 2880: 2877: 2868: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2842: 2836: 2831: 2825: 2820: 2814: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2782: 2776: 2771: 2765: 2752: 2746: 2743: 2737: 2726: 2720: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2655: 2645: 2621: 2615: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2590: 2582: 2576: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2552: 2543: 2542: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2479: 2473: 2462: 2456: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2426: 2394: 2388: 2385: 2379: 2376: 2370: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2323:. 18 April 2021. 2317: 2311: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2275: 2269: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2250:on 13 March 2021 2246:. Archived from 2235: 2229: 2214: 2203: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2105:. pp. 19–34 2094: 2088: 2085: 2079: 2078: 2026: 2020: 2017: 2011: 2006: 2000: 1988: 1982: 1976: 1948:Northern Ireland 1893:Stoneyisland Man 1813:rapid recovery. 1744:Black Pig's Dyke 1695:The headland of 1566:Common Brittonic 1546:Celtic languages 1474: 1458: 1442: 1427: 1412: 1133:County Fermanagh 915: 893: 871: 849: 833:megalithic tombs 764: 761: 756:Dingle Peninsula 627:to the south in 589:hunter-gatherers 557:Irish Mesolithic 503:Palaeolithic Age 446:hunter-gatherers 396: 389: 382: 368: 367: 366: 289:Northern Ireland 280:Irish Free State 180: 170: 152: 151: 127:megalithic tombs 38: 35: 8407: 8406: 8402: 8401: 8400: 8398: 8397: 8396: 8362: 8361: 8360: 8355: 8313: 8307: 8293:Northern Cyprus 8275: 8269: 8190:North Macedonia 8011: 8006: 7976: 7971: 7970: 7938: 7937: 7899:Interwar period 7894:First World War 7863: 7862: 7816: 7815: 7714:Medieval period 7708: 7707: 7659: 7658: 7600: 7591: 7590: 7574:Channel Islands 7510:Isles of Scilly 7480: 7475: 7445: 7440: 7432: 7430: 7424: 7363: 7341: 7338: 7309: 7300: 7244: 7239: 7209: 7196: 7063: 7049:Stone box grave 7019:Megalithic tomb 6924:Cotswold-Severn 6876: 6781:Guardian stones 6709:Prehistoric art 6703: 6546: 6521: 6510:Timber trackway 6415: 6379: 6375:Wattle and daub 6228: 6207:Standing stones 6181: 6160: 5975: 5802: 5779: 5704: 5621: 5531:Food processing 5526: 5475:New World crops 5447: 5434: 5377: 5372: 5342: 5337: 5328: 5326: 5311: 5279:outside Ireland 5250:Historic houses 5218: 5199:Irish Wolfhound 5170:Brighid's Cross 5156: 5127:Gaelic handball 5122:Gaelic football 5093: 5064:Hiberno-Normans 5033: 4946: 4894: 4849: 4830:Hiberno-English 4816: 4761: 4722: 4676: 4582: 4561: 4504: 4486: 4476: 4466: 4407: 4398:Ulster loyalism 4372: 4351: 4269: 4193: 4172: 4131: 4057:Dublin lock-out 3993:Confederate War 3944:Norman invasion 3931:Battles of Tara 3919: 3875:1801–1923 3863:1691–1800 3858:1536–1691 3846:1169–1536 3799: 3786: 3762: 3754: 3686: 3586: 3576: 3529: 3477: 3381: 3379:Further reading 3298:The Irish Times 3285:"100 objects", 3282: 3277: 3276: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3258: 3251: 3247: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3198: 3193: 3189: 3177: 3173: 3165:Barry Raftery, 3164: 3160: 3151: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3129: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3061: 3053: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3007: 2995: 2991: 2984: 2980: 2971: 2967: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2894: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2871: 2866: 2862: 2854: 2850: 2843: 2839: 2832: 2828: 2821: 2817: 2808: 2804: 2797: 2783: 2779: 2772: 2768: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2706: 2702: 2694: 2690: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2669: 2622: 2618: 2611: 2607: 2597: 2595: 2588: 2584: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2570: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2553: 2546: 2495: 2491: 2480: 2476: 2463: 2459: 2452: 2448: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2332: 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8314:other entities 8309: 8308: 8306: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8279: 8277: 8271: 8270: 8268: 8267: 8265:United Kingdom 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8078:Czech Republic 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8019: 8017: 8013: 8012: 8005: 8004: 7997: 7990: 7982: 7973: 7972: 7969: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7940: 7939: 7936: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7924: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7912: 7911: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7878:United Kingdom 7874: 7873: 7871: 7865: 7864: 7861: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7849: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7827: 7826: 7824: 7818: 7817: 7814: 7813: 7808: 7807: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7786: 7785: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7767:Medieval Wales 7764: 7763: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7742: 7741: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7719: 7718: 7716: 7710: 7709: 7706: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7686: 7681: 7679:Roman Scotland 7676: 7670: 7669: 7667: 7661: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7645: 7644: 7639: 7638: 7637: 7632: 7622: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7602: 7601: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7588: 7587: 7586: 7581: 7571: 7565: 7560: 7559: 7558: 7553: 7552: 7551: 7541: 7540: 7539: 7537:Outer Hebrides 7534: 7532:Inner Hebrides 7529: 7524: 7514: 7513: 7512: 7507: 7495:United Kingdom 7491: 7490: 7488: 7482: 7481: 7474: 7473: 7466: 7459: 7451: 7442: 7441: 7429: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7371: 7369: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7361: 7352: 7347: 7345:Irish Republic 7342: 7335: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7321:Gaelic Ireland 7317: 7315: 7311: 7310: 7303: 7301: 7299: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7252: 7250: 7246: 7245: 7238: 7237: 7230: 7223: 7215: 7206: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7194: 7193: 7192: 7182: 7177: 7176: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7158:Alligator drum 7150: 7149: 7148: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7127: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7106: 7105: 7104: 7094: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7085:lunar calendar 7082: 7071: 7069: 7068:Other cultural 7065: 7064: 7062: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7015: 7014: 7009: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6988: 6987: 6982: 6972: 6967: 6966: 6965: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6939: 6938: 6928: 6927: 6926: 6916: 6915: 6914: 6904: 6903: 6902: 6897: 6886: 6884: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6874: 6872:Venus figurine 6869: 6868: 6867: 6862: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6841: 6840: 6835: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6803:Megalithic art 6800: 6799: 6798: 6793: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6772: 6771: 6761: 6756: 6754:Cave paintings 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6730: 6729: 6719: 6713: 6711: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6701: 6700: 6699: 6694: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6673: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6637: 6632: 6631: 6630: 6620: 6619: 6618: 6613: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6592: 6591: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6560: 6558: 6556:Material goods 6548: 6547: 6531: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6486: 6485: 6475: 6470: 6469: 6468: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6446: 6445: 6444: 6434: 6429: 6423: 6421: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6387: 6385: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6366: 6365: 6355: 6350: 6349: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6312: 6311: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6290: 6289: 6279: 6274: 6272:Cliff dwelling 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6248: 6247: 6236: 6234: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6204: 6199: 6193: 6191: 6183: 6182: 6170: 6169: 6166: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6158: 6157: 6156: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6130: 6129: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6068: 6067: 6057: 6056: 6055: 6050: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6024: 6023: 6013: 6008: 6003: 6002: 6001: 5991: 5985: 5983: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5917: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5880: 5879: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5857:Fire hardening 5854: 5849: 5847:Clovis culture 5844: 5839: 5838: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5816: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5800: 5799: 5798: 5787: 5785: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5777: 5772: 5770:Manis Mastodon 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5726: 5725: 5714: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5670: 5665: 5664: 5663: 5653: 5652: 5651: 5649:throwing stick 5641: 5635: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5582: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5556: 5555: 5545: 5540: 5534: 5532: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5478: 5477: 5472: 5461: 5459: 5449: 5448: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5432: 5427: 5426: 5425: 5415: 5414: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5382: 5379: 5378: 5371: 5370: 5363: 5356: 5348: 5339: 5338: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5290: 5281: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5245:Heritage Sites 5242: 5237: 5232: 5226: 5224: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5195: 5194: 5184: 5179: 5172: 5166: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5103: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5069:Irish diaspora 5066: 5061: 5060: 5059: 5057:Gaelic Ireland 5049: 5043: 5041: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5031: 5026: 5019: 5012: 5005: 4998: 4991: 4984: 4983: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4956: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4928: 4927: 4917: 4910: 4904: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4870: 4865: 4859: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4826: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4814: 4809: 4800: 4798:Rose of Tralee 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4769: 4767: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4742: 4736: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4684: 4682: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4607:List of dishes 4603: 4601: 4594: 4584: 4583: 4571: 4570: 4567: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4548: 4547: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4526: 4525: 4523:D'Hondt method 4514: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4502: 4497: 4496: 4495: 4490: 4484:Seanad Éireann 4480: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4449: 4448: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4417: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4384: 4382: 4374: 4373: 4361: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4294: 4293: 4288: 4277: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4267: 4258: 4257: 4256: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4224:Extreme points 4221: 4216: 4214:Climate change 4211: 4205: 4203: 4195: 4194: 4182: 4181: 4178: 4177: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4032:1803 Rebellion 4029: 4024: 4022:1798 Rebellion 4019: 4014: 4009: 4007:Williamite War 4004: 3995: 3989:1641 Rebellion 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3969:Spanish Armada 3966: 3961: 3959:Tudor conquest 3956: 3951: 3949:Bruce campaign 3946: 3941: 3927: 3925: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3906: 3905: 3895: 3894:(1921–present) 3889: 3884: 3882:Irish Republic 3879: 3878: 3877: 3867: 3866: 3865: 3860: 3850: 3849: 3848: 3843: 3841:800–1169 3832:Gaelic Ireland 3829: 3824: 3819: 3813: 3811: 3801: 3800: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3784: 3776: 3767: 3764: 3763: 3753: 3752: 3745: 3738: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3718: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3685: 3684:External links 3682: 3681: 3680: 3651: 3641:(4): 250–263. 3630: 3608:10.1086/424697 3602:(4): 693–704. 3585: 3582: 3581: 3580: 3574: 3553: 3542: 3536: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3523: 3516: 3509: 3502: 3495: 3485: 3476: 3475:Irish Dark Age 3473: 3472: 3471: 3464: 3457: 3450: 3435: 3425: 3420: 3417: 3406: 3395: 3380: 3377: 3376: 3375: 3358: 3345:, ed. (2008). 3340: 3330: 3324: 3310: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3265: 3256: 3245: 3229: 3220: 3208: 3196: 3187: 3171: 3169:, London, 1994 3158: 3145: 3136: 3127: 3111: 3102: 3091: 3082: 3073: 3059: 3047: 3035: 3026: 3014: 3005: 2989: 2978: 2965: 2940: 2931: 2922: 2913: 2901: 2892: 2881: 2869: 2860: 2848: 2837: 2826: 2815: 2802: 2795: 2777: 2766: 2747: 2738: 2721: 2712: 2700: 2688: 2676: 2667: 2616: 2605: 2577: 2568: 2544: 2489: 2474: 2457: 2446: 2389: 2380: 2371: 2362: 2326: 2312: 2300: 2270: 2261: 2230: 2204: 2190: 2170: 2130:Marine Geology 2116: 2089: 2080: 2021: 2012: 2001: 1992:Irish Examiner 1983: 1970: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1932:Dublin Society 1924:British Museum 1915: 1912: 1908:Clonycavan Man 1877:Clonycavan Man 1869: 1866: 1842:County Donegal 1763: 1760: 1671:Broighter Gold 1667:Romano-British 1550:Insular Celtic 1491: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1476: 1469: 1467: 1460: 1453: 1451: 1444: 1437: 1435: 1429: 1422: 1420: 1414: 1407: 1270:, 800-700 BC, 1168: 1165: 1141:County Wicklow 1137:County Donegal 1120: 1117: 1061:Rathlin Island 1024: 1021: 1016: 1015: 1005: 991: 957: 926: 925: 917: 910: 908: 895: 888: 886: 873: 866: 864: 851: 844: 841: 840: 821:Main article: 818: 815: 801:aspect of the 763: 4350 BC 711: 708: 625:County Donegal 555:Main article: 552: 549: 423:glacial period 402: 401: 399: 398: 391: 384: 376: 373: 372: 359: 358: 355: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 303: 300: 299: 296: 295: 292: 291: 282: 277: 275:Irish Republic 272: 265: 263: 258: 253: 251:Gaelic Ireland 247: 244: 243: 240: 239: 236: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 189: 186: 185: 182: 181: 173: 172: 163: 162: 155: 149: 146: 53:archaeological 37: 3200 BC 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8404: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8369: 8367: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8326:Faroe Islands 8324: 8322: 8319: 8318: 8316: 8310: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8298:South Ossetia 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8280: 8278: 8272: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8150:Liechtenstein 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8003: 7998: 7996: 7991: 7989: 7984: 7983: 7980: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7961:House of York 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7948: 7945: 7941: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7910: 7907: 7906: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7881: 7880:(since 1707) 7879: 7876: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7866: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7833: 7832: 7829: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7819: 7812: 7811:Medieval Mann 7809: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7791: 7790: 7787: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7769: 7768: 7765: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7747: 7746: 7743: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7725: 7724: 7721: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7711: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7693:Roman Ireland 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7674:Roman Britain 7672: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7662: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7643: 7640: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7627: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7617: 7616: 7613: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7603: 7598: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7576: 7575: 7572: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7557: 7554: 7550: 7547: 7546: 7545: 7542: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7519: 7518: 7515: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7505:Isle of Wight 7503: 7502: 7501: 7498: 7497: 7496: 7493: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7472: 7467: 7465: 7460: 7458: 7453: 7452: 7449: 7439: 7427: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7366: 7360: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7340: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7318: 7316: 7312: 7307: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7236: 7231: 7229: 7224: 7222: 7217: 7216: 7213: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7155: 7154: 7151: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7111: 7110: 7107: 7103: 7100: 7099: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7076: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7066: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7044:Simple dolmen 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7029:Passage grave 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7004: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6976: 6975:Gallery grave 6973: 6971: 6968: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6937: 6934: 6933: 6932: 6929: 6925: 6922: 6921: 6920: 6917: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6908: 6905: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6892: 6891: 6890:Burial mounds 6888: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6879: 6873: 6870: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6857: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6850:Statue menhir 6848: 6846: 6843: 6839: 6838:Stone carving 6836: 6834: 6831: 6830: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6788: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6770: 6767: 6766: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6728: 6725: 6724: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6706: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6689: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6677:Sewing needle 6675: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6642: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6624: 6621: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6608: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6536: 6532: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6505:Timber circle 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6462: 6459: 6455: 6454:Tor enclosure 6452: 6451: 6450: 6447: 6443: 6442:fulacht fiadh 6440: 6439: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6418: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6382: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6364: 6361: 6360: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6310: 6307: 6306: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6246: 6243: 6242: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6231: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6209: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6175: 6171: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6061: 6058: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6022: 6019: 6018: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5978: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5782: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5678:spear-thrower 5676: 5675: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5656:Bow and arrow 5654: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5624: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5565:Grinding slab 5563: 5561: 5558: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5529: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5497:Domestication 5495: 5493: 5492:Digging stick 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5470:Founder crops 5468: 5467: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5441: 5437: 5431: 5428: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5419: 5416: 5412: 5411:New Stone Age 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5388: 5387: 5384: 5383: 5380: 5376: 5369: 5364: 5362: 5357: 5355: 5350: 5349: 5346: 5336: 5335: 5322: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5302:Public houses 5300: 5298: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5221: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5159: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5096: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5036: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5024: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5013: 5011: 5010: 5006: 5004: 5003: 4999: 4997: 4996: 4992: 4990: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4962: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4915: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4897: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4875: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4819: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4764: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4747: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4729: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4679: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4576: 4572: 4558: 4557:Peace process 4555: 4553: 4550: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4519: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4501: 4498: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4487:(upper house) 4485: 4481: 4479: 4477:(lower house) 4475: 4471: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4393:Republicanism 4391: 4389: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4362: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4283: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4262: 4259: 4255: 4252: 4251: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4187: 4183: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4134: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4107:Peace process 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4087:The Emergency 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4067:Easter Rising 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4052:Fenian Rising 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3922: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3901: 3900: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3876: 3873: 3872: 3871: 3868: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3854: 3851: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3838: 3837: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3827:Early history 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3789: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3768: 3765: 3761: 3758: 3751: 3746: 3744: 3739: 3737: 3732: 3731: 3728: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3687: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3587: 3577: 3575:9781901421101 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3551: 3547: 3544:Clark (1970) 3543: 3541: 3537: 3535: 3531: 3530: 3521: 3517: 3514: 3510: 3507: 3503: 3500: 3496: 3493: 3492: 3486: 3483: 3479: 3478: 3469: 3465: 3462: 3458: 3455: 3452:Waddell, J., 3451: 3448: 3447:0-7734-5880-8 3444: 3440: 3437:Thompson, T. 3436: 3434: 3433:0-312-21881-8 3430: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3414:0-521-84811-3 3411: 3407: 3404: 3403:0-415-18208-5 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3383: 3382: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3356: 3355:0-19-922665-2 3352: 3348: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3338:0-415-04889-3 3335: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3289: 3284: 3283: 3269: 3260: 3254: 3249: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3203: 3201: 3191: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3168: 3162: 3155: 3149: 3140: 3131: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3106: 3100: 3095: 3086: 3077: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3009: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2987: 2982: 2975: 2969: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2952: 2944: 2935: 2926: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2896: 2890: 2885: 2876: 2874: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2841: 2835: 2830: 2824: 2819: 2812: 2806: 2798: 2792: 2788: 2781: 2775: 2770: 2763: 2762: 2757: 2751: 2742: 2735: 2731: 2725: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2685: 2680: 2671: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2620: 2614: 2609: 2594: 2593:Ireland's DNA 2587: 2581: 2572: 2557: 2551: 2549: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2493: 2485: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2455: 2450: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2393: 2384: 2375: 2366: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2330: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2289: 2285: 2279: 2274: 2265: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2234: 2227: 2224:, pp 19-34, " 2223: 2219: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2193: 2191:9789400757578 2187: 2183: 2182: 2174: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2120: 2104: 2100: 2093: 2084: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2025: 2016: 2010: 2005: 1998: 1994: 1993: 1987: 1980: 1975: 1971: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1956:Ulster Museum 1953: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1920:British Isles 1911: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1878: 1874: 1865: 1862: 1858: 1857:protohistoric 1853: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1834:County Antrim 1831: 1830:County Dublin 1827: 1823: 1819: 1818:Roman Britain 1814: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1798:Barry Raftery 1794: 1792: 1791:Roman Britain 1788: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1769: 1759: 1757: 1756:corduroy road 1753: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1701:Roman Britain 1698: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1663:Book of Kells 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1643:La Tène style 1636: 1631: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1577:Great Britain 1574: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1540: 1539:Indo-European 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1519:carbon-dating 1515: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1484: 1480: 1473: 1468: 1464: 1457: 1452: 1448: 1441: 1436: 1433: 1426: 1421: 1418: 1411: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1371: 1366: 1362: 1359: 1355: 1353: 1344: 1339: 1335: 1333: 1331: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1279: 1278: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1145:County Carlow 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1116: 1114: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1074: 1073:Lake District 1070: 1066: 1065:County Antrim 1062: 1058: 1057:Tievebulliagh 1054: 1050: 1042: 1041:Ulster Museum 1038: 1034: 1029: 1020: 1013: 1009: 1006: 1003: 999: 995: 992: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 964:Brú na Bóinne 961: 960:Passage tombs 958: 955: 951: 947: 943: 940: 939: 935: 930: 923: 920: 914: 909: 906: 902: 898: 892: 887: 884: 883:Brú na Bóinne 880: 876: 870: 865: 862: 858: 854: 848: 843: 842: 838: 837: 836: 834: 830: 824: 814: 810: 808: 804: 800: 796: 790: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 757: 748: 743: 739: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 707: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 645: 644:Ulster Museum 641: 636: 632: 630: 626: 622: 618: 617:County Offaly 614: 610: 609:River Shannon 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 585: 583: 579: 575: 568: 563: 558: 548: 546: 545:Younger Dryas 541: 539: 535: 530: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 499: 497: 492: 490: 486: 481: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 462:boreal period 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 438: 436: 432: 428: 424: 419: 415: 409: 397: 392: 390: 385: 383: 378: 377: 375: 374: 371: 361: 360: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 304: 298: 297: 290: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 270: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 248: 242: 241: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 190: 184: 183: 179: 175: 174: 171: 165: 164: 159: 154: 153: 145: 143: 139: 135: 130: 128: 121: 120:Ulster Museum 117: 112: 108: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 42: 39:. One of the 31: 27: 23: 19: 8303:Transnistria 7648: 7261:Protohistory 7255: 6985:wedge-shaped 6970:Funeral pyre 6963:Great dolmen 6919:Chamber tomb 6900:Round barrow 6855:Stone circle 6727:Blombos Cave 6655:Grooved ware 6579:Chalcolithic 6483:Thornborough 6401:Flush toilet 6336:Blombos Cave 6331:Rock shelter 6287:Quiggly hole 6179:Architecture 6154:illustration 5796:Buffalo jump 5617:Storage pits 5580:Aşıklı Höyük 5570:Ground stone 5406:Subdivisions 5325: 5295: / 5286: / 5277: / 5255:Homelessness 5174: 5142:Road bowling 5137:Martial arts 5084:Ulster Scots 5021: 5014: 5007: 5000: 4993: 4986: 4965:Mythological 4912: 4872: 4845:Ulster Scots 4805: / 4744: 4672:Three-in-One 4483: 4474:Dáil Éireann 4473: 4463: 4421:Constitution 4310: / 4281:Architecture 4263: / 4136:Other topics 4117:Celtic Tiger 4102:The Troubles 4000: / 3991: / 3937: / 3933: / 3834: / 3822:Protohistory 3816: 3662:(1): 66–77. 3659: 3655: 3638: 3634: 3599: 3595: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3519: 3512: 3505: 3498: 3488: 3481: 3467: 3460: 3459:Waddell, J., 3453: 3438: 3390: 3386: 3361: 3346: 3316: 3292: 3287: 3268: 3259: 3248: 3232: 3223: 3211: 3190: 3182: 3174: 3166: 3161: 3153: 3148: 3139: 3130: 3122: 3114: 3105: 3094: 3085: 3076: 3050: 3038: 3029: 3017: 3008: 2996: 2992: 2981: 2973: 2968: 2950: 2943: 2934: 2925: 2916: 2904: 2895: 2884: 2863: 2851: 2840: 2829: 2818: 2810: 2805: 2786: 2780: 2769: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2715: 2703: 2691: 2679: 2670: 2636:(17): 3594. 2633: 2629: 2619: 2608: 2596:. 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Retrieved 2102: 2092: 2083: 2042: 2038: 2024: 2015: 2004: 1991: 1986: 1974: 1941: 1917: 1897: 1885:over a dozen 1882: 1854: 1815: 1795: 1779:Roman Empire 1771: 1741: 1736: 1729:Hill of Tara 1726: 1723:, c. 100 BC. 1694: 1689:Dún Aonghasa 1651:Petrie Crown 1640: 1637:, c. 100 BC. 1616: 1612:Corionototae 1585: 1570: 1543: 1511: 1493: 1479:County Clare 1449:, 800-700 BC 1417:Dowris Hoard 1415:Part of the 1401: 1399:is another. 1377:Dowris Hoard 1374: 1356: 1348: 1345:, Limerick. 1329: 1320:gold lunulae 1317: 1306: 1298:County Kerry 1289: 1283: 1275: 1274:, no. 12 in 1252: 1245: 1241:Chalcolithic 1218: 1199: 1149:County Louth 1122: 1104:Phoenix Park 1101: 1077: 1053:porcellanite 1046: 1033:porcellanite 1017: 1012:County Clare 994:Portal tombs 976:County Sligo 972:County Meath 942:Court cairns 921: 900: 879:passage tomb 878: 861:County Sligo 826: 811: 791: 767:Céide Fields 752: 713: 692:animal skins 686:, fruit and 649: 593:Mount Sandel 586: 574:last ice age 571: 542: 531: 515:County Clare 500: 493: 482: 439: 411: 198:Protohistory 192: 131: 124: 105:Christianity 77:Palaeolithic 48: 46: 30:passage tomb 18: 8341:Isle of Man 8276:recognition 8250:Switzerland 8185:Netherlands 7684:Roman Wales 7568:Isle of Man 7007:unchambered 7002:Long barrow 6992:Grave goods 6948:Court cairn 6943:Clava cairn 6895:Bowl barrow 6833:Rock cupule 6776:Golden hats 6769:Hill figure 6670:Unstan ware 6650:Cord-marked 6515:Sweet Track 6437:Burnt mound 6358:Stilt house 6346:Sibudu Cave 6139:Tally stick 6107:Quern-stone 6092:Hammerstone 6082:Fire plough 6053:Pesse canoe 6011:Bannerstone 5981:Other tools 5894:Lithic core 5842:Aurignacian 5730:Bare Island 5612:Quern-stone 5275:Place names 5152:Rugby union 5047:Anglo-Irish 4932:Instruments 4788:The Twelfth 4752:Set dancing 4552:LGBT rights 4458:LGBT rights 4388:Nationalism 3954:Black Death 3527:Archaeology 2509:: 137–146. 1939:, by 1890. 1914:Collections 1844:and around 1806:Pollen data 1748:Cliadh Dubh 1737:Emain Macha 1659:Insular art 1655:Gallo-Roman 1537:) and thus 1483:NMI, Dublin 1432:Hunt Museum 1368:End of the 1352:grave goods 1343:Hunt Museum 1313:Scandinavia 1302:County Cork 1290:Ross Island 1259:, process. 1253:cire perdue 1206:Ross Island 1202:Bell Beaker 1194:Blessington 1190:Gold lunula 1008:Wedge tombs 919:Labbacallee 901:portal tomb 857:court cairn 771:County Mayo 724:La Hoguette 629:County Cork 613:Lough Boora 496:land bridge 412:During the 167:History of 73:prehistoric 63:around 400 8366:Categories 8220:San Marino 8180:Montenegro 8160:Luxembourg 8140:Kazakhstan 8043:Azerbaijan 7256:Prehistory 7249:Chronology 7146:trepanning 7039:Ring cairn 6997:Jar burial 6980:transepted 6912:U.S. sites 6813:Petroglyph 6739:Bird stone 6697:wine press 6370:Stone roof 6353:Roundhouse 6245:long house 6222:Stonehenge 6190:Ceremonial 6134:Stone tool 5961:Tool stone 5931:Metallurgy 5835:Mousterian 5812:Toolmaking 5750:Cumberland 5723:Transverse 5693:Schöningen 5585:Qesem cave 5553:Earth oven 5507:Irrigation 5418:Technology 5386:Prehistory 5176:Cláirseach 5079:Travellers 4937:Rock music 4920:Folk music 4855:Literature 4657:Soda bread 4540:Government 4467:parliament 4464:Oireachtas 4441:Government 4381:Ideologies 4012:Penal Laws 3903:since 1922 3817:Prehistory 3566:10379/1357 3393:: 133–144. 3370:0717128296 3280:References 2960:1000908777 2561:6 November 2136:(1–2): 1. 2109:2 December 1899:Cashel Man 1889:bog bodies 1868:Bog bodies 1850:Inhumation 1838:the Rosses 1766:See also: 1733:Navan Fort 1721:Navan Fort 1679:Alexandria 1647:Celtic art 1602:) and the 1523:River Inny 1512:The Irish 1506:Geographia 1463:Castlederg 1375:The large 1249:Bronze Age 1237:Copper Age 1221:Bronze Age 1171:See also: 1163:in Kerry. 1108:periwinkle 1063:, both in 922:wedge tomb 905:The Burren 795:German rye 704:Bann flake 680:microliths 640:Bann flake 578:Mesolithic 418:ice sheets 193:Prehistory 187:Chronology 138:bog bodies 89:Bronze Age 81:Mesolithic 8331:Gibraltar 8155:Lithuania 7375:Conflicts 7291:1801–1923 7286:1691–1800 7281:1536–1691 7276:1169–1536 7190:symbolism 7054:Tor cairn 7012:Grønsalen 6953:Cremation 6845:Sculpture 6823:Pictogram 6808:Petroform 6628:amber use 6596:Cosmetics 6406:Reservoir 6391:Check dam 6321:Pueblitos 6316:Pit-house 6299:Longhouse 6233:Dwellings 6102:Microlith 6033:Bow drill 6028:Bone tool 6021:prismatic 5830:Acheulean 5745:Cresswell 5718:Arrowhead 5644:Boomerang 5560:Granaries 5522:Terracing 5401:Stone Age 5307:Squatting 5023:Fomorians 4952:Mythology 4822:Languages 4807:Halloween 4783:Bealtaine 4766:Festivals 4757:Stepdance 4662:Spice Bag 4647:Irish fry 4637:Colcannon 4612:Barmbrack 4535:Education 4493:President 4431:Education 4347:Transport 4322:Provinces 4244:Mountains 4219:Coastline 4191:Geography 4082:Civil War 4037:Tithe War 3321:Cambridge 3003:(Editor). 2756:The Celts 2630:Nutrients 2539:134546502 2531:0305-4403 2441:219730055 2158:128396341 1709:ringforts 1697:Drumanagh 1588:Brigantes 1558:Brittonic 1397:scabbards 1292:, at the 1049:stone axe 980:Newgrange 950:Kilcommon 934:Newgrange 817:Monuments 807:Triticeae 765:. At the 716:Neolithic 700:microlith 656:hazelnuts 652:wild boar 597:Coleraine 538:shellfish 534:Irish Sea 527:Doneraile 523:Irish Sea 464:included 307:Conflicts 228:1801–1923 223:1691–1800 218:1536–1691 213:1169–1536 85:Neolithic 69:Near East 26:Newgrange 8351:Svalbard 8336:Guernsey 8283:Abkhazia 8235:Slovenia 8230:Slovakia 8205:Portugal 8063:Bulgaria 7966:Monarchs 7584:Guernsey 7549:Anglesey 7522:Shetland 7517:Scotland 7486:Overview 7390:Kingdoms 7271:795–1169 6828:Rock art 6791:painting 6764:Geoglyph 6589:timeline 6569:Beadwork 6309:Mehrgarh 6304:Mudbrick 6212:megalith 6087:Fire-saw 5909:debitage 5904:analysis 5872:Hand axe 5852:Cupstone 5430:Glossary 5391:Timeline 5265:Monastic 5230:Calendar 5214:Shamrock 5209:Red Hand 5147:Rounders 4812:Wren Day 4746:Sean-nós 4698:Guinness 4642:Drisheen 4518:Assembly 4500:Taxation 4403:Unionism 4370:Politics 4303:Counties 4047:Land War 3939:Clontarf 3935:Glenmama 3809:Timeline 3676:14700598 3626:15309688 3584:Genetics 3305:and the 3125:, p. 145 2976:, p. 15. 2662:36079850 2433:32555481 2293:27 April 2288:BBC News 2067:19661421 1887:ancient 1826:Leinster 1608:Corinion 1604:Coriondi 1554:Goidelic 1514:Iron Age 1381:testicle 1358:Crannogs 1286:Cornwall 1257:lost wax 1233:Cornwall 1113:funerary 787:Limerick 732:Holocene 676:harpoons 664:red deer 519:Drogheda 489:Holocene 466:reindeer 450:refugium 427:glaciers 322:Kingdoms 208:795–1169 158:a series 156:Part of 93:Iron Age 8260:Ukraine 8210:Romania 8170:Moldova 8128:Ireland 8123:Iceland 8118:Hungary 8108:Germany 8103:Georgia 8093:Finland 8088:Estonia 8083:Denmark 8068:Croatia 8053:Belgium 8048:Belarus 8038:Austria 8033:Armenia 8028:Andorra 8023:Albania 7943:Related 7563:Ireland 7500:England 7405:Judaism 7385:Cuisine 7266:400–795 7185:Symbols 6796:pigment 6682:Weaving 6645:Cardium 6640:Pottery 6635:Mirrors 6623:Jewelry 6564:Baskets 6544:culture 6396:Cistern 6202:Pyramid 6144:Weapons 6122:Scraper 6112:Racloir 6072:Cleaver 6060:Chopper 5966:Uniface 5877:Grooves 5867:Hafting 5825:Oldowan 5784:Systems 5735:Cascade 5698:woomera 5688:harpoon 5661:history 5627:Hunting 5607:Pottery 5548:Cooking 5457:Farming 5423:history 5396:Outline 5235:Castles 5162:Symbols 5132:Hurling 5117:Camogie 5016:Firbolg 5002:Immrama 4995:Echtrai 4925:session 4908:Ballads 4885:Theatre 4874:Gaeilge 4868:Fiction 4803:Samhain 4718:Whiskey 4592:Cuisine 4580:Culture 4530:Economy 4426:Economy 4234:Islands 4209:Climate 4202:Natural 3797:History 3757:Ireland 3647:9523161 3617:1182057 3548:of the 3294:An Post 3239:, NMI; 3121:(2000) 2764:(2007). 2653:9460423 2598:27 June 2511:Bibcode 2411:Bibcode 2345:Bibcode 2254:2 April 2163:2 April 2138:Bibcode 2075:1324559 2047:Bibcode 2039:Science 1783:Ptolemy 1661:of the 1596:Menapii 1592:Manapii 1502:Ptolemy 1332:amulets 1225:alloyed 1157:Iveragh 1089:chisels 1080:jadeite 1037:Belfast 1002:tumulus 998:dolmens 946:Faulagh 696:hearths 688:berries 582:7000 BC 470:aurochs 337:Judaism 317:Cuisine 203:400–795 169:Ireland 134:bogland 57:Ireland 8346:Jersey 8288:Kosovo 8255:Turkey 8245:Sweden 8225:Serbia 8215:Russia 8200:Poland 8195:Norway 8175:Monaco 8145:Latvia 8113:Greece 8098:France 8073:Cyprus 7579:Jersey 7570:(Mann) 7527:Orkney 7395:States 7368:Topics 7163:flutes 6958:Dolmen 6882:Burial 6692:winery 6665:Linear 6495:Midden 6473:Cursus 6466:Goseck 6326:Pueblo 6277:Dugout 6262:Burdei 5941:Mining 5765:Lamoka 5760:Folsom 5740:Clovis 5597:Metate 5575:Hearth 5543:Basket 5517:Sickle 5240:Cinema 5039:People 4988:Aos Sí 4975:Ulster 4970:Fenian 4960:Cycles 4890:Triads 4880:Poetry 4863:Annals 4840:Shelta 4793:Lúnasa 4773:Imbolc 4708:Poitín 4688:Coffee 4681:Drinks 4632:Coddle 4298:Cities 4249:Rivers 4239:Loughs 3924:Events 3782:topics 3774:topics 3760:topics 3674: 3645: 3624: 3614: 3572: 3513:Emania 3506:Emania 3499:Emania 3445: 3431: 3412: 3401: 3368: 3353: 3336: 3323:, 2000 3309:, 2017 2958: 2793: 2660: 2650: 2537: 2529: 2439: 2431: 2403:Nature 2197:2 July 2188: 2156: 2073: 2065: 1950:after 1800:, and 1573:Romans 1527:Lackan 1393:chapes 1330:bullae 1179:, and 1097:Knowth 1085:amulet 988:Knowth 875:Knowth 783:Ulster 779:barley 672:arrows 668:spears 621:lithic 474:Sweden 454:Iberia 431:tundra 327:States 301:Topics 160:on the 142:wicker 101:Romans 97:Europe 71:. 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Prehistoric Ireland

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