Elizabethan Religious Settlement

1790: 1609: 1342: 1397: 52: 884: 1023: 2396: 2538: 8696: 2855: 24: 1667:"—Catholics who outwardly conformed to the established church while maintaining their Catholic faith in secret. Wealthy church papists attended their parish church but had Mass at home or hired two chaplains, one to perform the prayer book service and the other to perform the Mass. Initially, recusant priests advised the laity to simply abstain from Protestant communion. However, this stance hardened over time. In 1562, the 1592:

while, it was possible to sustain an attenuated Catholicism within the parish framework, by counterfeiting the mass, teaching the seven sacraments, preserving images of saints, reciting the rosary, observing feasts, fasts, and customs". Over time, however, this "survivalist Catholicism" was undermined by pressures to conform, giving way to an underground Catholicism completely separate from the Church of England.

1184:. In 1559, Elizabeth was still unsure of the theological orientation of her Protestant subjects, and she did not want to offend the Lutheran rulers of northern Europe by veering too far into the Reformed camp. "It was worthwhile for Elizabeth's government to throw the Lutherans a few theological scraps, and the change also chimed with the Queen's personal inclination to Lutheran views on eucharistic presence." 2639: 2770: 1411:(rather than cope or chasuble) for services. In 1560, the bishops specified that the cope should be worn when administering the Lord's Supper and the surplice at all other times. Other provisions of the Royal Injunctions were out of step with the Edwardian Reformation and displayed the Queen's conservative preferences. These included injunctions allowing processions to take place at 1168:

House of Lords. Haigh argues that the Act of Uniformity "produced an ambiguous Book of Common Prayer: a liturgical compromise which allowed priests to perform the Church of England communion with Catholic regalia, standing in the Catholic position, and using words capable of Catholic interpretation". This made it easier for priests to "counterfeit" the Mass without risking arrest.

629: 1600:) were becoming a majority. Efforts to introduce further religious reforms through Parliament or by means of Convocation were consistently blocked by the Queen. The Church of England's refusal to adopt the patterns of the Continental Reformed churches deepened conflict between Protestants who desired greater reforms and church authorities who prioritised conformity. 1439:. The injunctions ordered the "holy table" to be carried into the chancel during communion services but at all other times to be placed where the altar would have stood. When not in use, it was to be oriented north to south, the same as an altar. These provisions offended many Protestants, and in practice, the Injunctions were often ignored by church leaders. 941:. The pope's authority was removed, but rather than granting the Queen the title of supreme head of the church, it merely said she could adopt it herself. This bill would have returned the Church to its position at the death of Henry VIII rather than to that when Edward VI died. It was a defeat for the Queen's legislative programme, so she withheld 2392:. In addition, the liturgy remained "more elaborate and more reminiscent of older liturgical forms" and "took no account of developments in Protestant thinking after the early 1550s". According to historian Diarmaid MacCulloch, the conflicts over the Elizabethan Settlement stem from the "tension between Catholic structure and Protestant theology". 2555:

second of which stated that the Prayer Book and Ordinal contained "nothing ... contrary to the word of God". Whitgift's demands produced widespread turmoil, and around 400 ministers were suspended for refusal to subscribe. Under pressure from the Privy Council, Whitgift was forced to accept conditional subscriptions from defiant ministers.

793:, Elizabeth's half-sister, became queen in 1553. She reversed the religious innovations introduced by her father and brother. Under Mary's rule, England returned to the Catholic Church and recognised the pope's authority. Mary died in November 1558 without a Catholic heir, leaving the throne to the Protestant Elizabeth. 1471:

deprived for refusal to conform. Most parish clergy kept their posts, but it is not clear to what degree they conformed. The bishops thought that Catholicism was widespread among the old clergy, but priests were rarely removed because of a clergy shortage that began with an influenza epidemic in 1558.

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Diarmaid MacCulloch states that Hooker's writings helped to create an "Anglican synthesis". From Hooker, Anglicanism "inherited its belief in the place of reason as an authority for action, its esteem for continuity over the Reformation divide, and a hospitality towards sacramental modes of thought".

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led to the discovery of the presbyterian organisation that had been built up over the years. Its leaders were arrested and the Classical Movement disintegrated. This debacle occurred at the same time that Puritanism's most powerful defenders at Court were dying off. In the aftermath of the conformist

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carries connotations of Catholicism. The majority of conformists were part of the Reformed consensus that included the Puritans; what divided the parties were disputes over church government. Whitgift's first move against the Puritans was a requirement that all clergy subscribe to three articles, the

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By 1574, Catholic recusants had organised an underground Catholic Church, distinct from the Church of England. However, it had two major weaknesses: membership loss as church papists conformed fully to the Church of England, and a shortage of priests. The latter problem was addressed by establishing

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The settlement of 1559 had given Protestants control of the Church of England, but matters were different at the parish level, where Catholic priests and traditional laity held large majorities. The bishops struggled for decades to impose the prayer book and Injunctions on reluctant parishes. "For a

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for Catholics: "You may not be present at such prayers of heretics, or at their sermons, without heinous offence and the indignation of God, and it is far better to suffer most bitter cruelties than to give the least sign of consent to such wicked and abominable rites." By the late 1560s, recusancy

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was founded to provide a Catholic education to young Englishmen and, eventually, to train a new leadership for a restored Catholic Church in England. Other leading Marian churchmen remained in England to serve as private chaplains to Catholic nobles and gentry. Many became leaders of an underground

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thinking. The Thirty-nine Articles were not intended as a complete statement of the Christian faith but of the position of the Church of England in relation to the Catholic Church and dissident Protestants. In 1571, Convocation finalised the Thirty-nine Articles. It was given statutory force by the

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argues that Elizabeth wanted to pursue a conservative policy but was pushed in a radical direction by a Protestant faction in the House of Commons. This theory has been challenged by Christopher Haigh, who argues that Elizabeth wanted radical reform but was pushed in a conservative direction by the

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authors believed that presbyterianism was the only biblical form of church government, whereas Whitgift argued that no single form of church government was commanded in the Bible. Under Field's leadership, the Classical Movement was active among Puritans within the Church of England throughout the

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from the 1549 prayer book to the words in the 1552 book. When communicants received the bread, they would hear the words, "The body of our Lord Jesus Christ, which was given for thee, preserve thy body and soul unto everlasting life . Take and eat this in remembrance that Christ died for thee, and

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The alternative title was less offensive to Catholic members of Parliament, but this was unlikely to have been the only reason for the alteration. It was also a concession to the Queen's Protestant supporters who objected to "supreme head" on theological grounds and who had concerns about a female

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consensus" was shattered, and the Church of England began defining itself less broadly. The suppression and marginalisation of Prayer Book Protestants during the 1640s and 1650s had made the prayer book "an undisputed identifier of an emerging Anglican self-consciousness." Historian Judith Maltby

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accounts indicate that half of all parishes kept Catholic vestments and Mass equipment for at least a decade. Gradually, however, parishes complied as bishops exerted pressure. Most of the parish clergy were Catholics. Through the mid-1560s, there were an estimated 800 clergy who resigned or were

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Another bill introduced to the same Parliament with the intent to return Protestant practices to legal dominance was the Uniformity bill, which sought to restore the 1552 prayer book as the official liturgy. It encountered more opposition in the Lords than the Supremacy Act, passing by only three

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over the refusal of some clergy to wear the clerical dress required by the Royal Injunctions. For many Protestants, clerical vestments symbolised a continued belief in a priestly order separate from the congregation, and could be interpreted by Catholics as affirmation of traditional doctrines.

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in marriage. Throughout her reign, the Queen successfully blocked attempts by Parliament and the bishops to introduce further change. The bishops were placed in the difficult position of enforcing conformity while supporting reform. This was particularly evident between 1565 and 1567 during the

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The persecution of 1581–1592 changed the nature of Catholicism in England. The seminary priests were dependent on the gentry families of southern England. As the older generation of recusant priests died out, Catholicism collapsed among the lower classes in the north, west and in Wales. Without

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To avoid alarming foreign Catholic observers, Elizabeth initially maintained that nothing in religion had changed. A proclamation forbade any "breach, alteration, or change of any order or usage presently established within this our realm". Nevertheless, Protestants were emboldened to practice

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In the early years of Elizabeth's reign, most Catholics hoped the Protestant ascendancy would be temporary, as it had been prior to Mary's restoration of papal authority. There were priests who conformed to the prayer book while also providing the Mass to their parishioners. Others refused to

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Following the Queen's failure to grant approval to the previous bill, Parliament reconvened in April 1559. At this point, the Privy Council introduced two new bills, one concerning royal supremacy and the other about a Protestant liturgy. The Council hoped that by separating them at least the

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fine for missing a service was poorly enforced. Afterwards, efforts to identify recusants and force them to conform increased. In 1581, a new law made it treason to be absolved from schism and reconciled with Rome and the fine for recusancy was increased to £20 per month (50 times an

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assault, the 1590s were relatively free of theological controversy. Once Whitgift had destroyed presbyterian activism, he was content to leave the Puritans alone. Likewise, Elizabethan Puritans abandoned the hopeless cause of presbyterianism to focus on less controversial pursuits.

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The clash between Calvinists and Arminians was never resolved, and the "seesaw battle between Catholic and Protestant within a single Anglican ecclesiastical structure has been proceeding ever since". The preface to the 1662 prayer book defined the Church of England as a

2715:, Archbishop of Canterbury (1633–1645). Laud and his followers believed the Reformation had gone too far and launched a "'Beauty of Holiness' counter-revolution, wishing to restore what they saw as lost majesty in worship and lost dignity for the sacerdotal priesthood." 1179:

after the loss of "the Latin mass, monasteries, chantries, shrines, gilds and a compulsory celibate priesthood". He argues the modifications were most likely meant to appease domestic and foreign Lutheran Protestants who opposed the memorialist view originating from

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which approved the first prayer book was passed in January, it is likely that the provisions of the 1549 prayer book were intended, even though Edward's second year ended several months before the book was published. The 1549 prayer book required clergy to wear the

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In some instances, the injunctions contradicted the 1559 prayer book. While the prayer book directed the use of ordinary bread for communion, the Injunctions required traditional wafers to be used. There were also conflicting directions for the placement of the

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view had much in common with John Calvin's Eucharistic theology. "Of Common Prayer and Sacraments" taught that although only baptism and the Eucharist were sacraments instituted by Christ other rites such as ordination had a sacramental character.

1175:, also finds Neale's thesis flawed. At the same time, he calls the idea that the prayer book modifications were concessions to Catholics "absurd", writing that "these little verbal and visual adjustments" would never satisfy Catholic clergy and 1577:

with sermons on 20 topics. One, "Of the Worthy Receiving of the Sacrament", added more detail to the church's doctrine of the Eucharist, which was described as "spiritual food" and "a ghostly substance and not carnal" made real by faith. This

1244:, died in 1558 and needed to be replaced. The remaining bishops were all Catholics appointed during Mary's reign, and Elizabeth's advisers hoped they could be persuaded to continue serving. Ultimately, all but two bishops (the undistinguished 2723:

resulted in the overthrow of Charles I, and a Puritan dominated Parliament began to dismantle the Elizabethan Settlement. Episcopacy was replaced with a semi-presbyterian system. In 1645, the prayer book was made illegal and replaced by the

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was a slightly revised version of the previous book. Many Puritans, however, were unwilling to conform to it. Around 900 ministers refused to subscribe to the new prayer book and were removed from their positions, an event known as the

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and tried to find compromise, but the Queen believed that the church—and herself as supreme governor—had authority to determine rites and ceremonies. In the end, Archbishop Parker issued a code of discipline for the clergy called the

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Gradually, England was transformed into a Protestant country as the prayer book shaped Elizabethan religious life. By the 1580s, conformist Protestants (termed "parish anglicans" by Christopher Haigh and "Prayer Book protestants" by

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and others. In England, however, Protestants were forced to operate within a church structure unchanged since medieval times with the same threefold orders of bishop, priest and deacon along with church courts that continued to use

1361:. These new royal injunctions were meant to fill in the details of the settlement and were to be enforced nationwide by six groups of clerical and lay commissioners. All of the leading clergymen were Protestants and former exiles ( 801:

Elizabeth's religious views were Protestant, though "peculiarly conservative". She also kept many of her religious views private, which can make it difficult to determine what she believed. She disliked married clergy, held

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Many parishes were slow to comply with the injunctions. Many did so out of sympathy with traditional Catholic religion, while others waited to see if this religious settlement was permanent before taking expensive action.

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According to the injunctions, church images that were superstitiously abused were condemned as idolatry, but the commissioners mandated the destruction of all pictures and images. Across the nation, parishes paid to have

2631:. James was himself a moderate Calvinist, and the Puritans hoped the King would move the English Church in the Scottish direction. James, however, did the opposite, forcing the Scottish Church to accept bishops and the 2549:

and six years later Archbishop of Canterbury. His rise to power has been identified with a "conservative reaction" against Puritanism. It is more accurate to call Whitgift and those like him conformists, since the word

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From the Arminians, it gained a theology of episcopacy and an appreciation for liturgy. From the Puritans and Calvinists, it "inherited a contradictory impulse to assert the supremacy of scripture and preaching".

1454:. In the end, the Queen and the bishops reached an unspoken compromise. She kept her crucifix and candles and dropped her plans to restore roods. In 1560, Bishop Grindal was allowed to enforce the demolition of 1147:

feed on him in thy heart by faith with thanksgiving" . This combination could be interpreted as an affirmation of an objective real presence to those who believed in it, while others could interpret it to mean

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priests, these social classes drifted into the Church of England and Catholicism was forgotten. By Elizabeth's death, Catholicism had become "the faith of a small sect", largely confined to gentry households.

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In the Parliaments of 1584 and 1586, the Puritans attempted to push through legislation that would institute a presbyterian form of government for the Church of England and replace the prayer book with the

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attempted to overthrow England's Protestant regime. The rebellion was defeated, but it contributed to a perception that Catholicism was treason. This perception was seemingly confirmed when Elizabeth was

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The Queen's excommunication and the arrival of the seminary priests brought a change in government policy toward recusants. Before 1574, most laymen were not made to take the Oath of Supremacy and the

1114:, stating that until the Queen ordered otherwise ministers were to "use such ornaments as were in use by the authority of Parliament in the second year of the reign of King Edward VI". Edward's second 937:

joined the bishops in their opposition and succeeded in amending the bill considerably. The ordinal and prayer book provisions were removed and the Mass left unchanged, with the exception of allowing

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that would allow Protestants, with their bishop's permission, to omit ceremonies from the 1559 prayer book, and bishops would be further empowered to license clergymen to use the French and Dutch

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and establishing underground congregations. Most Puritans, however, remained in the Church of England. These Puritans were not without influence, enjoying the support of powerful men such as the

1757:'s wage). Afterwards, executions of Catholic priests became more common, and in 1585, it became treason for a Catholic priest to enter the country, as well as for anyone to aid or shelter him. 1329: 1118:

ran from 28 January 1548 to 27 January 1549. During this time, priests said Mass in Latin wearing traditional Catholic vestments. Few thought this was the rubric's meaning, however. Since the

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liturgies. Catholics, however, would have no such freedom. The Queen did not approve, disliking any attempt to undermine the concept of religious uniformity and her own religious settlement.

1091:, which effectively restored the 1552 prayer book with some modifications. The Litany in the 1552 book had denounced "the bishop of Rome, and all his detestable enormities". The revised 2661:, that incorporated a few changes requested by the Puritans. The most important outcome of the Conference, however, was the decision to produce a new translation of the Bible, the 1611 1659:

Catholics were forced to choose between attending Protestant services to comply with the law or refusing to attend. Those who refused to attend Church of England services were called

1450:. Later, she decided that roods should be restored in parish churches. Elizabeth's bishops protested both moves as revivals of idolatry, arguing that all images were forbidden by the 4915: 4754: 4590: 4520: 1014:

The bill easily passed the House of Commons. In the House of Lords, all the bishops voted against it, but they were joined by only one lay peer. The Act of Supremacy became law.

5864: 2719:, however, was unpopular with both Puritans and Prayer Book Protestants, who viewed the high church innovations as undermining forms of worship they had grown attached to. The 1514:

influences argued against using of funds to pay for choristers. Churches employed singers for special occasions, which might be paid with money, wine, or ale and bread. The

2807:"between the two extremes of too much stiffness in refusing and of too much easiness in admitting any variation". Although Elizabeth I "cannot be credited with a prophetic 2676:. Like the Puritans, Andrewes engaged in his own brand of nonconformity. In his private chapel, he added ceremonies and formulas not authorised in the prayer book, such as 2820: 1207:

write that the Elizabethan Church "was widely regarded as a Reformed church, but it was anomalous in retaining certain features of late medieval Catholicism", such as

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By 1572, the debate between Puritans and conformists had entered a new phase—church government had replaced vestments as the major issue. While Parliament still met,

6509: 5658: 2680:. James I tried to balance the Puritan forces within his church with followers of Andrewes, promoting many of them at the end of his reign. This group was led by 509:

theology and liturgy. In Mary's reign, these religious policies were reversed, England was re-united with the Catholic Church and Protestantism was suppressed.

6722: 154: 7448: 91: 2665:. While a disappointment for Puritans, the provisions were aimed at satisfying moderate Puritans and isolating them from their more radical counterparts. 606:

and the overthrow of the monarchy allowed the Puritans to pursue their reform agenda and the dismantling of the Elizabethan Settlement for a period. The

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or classes, from which the movement took its name. Through the 1580s, Puritans were organised enough to conduct what were essentially covert national

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removed, which they had only recently paid to restore under Queen Mary. They would spend more money on buying Bibles and prayer books and replacing

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and Peter Lake argue that until 1630 the Church of England was shaped by a "Calvinist consensus". During this time, Calvinist clergy held the best

1635:, and academics (mostly from Oxford but also from Cambridge) lost their positions. In the early years, some 300 Catholics fled, especially to the 2793:'s thought became influential within the Church of England, as Anglicans tried to define themselves in ways distinct from Protestant dissenters. 2583:

began defending the English Church's episcopal polity more strongly, no longer merely accepting it as convenient but asserting it as divine law.

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of Cambridge University, a leading advocate for conformity, published a reply in October 1572, and he and Cartwright subsequently entered into a

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with communion cups (a chalice was designed for the priest alone whereas a communion cup was larger and to be used by the whole congregation).

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in 1660 reestablished the settlement, and the Puritans were forced out of the Church of England. Anglicans started to define their Church as a

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was added as one of the concessions to traditionalists in order to gain passage in the Lords. The rubric provided instructions for clerical

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opened in January 1559, its chief goal was the difficult task of reaching a religious settlement. Twenty bishops (all Catholics) sat in the

8741: 6141: 1965: 858:. It was obvious to most that these were temporary measures. Her government's goal was to resurrect the Edwardian reforms, reinstating the 307: 1349:

Church. It was the main altar stone up to about 1550 in the reign of Edward VI when it was removed and used as a footbridge over a stream.

810:. At certain times, the Queen made her religious preferences clear, such as on Christmas Day 1558, when before Mass she instructed Bishop 6605: 4986: 2439:

came into use to describe those who wanted further reformation. Some lost faith in the Church of England as an agent of reform, becoming

2186: 8756: 8376: 6981: 6805: 6178: 5282: 2120: 1960: 249: 2140: 8751: 5484: 1492:. Although most people were able to sing, worship was dominated by choral liturgies, especially in the cathedrals. During this time, 961: 521: 415: 204: 35: 3593: 1442:

The Queen was disappointed by the extreme iconoclasm of the Protestants during the visitations. In October 1559, she ordered that a

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The Act of Uniformity required church attendance on Sundays and holy days and imposed fines for each day absent. It authorized the

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Supremacy bill would pass. Under this bill, the Pope's jurisdiction in England was once again abolished, and Elizabeth was to be

732:, the central act of Catholic worship, was condemned as idolatry and replaced with a Protestant communion service, a reminder of 1789: 6757: 6625: 5869: 5777: 5508: 5428: 5376: 5174: 2319: 2251: 1651:. They also acted as a "Church government in exile", providing Catholics in England with advice and instructions. In 1568, the 1458:

in London. A year later, the Queen herself ordered the demolition of all lofts, but the rood beams were to remain on which the

636:; an allegorical painting meant to show Queen Elizabeth I combined the best virtues of her predecessors, Henry, Edward and Mary 8350: 2563:

used in Geneva. Both attempts failed, mainly because of the Queen's opposition. In response, a group of conformists including

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The Elizabethan settlement was further consolidated by the adoption of a moderately Protestant doctrinal statement called the

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to replace Pole as Archbishop of Canterbury. Parker was a prominent scholar and had served as chaplain to Elizabeth's mother,

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or middle way between the religious extremes of Catholicism and Protestantism; Arminianism and Calvinism; and high church and

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Devotional singing at home was shared between family and friends. By far the most popular and reprinted metrical Psalter was

1304: 826:—still a Benedictine monastery—the Queen disapproved of what she considered Catholic superstition, telling the monks bearing 760: 674: 502: 395: 1537:. Although it was not legally required, it was traditional for virtually all Protestant churches and was also used at home. 1029:(1489–1556), Edward VI's Archbishop of Canterbury and editor and co-author of both the 1549 and 1552 Books of Common Prayer. 8268: 6163: 2697: 2444: 2389: 1855: 1718:

seminaries to train and ordain English priests. In addition to the English College at Douai, a seminary was established at

1617: 1358: 1275:—someone who stayed in England during Mary's reign and outwardly conformed to Catholicism. Most of the other posts went to 859: 592: 292: 1462:

were to be displayed. The Queen still believed there should be a division between the chancel and the rest of the church.

6358: 2754:. Now outside the established church, the different strands of the Puritan movement evolved into separate denominations: 2463: 2456: 919: 895: 547: 244: 86: 1608: 1482:

was limited to biblical texts and music sung during worship in the early church. Examples of permissible music included

8731: 8655: 7065: 5956: 5859: 4811: 4787: 4738: 4663: 2521:—both Cartwright and Whitgift believed in predestination and that human works played no role in salvation. Rather, the 2356: 2789:

as a recognisable tradition "owes more to the Restoration than the Reformation". It was in the period after 1660 that

8243: 7941: 7701: 7443: 6933: 6595: 4998: 4888: 4867: 4830: 4642: 4574: 4422: 1970: 1639:. From there they wrote and published a large body of Catholic polemical work to counter Protestantism, particularly 1341: 1045: 867: 400: 327: 8426: 8152: 7453: 7270: 6272: 5731: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5114: 2825: 2125: 1565: 1552: 854:

illegal forms of worship, and a proclamation on 27 December prohibited all forms other than the Latin Mass and the

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inherited a kingdom bitterly divided over matters of religion. This division began during the reign of her father,

43: 7662: 5096: 1011:. While broad and ambiguous, this provision was meant to reassure Catholics that they would have some protection. 8556: 7288: 7017: 6998: 6458: 6188: 5927: 5884: 5767: 5757: 5567: 5530: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5169: 2668:

The Church of England's dominant theology was still Calvinism, but a group of theologians associated with Bishop

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To enforce her religious policies, Queen Elizabeth needed bishops willing to cooperate. Seven bishops, including

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that Mary I had revived. Catholics gained an important concession. Under the bill, only opinions contrary to

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rather than the Reformers and preferred using the more traditional 1549 prayer book. Due to their belief in

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Archbishop William Laud's promotion of high church policies caused controversy within the Church of England

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The most significant revision was a change to the Communion Service that added the words for administering

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Bishop Jewel called the surplice a "vestige of error". In general, the bishops considered clerical dress

1731: 907: 888: 729: 822:. In effect, Elizabeth was declaring that she did not believe in the doctrine of transubstantiation. At 8381: 8223: 5966: 5834: 5638: 4773: 2527: 2272: 1804: 1644: 1523: 1260:) lost their posts. Most of their replacements were not consecrated until December 1559 or early 1560. 992: 938: 8505: 8018: 7784: 7438: 6988: 6791: 6745: 6228: 5692: 5582: 2433:

The controversy over dress divided the Protestant community, and it was in these years that the term

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released Elizabeth's Catholic subjects from any obligation to obey her. Subsequently, two Catholics,

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Thomas Cartwright was a leading Puritan and promoter of presbyterianism in the reign of Elizabeth I

2236: 2105: 2030: 1648: 1636: 1436: 1396: 1257: 1241: 1008: 843: 827: 390: 259: 76: 6151: 2730:. The Directory was not a liturgical book but only a set of directions and outlines for services. 1181: 1073: 8486: 8305: 7373: 7309: 7060: 6887: 6826: 6038: 5978: 5854: 5736: 5535: 5137: 4464: 2759: 1875: 1374: 1253: 1200: 988:, believed that "All scripture seems to assign the title of head of the Church to Christ alone". 733: 1568:, which required all new ministers to affirm their agreement with this confessional statement. 8391: 8216: 8182: 8157: 8094: 7801: 7531: 7341: 6949: 6928: 6698: 6585: 6203: 5824: 5745: 5721: 5153: 4975: 2742: 2737:

of the monarchy in 1660 allowed for the restoration of the Elizabethan Settlement as well. The

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was composed for the royal chapel and cathedrals. Parish churches tended to have less music as

1119: 1034: 855: 725: 662: 525: 224: 6916: 4878: 8680: 8596: 8566: 8465: 8340: 8263: 7754: 7735: 7415: 7121: 7022: 6839: 6693: 6635: 6526: 6521: 6399: 6393: 6193: 5741: 5706: 5611: 5525: 5307: 4710: 2755: 2734: 2693: 2568: 2430:, and the most popular and effective Protestant preachers were suspended for non-compliance. 2417: 2314: 2157: 2065: 2040: 1727: 1459: 1416: 1362: 1333:, which denounced female monarchs, and the Reformation in Geneva was tainted by association. 1308: 1100: 1057: 954: 607: 517: 513: 375: 209: 199: 563:

The settlement failed to end religious disputes. While most people conformed, a minority of

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policy which foresaw the rich diversity of Anglicanism", her preferences made it possible.

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was even more strongly Reformed, having a presbyterian polity and John Knox's liturgy, the

2588:

A Defence of the Government Established in the Church of England for Ecclesiastical Matters

2478: 2025: 1794: 1746: 1711: 1699: 1506: 1354: 1323:'s reformation in Geneva were notably excluded from consideration. The Queen never forgave 1300: 1288: 964:

instead of supreme head. All clergy and royal office-holders would be required to swear an

713: 596: 551: 332: 189: 7726: 4855:

The Making of the Jacobean Regime: James VI and I and the Government of England, 1603-1605

2403:

There were objections over the prayer book, including certain formulas and responses, the

1135:. Opposition to the so-called "popish wardrobe" made it impossible to enforce the rubric. 8: 8700: 8645: 8613: 8586: 8551: 8421: 7999: 7395: 7314: 7225: 7141: 6707: 6688: 6428: 6423: 6350: 6068: 6043: 5922: 5902: 5849: 5750: 5648: 5545: 5513: 5457: 5072: 4630: 2860: 2830: 2546: 2502: 2490: 1835: 1703: 1694: 1624: 1559:, it tried to steer a middle way between Reformed and Lutheran doctrines while rejecting 1546: 1316: 1249: 1172: 1069: 1053: 976:, an influential Continental reformer, had called Henry VIII's claim to supreme headship 815: 721: 705: 654: 641: 584: 455: 380: 194: 105: 7526: 6921: 5050: 8618: 8546: 8541: 8481: 8310: 8124: 7994: 7826: 7774: 7677: 7361: 7336: 7299: 7183: 7116: 7089: 6993: 6655: 6405: 6335: 6252: 6240: 6217: 6013: 5787: 5628: 5572: 5562: 5364: 5148: 5068: 4959: 4951: 4897: 4698: 4690: 2751: 2662: 2647: 2622: 2541:

John Whitgift was Archbishop of Canterbury and a defender of the Elizabethan Settlement

2452: 2440: 2384: 2110: 2055: 2050: 2005: 1930: 1860: 1738:. Between 1574 and 1603, 600 Catholic priests were sent to England. In 1580, the first 1049: 1000: 918:, and a slightly revised 1552 prayer book. It was not popular with the clergy, and the 915: 819: 756: 745: 633: 506: 272: 254: 149: 136: 51: 7667: 7053: 5726: 2505:—which presented a more detailed proposal for church reform along presbyterian lines. 571:

consensus developed among leading churchmen. Calvinists split between conformists and

8571: 8325: 8258: 8205: 8177: 7716: 7682: 7468: 7378: 7220: 7200: 7195: 7048: 6580: 6499: 6494: 6448: 6388: 6257: 6053: 5438: 5359: 5297: 5101: 5078: 5056: 5024: 4994: 4963: 4920: 4884: 4863: 4826: 4807: 4783: 4759: 4734: 4702: 4659: 4653: 4638: 4616: 4595: 4570: 4549: 4539: 4525: 4488: 4450: 4418: 2835: 2720: 2685: 2669: 2591: 2572: 2404: 2342: 2327: 2135: 2060: 2045: 2000: 1773: 1386: 1284: 1188: 1139: 1081: 1077: 991:

The bill included permission to receive communion in two kinds. It also repealed the

965: 883: 839: 823: 803: 790: 690: 666: 603: 459: 6443: 4516:"The Prayer Book and the Parish Church: From the Restoration to the Oxford Movement" 4481: 3347:

The Communion Service of the Prayer Book: Its intention, Interpretation and Revision

1407:

The Injunctions offered clarity on the matter of vestments. Clergy were to wear the

1357:

of the dioceses. The visitation was conducted according to injunctions based on the

8650: 8640: 8623: 8501: 8459: 8401: 8371: 8200: 7906: 7821: 7686: 7458: 7405: 7240: 7205: 7178: 7173: 6899: 6340: 6280: 5668: 5653: 5354: 5334: 5329: 5312: 5292: 4971: 4943: 4682: 2774: 2612: 2564: 2486: 2168: 1668: 1573: 1530: 1483: 1220: 1143: 1107: 1022: 556: 498: 355: 337: 297: 6852: 2672:

disagreed with many aspects of the Reformed tradition, especially its teaching on

1493: 831: 454:(1558–1603). The settlement, implemented from 1559 to 1563, marked the end of the 8628: 8561: 8496: 8453: 8238: 8195: 8147: 8064: 7936: 7747: 7561: 7463: 7433: 7005: 6713: 6615: 6553: 6295: 6246: 5792: 5447: 5018: 4910: 4853: 4801: 4777: 4749: 4728: 4610: 4585: 4564: 4543: 4515: 4444: 4412: 2580: 2560: 2467: 2376: 2226: 2216: 2201: 2191: 1632: 1424: 1415:

and requirements that clergy receive permission to marry from the bishop and two

1245: 1065: 1061: 923: 911: 903: 811: 768: 670: 494: 385: 7156: 8670: 8608: 8469: 8449: 8411: 8365: 8330: 8285: 8134: 8107: 8040: 8035: 7961: 7896: 7831: 7761: 7696: 7608: 7557: 7423: 7346: 7331: 6717: 6703: 6678: 6673: 6464: 6438: 6368: 6183: 6085: 6080: 6063: 6003: 5897: 5844: 5673: 5593: 5442: 2808: 2790: 2747: 2689: 2618: 2448: 2241: 2075: 1685: 1519: 1370: 1292: 1280: 1264: 1204: 1026: 981: 934: 899: 846:

was filled with former Edwardian politicians, and only Protestants preached at

632:

From right to left: Elizabeth I, Edward VI, Henry VIII, Mary I and her husband

350: 214: 123: 7672: 7190: 5060: 4955: 4686: 4673:—— (December 2005). "Putting the English Reformation on the Map". 1431:. According to the prayer book, the table should be placed permanently in the 8715: 8603: 8576: 8386: 8295: 8076: 8068: 8030: 7980: 7969: 7956: 7617: 7428: 7276: 7265: 6904: 6877: 6620: 6557: 6546: 6433: 6320: 6223: 6211: 6075: 6048: 5988: 5467: 5287: 5082: 4724: 4483:

The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England, c. 1400–c. 1580

2681: 2608: 2576: 2506: 2474: 2286: 2246: 2221: 2206: 2176: 2035: 1935: 1925: 1920: 1910: 1825: 1612:

A recusant house in Wales that served as a Mass centre during the Reformation

1597: 1377:), and they interpreted the injunctions in the most Protestant way possible. 1276: 1237: 1160: 1099:, which in the 1552 book explained that kneeling for communion did not imply 737: 512:

The Elizabethan Settlement was an attempt to end this religious turmoil. The

159: 7250: 8515: 8444: 8396: 8290: 8210: 7988: 7613: 7571: 7536: 7489: 7383: 7351: 7126: 7027: 6645: 6575: 6453: 6262: 6233: 6100: 5797: 5540: 5499: 5046: 4797: 2781: 2712: 2594:

published a series of tracts attacking leading conformist clergy. The 1588

2510: 2412: 2130: 1820: 1707: 1579: 1501: 1467: 1447: 1412: 1366: 1212: 1096: 985: 942: 5106: 4880:

The Elizabethan Top Ten: Defining Print Popularity in Early Modern England

473:

When Elizabeth inherited the throne, England was bitterly divided between

8660: 8536: 8490: 8359: 8300: 8129: 8072: 8059: 8045: 7881: 7856: 7841: 7642: 7603: 7576: 7566: 7099: 6971: 6285: 6146: 6117: 6058: 6033: 6028: 5892: 5807: 5701: 5682: 5391: 4840: 4502: 4476: 2786: 2701: 2518: 2380: 2231: 2181: 1850: 1845: 1830: 1515: 1401: 1320: 1268: 1164: 1148: 1115: 973: 927: 847: 646: 588: 538:, including giving individuals greater latitude concerning belief in the 478: 467: 451: 7711: 2635:, all attempts to make it as similar as possible to the English Church. 560:

was issued outlining the church's reformed theology in greater detail.

8665: 8406: 8315: 8190: 8088: 7779: 7652: 7586: 7581: 7260: 7255: 7210: 7010: 6665: 6415: 6363: 6168: 5998: 5643: 5472: 5416: 5411: 4694: 2716: 2485:

that condemned "Popish abuses yet remaining in the English Church" and

2375:

Leading Protestants within the Church of England were attracted to the

1672: 1628: 1560: 1497: 1330:

The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women

1312: 1296: 1272: 1044:

votes. Even this was possible only through political intrigue. Bishops

784: 764: 682: 650: 617: 580: 482: 446:

is the name given to the religious and political arrangements made for

302: 4545:

English Reformations: Religion, Politics, and Society Under the Tudors

8099: 8053: 8004: 7975: 7926: 7356: 6960: 6660: 6610: 6536: 6531: 6305: 6290: 6018: 6008: 5711: 5697: 5421: 5052:

The English Church in the Reigns of Elizabeth and James I (1558-1625)

4658:. British History in Perspective (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. 2803: 2422: 1840: 1660: 1455: 1346: 1324: 1208: 1192: 977: 741: 717: 700:

as a central teaching, in contrast to the Catholic teaching that the

686: 678: 612: 568: 486: 474: 60: 2395: 906:, and the Lords in general were opposed to change. In February, the 8475: 8012: 7911: 7871: 7861: 7846: 7632: 7506: 7366: 7094: 7084: 7033: 6966: 6911: 6844: 6783: 6504: 6383: 6023: 5802: 5716: 5462: 5452: 5406: 5401: 5396: 4947: 2763: 2537: 1781: 1555:. While affirming traditional Christian teaching as defined by the 1443: 1408: 1132: 1111: 1003:

of the early church, and any future Parliament could be treated as

701: 572: 564: 543: 535: 665:

of his marriage. When his request was denied, Henry separated the

23: 8695: 8335: 8253: 7876: 7851: 7836: 7791: 7627: 7484: 7400: 7388: 7282: 7151: 7131: 7106: 6541: 6471: 6131: 6095: 4916:

The Oxford Guide to the Book of Common Prayer: A Worldwide Survey

4755:

The Oxford Guide to the Book of Common Prayer: A Worldwide Survey

4591:

The Oxford Guide to the Book of Common Prayer: A Worldwide Survey

4521:

The Oxford Guide to the Book of Common Prayer: A Worldwide Survey

2854: 2769: 2650:

to the King. This petition for church reform was referred to the

2526:

1570s and 1580s. Puritan clergy in this movement organised local

2435: 2408: 1754: 1511: 1488: 1432: 1390: 1219:

contained in the prayer book, traditional clerical vestments and

1216: 1196: 463: 447: 5074:

The Elizabethan Clergy and the Settlement of Religion, 1558-1564

4877:

Quitslund, Beth (2016), "The Psalm Book", in Smith, Emma (ed.),

4449:. Cambridge Companions to Religion. Cambridge University Press. 8080: 7950: 7916: 7901: 7886: 7647: 7541: 7521: 7511: 7230: 7215: 7168: 6831: 5557: 5477: 5344: 5020:

Hot Protestants: A History of Puritanism in England and America

2688:

and became known as the Durham House group. They looked to the

2638: 1739: 1689: 1664: 1004: 834:, "Away with those torches, for we see very well". The Queen's 576: 516:

re-established the Church of England's independence from Rome.

490: 4730:

Prayer Book and People in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England

8248: 7921: 7891: 7637: 7516: 7501: 7136: 6105: 5097:

Elizabethan Religious Settlement - World History Encyclopedia

4934:

Spurr, John (March 2002). "The English 'Post-Reformation'?".

2617:

In 1603, the King of Scotland inherited the English crown as

2531: 1176: 996: 780: 5010:

Anglican Teaching: An Exposition of the Thirty-nine Articles

4779:

Heretics and Believers: A History of the English Reformation

4609:

Lord, Suzanne (2003). "Life and Music of the Middle Class".

4175: 4163: 2379:

of south Germany and Switzerland led by theologians such as

1571:

With the Queen's approval, Convocation also issued a second

8675: 8024: 7866: 7591: 4091: 4019: 4007: 3970: 3968: 3890: 3812: 3790: 3788: 3749: 3722: 3698: 3451: 3439: 3373: 3371: 3237: 3120: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3027: 3025: 2821:

A View of Popish Abuses yet remaining in the English Church

2711:, the Arminians were ascendant and closely associated with 1719: 1382: 1128: 1095:

removed this denunciation of the Pope. It also deleted the

776: 772: 658: 3504: 3502: 3310: 3308: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3227: 3225: 3074: 3072: 3059: 3057: 2998: 806:, and there is evidence she preferred the more ceremonial 567:

remained loyal Catholics. Within the Church of England, a

7816: 7706: 4364: 4352: 4342: 4340: 4151: 3650: 1446:

and candlesticks be placed on the communion table in the

1124: 628: 505:. During Edward's reign, the Church of England adopted a 6868:(also called Mass, Holy Communion, or the Lord's Supper) 5012:. Dublin: Association for Promoting Christian Knowledge. 4566:

World of William Byrd: Musicians, Merchants and Magnates

4255: 4253: 4240: 4238: 4223: 4139: 4127: 4115: 4103: 4055: 4031: 3965: 3785: 3686: 3574: 3550: 3514: 3427: 3368: 3356: 3325: 3323: 3293: 3183: 3037: 3022: 3010: 2986: 2926: 2914: 2654:

of 1604, which agreed to produce a new prayer book, the

2489:. It called for the church to be organised according to 1710:–a Catholic conspiracy to overthrow Elizabeth and place 1540: 1353:

In the summer of 1559, the government conducted a royal

4079: 4067: 4043: 3995: 3985: 3983: 3931: 3929: 3902: 3878: 3868: 3866: 3829: 3827: 3739: 3737: 3710: 3562: 3538: 3499: 3487: 3475: 3463: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3305: 3283: 3281: 3266: 3249: 3222: 3212: 3210: 3195: 3171: 3159: 3137: 3135: 3108: 3069: 3054: 6723:

Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America

4376: 4337: 4313: 4277: 3674: 3147: 3084: 2962: 2902: 2780:

The Church of England was fundamentally changed. The "

1714:

on the throne–further alarmed the English government.

1400:

A 17th-century communion table in St Laurence Church,

818:. He refused, so the Queen left the chapel before the 696:

During Edward's reign, the Church of England preached

657:, failed to produce a male heir, Henry applied to the 481:

as a result of various religious changes initiated by

4612:

Music from the Age of Shakespeare: A Cultural History

4325: 4301: 4289: 4265: 4250: 4235: 4211: 4187: 3320: 2878: 4199: 3980: 3953: 3941: 3926: 3914: 3863: 3851: 3839: 3824: 3800: 3773: 3761: 3734: 3638: 3626: 3526: 3415: 3396: 3278: 3207: 3132: 3096: 2950: 2850: 1017: 744:

was no longer explained by the Catholic doctrine of

4987:"Music and Reform in France, England, and Scotland" 4637:(revised ed.). London: Yale University Press. 3602: 2974: 2938: 2890: 1526:and the royal chapel continued during this period. 673:and claimed that he, rather than the pope, was its 466:, laying the foundation for the unique identity of 5008:Wilson, William Gilbert; Templeton, J. H. (1962). 4480: 3662: 3614: 2646:At the start of his reign, Puritans presented the 1706:, were executed for treason. The discovery of the 554:as a confessional statement for the church, and a 4913:. In Hefling, Charles; Shattuck, Cynthia (eds.). 4752:. In Hefling, Charles; Shattuck, Cynthia (eds.). 4588:. In Hefling, Charles; Shattuck, Cynthia (eds.). 4518:. In Hefling, Charles; Shattuck, Cynthia (eds.). 8713: 5102:Documents Illustrative of English Church History 4991:The Cambridge History of Sixteenth-Century Music 458:. It permanently shaped the Church of England's 5007: 4989:. In Fenlon, Iain; Wristreich, Richard (eds.). 3704: 2371:History of the Puritans under Queen Elizabeth I 681:, the Church of England became more explicitly 587:church government. After Elizabeth's death, a 2462:In 1572, a bill was introduced in the Queen's 1084:was excused from attending on account of age. 6799: 5122: 2350: 910:passed a Reformation Bill that would restore 575:, who wanted to abolish what they considered 423: 4715:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 ( 4675:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 4524:. Oxford University Press. pp. 93–105. 4443:Coffey, John; Lim, Paul C. H., eds. (2008). 1730:, and two more were established in Spain in 308:History of the Puritans under King Charles I 5136: 4942:(1). University of Chicago Press: 101–119. 4919:. Oxford University Press. pp. 44–54. 4758:. Oxford University Press. pp. 79–92. 4655:The Later Reformation in England, 1547-1603 4594:. Oxford University Press. pp. 61–63. 2590:, an anonymous Puritan under the pseudonym 1154: 542:and permission to use traditional priestly 8377:Communion and the developmentally disabled 6806: 6792: 5129: 5115: 4984: 4672: 4651: 4629: 4370: 4358: 4181: 4169: 4157: 4145: 4133: 4121: 4109: 4097: 4061: 4037: 4025: 3974: 3794: 3656: 3520: 3377: 3362: 3048: 3031: 3016: 2932: 2920: 2357: 2343: 1788: 677:on earth. Under Elizabeth's half-brother, 430: 416: 250:History of the Puritans under King James I 50: 4970: 4876: 4845:Elizabeth I and her Parliaments 1559–1581 4442: 3692: 3680: 3433: 1231: 962:supreme governor of the Church of England 728:were also rejected during this time. The 522:Supreme Governor of the Church of England 205:History of the Puritans under Elizabeth I 18:Part of England's switch to Protestantism 4896: 4772: 4085: 4073: 4049: 4013: 4001: 3908: 3896: 3884: 3818: 3755: 3728: 3716: 3568: 3544: 3508: 3493: 3481: 3469: 3457: 3445: 3342: 3314: 3272: 3260: 3243: 3231: 3201: 3177: 3165: 3126: 3114: 3078: 3063: 2968: 2908: 2768: 2637: 2536: 2394: 1663:. Most Catholics, however, were "church 1607: 1395: 1340: 1021: 882: 796: 627: 540:real presence of Christ in the Eucharist 22: 6547:Fostering of early experimental science 5016: 4820: 4796: 4583: 4513: 4487:(2nd ed.). Yale University Press. 4463: 4394: 4382: 4283: 3329: 3153: 3090: 3004: 2956: 2884: 926:, transubstantiation and the Mass as a 8714: 6651:Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy 4908: 4851: 4806:(3rd ed.). Morehouse Publishing. 4747: 4723: 4562: 4410: 4346: 4331: 4319: 4307: 4295: 4271: 4259: 4244: 4229: 4217: 4205: 4193: 3989: 3779: 3644: 3632: 2497:was published—most likely authored by 1603: 804:Lutheran views on Eucharistic presence 6787: 5110: 4933: 4839: 4681:. Cambridge University Press: 75–95. 4538: 4475: 4446:The Cambridge Companion to Puritanism 4414:Puritanism: A Very Short Introduction 3959: 3947: 3935: 3920: 3872: 3857: 3845: 3833: 3806: 3767: 3743: 3580: 3556: 3532: 3421: 3409: 3390: 3389:For a summary of Neale's thesis, see 3299: 3287: 3216: 3189: 3141: 3102: 2992: 2980: 2944: 2896: 2773:Statue of Richard Hooker in front of 2704:orientation was more controversial. 1886:17th-century denominations in England 1541:Thirty-nine Articles and the Homilies 1271:. Also, like Elizabeth, Parker was a 503:supreme head of the Church of England 6813: 4608: 4431: 3668: 3620: 3608: 1856:Arminianism in the Church of England 1671:ruled out any outward conformity or 1618:Catholic Church in England and Wales 1336: 520:conferred on Elizabeth the title of 293:Arminianism in the Church of England 8742:Protestantism in the United Kingdom 4501: 3350: 2696:, this new faction is known as the 948: 878: 595:party gained power in the reign of 548:Convocations of Canterbury and York 87:Convocations of Canterbury and York 13: 8656:Ritualism in the Church of England 5039: 4902:Reflections on Liturgical Revision 4803:A History of the Church in England 787:was sanctioned by the government. 14: 8773: 8757:History of Catholicism in England 8244:Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate 7444:List of Anglican church composers 6934:Coronation of the British monarch 5090: 2495:A Second Admonition to Parliament 1692:in February 1570. The papal bull 1486:and liturgical texts such as the 1226: 1018:Act of Uniformity and prayer book 493:. Henry VIII had broken from the 401:History of the Anglican Communion 328:History of the Puritans from 1649 8752:History of the Church of England 8694: 8592:Elizabethan Religious Settlement 4911:"From Elizabeth I to Charles II" 4823:The Anglican Spiritual Tradition 4586:"The 'Liturgy of Comprehension'" 4388: 2853: 2826:History of the Church of England 2081:Elizabethan Religious Settlement 1553:Thirty-nine Articles of Religion 1373:, John Jewel, Edwin Sandys, and 444:Elizabethan Religious Settlement 44:History of the Church of England 8557:Bible translations into English 7289:To Thee before the close of day 7018:Seven Last Words from the Cross 5077:. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. 5055:. London; New York: Macmillan. 4403: 3586: 3383: 3341:For an extended treatment, see 3335: 2483:An Admonition to the Parliament 1996:Westminster Confession of Faith 1956:History under Queen Elizabeth I 7246:Benedictus (Song of Zechariah) 6510:Separation of church and state 6179:Formal and material principles 6164:Separation of church and state 4993:. Cambridge University Press. 4733:. Cambridge University Press. 2841:Religion in the United Kingdom 1557:first four ecumenical councils 1480:Music in the Church of England 873: 868:Forty-two Articles of Religion 174:Elizabethan Church (1558–1603) 119:Dissolution of the Monasteries 1: 6174:Hymnody of continental Europe 5325:Apostles in the New Testament 4936:The Journal of Modern History 3345:, pp. 12–17) discussing 2867: 1764: 842:, a moderate Protestant. Her 623: 599:and challenged the Puritans. 8427:Thanksgiving after Communion 8231:Divine Worship: Daily Office 7769:Directory for Public Worship 7742:Book of Alternative Services 7271:O God, make speed to save us 5017:Winship, Michael P. (2018). 2872: 2727:Directory for Public Worship 2517:was not a disagreement over 2411:, the surplice and use of a 1966:History under King Charles I 1681:Revolt of the Northern Earls 1586: 1319:. Those exiles with ties to 1039:Book of Common Prayer (1559) 1009:ecclesiastical commissioners 704:person could cooperate with 698:justification by faith alone 689:, in the words of historian 685:, projecting a "restrained" 245:James I and religious issues 82:Religion in Medieval England 7: 7342:Glory to God in the highest 5622:Eastern Orthodox opposition 4985:Williamson, Magnus (2018). 4569:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 4548:. Oxford University Press. 4507:Dixit Cranmer Et Non Timuit 4417:. Oxford University Press. 4411:Bremer, Francis J. (2009). 3705:Wilson & Templeton 1962 2846:Westminster Conference 1559 2814: 2545:In 1577, Whitgift was made 1520:boys for service as singers 761:Christ's spiritual presence 286:Caroline period (1625–1649) 238:Jacobean period (1603–1625) 10: 8778: 8382:Communion under both kinds 8224:Divine Worship: The Missal 5639:Art patronage of Julius II 4438:. Oxford University Press. 2606: 2368: 2116:Immigration to New England 1961:History under King James I 1805:Springfield, Massachusetts 1676:was becoming more common. 1623:conform. Large numbers of 1615: 1544: 1032: 952: 939:communion under both kinds 639: 8732:16th-century Christianity 8689: 8529: 8435: 8349: 8176: 8019:Feast of the Annunciation 7935: 7800: 7785:Revised Common Lectionary 7725: 7550: 7477: 7439:Great Four Anglican Hymns 7414: 7074: 6989:Mass of the Presanctified 6977:Mass of the Lord's Supper 6819: 6731: 6566: 6485: 6414: 6349: 6271: 6202: 6142:Calvinist–Arminian debate 6116: 5883: 5766: 5602: 5493: 5375: 5273: 5162: 5144: 5023:. Yale University Press. 4825:. Templegate Publishers. 4782:. Yale University Press. 4687:10.1017/S0080440105000319 4584:Hefling, Charles (2006). 2602: 2101:Providence Island Company 1971:Cromwellian era and after 1906:Definitions of Puritanism 1881:Ecclesiastical separatism 1742:priests came to England. 1359:Royal Injunctions of 1547 1076:, and the elderly Bishop 920:Convocation of Canterbury 860:Royal Injunctions of 1547 497:and the authority of the 8139:Feast of Christ the King 7449:List of Anglican hymnals 6631:Christian existentialism 4980:. Company of Stationers. 4860:Royal Historical Society 4847:. London: Jonathan Cape. 4689:(inactive 9 July 2024). 4514:Gregory, Jeremy (2006). 2652:Hampton Court Conference 2586:In response to Bridges' 2106:Massachusetts Bay Colony 2031:Trial of Archbishop Laud 1976:History in North America 1653:English College at Douai 1474: 1242:Archbishop of Canterbury 1155:Scholarly interpretation 653:. After his first wife, 514:Act of Supremacy of 1558 391:Disestablishmentarianism 260:Hampton Court Conference 77:Anglo-Saxon Christianity 8701:Christianity portal 8487:Origin of the Eucharist 8306:Liturgy of Saint Tikhon 7374:Prayer of Humble Access 7061:Nine Lessons and Carols 5138:History of Christianity 4821:—— (1983). 4748:—— (2006). 4652:—— (2001). 4469:The English Reformation 3598:Encyclopedia Britannica 2315:Congregational churches 2273:The Godly Man's Picture 2141:American exceptionalism 1876:English Presbyterianism 1345:Ancient altar stone at 1060:were imprisoned in the 106:Reformation (1509–1559) 92:Development of dioceses 8351:Eucharistic discipline 8217:Book of Divine Worship 8183:Western Rite Orthodoxy 6950:Exhortation and Litany 6944:Dedication of a church 6699:Fourth Great Awakening 6586:Second Great Awakening 5825:Fall of Constantinople 5617:Development of primacy 4909:Spinks, Bryan (2006). 4858:. Studies in History. 4852:Newton, Diana (2005). 4635:Thomas Cranmer: A Life 4432:Byrd, William (1922). 2836:Peace of Augsburg 1555 2777: 2743:1662 Act of Uniformity 2643: 2633:Five Articles of Perth 2596:Marprelate Controversy 2542: 2515:Admonition Controversy 2400: 2294:Foxe's Book of Martyrs 2280:The Pilgrim's Progress 2121:Culture in New England 2071:Act of Uniformity 1662 1916:Puritan Sabbatarianism 1801:Augustus Saint-Gaudens 1613: 1404: 1350: 1232:Episcopal appointments 1120:Act of Uniformity 1549 1074:summoned to Parliament 1035:Act of Uniformity 1558 1030: 891: 726:intercession of saints 637: 526:Act of Uniformity 1558 225:Marprelate Controversy 220:Foxe's Book of Martyrs 114:Reformation Parliament 70:Middle Ages (597–1500) 28: 8681:Vestments controversy 8635:The Parson's Handbook 8597:Prayer Book Rebellion 8567:Choral Evensong (BBC) 8341:Stations of the Cross 7755:The Books of Homilies 7736:Book of Common Prayer 7122:General Intercessions 6883:Anointing of the sick 6847:(Vespers or Evensong) 6840:Prayer During the Day 6694:Reformed epistemology 6636:Third Great Awakening 6606:Seventh-day Adventist 6527:First Great Awakening 6400:Book of Common Prayer 6194:Protestant work ethic 5737:Independent Catholics 5688:Monastery dissolution 4563:Harley, John (2010). 3434:Coffey & Lim 2008 2772: 2658:Book of Common Prayer 2641: 2607:Further information: 2540: 2418:Vestments controversy 2398: 2158:Troubles at Frankfurt 2126:Christmas prohibition 2041:Vestments controversy 1799:, an 1887 statue by 1637:University of Louvain 1616:Further information: 1611: 1545:Further information: 1427:that were to replace 1417:justices of the peace 1399: 1344: 1101:Eucharistic adoration 1093:Book of Common Prayer 1025: 955:Act of Supremacy 1558 922:reacted by affirming 886: 864:Book of Common Prayer 797:Elizabeth's accession 783:were suppressed, and 752:Book of Common Prayer 631: 531:Book of Common Prayer 376:Bangorian Controversy 344:Book of Common Prayer 266:Book of Common Prayer 210:Vestments controversy 200:The Books of Homilies 183:Book of Common Prayer 143:Book of Common Prayer 130:Book of Common Prayer 26: 8582:Convergence Movement 8521:Thirty-nine Articles 8321:Personal ordinariate 8281:Ecclesiastical Latin 7325:Words of Institution 7320:Memorial Acclamation 7174:The Lord be with you 6517:Edicts of toleration 6326:Three Forms of Unity 6091:Bohemian Reformation 5664:Catholic Reformation 5521:Roman state religion 5340:Council of Jerusalem 5047:Frere, Walter Howard 4977:Whole Book of Psalms 4631:MacCulloch, Diarmaid 2707:During the reign of 2628:Book of Common Order 2459:and William Cecil. 2308:Continuing movements 2026:Scrooby Congregation 1712:Mary, Queen of Scots 1535:Whole book of Psalms 1524:St. Paul's Cathedral 1163:" thesis, historian 993:medieval heresy laws 972:leading the Church. 734:Christ's crucifixion 552:Thirty-Nine Articles 450:during the reign of 333:Westminster Assembly 190:Thirty-nine Articles 8747:English Reformation 8646:Prayer for the dead 8614:Liturgical Movement 8587:English Reformation 8552:Anglican sacraments 8422:Spiritual Communion 8112:(some churches use 8000:Baptism of the Lord 7384:Lift up your hearts 7226:Trinitarian formula 6689:Liberation theology 6596:Jehovah's Witnesses 6429:Radical Reformation 6157:Resistance theories 6044:Christian mysticism 6039:Early Scholasticism 5751:Ecclesial community 5649:Counter-Reformation 5514:Constantinian shift 4798:Moorman, John R. H. 4615:. Greenwood Press. 4016:, pp. 470–472. 3899:, pp. 487–494. 3821:, pp. 467–469. 3758:, pp. 542–543. 3731:, pp. 458–459. 3583:, pp. 248–249. 3559:, pp. 246–248. 3460:, pp. 436–437. 3448:, pp. 435–436. 3302:, pp. 240–241. 3246:, pp. 431–432. 3129:, pp. 419–420. 2995:, pp. 450–454. 2861:Christianity portal 2831:Liturgical struggle 2547:Bishop of Worcester 2503:Christopher Goodman 2491:presbyterian polity 2169:Notable individuals 2066:English Restoration 1836:English Reformation 1724:Collegium Anglorum 1695:Regnans in Excelsis 1604:Catholic resistance 1547:Convocation of 1563 1173:Diarmaid MacCulloch 1171:Another historian, 836:principal secretary 722:prayer for the dead 716:. The doctrines of 655:Catherine of Aragon 642:English Reformation 579:abuses and replace 456:English Reformation 381:Evangelical Revival 195:Convocation of 1563 8619:Millenary Petition 8547:Anglican devotions 8542:Anglican Communion 8482:Liturgical colours 8417:Reserved sacrament 8153:Principal Holy Day 7827:Baptismal clothing 7775:Edwardine Ordinals 7678:Processional cross 7551:Liturgical objects 7337:Collect for Purity 7147:Laying on of hands 7117:Episcopal blessing 7023:Three Hours' Agony 6994:Good Friday Prayer 6939:Churching of women 6763:Oriental Orthodoxy 6406:King James Version 6218:Ninety-five Theses 6014:Apostolic Brethren 5788:Church of the East 5783:Oriental Orthodoxy 5629:Crusading movement 5149:Early Christianity 4540:Haigh, Christopher 3393:, pp. 33–84). 3192:, p. 239–240. 3007:, p. 192,197. 2778: 2756:Congregationalists 2750:. Puritans became 2663:King James Version 2648:Millenary Petition 2644: 2623:Church of Scotland 2543: 2453:Francis Walsingham 2401: 2390:medieval canon law 2385:Heinrich Bullinger 2111:Salem witch trials 2056:Grand Remonstrance 2051:Millenary Petition 2006:Cambridge Platform 1931:Puritan work ethic 1861:English Dissenters 1614: 1452:Second Commandment 1405: 1351: 1031: 892: 889:opening Parliament 887:Queen Elizabeth I 746:transubstantiation 638: 634:Philip II of Spain 528:re-introduced the 396:Prayer Book Crisis 273:King James Version 255:Millenary Petition 150:Forty-two Articles 137:Edwardine Ordinals 29: 8709: 8708: 8572:Christian liturgy 8259:Blessed Sacrament 8206:Anglican Breviary 8178:Anglo-Catholicism 8121: 7810: 7683:Sacramental bread 7469:Voluntary (music) 7221:Sign of the cross 7201:Processional hymn 7196:Priestly Blessing 7049:Banns of marriage 6869: 6856: 6848: 6835: 6781: 6780: 6758:Eastern Orthodoxy 6626:Finnish Awakening 6581:Holiness movement 6522:Congregationalism 6481: 6480: 6341:Metrical psalters 5778:Eastern Orthodoxy 5722:Neo-Scholasticism 5429:Canon development 5330:Jewish Christians 5030:978-0-300-12628-0 4972:Sternhold, Thomas 4926:978-0-19-529756-0 4765:978-0-19-529756-0 4622:978-0-313-31713-2 4601:978-0-19-529756-0 4555:978-0-19-822162-3 4531:978-0-19-529756-0 4494:978-0-300-10828-6 4456:978-0-521-67800-1 4232:, pp. 49–50. 4184:, pp. 47–51. 4172:, pp. 43–47. 4100:, pp. 35–47. 4028:, pp. 30–31. 3592:See the entry on 2721:English Civil War 2670:Lancelot Andrewes 2592:Martin Marprelate 2573:Matthew Sutcliffe 2499:Thomas Cartwright 2445:Earl of Leicester 2405:sign of the cross 2377:Reformed churches 2367: 2366: 2328:Reformed churches 2322: 2136:Half-Way Covenant 2061:English Civil War 2046:Martin Marprelate 2001:Savoy Declaration 1656:Catholic Church. 1496:were replaced by 1387:altar tabernacles 1337:Royal injunctions 1252:and the absentee 1189:Patrick Collinson 1140:sacramental bread 966:Oath of Supremacy 916:Edwardine Ordinal 894:When the Queen's 840:Sir William Cecil 824:Westminster Abbey 691:Christopher Haigh 667:Church of England 604:English Civil War 440: 439: 57:Westminster Abbey 27:Queen Elizabeth I 8769: 8699: 8698: 8651:Reformed worship 8641:Paschal greeting 8624:Ornaments Rubric 8502:Passion of Jesus 8460:Ex opere operato 8402:Host desecration 8372:Church etiquette 8114:Pentecost Season 8111: 7804: 7727:Liturgical books 7459:Metrical psalter 7406:Ten Commandments 7389:Holy, Holy, Holy 7241:Athanasian Creed 7206:Recessional hymn 6900:Christian burial 6867: 6854: 6846: 6833: 6814:Anglican liturgy 6808: 6801: 6794: 6785: 6784: 6200: 6199: 5587:Non-Chalcedonian 5568:Constantinople I 5360:General epistles 5355:Pauline epistles 5335:Paul the Apostle 5313:Great Commission 5131: 5124: 5117: 5108: 5107: 5086: 5064: 5034: 5013: 5004: 4981: 4967: 4930: 4905: 4893: 4873: 4848: 4836: 4817: 4793: 4769: 4744: 4720: 4714: 4706: 4669: 4648: 4626: 4605: 4580: 4559: 4535: 4510: 4498: 4486: 4472: 4460: 4439: 4428: 4398: 4392: 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808:1549 prayer book 769:religious images 557:Book of Homilies 432: 425: 418: 356:Nonjuring schism 338:Savoy Conference 298:Caroline Divines 54: 31: 30: 8777: 8776: 8772: 8771: 8770: 8768: 8767: 8766: 8762:Elizabethan era 8727:1559 in England 8722:1558 in England 8712: 8711: 8710: 8705: 8693: 8685: 8629:Oxford Movement 8562:Canonical hours 8525: 8506:salvific nature 8497:Paschal mystery 8454:Blood of Christ 8431: 8345: 8239:Anglican Missal 8196:Altar of repose 8180: 8172: 8163:Lesser Festival 8148:Principal Feast 8125:All Saints' Day 8065:Paschal Triduum 7939: 7937:Liturgical year 7931: 7796: 7748:Sunday Services 7721: 7562:communion table 7546: 7473: 7464:Service (music) 7434:Fraction anthem 7410: 7090:Apostles' Creed 7070: 7006:Solemn Collects 6845:Evening Prayer 6832:Morning Prayer 6815: 6812: 6782: 6777: 6727: 6714:Christian right 6616:Oxford Movement 6591:Restorationists 6562: 6477: 6410: 6345: 6296:Presbyterianism 6267: 6247:Book of Concord 6198: 6122: 6120: 6112: 5879: 5769: 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C. 4891: 4870: 4833: 4814: 4790: 4774:Marshall, Peter 4766: 4741: 4708: 4707: 4666: 4645: 4623: 4602: 4577: 4556: 4532: 4495: 4457: 4425: 4406: 4401: 4393: 4389: 4381: 4377: 4371:MacCulloch 2001 4369: 4365: 4359:MacCulloch 2001 4357: 4353: 4345: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4318: 4314: 4306: 4302: 4294: 4290: 4282: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4258: 4251: 4243: 4236: 4228: 4224: 4216: 4212: 4204: 4200: 4192: 4188: 4182:MacCulloch 2001 4180: 4176: 4170:MacCulloch 2001 4168: 4164: 4158:MacCulloch 2001 4156: 4152: 4146:MacCulloch 2001 4144: 4140: 4134:MacCulloch 2001 4132: 4128: 4122:MacCulloch 2001 4120: 4116: 4110:MacCulloch 2001 4108: 4104: 4098:MacCulloch 2001 4096: 4092: 4084: 4080: 4072: 4068: 4062:MacCulloch 2001 4060: 4056: 4048: 4044: 4038:MacCulloch 2001 4036: 4032: 4026:MacCulloch 2001 4024: 4020: 4012: 4008: 4000: 3996: 3988: 3981: 3975:MacCulloch 2001 3973: 3966: 3958: 3954: 3946: 3942: 3934: 3927: 3919: 3915: 3907: 3903: 3895: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3871: 3864: 3856: 3852: 3844: 3840: 3832: 3825: 3817: 3813: 3805: 3801: 3795:MacCulloch 2001 3793: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3754: 3750: 3742: 3735: 3727: 3723: 3715: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3691: 3687: 3679: 3675: 3667: 3663: 3657:Williamson 2018 3655: 3651: 3643: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3607: 3603: 3591: 3587: 3579: 3575: 3567: 3563: 3555: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3521:MacCulloch 2005 3519: 3515: 3507: 3500: 3492: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3456: 3452: 3444: 3440: 3436:, pp. 3–4. 3432: 3428: 3420: 3416: 3408: 3397: 3388: 3384: 3378:MacCulloch 2001 3376: 3369: 3363:MacCulloch 2001 3361: 3357: 3340: 3336: 3328: 3321: 3313: 3306: 3298: 3294: 3286: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3259: 3250: 3242: 3238: 3230: 3223: 3215: 3208: 3200: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3164: 3160: 3152: 3148: 3140: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3113: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3077: 3070: 3062: 3055: 3049:MacCulloch 2005 3047: 3038: 3032:MacCulloch 2001 3030: 3023: 3017:MacCulloch 2005 3015: 3011: 3003: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2955: 2951: 2943: 2939: 2933:MacCulloch 2001 2931: 2927: 2921:MacCulloch 1996 2919: 2915: 2907: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2870: 2859: 2852: 2817: 2678:burning incense 2615: 2605: 2581:Hadrian Saravia 2493:. In November, 2468:stranger church 2457:Earl of Warwick 2373: 2363: 2334: 2333: 2332: 2309: 2301: 2300: 2299: 2266: 2258: 2257: 2256: 2252:Robert Woodford 2227:Increase Mather 2217:Anne Hutchinson 2202:Oliver Cromwell 2192:Anne Bradstreet 2171: 2161: 2160: 2155: 2147: 2146: 2145: 2095: 2087: 2086: 2085: 2020: 2012: 2011: 2010: 1990: 1982: 1981: 1980: 1950: 1942: 1941: 1940: 1900: 1892: 1891: 1890: 1815: 1807: 1767: 1728:English College 1620: 1606: 1589: 1549: 1543: 1484:metrical psalms 1477: 1339: 1246:Anthony Kitchin 1234: 1229: 1182:reformed Zurich 1157: 1041: 1033:Main articles: 1020: 1007:by the Crown's 957: 951: 924:papal supremacy 912:royal supremacy 904:Lords Spiritual 881: 876: 812:Owen Oglethorpe 799: 779:, statues) and 748:; instead, the 671:Catholic Church 644: 626: 546:. In 1571, the 501:, becoming the 495:Catholic Church 436: 407: 406: 405: 386:Oxford Movement 370: 362: 361: 360: 322: 314: 313: 312: 287: 279: 278: 277: 239: 231: 230: 229: 176: 166: 165: 164: 108: 98: 97: 96: 71: 63: 19: 12: 11: 5: 8775: 8765: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8707: 8706: 8704: 8703: 8690: 8687: 8686: 8684: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8671:Thomas Cranmer 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8609:Latitudinarian 8606: 8601: 8600: 8599: 8594: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8533: 8531: 8527: 8526: 8524: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8499: 8494: 8484: 8479: 8472: 8470:means of grace 8463: 8456: 8447: 8441: 8439: 8433: 8432: 8430: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8412:Open communion 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8366:Versus populum 8355: 8353: 8347: 8346: 8344: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8286:English Missal 8283: 8278: 8273: 8272: 8271: 8266: 8256: 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7569: 7554: 7552: 7548: 7547: 7545: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7493: 7492: 7481: 7479: 7475: 7474: 7472: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7424:Anglican chant 7420: 7418: 7412: 7411: 7409: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7392: 7391: 7386: 7376: 7371: 7370: 7369: 7364: 7354: 7349: 7347:Holy Communion 7344: 7339: 7334: 7332:Bidding-prayer 7329: 7328: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7297: 7293: 7292: 7285: 7280: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7234: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7187: 7186: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7165: 7164: 7159: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7103: 7102: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7078: 7076: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7057: 7056: 7051: 7041: 7040: 7039: 7038: 7037: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7014: 7013: 7008: 7003: 7002: 7001: 6986: 6985: 6984: 6974: 6969: 6958: 6953: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6925: 6924: 6914: 6909: 6908: 6907: 6897: 6896: 6895: 6893:Minor exorcism 6885: 6880: 6875: 6871: 6870: 6859: 6858: 6850: 6842: 6837: 6829: 6823: 6821: 6817: 6816: 6811: 6810: 6803: 6796: 6788: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6749: 6748: 6743: 6732: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6725: 6720: 6711: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6679:Pentecostalism 6676: 6674:Jesus movement 6671: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6572: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6560: 6551: 6550: 6549: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6513: 6512: 6502: 6497: 6491: 6489: 6483: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6475: 6468: 6465:Martyrs Mirror 6461: 6456: 6451: 6449:Martyrs' Synod 6446: 6441: 6439:Swiss Brethren 6436: 6431: 6426: 6420: 6418: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6408: 6403: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6355: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6277: 6275: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6243: 6238: 6237: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6208: 6206: 6197: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6184:Law and Gospel 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6160: 6159: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6128: 6126: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6110: 6109: 6108: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6072: 6071: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5975: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5939: 5938: 5937: 5936: 5935: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5889: 5887: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5865:Ottoman Empire 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5816: 5815: 5810: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5774: 5772: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5760: 5755: 5754: 5753: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5679: 5678: 5677: 5676: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5625: 5624: 5619: 5608: 5606: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5596: 5594:Biblical canon 5591: 5590: 5589: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5549: 5548: 5543: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5517: 5516: 5505: 5503: 5495:Late antiquity 5491: 5490: 5488: 5487: 5482: 5481: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5443:Church Fathers 5436: 5431: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5383: 5381: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5368: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5285: 5279: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5166: 5164: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5156: 5151: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5134: 5133: 5126: 5119: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5099: 5092: 5091:External links 5089: 5088: 5087: 5065: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5035: 5029: 5014: 5005: 4999: 4982: 4968: 4956:10.1086/343369 4948:10.1086/343369 4931: 4925: 4906: 4904:. Grove Books. 4894: 4889: 4874: 4868: 4849: 4837: 4831: 4818: 4813:978-0819214065 4812: 4794: 4789:978-0300170627 4788: 4770: 4764: 4745: 4740:978-0521793872 4739: 4725:Maltby, Judith 4721: 4670: 4665:978-0333921395 4664: 4649: 4643: 4627: 4621: 4606: 4600: 4581: 4575: 4560: 4554: 4536: 4530: 4511: 4499: 4493: 4473: 4465:Dickens, A. G. 4461: 4455: 4440: 4429: 4423: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4399: 4387: 4375: 4363: 4351: 4349:, p. 236. 4336: 4324: 4322:, p. 235. 4312: 4300: 4288: 4276: 4264: 4249: 4234: 4222: 4210: 4198: 4186: 4174: 4162: 4150: 4138: 4126: 4114: 4102: 4090: 4088:, p. 506. 4078: 4076:, p. 505. 4066: 4054: 4052:, p. 504. 4042: 4030: 4018: 4006: 4004:, p. 479. 3994: 3979: 3964: 3962:, p. 266. 3952: 3950:, p. 263. 3940: 3938:, p. 262. 3925: 3923:, p. 261. 3913: 3911:, p. 495. 3901: 3889: 3887:, p. 465. 3877: 3875:, p. 259. 3862: 3860:, p. 256. 3850: 3848:, p. 255. 3838: 3836:, p. 254. 3823: 3811: 3809:, p. 253. 3799: 3784: 3772: 3770:, p. 291. 3760: 3748: 3746:, p. 252. 3733: 3721: 3719:, p. 500. 3709: 3697: 3695:, p. 229. 3693:Quitslund 2016 3685: 3681:Sternhold 1705 3673: 3661: 3659:, p. 421. 3649: 3637: 3625: 3613: 3611:, p. 123. 3601: 3585: 3573: 3571:, p. 443. 3561: 3549: 3547:, p. 452. 3537: 3535:, p. 244. 3525: 3513: 3511:, p. 445. 3498: 3496:, p. 444. 3486: 3484:, p. 440. 3474: 3472:, p. 438. 3462: 3450: 3438: 3426: 3424:, p. 109. 3414: 3412:, p. 242. 3395: 3382: 3367: 3355: 3343:Ratcliff (1980 3334: 3319: 3317:, p. 434. 3304: 3292: 3290:, p. 241. 3277: 3275:, p. 432. 3265: 3263:, p. 433. 3248: 3236: 3234:, p. 430. 3221: 3219:, p. 240. 3206: 3204:, p. 428. 3194: 3182: 3180:, p. 427. 3170: 3168:, p. 426. 3158: 3156:, p. 199. 3146: 3144:, p. 239. 3131: 3119: 3117:, p. 419. 3107: 3105:, p. 238. 3095: 3093:, p. 200. 3083: 3081:, p. 425. 3068: 3066:, p. 423. 3053: 3036: 3021: 3009: 2997: 2985: 2983:, p. 458. 2973: 2971:, p. 348. 2961: 2949: 2947:, p. 475. 2937: 2935:, p. 112. 2925: 2923:, p. 210. 2913: 2911:, p. 308. 2901: 2899:, p. 181. 2889: 2887:, p. 168. 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2865: 2864: 2849: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2816: 2813: 2809:latitudinarian 2791:Richard Hooker 2748:Great Ejection 2698:Arminian party 2690:Church Fathers 2674:predestination 2604: 2601: 2464:4th Parliament 2449:Walter Mildmay 2428:Advertisements 2369:Main article: 2365: 2364: 2362: 2361: 2354: 2347: 2339: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2330: 2324: 2311: 2310: 2307: 2306: 2303: 2302: 2298: 2297: 2290: 2283: 2276: 2268: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2255: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2242:Roger Williams 2239: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2162: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2144: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2084: 2083: 2078: 2076:Great Ejection 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2022: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2009: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1952: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1902: 1901: 1899:Crucial themes 1898: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1889: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1817: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1793: 1785: 1784: 1778: 1777: 1766: 1763: 1686:excommunicated 1641:Thomas Harding 1605: 1602: 1588: 1585: 1542: 1539: 1476: 1473: 1375:Richard Davies 1371:Thomas Bentham 1338: 1335: 1305:William Barlow 1281:Edmund Grindal 1265:Matthew Parker 1254:Thomas Stanley 1233: 1230: 1228: 1227:Implementation 1225: 1205:Paul C. H. Lim 1156: 1153: 1027:Thomas Cranmer 1019: 1016: 982:Thomas Sampson 953:Main article: 950: 947: 900:House of Lords 880: 877: 875: 872: 856:English Litany 798: 795: 712:by performing 708:towards their 640:Main article: 625: 622: 438: 437: 435: 434: 427: 420: 412: 409: 408: 404: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 372: 371: 368: 367: 364: 363: 359: 358: 353: 351:Great Ejection 348: 340: 335: 330: 324: 323: 320: 319: 316: 315: 311: 310: 305: 300: 295: 289: 288: 285: 284: 281: 280: 276: 275: 270: 262: 257: 252: 247: 241: 240: 237: 236: 233: 232: 228: 227: 222: 217: 215:Richard Hooker 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 178: 177: 172: 171: 168: 167: 163: 162: 157: 152: 147: 139: 134: 126: 124:Thomas Cranmer 121: 116: 110: 109: 104: 103: 100: 99: 95: 94: 89: 84: 79: 73: 72: 69: 68: 65: 64: 55: 47: 46: 40: 39: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8774: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8719: 8717: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8691: 8688: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8636: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8604:John Merbecke 8602: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8589: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8577:Churchmanship 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8534: 8532: 8528: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8511:Real presence 8509: 8507: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8492: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8477: 8473: 8471: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8461: 8457: 8455: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8442: 8440: 8438: 8434: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8367: 8362: 8361: 8357: 8356: 8354: 8352: 8348: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8296:Hymns to Mary 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8261: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8233: 8232: 8228: 8226: 8225: 8221: 8219: 8218: 8214: 8213: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8188: 8186: 8184: 8179: 8175: 8169: 8168:Commemoration 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8145: 8140: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8122: 8119: 8115: 8110: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8092: 8091: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8077:Holy Saturday 8074: 8070: 8069:Holy Thursday 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8057: 8056: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8031:Ash Wednesday 8029: 8028: 8027: 8026: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7992: 7991: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7981:Midnight Mass 7979: 7977: 7974: 7973: 7972: 7971: 7970:Christmastide 7967: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7957:Advent Sunday 7955: 7954: 7953: 7952: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7938: 7934: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7808: 7803: 7799: 7793: 7790: 7786: 7783: 7782: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7770: 7766: 7764: 7763: 7759: 7757: 7756: 7752: 7750: 7749: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7737: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7728: 7724: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7618:Communion cup 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7564: 7563: 7559: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7549: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7491: 7488: 7487: 7486: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7476: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7421: 7419: 7417: 7413: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7396:Sign of peace 7394: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7381: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7359: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7301: 7298: 7295: 7294: 7291: 7290: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7278: 7277:Phos hilarion 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7266:Nunc dimittis 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237:Divine Office 7236: 7235: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7180: 7179:Lord's Prayer 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7154: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7101: 7098: 7097: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7073: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7046: 7045: 7042: 7036: 7035: 7031: 7030: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6990: 6987: 6983: 6980: 6979: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6951: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6923: 6920: 6919: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6906: 6903: 6902: 6901: 6898: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6878:Advent wreath 6876: 6873: 6872: 6866: 6865: 6861: 6860: 6857: 6853:Night Prayer 6851: 6849: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6824: 6822: 6818: 6809: 6804: 6802: 6797: 6795: 6790: 6789: 6786: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6768:Protestantism 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6738: 6737: 6734: 6733: 6730: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6715: 6712: 6709: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6669: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6641:Azusa Revival 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6621:Laestadianism 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6565: 6559: 6558:Old Lutherans 6555: 6552: 6548: 6545: 6544: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6488: 6484: 6474: 6473: 6469: 6467: 6466: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6413: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6401: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6348: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6270: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6248: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6224:Diet of Worms 6222: 6220: 6219: 6215: 6214: 6213: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6201: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6158: 6155: 6154: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6124:Protestantism 6119: 6115: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5943: 5940: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5882: 5876: 5875:North America 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5805: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5765: 5759: 5756: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5601: 5595: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5515: 5512: 5511: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5485:Early African 5483: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5468:Justin Martyr 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5445: 5444: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5389: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5374: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5290: 5289: 5288:Life of Jesus 5286: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5276:Apostolic Age 5272: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5143: 5139: 5132: 5127: 5125: 5120: 5118: 5113: 5112: 5109: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5094: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5075: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5044: 5043: 5032: 5026: 5022: 5021: 5015: 5011: 5006: 5002: 5000:9780511675874 4996: 4992: 4988: 4983: 4979: 4978: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4932: 4928: 4922: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4892: 4890:9781409440307 4886: 4883:, Routledge, 4882: 4881: 4875: 4871: 4869:9780861932726 4865: 4861: 4857: 4856: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4832:0-87243-139-8 4828: 4824: 4819: 4815: 4809: 4805: 4804: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4785: 4781: 4780: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4761: 4757: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4742: 4736: 4732: 4731: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4712: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4661: 4657: 4656: 4650: 4646: 4644:9780300226577 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4607: 4603: 4597: 4593: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4578: 4576:9781315551388 4572: 4568: 4567: 4561: 4557: 4551: 4547: 4546: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4527: 4523: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4490: 4485: 4484: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4452: 4448: 4447: 4441: 4437: 4436: 4435:Great Service 4430: 4426: 4424:9780199740871 4420: 4416: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4397:, p. 403 4396: 4391: 4385:, p. 94. 4384: 4379: 4373:, p. 86. 4372: 4367: 4361:, p. 85. 4360: 4355: 4348: 4343: 4341: 4334:, p. 92. 4333: 4328: 4321: 4316: 4310:, p. 27. 4309: 4304: 4298:, p. 54. 4297: 4292: 4286:, p. 61. 4285: 4280: 4274:, p. 89. 4273: 4268: 4262:, p. 88. 4261: 4256: 4254: 4247:, p. 50. 4246: 4241: 4239: 4231: 4226: 4220:, p. 49. 4219: 4214: 4207: 4202: 4196:, p. 48. 4195: 4190: 4183: 4178: 4171: 4166: 4160:, p. 42. 4159: 4154: 4148:, p. 41. 4147: 4142: 4136:, p. 50. 4135: 4130: 4124:, p. 38. 4123: 4118: 4112:, p. 43. 4111: 4106: 4099: 4094: 4087: 4086:Marshall 2017 4082: 4075: 4074:Marshall 2017 4070: 4064:, p. 33. 4063: 4058: 4051: 4050:Marshall 2017 4046: 4040:, p. 48. 4039: 4034: 4027: 4022: 4015: 4014:Marshall 2017 4010: 4003: 4002:Marshall 2017 3998: 3992:, p. 47. 3991: 3986: 3984: 3977:, p. 28. 3976: 3971: 3969: 3961: 3956: 3949: 3944: 3937: 3932: 3930: 3922: 3917: 3910: 3909:Marshall 2017 3905: 3898: 3897:Marshall 2017 3893: 3886: 3885:Marshall 2017 3881: 3874: 3869: 3867: 3859: 3854: 3847: 3842: 3835: 3830: 3828: 3820: 3819:Marshall 2017 3815: 3808: 3803: 3797:, p. 30. 3796: 3791: 3789: 3782:, p. 11. 3781: 3776: 3769: 3764: 3757: 3756:Marshall 2017 3752: 3745: 3740: 3738: 3730: 3729:Marshall 2017 3725: 3718: 3717:Marshall 2017 3713: 3706: 3701: 3694: 3689: 3682: 3677: 3671:, p. 39. 3670: 3665: 3658: 3653: 3647:, p. 33. 3646: 3641: 3635:, p. 28. 3634: 3629: 3623:, p. 86. 3622: 3617: 3610: 3605: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3582: 3577: 3570: 3569:Marshall 2017 3565: 3558: 3553: 3546: 3545:Marshall 2017 3541: 3534: 3529: 3523:, p. 26. 3522: 3517: 3510: 3509:Marshall 2017 3505: 3503: 3495: 3494:Marshall 2017 3490: 3483: 3482:Marshall 2017 3478: 3471: 3470:Marshall 2017 3466: 3459: 3458:Marshall 2017 3454: 3447: 3446:Marshall 2017 3442: 3435: 3430: 3423: 3418: 3411: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3392: 3386: 3380:, p. 27. 3379: 3374: 3372: 3365:, p. 26. 3364: 3359: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3338: 3332:, p. 61. 3331: 3326: 3324: 3316: 3315:Marshall 2017 3311: 3309: 3301: 3296: 3289: 3284: 3282: 3274: 3273:Marshall 2017 3269: 3262: 3261:Marshall 2017 3257: 3255: 3253: 3245: 3244:Marshall 2017 3240: 3233: 3232:Marshall 2017 3228: 3226: 3218: 3213: 3211: 3203: 3202:Marshall 2017 3198: 3191: 3186: 3179: 3178:Marshall 2017 3174: 3167: 3166:Marshall 2017 3162: 3155: 3150: 3143: 3138: 3136: 3128: 3127:Marshall 2017 3123: 3116: 3115:Marshall 2017 3111: 3104: 3099: 3092: 3087: 3080: 3079:Marshall 2017 3075: 3073: 3065: 3064:Marshall 2017 3060: 3058: 3051:, p. 88. 3050: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3034:, p. 25. 3033: 3028: 3026: 3019:, p. 89. 3018: 3013: 3006: 3001: 2994: 2989: 2982: 2977: 2970: 2969:Marshall 2017 2965: 2959:, p. 12. 2958: 2953: 2946: 2941: 2934: 2929: 2922: 2917: 2910: 2909:Marshall 2017 2905: 2898: 2893: 2886: 2881: 2877: 2862: 2856: 2851: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2805: 2798: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2760:Presbyterians 2757: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2729: 2728: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2682:Richard Neile 2679: 2675: 2671: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2659: 2653: 2649: 2640: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2614: 2610: 2609:Stuart period 2600: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2577:Thomas Bilson 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2556: 2553: 2548: 2539: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2507:John Whitgift 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2475:Thomas Wilcox 2471: 2469: 2465: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2437: 2431: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2397: 2393: 2391: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2372: 2360: 2355: 2353: 2348: 2346: 2341: 2340: 2338: 2337: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2313: 2312: 2305: 2304: 2296: 2295: 2291: 2289: 2288: 2287:Paradise Lost 2284: 2282: 2281: 2277: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2269: 2262: 2261: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2247:John Winthrop 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2237:Thomas Parker 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2222:Cotton Mather 2220: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2207:John Endecott 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2177:Peter Bulkley 2175: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2164: 2159: 2151: 2150: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2091: 2090: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2036:Marian exiles 2034: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2016: 2015: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1986: 1985: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1946: 1945: 1937: 1936:Merton thesis 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1926:Puritan choir 1924: 1922: 1921:Millennialism 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1911:Impropriation 1909: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1896: 1895: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1871:Nonconformism 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1826:Protestantism 1824: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1797: 1791: 1787: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1770: 1762: 1758: 1756: 1751: 1750: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1682: 1679:In 1569, the 1677: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1654: 1650: 1649:William Allen 1646: 1645:Richard Smyth 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1619: 1610: 1601: 1599: 1598:Judith Maltby 1593: 1584: 1581: 1576: 1575: 1569: 1567: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1548: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1508: 1507:Great Service 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1490: 1485: 1481: 1472: 1469: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1403: 1398: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1385:, images and 1384: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1348: 1343: 1334: 1332: 1331: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1277:Marian exiles 1274: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1259: 1258:Sodor and Man 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1238:Cardinal Pole 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1213:church choirs 1210: 1206: 1202: 1199:. Historians 1198: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1166: 1162: 1161:Puritan Choir 1152: 1150: 1145: 1141: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1040: 1036: 1028: 1024: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 989: 987: 983: 979: 975: 969: 967: 963: 956: 946: 944: 940: 936: 931: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 890: 885: 871: 869: 865: 861: 857: 851: 849: 845: 844:Privy Council 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 794: 792: 788: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 755:promoted the 754: 753: 747: 743: 739: 738:Real Presence 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 694: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 643: 635: 630: 621: 619: 615: 614: 609: 605: 600: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 561: 559: 558: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 532: 527: 523: 519: 515: 510: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 471: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 433: 428: 426: 421: 419: 414: 413: 411: 410: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 373: 366: 365: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 345: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 325: 318: 317: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 290: 283: 282: 274: 271: 269: 267: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 242: 235: 234: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 184: 180: 179: 175: 170: 169: 161: 160:Marian exiles 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 144: 140: 138: 135: 133: 131: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 111: 107: 102: 101: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 78: 75: 74: 67: 66: 62: 58: 53: 49: 48: 45: 42: 41: 37: 33: 32: 25: 21: 16: 8633: 8591: 8516:Receptionism 8474: 8458: 8445:Black Rubric 8397:Genuflection 8364: 8358: 8291:Humeral veil 8229: 8222: 8215: 8211:Anglican Use 8117: 8113: 8106: 8087: 8052: 8023: 8011: 7989:Epiphanytide 7987: 7968: 7949: 7767: 7760: 7753: 7746: 7734: 7717:Wedding ring 7490:altar server 7478:Participants 7454:Mass (music) 7352:Nicene Creed 7287: 7275: 7032: 7028:Easter Vigil 6999:for the Jews 6982:Foot washing 6948: 6929:Consecration 6917:Confirmation 6862: 6827:Daily Office 6684:Charismatics 6667: 6646:Gospel music 6576:Camp meeting 6568:1789–present 6500:Missionaries 6470: 6463: 6454:Menno Simons 6398: 6394:Church music 6373: 6245: 6216: 6101:Conciliarism 6086:Papal Schism 5928:Scandinavian 5820:Great Schism 5798:Nestorianism 5770:Christianity 5702:priest holes 5583:Chalcedonian 5546:Christianity 5500:Great Church 5308:Resurrection 5073: 5051: 5019: 5009: 4990: 4976: 4939: 4935: 4914: 4901: 4879: 4854: 4844: 4822: 4802: 4778: 4753: 4729: 4711:cite journal 4678: 4674: 4654: 4634: 4611: 4589: 4565: 4544: 4519: 4506: 4503:Dix, Gregory 4482: 4477:Duffy, Eamon 4468: 4445: 4434: 4413: 4404:Bibliography 4395:Dickens 1967 4390: 4383:Gregory 2006 4378: 4366: 4354: 4327: 4315: 4303: 4291: 4284:Hefling 2006 4279: 4267: 4225: 4213: 4208:, p. 6. 4201: 4189: 4177: 4165: 4153: 4141: 4129: 4117: 4105: 4093: 4081: 4069: 4057: 4045: 4033: 4021: 4009: 3997: 3955: 3943: 3916: 3904: 3892: 3880: 3853: 3841: 3814: 3802: 3775: 3763: 3751: 3724: 3712: 3700: 3688: 3683:, p. 1. 3676: 3664: 3652: 3640: 3628: 3616: 3604: 3597: 3596:in the 1911 3588: 3576: 3564: 3552: 3540: 3528: 3516: 3489: 3477: 3465: 3453: 3441: 3429: 3417: 3385: 3358: 3346: 3337: 3330:Moorman 1983 3295: 3268: 3239: 3197: 3185: 3173: 3161: 3154:Moorman 1973 3149: 3122: 3110: 3098: 3091:Moorman 1973 3086: 3012: 3005:Moorman 1973 3000: 2988: 2976: 2964: 2957:Winship 2018 2952: 2940: 2928: 2916: 2904: 2892: 2885:Moorman 1973 2880: 2802: 2799: 2795: 2785:writes that 2779: 2732: 2725: 2713:William Laud 2706: 2700:, but their 2667: 2657: 2645: 2626: 2616: 2587: 2585: 2569:John Bridges 2561:service book 2557: 2552:conservative 2551: 2544: 2528:presbyteries 2523:Admonition's 2522: 2511:pamphlet war 2494: 2482: 2472: 2461: 2434: 2432: 2413:wedding ring 2402: 2374: 2292: 2285: 2278: 2271: 2131:Praying town 2080: 1866:Independents 1821:Christianity 1795: 1759: 1748: 1744: 1723: 1716: 1708:Ridolfi plot 1693: 1678: 1658: 1621: 1594: 1590: 1580:receptionist 1572: 1570: 1550: 1534: 1528: 1505: 1502:William Byrd 1487: 1478: 1468:Churchwarden 1464: 1448:Chapel Royal 1441: 1437:east to west 1429:stone altars 1421: 1413:Rogationtide 1406: 1379: 1367:Thomas Becon 1363:Robert Horne 1352: 1328: 1327:for writing 1262: 1235: 1186: 1170: 1158: 1137: 1105: 1097:Black Rubric 1092: 1086: 1042: 1013: 990: 986:Marian exile 970: 958: 943:royal assent 932: 893: 863: 852: 820:consecration 800: 789: 759:teaching of 751: 695: 675:supreme head 645: 611: 601: 585:presbyterian 562: 555: 550:adopted the 529: 511: 472: 443: 441: 343: 265: 182: 173: 142: 129: 56: 20: 15: 8737:Anglicanism 8661:Rood screen 8537:Agape feast 8491:Last Supper 8360:Ad orientem 8326:Roman Canon 8301:Last Gospel 8269:Benediction 8130:Kingdomtide 8118:Trinitytide 8116:instead of 8108:Trinitytide 8073:Good Friday 8060:Palm Sunday 8046:Passiontide 7882:Geneva gown 7857:Choir dress 7842:Cassock-alb 7643:Evangeliary 7604:Aspergillum 7567:Antependium 7169:Let us pray 7142:Lamb of God 7100:O Antiphons 6972:Chrism Mass 6912:Commination 6773:Catholicism 6710:Protestants 6704:Evangelical 6379:39 Articles 6374:Elizabethan 6351:Anglicanism 6331:Westminster 6241:Melanchthon 6204:Lutheranism 6169:Nicodemites 6147:Arminianism 6118:Reformation 6059:Bonaventure 6034:Inquisition 6029:Waldensians 5979:Investiture 5957:Kievan Rus' 5913:Anglo-Saxon 5893:Pelagianism 5885:Middle Ages 5808:Iconodulism 5683:Thomas More 5604:Catholicism 5526:Monasticism 5509:Constantine 5434:Persecution 5392:Adoptionism 5377:Ante-Nicene 5320:Holy Spirit 5303:Crucifixion 5274:Origins and 5175:2nd and 3rd 4841:Neale, John 4347:Maltby 1998 4332:Maltby 2006 4320:Maltby 1998 4308:Bremer 2009 4296:Spinks 2006 4272:Maltby 2006 4260:Maltby 2006 4245:Spinks 2006 4230:Spinks 2006 4218:Spinks 2006 4206:Newton 2005 4194:Spinks 2006 3990:Spinks 2006 3780:Maltby 1998 3645:Harley 2010 3633:Harley 2010 3391:Neale (1953 3349:, and also 2787:Anglicanism 2735:Restoration 2702:high church 2519:soteriology 2441:separatists 2381:John Calvin 2232:James Noyes 2197:John Cotton 2182:John Bunyan 1989:Confessions 1851:Arminianism 1846:Anglicanism 1831:Reformation 1796:The Puritan 1700:John Felton 1629:archdeacons 1516:impressment 1402:Shotteswell 1321:John Calvin 1289:Richard Cox 1269:Anne Boleyn 1215:, a formal 1201:John Coffey 1187:Historians 1165:J. E. Neale 1149:memorialism 1116:regnal year 974:John Calvin 928:sacrificial 874:Legislation 862:, the 1552 736:. Christ's 647:Elizabeth I 608:Restoration 589:high church 479:Protestants 468:Anglicanism 452:Elizabeth I 8716:Categories 8666:Sarum Rite 8407:Intinction 8316:Monstrance 8191:Altar bell 8089:Eastertide 7807:Pontifical 7780:Lectionary 7702:Tabernacle 7653:Holy water 7261:Magnificat 7256:Invitatory 7211:Responsory 7112:Confession 7066:Ordination 7011:Reproaches 6963:liturgies 6874:Occasional 6855:(Compline) 6495:Revivalism 6416:Anabaptism 6364:Henry VIII 6189:Literature 5813:Iconoclasm 5793:Chrysostom 5746:Vatican II 5712:Jansenists 5698:Mass rocks 5634:Lateran IV 5553:Athanasius 5473:Tertullian 5417:Marcionism 5412:Gnosticism 5365:Revelation 5283:Background 5069:Gee, Henry 5061:1182585959 4471:. Fontana. 3960:Haigh 1993 3948:Haigh 1993 3936:Haigh 1993 3921:Haigh 1993 3873:Haigh 1993 3858:Haigh 1993 3846:Haigh 1993 3834:Haigh 1993 3807:Haigh 1993 3768:Haigh 1993 3744:Haigh 1993 3581:Haigh 1993 3557:Haigh 1993 3533:Haigh 1993 3422:Spurr 2002 3410:Haigh 1993 3351:Dix (1948) 3300:Haigh 1993 3288:Haigh 1993 3217:Haigh 1993 3190:Haigh 1993 3142:Haigh 1993 3103:Haigh 1993 2993:Duffy 2005 2981:Duffy 2005 2945:Duffy 2005 2897:Haigh 1993 2868:References 2752:dissenters 2717:Laudianism 2481:published 2479:John Field 1814:Background 1765:Puritanism 1732:Valladolid 1704:John Story 1673:Nicodemism 1561:Anabaptist 1460:royal arms 1456:rood lofts 1355:visitation 1313:John Scory 1309:Chichester 1297:John Jewel 1273:Nicodemite 1209:cathedrals 1193:bishoprics 1072:was never 1058:Winchester 930:offering. 866:, and the 832:procession 785:iconoclasm 765:veneration 714:good works 683:Protestant 651:Henry VIII 624:Background 618:low church 581:episcopacy 518:Parliament 483:Henry VIII 303:Laudianism 59:(1749) by 8392:Headcover 8264:Adoration 8100:Pentecost 8095:Ascension 8054:Holy Week 8005:Candlemas 7976:Christmas 7927:Zucchetto 7802:Vestments 7357:Offertory 7310:Epiclesis 7305:Anamnesis 7296:Eucharist 7075:Structure 6961:Holy Week 6922:Catechism 6864:Eucharist 6834:(Mattins) 6661:Ecumenism 6611:Adventism 6601:Mormonism 6537:Millerism 6532:Methodism 6487:1640–1789 6389:Civil War 6336:Orthodoxy 6291:Huguenots 6273:Calvinism 6258:Eucharist 6253:Orthodoxy 6137:Eucharist 6069:Five Ways 6019:Dulcinian 5972:Pomerania 5898:Gregory I 5742:Vatican I 5732:Modernism 5717:Molinists 5707:Guadalupe 5578:Chalcedon 5573:Ephesus I 5563:Augustine 5439:Apostolic 5422:Montanism 5387:Diversity 5163:Centuries 5083:559639008 4964:142464028 4703:162188544 3669:Lord 2003 3621:Lord 2003 3609:Byrd 1922 2873:Citations 2804:via media 2709:Charles I 2694:free will 2423:adiaphora 2154:Elsewhere 1841:Calvinism 1661:recusants 1587:Reception 1435:oriented 1347:Jacobstow 1325:John Knox 1301:Salisbury 1240:, Mary's 1197:deaneries 1112:vestments 1064:. 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