1162:
896:
1010:
1381:
942:
kingdom. The monasteries were brought firmly into the web of feudal relations, with their holding of land linked to the provision of military support to the crown. The
Normans adopted the Anglo-Saxon model of monastic cathedral communities, and within seventy years, the majority of English cathedrals were controlled by monks; every English cathedral, however, was rebuilt to some extent by the new rulers. England's bishops remained powerful temporal figures, and in the early twelfth century, raised armies against Scottish invaders and built up extensive holdings of castles across the country.
1485:
659:
313:
443:. The process was largely complete by the end of the seventh century, but left a confusing and disparate array of local practices and religious ceremonies. This new Christianity reflected the existing military culture of the Anglo-Saxons: as kings began to convert in the sixth and seventh centuries, conversion began to be used as a justification for war against the remaining pagan kingdoms, for example, while Christian saints were imbued with martial properties.
782:
525:
667:
1312:
22:
646:. The Norse settlers in England were converted relatively quickly, assimilating their beliefs into Christianity in the decades following the occupation of York, of which the Archbishop had survived. The process was largely complete by the early tenth century and enabled England's leading churchmen to negotiate with the warlords. As the Norse in mainland Scandinavia
1366:, a suspected Lollard, escaped from imprisonment, prompting a planned rising in London. However, the authorities learned of the plans and arrested the conspirators, resulting in a further round of political trials and persecutions. Oldcastle was captured and executed in 1417 and Lollardy continued as a secret minority sect.
1152:
It was unusual for sermons to be preached at Mass. Most priests were not trained preachers, and clergy needed to have a special license from the bishop in order to preach. Parishes sometimes heard sermons from visiting friars or other preachers. Each parish was supposed to hear a sermon at least four
1101:
The priest spoke or sung the Mass entirely in Latin, which few people understood. In addition, the priest whispered or mumbled the service, which meant that those in the nave could not hear. When responses were required, these were provided by the choir or the acolytes in the chancel. Any singing was
1416:
William the
Conqueror acquired the support of the Church for the invasion of England by promising ecclesiastical reform. William promoted celibacy amongst the clergy and gave ecclesiastical courts more power but also reduced the Church's direct links to Rome and made it more accountable to the king.
941:
Some of these Norman and French churchmen adopted and embraced aspects of the former Anglo-Saxon religious system, while others introduced practices from
Normandy. Extensive English lands were granted to monasteries in Normandy, allowing them to create daughter priories and monastic cells across the
212:
sent a team of missionaries who gradually converted most of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, while Scots-Irish monks were active in the north of
England. The process was largely complete by the end of the seventh century, but left a confusing and disparate array of local practices and religious ceremonies.
765:
By the 10th century, the parish system was well established. The parish church was still the property of a local lord, but in towns and the
Danelaw the people had acquired ownership. Parish priests were typically local men with a basic education. Many of them were married (especially in the North),
1302:
was not new in
England, however, as the idea of religiously justified warfare went back to Anglo-Saxon times. Many of those who took up the Cross to go on a Crusade never actually left, often because the individual lacked sufficient funds to undertake the journey. Raising funds to travel typically
1429:
and promoted greater influence for the papacy in church matters. Despite the bishops continuing to play a major part in royal government, tensions emerged between the kings of
England and key leaders within the English Church. Kings and archbishops clashed over rights of appointment and religious
689:
among a
Christian folk". Bishops were chosen by the king and tended to be recruited from among royal chaplains or monasteries. The bishop-elect was then presented at a synod where clerical approval was obtained and consecration followed. The appointment of an archbishop was more complicated and
263:
The Church had a close relationship with the
English state throughout the Middle Ages. The bishops and major monastic leaders played an important part in national government. After the Norman Conquest kings and archbishops clashed over rights of appointment and religious policy. By the early
1518:. By the mid-12th century, there were Jewish communities in most of England's major cities. Although there were violent anti-Jewish massacres and riots in several cities, Jews were theoretically under the protection of the Crown because of their financial importance. However, in 1275,
705:
With the conversion of much of
England in the sixth and seventh centuries, there was an explosion of local church building. English monasteries formed the main basis for the church and were often sponsored by local rulers. They took various forms, including mixed communities headed by
1346:". The English bishops were charged with controlling and countering this trend by disrupting Lollard preachers and enforcing the teaching of suitable sermons in local churches. By the early fifteenth century, combating Lollard teachings had become a key political issue, championed by
1391:
The Church had a close relationship with the English state throughout the Middle Ages. The bishops and major monastic leaders played an important part in national government, having key roles on the king's council. Bishops often oversaw towns and cities, managing local taxation and
730:
of monks. These institutions were badly affected in the ninth century by Viking raids and predatory annexations by the nobility. By the start of the 10th century, monastic lands, financial resources and the quality of monasteries' religious work had been much diminished.
1033:
blocked the chancel off from the nave. Made of wood, the rood screen included a door and gaps in which the congregation could glimpse into the nave. The rood screen was a visible symbol of the division between the clergy and the laity. Dominating the church was the
1338:, combined with the abuses of wealth within the Church and the role of senior churchmen in government, distracted from that study. A loose movement that included many members of the gentry pursued these ideas after Wycliffe's death in 1384 and attempted to pass a
547:. It also confirmed the observance of the traditions of the Latin Church over those of the Celtic Church, which had previously held influence in the north and west. A major reorganisation of the English church occurred in the late 700s. King
1146:. The communicant entered the chancel through the rood screen and knelt before the priest who placed the host directly into their mouth, so their hands would not touch it. Laity never received the sacramental wine; only the priest received
1194:
During the Anglo-Saxon period, many shrines were built on former pagan sites which became popular pilgrimage destinations, while other pilgrims visited prominent monasteries and sites of learning. Senior nobles or kings would travel to
1463:
in 1138. Bishops were also responsible for administering their huge estates and presiding in the courts that dealt with civil disputes within them. They were also required to attend royal councils, and with the development of the
1049:
Walls featured colorful paintings illustrating the doctrines of creation, incarnation, atonement, penance, purgatory and judgement. In a time of high illiteracy, these images acted as "books for laymen". One such image was the
1454:
of the crown, they were responsible for providing a quota of armed knights for the king's army. Although they weren't expected to be involved in actual combat, several bishops became active military leaders; an example is
439:, kings of Northumbria, were converted in the 630s and 640s by Scottish missionaries, and the wave of change carried on through the middle of the seventh century across the kingdoms of Mercia, the South Saxons and the
1412:
in 664; some issues were resolved, but arguments between the archbishops of Canterbury and York as to which had primacy across Britain began shortly afterwards and continued throughout most of the medieval period.
1446:
were variously forced into exile, arrested by royal knights or even killed. By the early thirteenth century, however, the church had largely won its argument for independence, answering almost entirely to Rome.
563:
into an archbishopric. There were now three provinces in England: York, Lichfield and Canterbury. However, this arrangement was abandoned in 803, and Lichfield was reabsorbed into the Province of Canterbury.
1125:
of the host, allowing the congregation to adore the body of Christ. It was a common belief that to gaze upon the host protected one from sudden death for the rest of that day. While the priest always took
1530:, the lending of money for interest, which was the main source of income for many Jewish families. Following increasing state persecution and attempts to force conversion to Christianity, Edward finally
224:
were also constructed. These institutions were badly affected in the ninth century by Viking raids and predatory annexations by the nobility. Reforms followed under the kings of Wessex who promoted the
458:. The northern province was based at York, and the southern province was based at Canterbury. The Archbishop of Canterbury had final authority over the entire English Church. This division between the
1199:, which was a popular destination from the seventh century; sometimes these trips were a form of convenient political exile. Under the Normans, religious institutions with important shrines, such as
233:
brought a new set of Norman and French churchmen to power; some adopted and embraced aspects of the former Anglo-Saxon religious system, while others introduced practices from Normandy. The French
1086:. Theologically, this meant that when Christians ate sacramental bread (called the host), Christ became part of them. The Church also taught that the Mass was a sacrifice—the same sacrifice of
615:, the right to collect one-tenth of all produce from land or animals. Originally, the tithe was a voluntary gift, but the church successfully made it a compulsory tax by the 10th century.
965:. By 1215, there were over 600 monastic communities in England, but new endowments slowed during the thirteenth century, creating long-term financial problems for many institutions. The
1215:
by local saints were becoming increasingly common in England, adding to the attractiveness of pilgrimages to prominent relics. Major shrines in the late Middle Ages included those of
758:. A reformed network of around 40 monastic institutions across the south and east of England, under the protection of the king, helped reestablish royal control over the reconquered
1029:
at the east end of the building. The chancel, considered the most sacred part of the church, included the sanctuary where the high altar was located. Beneath the chancel arch, a
513:
in 664. Both sides made arguments, but the king decided that Northumbria would follow the Latin tradition. His decision was decided on the basis of authority: the successors of
926:
arrived in England to oversee the reform of the church. The legates purged the English episcopate of bishops deemed incompetent, sexually immoral, or who had been appointed by
1211:
became an important task for ambitious institutions, as these were believed to hold curative powers and lent status to the site. By the twelfth century reports of posthumous
2837:
883:
and other Norman churches and was the largest, grandest church building in England. The king's decision to be buried at Westminster rather than at the traditional site of
180:
1183:
were a popular religious practice throughout the Middle Ages in England. Typically pilgrims would travel short distances to a shrine or a particular church, either to do
396:, still reflected in various English place names. Despite the resurgence of paganism in England, Christian communities still survived in more western areas such as
372:
shrines were converted to Christian use and few pagan sites still operated by the fifth century. After the fifth century, formal church organisation disappeared in
1303:
involved crusaders selling or mortgaging their lands and possessions, which affected their families and, at times, considerably affected the economy as a whole.
2618:
1135:
446:
Over the next few years, the organisation of the English Church was laid out. While ultimately under papal authority, the church was to be divided into two
196:
includes all forms of religious organisation, practice and belief in England, between the end of Roman authority in the fifth century and the advent of the
1191:
from an illness or other condition. Some pilgrims travelled further, either to more distant sites within Britain or, in a few cases, onto the continent.
200:
in the late fifteenth century. The collapse of Roman authority brought about the end of formal Christian religion in the east of what is now England as
754:
throughout England. As national institutions owning land throughout England, royally controlled and funded monasteries diminished the power of local
1161:
173:
208:
in the large sections of the island that they controlled. The movement towards Christianity began again in the late sixth and seventh centuries.
1505:
470:
remained a permanent feature of the English Church. Controversially, Pope Gregory gave Augustine authority over the bishops of the indigenous
3357:
166:
1207:, promoted themselves as pilgrimage destinations, maximising the value of the historic miracles associated with the sites. Accumulating
1110:. While the priest performed the liturgy, the laity prayed and moved around the building (few churches had pews). They could pray at a
3458:
1058:, showing Christ in glory, the resurrection of the dead, the saved being welcomed into Heaven, and the damned being dragged to Hell.
349:
155:
918:. The pope also ordered English clergy to submit to William's authority. Control over the church was an important element in the
343:
147:
143:
220:
The process of conversions led to an explosion of local church buildings and monasteries formed the main basis for the church.
217:
of the eighth and ninth centuries reintroduced paganism to North-East England, leading in turn to another wave of conversions.
56:
3438:
3367:
3325:
3304:
3237:
3216:
3192:
3171:
3129:
3060:
3029:
2997:
2976:
2955:
2934:
2889:
2868:
2826:
2805:
2761:
2695:
1404:, exchanging some authority and revenue for assistance in defence. The early English church was racked with disagreement on
2847:
1038:
or crucifix mounted above the rood screen. The life-sized image of Christ on the cross was flanked by carved images of the
957:
reached England, creating houses with a more austere interpretation of the monastic rules and building the great abbeys of
930:. This aligned with William's goal of removing unreliable church officials. Afterwards, only two English bishops remained.
52:
1375:
671:
302:
567:
Initially, the diocese was the only administrative unit in the Anglo-Saxon church. The bishop served the diocese from a
3108:
407:
The movement towards Christianity began again in the late sixth and seventh centuries, helped by the conversion of the
3270:
3139:
Rahtz, Philip; Watts, Lorna (2005). "Three Ages of Conversion at Kirkdale, North Yorkshire". In Carver, Martin (ed.).
284:. In the 1380s, several challenges emerged to the traditional theology of the Church, resulting from the teachings of
3346:
3280:
3259:
3084:
3039:
3018:
2740:
1322:
In the 1380s, several challenges emerged to the traditional teachings of the Church, resulting from the teachings of
681:
of Wessex and his successors led the Anglo-Saxon resistance and reconquest, culminating in the formation of a single
201:
1009:
1127:
770:
was becoming more common. For the literate, there was an abundance of vernacular religious literature, such as the
528:
123:
48:
3161:
647:
509:, tensions between followers of the Latin and Celtic traditions continued. To settle matters, Osiwu summoned the
1510:
The first substantial Jewish population in England arrived after the Norman Conquest, reportedly migrating from
3150:
2782:
2716:
1501:
111:
1396:. This frequently became untenable with the Viking incursions of the ninth century, and in locations such as
833:
357:
980:
orders rapidly became popular, particularly in towns, and heavily influenced local preaching. The religious
1260:
1014:
976:
arrived in England during the 1220s, establishing 150 friaries by the end of the thirteenth century; these
1380:
984:
that became popular across Europe from the twelfth century acquired possessions in England, including the
1472:, along with the abbots and priors of the largest religious houses; collectively, they were known as the
1067:
551:
wanted his own kingdom to have an archbishop since the Archbishop of Canterbury was also a great Kentish
1468:
in the 13th century, the two archbishops and nineteen bishops were required to take their seats in the
1147:
751:
214:
28:
presented to the Virgin and Child by his Patron Saint John the Baptist and Saints Edward and Edmund in
2732:
Crown & Sceptre: A New History of the British Monarchy, from William the Conqueror to Elizabeth II
2684:
Aston, Margaret; Richmond, Colin (1997). "Introduction". In Aston, Margaret; Richmond, Colin (eds.).
1095:
911:
864:. To assist bishops in supervising the parishes and monasteries within their dioceses, the office of
981:
474:. In response, the Celtic bishops refused to cooperate with the Roman missionaries. The Celtic and
428:
257:
91:
1425:, which advocated greater autonomy from royal authority for the clergy, condemned the practice of
1153:
times annually, but whether this happened depended on how isolated the parish was geographically.
1071:
447:
424:
945:
New religious orders began to be introduced into England. As ties to Normandy waned, the French
543:
were adopted to promote greater uniformity, among these that the English bishops should hold an
1460:
868:
was created. Once a year, the bishop would summon parish priests to the cathedral for a synod.
459:
75:
2879:
750:. The king and Dunstan, who he appointed Archbishop of Canterbury, worked together to promote
268:
were a popular religious practice throughout the Middle Ages in England. Participation in the
3414:
1465:
1334:
was the best guide to understanding God's intentions, and that the superficial nature of the
1248:
1070:
was at the heart of medieval religion. In the Mass, the priest offered bread and wine on the
1039:
805:
793:
698:, his symbol of office. These visits to Rome and the payments that accompanied them (such as
490:
432:
151:
895:
420:
1431:
1224:
1220:
1204:
1174:
1139:
1087:
872:
825:
817:
797:
560:
544:
506:
498:
436:
339:
1484:
1405:
775:
79:
8:
3290:
1519:
1347:
1264:
1252:
1236:
1122:
993:
953:
spread quickly from the beginning of the twelfth century, while later in the century the
841:
829:
813:
536:
451:
431:
and started to build new churches across the South-East, reusing existing pagan shrines.
241:
spread quickly from the beginning of the twelfth century, while later in the century the
115:
107:
71:
3403:
2912:
1531:
1397:
1385:
1359:
1351:
1256:
1075:
849:
809:
771:
739:
727:
682:
623:
596:
479:
467:
29:
3434:
3363:
3342:
3321:
3300:
3276:
3255:
3233:
3212:
3188:
3167:
3146:
3125:
3104:
3080:
3056:
3035:
3014:
2993:
2972:
2951:
2930:
2885:
2864:
2843:
2822:
2801:
2794:
2778:
2757:
2736:
2712:
2691:
1418:
1339:
1327:
1228:
1200:
915:
876:
861:
845:
837:
821:
801:
767:
743:
650:, many mainland rulers recruited missionaries from England to assist in the process.
611:
and was also entitled to other support from parishioners. The most important was the
600:
540:
416:
205:
139:
887:
was part of the process whereby London became the center of English political life.
880:
3395:
3052:
Alfred's Wars: Sources and Interpretations of Anglo-Saxon Warfare in the Viking Age
2908:
1523:
1493:
1422:
1393:
935:
853:
735:
699:
678:
580:
463:
226:
272:
was also seen as a form of pilgrimage, and England played a prominent part in the
3428:
3336:
3315:
3294:
3227:
3206:
3182:
3140:
3119:
3098:
3074:
3050:
3008:
2987:
2966:
2945:
2924:
2858:
2816:
2772:
2751:
2730:
2706:
2685:
1473:
1451:
1443:
1435:
1409:
1232:
1083:
966:
962:
919:
899:
857:
792:
In 1000, there were eighteen dioceses in England. In the Province of Canterbury:
786:
686:
575:. These priests would baptise, teach and visit the remoter parts of the diocese.
510:
397:
320:
246:
230:
3386:
Alexander, James W. (1970). "The Becket Controversy in Recent Historiography".
1489:
1469:
1363:
1342:
in 1395: the movement was rapidly condemned by the authorities and was termed "
1315:
1283:
1278:, was sometimes applied to both activities. While English participation in the
1244:
1091:
1079:
1051:
989:
958:
658:
627:
548:
412:
273:
209:
119:
630:
were very similar to other Germanic groups, with a pantheon of gods including
376:
with the collapse of the Roman system and invasions by Germanic pagans. These
312:
3452:
3247:
3142:
The Cross Goes North: Processes of Conversion in Northern Europe, AD 300–1300
2920:
1439:
1323:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1216:
1188:
1115:
1055:
946:
723:
592:
518:
471:
440:
373:
285:
281:
277:
264:
thirteenth century the church had largely won its argument for independence.
234:
197:
3094:
2726:
1459:, Archbishop of York, who mustered the army that defeated the Scots at the
1043:
950:
923:
556:
475:
381:
377:
353:
324:
238:
1354:
followers, who used the powers of both the church and state to combat the
1282:
between 1095 and 1099 was limited, England played a prominent part in the
3419:
2968:
Norwich Cathedral Close: The Evolution of the English Cathedral Landscape
1240:
1030:
954:
903:
742:
became king in 959, there was only one Benedictine monastery in England,
685:. The king was regarded not only as the head of the church but also "the
588:
514:
502:
242:
3121:
The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: A Social and Political History
781:
524:
3211:. Religion, Politics and Society in Britain (2nd ed.). Routledge.
3202:
3070:
2899:
Duggan, Charles (1962). "The Becket Dispute and the Criminous Clerks".
1526:, which compelled Jews to be identified by a yellow badge and outlawed
1295:
1180:
1170:
1143:
1111:
1103:
970:
884:
865:
494:
482:. There were other differences over baptismal customs and the style of
455:
331:
265:
250:
135:
25:
3407:
2947:
The Military Orders From the Twelfth to the Early Fourteenth Centuries
1859:
1298:
during the intervening years. The idea of undertaking a pilgrimage to
626:
to North-East England, leading in turn to another wave of conversion.
1331:
1299:
1114:
dedicated to a particular saint. Those who were literate might use a
1107:
977:
755:
719:
568:
317:
221:
949:
became fashionable and their houses were introduced in England. The
694:. The Archbishop of Canterbury had to travel to Rome to receive the
666:
3399:
1515:
1456:
1343:
1311:
1271:
985:
931:
927:
643:
604:
531:, built around 680, is an example of early Anglo-Saxon architecture
411:
in Northern France, who carried considerable influence in England.
401:
269:
2818:
The Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain 1066–1284
1795:
579:
were placed in other important settlements, and these were called
1358:. Events came to a head in 1414 at the beginning of the reign of
1335:
1212:
1184:
1166:
1026:
759:
747:
695:
552:
483:
21:
1274:
was also seen as a form of pilgrimage, and the same Latin word,
3208:
The Age of Reformation: The Tudor and Stewart Realms, 1485–1603
1883:
1426:
1355:
1131:
1118:, which adapted the daily monastic liturgy for use by laymen.
715:
707:
642:, combined with a belief in a final, apocalyptic battle called
619:
584:
571:
town with the help of a group of priests known as the bishop's
408:
389:
365:
361:
327:
670:
10th-century Saxon west tower and 14th-century south porch of
393:
256:
arrived in England during the 1220s, as well as the religious
1627:
1543:
1527:
1511:
1294:
over the next two centuries, with many crusaders leaving for
1208:
973:
612:
608:
539:
in 673 was the first meeting of bishops from across England.
385:
369:
253:
3252:
Crown and Country: A History of England through the Monarchy
2649:
1400:
the local bishops came to new accommodations with the local
1078:, the bread and wine were miraculously transformed into the
423:
and his household, starting the process of converting Kent.
260:
that became popular across Europe from the twelfth century.
1828:, p. 47: Laws of Ethelred II, quoted in F.M. Stenton,
1196:
1138:
and making full confession of sin to a priest who assigned
1035:
1022:
1021:
Medieval churches were divided into two main sections, the
711:
691:
639:
635:
631:
3184:
The Hollow Crown: The Penguin History of Britain 1272–1485
2167:
2003:
1907:
785:
Edward the Confessor's Westminster Abbey, depicted in the
734:
Reforms followed under the English kings who promoted the
555:. In 787, a council of the English church attended by two
2992:(Yale ed.). New Haven, U.S.: Yale University Press.
1615:
1603:
1591:
1567:
622:
invasions of the eighth and ninth centuries reintroduced
1979:
1955:
1919:
1692:
1690:
1651:
493:
promoted the Celtic Christian tradition as practiced at
478:
disagreed on several issues. The most important was the
2856:
2599:
2137:
2121:
1639:
1450:
Bishops held considerable secular responsibilities. As
1169:'s flask, carried as a protective talisman, containing
3229:
Kings and Vikings: Scandinavia and Europe, AD 700–1100
2836:
Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A (2005).
2227:
2215:
2191:
2179:
1931:
1895:
1871:
1807:
1783:
1130:
during the Mass, the laity only received communion at
2777:. Social History in Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan.
1967:
1943:
1771:
1759:
1747:
1735:
1723:
1711:
1687:
1675:
1663:
1579:
2637:
1991:
1847:
2796:
Monastic and Religious Orders in Britain, 1000–1300
2203:
2155:
726:in the European tradition or, uniquely to England,
3341:(2nd ed.). Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books.
2926:Britain After Rome: The Fall and Rise, 400 to 1070
2793:
2683:
2661:
2445:
1555:
1835:
3450:
3359:Kings and Bishops in Medieval England, 1066-1216
2901:Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research
2835:
2687:Lollardy and the Gentry in the Later Middle Ages
307:
3138:
1801:
1417:Tensions arose between these practices and the
1318:being burnt for insurrection and Lollard heresy
1134:. Preparation for receiving communion included
1243:, Archbishop of Canterbury, who was buried at
1054:above the chancel arch. The doom depicted the
934:of Bec was made Archbishop of Canterbury and
607:. The priest supported himself by farming his
3124:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
3027:
2839:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
2800:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
2753:Stephen and Matilda: the Civil War of 1139–53
2655:
1430:policy, and successive archbishops including
174:
3299:. Chicago, US: University of Chicago Press.
3028:Karesh, Sara E; Hurvitz, Mitchell M (2006).
2881:A History of Medieval Heresy and Inquisition
1121:The most important part of the Mass was the
462:led by the Archbishop of Canterbury and the
2857:Danziger, Danny; Gillingham, John (2003).
1506:History of the Jews in England (1066–1290)
181:
167:
3423:, London: Methuen & Co., pubdate 1907
3385:
3334:
2985:
2964:
2814:
2577:
2573:
2517:
2493:
2401:
2389:
2365:
2133:
2117:
2105:
1877:
1573:
415:sent a team of missionaries—known as the
3006:
2774:Church and Society in England, 1000-1500
2749:
2708:The Feudal Kingdom of England, 1042–1216
2077:
2073:
1483:
1384:Mid-thirteenth-century depiction of the
1379:
1310:
1160:
1025:where the congregation gathered and the
1008:
906:monasteries built in the twelfth century
894:
780:
665:
657:
523:
311:
229:then popular on the Continent. The 1066
20:
3355:
3289:
3246:
3093:
3048:
2919:
2605:
2505:
2405:
2377:
2009:
1985:
1973:
1961:
1937:
1925:
1913:
1901:
1889:
1865:
1825:
1813:
1789:
1765:
1753:
1741:
1729:
1717:
1696:
1681:
1669:
1657:
1645:
1633:
1621:
1609:
1597:
1585:
1549:
914:, invaded England with the blessing of
879:as his burial place. It was modeled on
344:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
3451:
3426:
3225:
3117:
3103:(3rd ed.). Morehouse Publishing.
2898:
2791:
2725:
2704:
2593:
2581:
2561:
2557:
2545:
2533:
2529:
2093:
2081:
2061:
2057:
2045:
2033:
2021:
1997:
1949:
1853:
1777:
1061:
999:
722:were constructed, staffed either with
350:Christianity was the official religion
3430:Cathedral Shrines of Medieval England
3268:
3201:
3180:
3118:Pounds, Norman John Greville (1994).
2943:
2877:
2770:
2643:
2481:
2469:
2457:
2441:
2429:
2417:
2233:
2221:
2209:
2197:
2185:
2173:
2161:
2149:
1561:
662:English dioceses between 950 and 1035
296:
3313:
3159:
3069:
2884:. London: Rowman & Littlefield.
2667:
2353:
2341:
2329:
2317:
2305:
2293:
2281:
2269:
2257:
2245:
1841:
1173:from the shrine of Thomas Becket in
1074:, and, according to the doctrine of
738:then popular on the Continent. When
53:Catholic Church in England and Wales
3296:England and the Crusades, 1095–1588
1376:Church and state in medieval Europe
1369:
1004:
714:, and others formed around married
605:right to nominate the parish priest
303:Christianity in Anglo-Saxon England
13:
3378:
3100:A History of the Church in England
2913:10.1111/j.1468-2281.1962.tb01411.x
2878:Deane, Jennifer Kolpacoff (2011).
653:
497:, a center of Celtic monasticism.
16:Aspect of medieval English culture
14:
3470:
3433:. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press.
3338:The Beginnings of English Society
3145:. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press.
3079:. The Medieval World. Routledge.
3055:. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press.
2971:. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press.
2756:. Stroud, UK: The History Press.
2711:. Harlow, UK: Pearson Education.
1386:death of Archbishop Thomas Becket
3459:Christianity in medieval England
890:
672:All Saints' Church, Earls Barton
124:Elizabethan Religious Settlement
3420:Parish Life in Mediæval England
3034:. New York: Facts On File Inc.
2676:
2611:
2587:
2567:
2551:
2539:
2523:
2511:
2499:
2487:
2475:
2463:
2451:
2435:
2423:
2411:
2395:
2383:
2371:
2359:
2347:
2335:
2323:
2311:
2299:
2287:
2275:
2263:
2251:
2239:
2143:
2127:
2111:
2099:
2087:
2067:
2051:
2039:
2027:
2015:
1868:, pp. 128–129 and 170–173.
1819:
1702:
628:Indigenous Scandinavian beliefs
360:was overseen by a hierarchy of
3388:The Journal of British Studies
3317:Pilgrimage in Medieval England
2950:. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan.
1532:expelled all Jews from England
1502:History of the Jews in England
1098:and healing were obtained.
148:19th-century Church of England
144:18th-century Church of England
112:Dissolution of the Monasteries
1:
2986:Hollister, C. Warren (2003).
2860:1215: The Year of Magna Carta
1708:Cross and Livingstone, p. 767
1537:
1408:, which was addressed by the
1156:
938:was made Archbishop of York.
702:) was a point of contention.
529:All Saints' Church, Brixworth
517:outweighed the successors of
308:Paganism and Christianisation
80:Christianity in Roman Britain
3254:. HarperCollins Publishers.
3076:The English church, 940–1154
2138:Danziger and Gillingham 2003
2122:Danziger and Gillingham 2003
1015:Church of St Helen, Ranworth
710:, bishop-led communities of
194:Religion in Medieval England
96:Religion in Medieval England
7:
3335:Whitelock, Dorothy (1972).
3166:. Oxford University Press.
2965:Gilchrist, Roberta (2006).
2842:. Oxford University Press.
2625:. United Kingdom Parliament
1306:
1187:for a perceived sin, or to
856:. In the Province of York:
690:required approval from the
501:established a monastery at
237:became fashionable and the
76:Legend of Christ in Britain
10:
3475:
3007:Huscroft, Richard (2005).
2863:. Hodder & Stoughton.
2584:, pp. 83–84 and 88–89
1499:
1479:
1373:
545:annual council at Clovesho
337:
300:
291:
156:Church of England (recent)
3272:Reader's Guide to Judaism
3163:Popes and Jews, 1095-1291
3010:Ruling England, 1042–1217
2929:. London: Penguin Books.
2815:Carpenter, David (2004).
2792:Burton, Janet E. (1994).
2656:Karesh & Hurvitz 2006
2619:"Medieval House of Lords"
2548:, pp. 98 and 103–104
2152:, pp. 98–99, 106–107
922:of England. In 1070, two
912:William, Duke of Normandy
599:built and endowed by the
1892:, pp. 318–319, 321.
1148:communion in both kinds.
448:ecclesiastical provinces
429:Archbishop of Canterbury
92:Anglo-Saxon Christianity
3356:Wickson, Roger (2015).
3269:Terry, Michael (2000).
3031:Encyclopedia of Judaism
3013:. Harlow, UK: Pearson.
2580:, pp. 2–3 and 10;
2446:Aston and Richmond 1997
2260:, pp. xiii and xvi
1636:, pp. 8 and 11–12.
1552:, pp. 121 and 126.
1330:. Wycliffe argued that
1102:performed by choirs in
380:arrived with their own
358:church in Roman Britain
36:History of Christianity
3226:Sawyer, P. H. (1982).
3160:Rist, Rebecca (2016).
3049:Lavelle, Ryan (2010).
2771:Brown, Andrew (2003).
2750:Bradbury, Jim (2009).
2705:Barlow, Frank (1999).
2690:. Stroud, UK: Sutton.
1497:
1488:The late 12th century
1461:Battle of the Standard
1388:
1319:
1261:St Osmund of Salisbury
1177:
1094:in which forgiveness,
1018:
907:
789:
675:
663:
532:
460:Province of Canterbury
335:
323:, with English-carved
32:
3320:. London: Hambledon.
3232:. London: Routledge.
2176:, pp. 13 and 19.
1487:
1466:Parliament of England
1383:
1314:
1270:Participation in the
1249:Richard of Chichester
1164:
1012:
898:
784:
669:
661:
527:
491:Oswald of Northumbria
315:
245:reached England. The
152:Catholic emancipation
24:
3427:Nilson, Ben (2001).
3314:Webb, Diana (2000).
3291:Tyerman, Christopher
3181:Rubin, Miri (2006).
2944:Forey, Alan (1992).
2444:, pp. 150–151;
2380:, pp. 11 and 13
2136:, pp. 448–450;
2076:, pp. 126–127;
1802:Rahtz and Watts 2003
1225:Edward the Confessor
1175:Canterbury Cathedral
1142:and then pronounced
873:Edward the Confessor
774:and the writings of
718:and their families.
561:Diocese of Lichfield
507:Oswiu of Northumbria
340:Anglo-Saxon paganism
330:and German gold and
3095:Moorman, John R. H.
2821:. London: Penguin.
2272:, pp. xvi–xvii
1916:, pp. 322–323.
1830:Anglo-Saxon England
1804:, pp. 303–305.
1624:, pp. 160–161.
1612:, pp. 152–153.
1600:, pp. 156–157.
1265:John of Bridlington
1088:Christ on the cross
1062:Liturgy and worship
1013:The rood screen at
1000:Belief and practice
603:, who retained the
587:system grew out of
537:Council of Hertford
116:Marian persecutions
108:English Reformation
72:Joseph of Arimathea
59:(Church of England)
39:
2735:. Grove Atlantic.
2520:, pp. 160–163
2508:, pp. 246–247
2472:, pp. 198–199
2432:, pp. 149–150
2420:, pp. 148–149
2108:, pp. 444–445
2084:, pp. 142–143
2060:, pp. 28–29;
2012:, p. 111–112.
1498:
1419:reforming movement
1389:
1340:Parliamentary bill
1320:
1316:Sir John Oldcastle
1178:
1076:transubstantiation
1019:
908:
790:
772:Blickling homilies
752:Benedictine Reform
740:Edgar the Peaceful
683:Kingdom of England
676:
674:, Northamptonshire
664:
648:started to convert
533:
468:Archbishop of York
421:Æthelberht of Kent
336:
297:Anglo-Saxon period
57:Calendar of saints
35:
33:
30:The Wilton Diptych
3440:978-0-85115-808-2
3369:978-1-137-43116-5
3327:978-1-85285-250-4
3306:978-0-226-82013-2
3239:978-0-415-04590-2
3218:978-1-315-27214-6
3194:978-0-14-014825-1
3173:978-0-19-871798-0
3131:978-0-521-45828-3
3062:978-1-84383-569-1
2999:978-0-300-09829-7
2978:978-1-84383-173-0
2957:978-0-333-46235-5
2936:978-0-14-014823-7
2891:978-0-7425-6811-2
2870:978-0-340-82475-7
2828:978-0-14-014824-4
2807:978-0-521-37797-3
2763:978-0-7509-3793-1
2697:978-0-312-17388-3
2623:www.parliament.uk
2484:, pp. 232–34
2236:, pp. 14–15.
2224:, pp. 16–17.
2200:, pp. 13–14.
2188:, pp. 15–16.
2024:, pp. 23–24.
1988:, pp. 86–87.
1964:, pp. 50–51.
1928:, pp. 62–63.
1660:, pp. 14–15.
1648:, pp. 32–33.
1576:, pp. 21–22.
1328:Oxford University
1229:Westminster Abbey
1203:, Canterbury and
916:Pope Alexander II
902:, one of the new
877:Westminster Abbey
768:priestly celibacy
744:Glastonbury Abbey
601:lord of the manor
427:became the first
419:—to convert King
417:Gregorian mission
202:Germanic settlers
191:
190:
140:English Civil War
49:Church of England
3466:
3444:
3411:
3373:
3352:
3331:
3310:
3286:
3265:
3243:
3222:
3198:
3177:
3156:
3135:
3114:
3090:
3066:
3045:
3024:
3003:
2982:
2961:
2940:
2916:
2895:
2874:
2853:
2849:978-0-19280290-3
2832:
2811:
2799:
2788:
2767:
2746:
2722:
2701:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2571:
2565:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2496:, pp. 54–55
2491:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2408:, pp. 16–17
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2332:, pp. 35–38
2327:
2321:
2320:, pp. 24–27
2315:
2309:
2308:, pp. 19–21
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2131:
2125:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2096:, pp. 36–38
2091:
2085:
2071:
2065:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2036:, pp. 29–30
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1524:Statute of Jewry
1452:tenants-in-chief
1423:Pope Gregory VII
1370:Church and state
1253:Thomas Cantilupe
1005:Church interiors
990:Teutonic Knights
936:Thomas of Bayeux
736:Benedictine rule
679:Alfred the Great
464:Province of York
450:, each led by a
384:gods, including
368:. Many existing
227:Benedictine rule
215:Viking invasions
183:
176:
169:
130:Post-Reformation
40:
34:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3441:
3381:
3379:Further reading
3376:
3370:
3349:
3328:
3307:
3283:
3262:
3240:
3219:
3195:
3174:
3153:
3132:
3111:
3087:
3063:
3042:
3021:
3000:
2979:
2958:
2937:
2892:
2871:
2850:
2829:
2808:
2785:
2764:
2743:
2719:
2698:
2679:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2654:
2650:
2642:
2638:
2628:
2626:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2608:, p. xxvi.
2604:
2600:
2592:
2588:
2576:, p. 168;
2572:
2568:
2560:, p. 104;
2556:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2528:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2504:
2500:
2492:
2488:
2480:
2476:
2468:
2464:
2456:
2452:
2440:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2404:, p. 458;
2400:
2396:
2388:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2328:
2324:
2316:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2292:
2288:
2284:, pp. 3–5.
2280:
2276:
2268:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2220:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2132:
2128:
2120:, p. 446;
2116:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2072:
2068:
2056:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1952:, pp. 3–4.
1948:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1824:
1820:
1816:, pp. 140.
1812:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1792:, pp. 319.
1788:
1784:
1780:, pp. 131.
1776:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1740:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1588:, pp. 127.
1584:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1508:
1500:Main articles:
1482:
1474:Lords Spiritual
1444:Stephen Langton
1436:Theobald of Bec
1410:Synod of Whitby
1378:
1372:
1309:
1237:William of York
1233:Hugh of Lincoln
1159:
1084:blood of Christ
1064:
1007:
1002:
982:military orders
920:Norman conquest
900:Fountains Abbey
893:
787:Bayeux Tapestry
687:vicar of Christ
656:
654:Unified kingdom
511:Synod of Whitby
486:worn by monks.
398:Gloucestershire
346:
338:Main articles:
310:
305:
299:
294:
258:military orders
231:Norman conquest
187:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
122:
118:
114:
110:
94:
78:
74:
61:
58:
55:
51:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3472:
3462:
3461:
3446:
3445:
3439:
3424:
3415:Gasquet, F. A.
3412:
3400:10.1086/385589
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3368:
3353:
3347:
3332:
3326:
3311:
3305:
3287:
3281:
3266:
3260:
3248:Starkey, David
3244:
3238:
3223:
3217:
3199:
3193:
3178:
3172:
3157:
3151:
3136:
3130:
3115:
3110:978-0819214065
3109:
3091:
3085:
3067:
3061:
3046:
3040:
3025:
3019:
3004:
2998:
2983:
2977:
2962:
2956:
2941:
2935:
2921:Fleming, Robin
2917:
2896:
2890:
2875:
2869:
2854:
2848:
2833:
2827:
2812:
2806:
2789:
2783:
2768:
2762:
2747:
2741:
2723:
2717:
2702:
2696:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2660:
2658:, p. 137.
2648:
2646:, p. 382.
2636:
2610:
2598:
2586:
2578:Alexander 1970
2574:Hollister 2003
2566:
2550:
2538:
2532:, p. 21;
2522:
2518:Whitelock 1972
2510:
2498:
2494:Whitelock 1972
2486:
2474:
2462:
2450:
2448:, pp. 1–4
2434:
2422:
2410:
2402:Carpenter 2004
2394:
2390:Carpenter 2004
2382:
2370:
2366:Carpenter 2004
2358:
2346:
2334:
2322:
2310:
2298:
2296:, pp. 5–6
2286:
2274:
2262:
2250:
2238:
2226:
2214:
2202:
2190:
2178:
2166:
2154:
2142:
2140:, pp. 209
2134:Carpenter 2004
2126:
2118:Carpenter 2004
2110:
2106:Carpenter 2004
2098:
2086:
2080:, p. 36;
2066:
2050:
2038:
2026:
2014:
2002:
1990:
1978:
1966:
1954:
1942:
1940:, p. 322.
1930:
1918:
1906:
1904:, p. 318.
1894:
1882:
1878:Gilchrist 2006
1870:
1858:
1846:
1834:
1818:
1806:
1794:
1782:
1770:
1758:
1746:
1734:
1722:
1710:
1701:
1686:
1674:
1662:
1650:
1638:
1626:
1614:
1602:
1590:
1578:
1574:Whitelock 1972
1566:
1554:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1481:
1478:
1470:House of Lords
1374:Main article:
1371:
1368:
1364:John Oldcastle
1326:, a member of
1308:
1305:
1292:Fifth Crusades
1245:Pontigny Abbey
1158:
1155:
1092:means of grace
1063:
1060:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
892:
889:
881:Jumièges Abbey
871:In the 1050s,
724:secular canons
655:
652:
597:private church
549:Offa of Mercia
480:date of Easter
476:Latin churches
413:Pope Gregory I
334:cross, c. 1000
309:
306:
301:Main article:
298:
295:
293:
290:
282:Fifth Crusades
210:Pope Gregory I
189:
188:
186:
185:
178:
171:
163:
160:
159:
132:
131:
127:
126:
120:Oxford Martyrs
104:
103:
99:
98:
88:
87:
83:
82:
68:
67:
63:
62:
45:
44:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3471:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3442:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3383:
3371:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3354:
3350:
3348:0-14-020245-5
3344:
3340:
3339:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3282:1-57958-139-0
3278:
3275:. Routledge.
3274:
3273:
3267:
3263:
3261:9780007307715
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3158:
3154:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3086:9781317884729
3082:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3047:
3043:
3041:0-8160-5457-6
3037:
3033:
3032:
3026:
3022:
3020:0-582-84882-2
3016:
3012:
3011:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2798:
2797:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2748:
2744:
2742:9780802159113
2738:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2727:Borman, Tracy
2724:
2720:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2670:, p. 68.
2669:
2664:
2657:
2652:
2645:
2640:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2607:
2602:
2596:, p. 361
2595:
2590:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2547:
2542:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2519:
2514:
2507:
2502:
2495:
2490:
2483:
2478:
2471:
2466:
2460:, p. 154
2459:
2454:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2431:
2426:
2419:
2414:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2392:, p. 456
2391:
2386:
2379:
2374:
2368:, p. 445
2367:
2362:
2356:, p. xii
2355:
2350:
2343:
2338:
2331:
2326:
2319:
2314:
2307:
2302:
2295:
2290:
2283:
2278:
2271:
2266:
2259:
2254:
2247:
2242:
2235:
2230:
2223:
2218:
2212:, p. 14.
2211:
2206:
2199:
2194:
2187:
2182:
2175:
2170:
2164:, p. 13.
2163:
2158:
2151:
2146:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2124:, p. 208
2123:
2119:
2114:
2107:
2102:
2095:
2090:
2083:
2079:
2078:Bradbury 2009
2075:
2074:Huscroft 2005
2070:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2047:
2042:
2035:
2030:
2023:
2018:
2011:
2006:
2000:, p. 10.
1999:
1994:
1987:
1982:
1976:, p. 48.
1975:
1970:
1963:
1958:
1951:
1946:
1939:
1934:
1927:
1922:
1915:
1910:
1903:
1898:
1891:
1886:
1879:
1874:
1867:
1862:
1856:, p. 70.
1855:
1850:
1843:
1838:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1815:
1810:
1803:
1798:
1791:
1786:
1779:
1774:
1768:, p. 28.
1767:
1762:
1756:, p. 27.
1755:
1750:
1744:, p. 39.
1743:
1738:
1732:, p. 38.
1731:
1726:
1720:, p. 23.
1719:
1714:
1705:
1699:, p. 34.
1698:
1693:
1691:
1684:, p. 18.
1683:
1678:
1672:, p. 19.
1671:
1666:
1659:
1654:
1647:
1642:
1635:
1630:
1623:
1618:
1611:
1606:
1599:
1594:
1587:
1582:
1575:
1570:
1564:, p. 19.
1563:
1558:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1520:King Edward I
1517:
1513:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1440:Thomas Becket
1437:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1324:John Wycliffe
1317:
1313:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1280:First Crusade
1277:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1217:Thomas Becket
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1116:Book of Hours
1113:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1056:Last Judgment
1053:
1052:doom painting
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1011:
997:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
947:Cluniac order
943:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
924:papal legates
921:
917:
913:
905:
901:
897:
891:Post-Conquest
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
788:
783:
779:
777:
773:
769:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
732:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
703:
701:
700:Peter's Pence
697:
693:
688:
684:
680:
673:
668:
660:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
593:parish church
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
565:
562:
559:elevated the
558:
557:papal legates
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
530:
526:
522:
520:
519:Saint Columba
516:
512:
508:
505:. Under King
504:
500:
496:
492:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
472:Celtic Church
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
444:
442:
441:Isle of Wight
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:Roman Britain
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
345:
341:
333:
329:
326:
322:
319:
314:
304:
289:
287:
286:John Wycliffe
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
261:
259:
255:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
235:Cluniac order
232:
228:
223:
218:
216:
211:
207:
203:
199:
198:Tudor dynasty
195:
184:
179:
177:
172:
170:
165:
164:
162:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
134:
133:
129:
128:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
106:
105:
101:
100:
97:
93:
90:
89:
85:
84:
81:
77:
73:
70:
69:
65:
64:
60:
54:
50:
47:
46:
42:
41:
31:
27:
23:
19:
3429:
3418:
3391:
3387:
3362:. Palgrave.
3358:
3337:
3316:
3295:
3271:
3251:
3228:
3207:
3183:
3162:
3141:
3120:
3099:
3075:
3051:
3030:
3009:
2988:
2967:
2946:
2925:
2907:(91): 1–28.
2904:
2900:
2880:
2859:
2838:
2817:
2795:
2773:
2752:
2731:
2707:
2686:
2677:Bibliography
2663:
2651:
2639:
2627:. Retrieved
2622:
2613:
2606:Wickson 2015
2601:
2589:
2569:
2564:, p. 67
2553:
2541:
2536:, p. 75
2525:
2513:
2506:Fleming 2000
2501:
2489:
2477:
2465:
2453:
2437:
2425:
2413:
2406:Tyerman 1996
2397:
2385:
2378:Tyerman 1996
2373:
2361:
2349:
2344:, p. 63
2337:
2325:
2313:
2301:
2289:
2277:
2265:
2253:
2241:
2229:
2217:
2205:
2193:
2181:
2169:
2157:
2145:
2129:
2113:
2101:
2089:
2069:
2064:, p. 70
2053:
2048:, p. 28
2041:
2029:
2017:
2010:Starkey 2010
2005:
1993:
1986:Starkey 2010
1981:
1974:Moorman 1973
1969:
1962:Moorman 1973
1957:
1945:
1938:Fleming 2000
1933:
1926:Starkey 2010
1921:
1914:Fleming 2000
1909:
1902:Fleming 2000
1897:
1890:Fleming 2000
1885:
1880:, p. 2.
1873:
1866:Fleming 2000
1861:
1849:
1844:, p. 4.
1837:
1829:
1826:Moorman 1973
1821:
1814:Lavelle 2010
1809:
1797:
1790:Lavelle 2010
1785:
1773:
1766:Moorman 1973
1761:
1754:Moorman 1973
1749:
1742:Moorman 1973
1737:
1730:Starkey 2010
1725:
1718:Moorman 1973
1713:
1704:
1697:Starkey 2010
1682:Moorman 1973
1677:
1670:Moorman 1973
1665:
1658:Moorman 1973
1653:
1646:Starkey 2010
1641:
1634:Lavelle 2010
1629:
1622:Fleming 2000
1617:
1610:Fleming 2000
1605:
1598:Fleming 2000
1593:
1586:Fleming 2000
1581:
1569:
1557:
1550:Fleming 2000
1545:
1509:
1449:
1415:
1401:
1390:
1321:
1276:peregrinatio
1275:
1269:
1193:
1179:
1151:
1120:
1100:
1065:
1048:
1044:apostle John
1020:
994:Hospitallers
951:Augustinians
944:
940:
909:
870:
791:
764:
733:
704:
677:
617:
576:
572:
566:
534:
488:
452:metropolitan
445:
406:
382:polytheistic
378:Anglo-Saxons
354:Roman Empire
347:
325:walrus ivory
316:Anglo-Saxon
262:
239:Augustinians
219:
204:established
193:
192:
95:
18:
3394:(2): 1–26.
3203:Ryrie, Alec
3187:. Penguin.
3071:Loyn, H. R.
2629:27 November
2594:Barlow 1999
2582:Barlow 1999
2562:Duggan 1962
2558:Barlow 1999
2546:Barlow 1999
2534:Barlow 1999
2530:Burton 1994
2248:, p. 1
2094:Burton 1994
2082:Pounds 1994
2062:Nilson 2001
2058:Burton 1994
2046:Burton 1994
2034:Burton 1994
2022:Burton 1994
1998:Borman 2021
1950:Burton 1994
1854:Nilson 2001
1778:Sawyer 1982
1522:passed the
1490:Jew's House
1352:Lancastrian
1247:in France,
1241:Edmund Rich
1201:Glastonbury
1189:seek relief
1181:Pilgrimages
1040:Virgin Mary
1031:rood screen
955:Cistercians
589:manorialism
515:Saint Peter
503:Lindisfarne
499:Saint Aidan
466:led by the
348:After 380,
266:Pilgrimages
243:Cistercians
102:Reformation
86:Middle Ages
3152:1843831252
2784:0333691458
2718:0582381177
2644:Terry 2000
2482:Deane 2011
2470:Rubin 2006
2458:Rubin 2006
2442:Rubin 2006
2430:Rubin 2006
2418:Rubin 2006
2234:Ryrie 2017
2222:Ryrie 2017
2210:Ryrie 2017
2198:Ryrie 2017
2186:Ryrie 2017
2174:Ryrie 2017
2162:Ryrie 2017
2150:Forey 1992
1562:Brown 2003
1538:References
1394:government
1296:the Levant
1221:Canterbury
1205:Winchester
1171:holy water
1157:Pilgrimage
1144:absolution
1112:side altar
1104:plainchant
971:Franciscan
904:Cistercian
885:Winchester
866:archdeacon
810:Dorchester
806:Winchester
794:Canterbury
720:Cathedrals
456:archbishop
251:Franciscan
222:Cathedrals
136:Puritanism
38:in England
26:Richard II
2668:Rist 2016
2354:Webb 2000
2342:Webb 2000
2330:Webb 2000
2318:Webb 2000
2306:Webb 2000
2294:Webb 2000
2282:Webb 2000
2270:Webb 2000
2258:Webb 2000
2246:Webb 2000
1842:Loyn 2000
1534:in 1290.
1402:ealdormen
1398:Worcester
1362:when Sir
1332:scripture
1300:Jerusalem
1128:communion
1123:elevation
1108:polyphony
1096:salvation
1017:, Norfolk
978:mendicant
967:Dominican
963:Fountains
928:antipopes
910:In 1066,
834:Worcester
826:Lichfield
818:Sherborne
798:Rochester
756:ealdormen
569:cathedral
425:Augustine
318:reliquary
247:Dominican
3453:Category
3417:(1906)'
3293:(1996).
3250:(2010).
3205:(2017).
3097:(1973).
3073:(2000).
2923:(2000).
2729:(2021).
1832:, p. 538
1516:Normandy
1457:Thurstan
1406:doctrine
1350:and his
1348:Henry IV
1344:Lollardy
1307:Lollardy
1272:Crusades
1257:Hereford
1213:miracles
1042:and the
986:Templars
959:Rievaulx
932:Lanfranc
875:rebuilt
842:Cornwall
838:Crediton
830:Hereford
814:Ramsbury
728:chapters
708:abbesses
644:Ragnarok
624:paganism
581:minsters
577:Familiae
402:Somerset
270:Crusades
206:paganism
2989:Henry I
1494:Lincoln
1480:Judaism
1360:Henry V
1336:liturgy
1185:penance
1167:pilgrim
1140:penance
1136:fasting
1090:—and a
1027:chancel
850:Lindsey
760:Danelaw
748:Dunstan
746:led by
716:priests
696:pallium
573:familia
553:magnate
484:tonsure
366:priests
362:bishops
352:of the
292:History
43:General
3437:
3408:175153
3406:
3366:
3345:
3324:
3303:
3279:
3258:
3236:
3215:
3191:
3170:
3149:
3128:
3107:
3083:
3059:
3038:
3017:
2996:
2975:
2954:
2933:
2888:
2867:
2846:
2825:
2804:
2781:
2760:
2739:
2715:
2694:
1432:Anselm
1427:simony
1356:heresy
1284:Second
1209:relics
1132:Easter
974:friars
862:Durham
852:, and
846:Elmham
822:Selsey
802:London
776:Ælfric
620:Viking
595:was a
591:. The
585:parish
583:. The
541:canons
433:Oswald
409:Franks
390:Thunor
356:. The
328:Christ
274:Second
254:friars
3404:JSTOR
1528:usury
1512:Rouen
1288:Third
1227:, at
1072:altar
854:Wells
712:monks
613:tithe
609:glebe
489:King
437:Oswiu
386:Woden
370:pagan
332:cedar
321:cross
278:Third
66:Early
3435:ISBN
3364:ISBN
3343:ISBN
3322:ISBN
3301:ISBN
3277:ISBN
3256:ISBN
3234:ISBN
3213:ISBN
3189:ISBN
3168:ISBN
3147:ISBN
3126:ISBN
3105:ISBN
3081:ISBN
3057:ISBN
3036:ISBN
3015:ISBN
2994:ISBN
2973:ISBN
2952:ISBN
2931:ISBN
2886:ISBN
2865:ISBN
2844:ISBN
2823:ISBN
2802:ISBN
2779:ISBN
2758:ISBN
2737:ISBN
2713:ISBN
2692:ISBN
2631:2016
1504:and
1442:and
1290:and
1263:and
1197:Rome
1082:and
1080:body
1068:Mass
1066:The
1036:rood
1023:nave
992:and
969:and
961:and
860:and
858:York
766:but
692:pope
640:Ullr
638:and
636:Thor
632:Odin
618:The
535:The
495:Iona
435:and
400:and
392:and
364:and
342:and
280:and
249:and
213:The
3396:doi
2909:doi
1514:in
1492:in
1421:of
1255:of
1219:at
1106:or
454:or
394:Tiw
3455::
3402:.
3390:.
2905:35
2903:.
2621:.
1689:^
1476:.
1438:,
1434:,
1286:,
1267:.
1259:,
1251:,
1239:,
1235:,
1231:,
1223:,
1165:A
1046:.
996:.
988:,
848:,
844:,
840:,
836:,
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