Irish language - Knowledge

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and slender consonants, which is fundamental to Irish phonology and grammar, is not fully or consistently observed in urban Irish. This and other changes make it possible that urban Irish will become a new dialect or even, over a long period, develop into a creole (i.e. a new language) distinct from Gaeltacht Irish. It has also been argued that there is a certain elitism among Irish speakers, with most respect being given to the Irish of native Gaeltacht speakers and with "Dublin" (i.e. urban) Irish being under-represented in the media. This, however, is paralleled by a failure among some urban Irish speakers to acknowledge grammatical and phonological features essential to the structure of the language.

1870: 1371: 1884:(Irish Language Commissioner) which was established in 2004 and any complaints or concerns pertaining to the Act are brought to them. There are 35 sections included in the Act all detailing different aspects of the use of Irish in official documentation and communication. Included in these sections are subjects such as Irish language use in official courts, official publications, and placenames. The Act was recently amended in December 2019 in order to strengthen the already preexisting legislation. All changes made took into account data collected from online surveys and written submissions. 3865: 14042: 5862: 2101:. This flight also affected Britain. Up until that time most emigrants spoke Irish as their first language, though English was establishing itself as the primary language. Irish speakers had first arrived in Australia in the late 18th century as convicts and soldiers, and many Irish-speaking settlers followed, particularly in the 1860s. New Zealand also received some of this influx. Argentina was the only non-English-speaking country to receive large numbers of Irish emigrants, and there were few Irish speakers among them. 509: 466: 16787: 11303: 10635: 14087: 2048:, only co-decision regulations were available until 2022, due to a five-year derogation, requested by the Irish Government when negotiating the language's new official status. The Irish government had committed itself to train the necessary number of translators and interpreters and to bear the related costs. This derogation ultimately came to an end on 1 January 2022, making Irish a fully recognised EU language for the first time in the state's history. 1272:

insisted on using the language in law courts (even when they knew English), and Irish was also common in commercial transactions. The language was heavily implicated in the "devotional revolution" which marked the standardisation of Catholic religious practice and was also widely used in a political context. Down to the time of the Great Famine and even afterwards, the language was in use by all classes, Irish being an urban as well as a rural language.

12292: 1256:(monoglot Irish-speaking grandparents with bilingual children and monoglot English-speaking grandchildren). By the mid-18th century, English was becoming a language of the Catholic middle class, the Catholic Church and public intellectuals, especially in the east of the country. Increasingly, as the value of English became apparent, parents sanctioned the prohibition of Irish in schools. Increasing interest in emigrating to the 1485: 4054:, writing in the last years of the 16th century, said that "the English Irish and the very citizens (excepting those of Dublin where the lord deputy resides) though they could speak English as well as we, yet commonly speak Irish among themselves, and were hardly induced by our familiar conversation to speak English with us". In Galway, a city dominated by Old English merchants and loyal to the Crown up to the 3550:, as well as having many characteristic words and shades of meanings. However, since the demise of those Irish dialects spoken natively in what is today Northern Ireland, it is probably an exaggeration to see present-day Ulster Irish as an intermediary form between Scottish Gaelic and the southern and western dialects of Irish. Northern Scottish Gaelic has many non-Ulster features in common with Munster Irish. 2509: 2499: 2469: 2461: 2439: 2431: 2409: 2401: 2379: 2371: 2349: 2341: 2319: 2311: 2289: 2281: 2259: 2251: 1241: 2129:

strengthened in the second half of the 20th century. Today the language is taught at tertiary level in North America, Australia and Europe, and Irish speakers outside Ireland contribute to journalism and literature in the language. There are significant Irish-speaking networks in the United States and Canada; figures released for the period 2006–2008 show that 22,279

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the language. The proportion of Irish-speaking children in Leinster went down as follows: 17% in the 1700s, 11% in the 1800s, 3% in the 1830s, and virtually none in the 1860s. The Irish census of 1851 showed that there were still a number of older speakers in County Dublin. Sound recordings were made between 1928 and 1931 of some of the last speakers in

3972:(1547–1618) lamented that "When their posterity became not altogether so wary in keeping, as their ancestors were valiant in conquering, the Irish language was free dennized in the English Pale: this canker took such deep root, as the body that before was whole and sound, was by little and little festered, and in manner wholly putrified". 1994:(UUP), was hostile to the language. The context of this hostility was the use of the language by nationalists. In broadcasting, there was an exclusion on the reporting of minority cultural issues, and Irish was excluded from radio and television for almost the first fifty years of the previous devolved government. After the 1998 4159:

provide audio files in the three major dialects. The differences between dialects are considerable, and have led to recurrent difficulties in conceptualising a "standard Irish." In recent decades contacts between speakers of different dialects have become more frequent and the differences between the

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It has been suggested that the comparative standard is still the Irish of the Gaeltacht, but other evidence suggests that young urban speakers take pride in having their own distinctive variety of the language. A comparison of traditional Irish and urban Irish shows that the distinction between broad

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The language saw its most rapid initial decline in counties Dublin, Kildare, Laois, Wexford, and Wicklow. In recent years, County Wicklow has been noted as having the lowest percentage of Irish speakers of any county in Ireland, with only 0.14% of its population claiming to have passable knowledge of

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With the strengthening of English cultural and political control, language change began to occur but this did not become clearly evident until the 18th century. Even then, in the decennial period 1771–81, the percentage of Irish speakers in Meath was at least 41%. By 1851 this had fallen to less than

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in County Meath to the north. In this area of "Englyshe tunge" English had never actually been a dominant language – and was moreover a relatively late comer; the first colonisers were Normans who spoke Norman French, and before these Norse. The Irish language had always been the language of the bulk

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Parliamentary legislation is supposed to be available in both Irish and English but is frequently only available in English. This is notwithstanding that Article 25.4 of the Constitution of Ireland requires that an "official translation" of any law in one official language be provided immediately in

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For a number of years there has been vigorous debate in political, academic and other circles about the failure of most students in English-medium schools to achieve competence in Irish, even after fourteen years of teaching as one of the three main subjects. The concomitant decline in the number of

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Of the 1.76 million who said they could speak Irish, 73,803 said they speak it daily outside the education system, a fall of 3,382 on the 2011 figure. ... (421,274) said they never spoke Irish. ... Of the 73,803 daily Irish speakers (outside the education system), 20,586 (27.9%) lived in Gaeltacht

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Sir CHARLES OMAN asked the Secretary of State for the Colonies whether he has protested against the recent attempt of the Provisional Government in Ireland to force compulsory Erse into all official correspondence, in spite of the agreement that Erse and English should be equally permissible .. MR

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is required to appoint people who are competent in the Irish language, as long as they are also competent in all other aspects of the vacancy to which they are appointed. This requirement is laid down by the University College Galway Act, 1929 (Section 3). In 2016, the university faced controversy

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The total number of people (aged 3 and over) in Ireland who declared they could speak Irish in April 2022 was 1,873,997, representing 40% of respondents, but of these, 472,887 said they never spoke it and a further 551,993 said they only spoke it within the education system. Linguistic analyses of

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The demise of native cultural institutions in the seventeenth century saw the social prestige of Irish diminish, and the gradual Anglicisation of the middle classes followed. The census of 1851 showed, however, that the towns and cities of Munster still had significant Irish-speaking populations.

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Irish was sufficiently strong in early 18th century Dublin to be the language of a coterie of poets and scribes led by Seán and Tadhg Ó Neachtain, both poets of note. Scribal activity in Irish persisted in Dublin right through the 18th century. An outstanding example was Muiris Ó Gormáin (Maurice

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English authorities of the Cromwellian period, aware that Irish was widely spoken in Dublin, arranged for its official use. In 1655 several local dignitaries were ordered to oversee a lecture in Irish to be given in Dublin. In March 1656 a converted Catholic priest, Séamas Corcy, was appointed to

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The Irish of Dublin, situated as it was between the east Ulster dialect of Meath and Louth to the north and the Leinster-Connacht dialect further south, may have reflected the characteristics of both in phonology and grammar. In County Dublin itself the general rule was to place the stress on the

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It has been suggested that Ireland's towns and cities are acquiring a critical mass of Irish speakers, reflected in the expansion of Irish language media. Many are younger speakers who, after encountering Irish at school, made an effort to acquire fluency, while others have been educated through

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Down to the early 19th century and even later, Irish was spoken in all twelve counties of Leinster. The evidence furnished by placenames, literary sources and recorded speech indicates that there was no Leinster dialect as such. Instead, the main dialect used in the province was represented by a

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Ulster Irish is the dialect spoken in the Gaeltacht regions of Donegal. These regions contain all of Ulster's communities where Irish has been spoken in an unbroken line back to when the language was the dominant language of Ireland. The Irish-speaking communities in other parts of Ulster are a

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is a collective term for the Goidelic languages, and when the context is clear it may be used without qualification to refer to each language individually. When the context is specific but unclear, the term may be qualified, as Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic or Manx Gaelic. Historically the name

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praise'). The ratio of analytic to synthetic forms in a given verb paradigm varies between the various tenses and moods. The conditional, imperative and past habitual forms prefer synthetic forms in most persons and numbers, whereas the subjunctive, past, future and present forms prefer mostly

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The decline of Irish in Ireland and a slowing of emigration helped to ensure a decline in the language abroad, along with natural attrition in the host countries. Despite this, small groups of enthusiasts continued to learn and cultivate Irish in diaspora countries and elsewhere, a trend which

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Irish was not marginal to Ireland's modernisation in the 19th century, as is often assumed. In the first half of the century there were still around three million people for whom Irish was the primary language, and their numbers alone made them a cultural and social force. Irish speakers often

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The total number of people who answered 'yes' to being able to speak Irish in April 2016 was 1,761,420, a slight decrease (0.7 per cent) on the 2011 figure of 1,774,437. This represents 39.8 per cent of respondents compared with 41.4 in 2011... Of the 73,803 daily Irish speakers (outside the

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at primary level. These Irish-medium schools report some better outcomes for students than English-medium schools. In 2009, a paper suggested that within a generation, non-Gaeltacht habitual users of Irish might typically be members of an urban, middle class, and highly educated minority.

4174:, is a standard for the spelling and grammar of written Irish, developed and used by the Irish government. Its rules are followed by most schools in Ireland, though schools in and near Irish-speaking regions also use the local dialect. It was published by the translation department of 1621:, quoted him as follows: "It is an absolute indictment of successive Irish Governments that at the foundation of the Irish State there were 250,000 fluent Irish speakers living in Irish-speaking or semi Irish-speaking areas, but the number now is between 20,000 and 30,000." 1584:). While the fluent Irish speakers of these areas, whose numbers have been estimated at 20–30,000, are a minority of the total number of fluent Irish speakers, they represent a higher concentration of Irish speakers than other parts of the country and it is only in 3976:

initial vowel of words. With time it appears that the forms of the dative case took over the other case endings in the plural (a tendency found to a lesser extent in other dialects). In a letter written in Dublin in 1691 we find such examples as the following:

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English expanded strongly in Leinster in the 18th century but Irish speakers were still numerous. In the decennial period 1771–81 certain counties had estimated percentages of Irish speakers as follows (though the estimates are likely to be too low):

3952:, County Louth (now available in digital form). The last known traditional native speaker in Omeath, and in Leinster as a whole, was Annie O'Hanlon (née Dobbin), who died in 1960. Her dialect was, in fact, a branch of the Irish of south-east Ulster. 1436:

Irish or English, and receive lessons in Irish during their two years of training. Official documents of the Irish government must be published in both Irish and English or Irish alone (in accordance with the Official Languages Act 2003, enforced by

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Relatively few of the emigrants were literate in Irish, but manuscripts in the language were brought to both Australia and the United States, and it was in the United States that the first newspaper to make significant use of Irish was established:

1306:, was published after 1685 along with a translation of the New Testament. Otherwise, Anglicisation was seen as synonymous with 'civilising' the native Irish. Currently, modern day Irish speakers in the church are pushing for language revival. 2541:

and by various varieties of "urban" Irish. The latter have acquired lives of their own and a growing number of native speakers. Differences between the dialects make themselves felt in stress, intonation, vocabulary and structural features.

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Item, that every inhabitant within oure said towne endeavour themselfes to speake English, and to use themselfes after the English facon; and, speciallye, that you, and every one of you, doe put your children to scole, to lerne to speke

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details the objectives it plans to work towards in an attempt to preserve and promote both the Irish language and the Gaeltacht. It is divided into four separate phases with the intention of improving 9 main areas of action including:

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of the population. An English official remarked of the Pale in 1515 that "all the common people of the said half counties that obeyeth the King's laws, for the most part be of Irish birth, of Irish habit and of Irish language".

664:, 43,557 individuals stated they spoke Irish on a daily basis, 26,286 spoke it on a weekly basis, 47,153 spoke it less often than weekly, and 9,758 said they could speak Irish, but never spoke it. From 2006 to 2008, over 22,000 2632:). There are a number of differences between the popular South Connemara form of Irish, the Mid-Connacht/Joyce Country form (on the border between Mayo and Galway) and the Achill and Erris forms in the north of the province. 8583: 8605: 3663:

The main dialect had characteristics which survive today only in the Irish of Connacht. It typically placed the stress on the first syllable of a word, and showed a preference (found in placenames) for the pronunciation

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The Act was passed 14 July 2003 with the main purpose of improving the number and quality of public services delivered in Irish by the government and other public bodies. Compliance with the Act is monitored by the

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it is meant to "develop a sustainable economy and a successful society, to pursue Ireland's interests abroad, to implement the Government's Programme and to build a better future for Ireland and all her citizens."

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Historically, Connacht Irish represents the westernmost remnant of a dialect area which once stretched from east to west across the centre of Ireland. The strongest dialect of Connacht Irish is to be found in

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See the discussion and the conclusions reached in 'Language and Occupational Status: Linguistic Elitism in the Irish Labour Market,' The Economic and Social Review, Vol. 40, No. 4, Winter, 2009, pp. 435–460:

2667:("mountain") is in Connacht and Ulster as opposed to in the south. In addition Connacht and Ulster speakers tend to include the "we" pronoun rather than use the standard compound form used in Munster, e.g. 8829:, An Electronic Edition: Chapter 1 (The Names of Ireland, with the Compasse of the Same, also what Shires or Counties it Conteineth, the Diuision or Partition of the Land, and of the Language of the People) 1481:, a fluent Irish speaker, would be its 13th president. He assumed office in January 2018; in June 2024, he announced he would be stepping down as president at the beginning of the following academic year. 8729: 7462: 1624:

In the 1920s, when the Irish Free State was founded, Irish was still a vernacular in some western coastal areas. In the 1930s, areas where more than 25% of the population spoke Irish were classified as

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Saolaítear gach duine den chine daonna saor agus comhionann i ndínit agus i gcearta. Tá bua an réasúin agus an choinsiasa acu agus ba cheart dóibh gníomhú i dtreo a chéile i spiorad an bhráithreachais.

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There is contemporary evidence of the use of Irish in other urban areas at the time. In 1657 it was found necessary to have an Oath of Abjuration (rejecting the authority of the Pope) read in Irish in

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There is, however, a growing body of Irish speakers in urban areas, particularly in Dublin. Many have been educated in schools in which Irish is the language of instruction. Such schools are known as

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CHURCHILL .. I do not anticipate that Irish Ministers will willingly incur the very great confusion which would inevitably result from the use of Irish for the material parts of their correspondence.

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The Strategy was produced on 21 December 2010 and will stay in action until 2030; it aims to target language vitality and revitalization of the Irish language. The 30-page document published by the

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Irish was spoken as a community language in Irish towns and cities down to the 19th century. In the 16th and 17th centuries it was widespread even in Dublin and the Pale. The English administrator

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and at committees, although in the case of the latter they have to give prior notice to a simultaneous interpreter in order to ensure that what they say can be interpreted into other languages.

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methods employed depending on tense, number, mood and person. For example, in the official standard, present tense verbs have conjugated forms only in the 1st person and autonomous forms (i.e.

9446: 6263:(in Munster), which were previously represented by the pre-reformed spellings. For this reason, the pre-reform spellings are used by some speakers to reflect the dialectal pronunciations. 4098:

The late 18th and 19th centuries saw a reduction in the number of Dublin's Irish speakers, in keeping with the trend elsewhere. This continued until the end of the 19th century, when the

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have three forms: abstract, general and ordinal. The numbers from 2 to 10 (and these in combination with higher numbers) are rarely used for people, numeral nominals being used instead:

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The general goal for this strategy was to increase the number of daily speakers from 83,000 to 250,000 by the end of its run. By 2022, the number of such speakers had fallen to 71,968.

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and so on, in monosyllabic words and in the stressed syllable of multisyllabic words where the syllable is followed by a consonant, some short vowels are lengthened while others are

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In the 2016 census, 10.5% of respondents stated that they spoke Irish, either daily or weekly, while over 70,000 people (4.2%) speak it as a habitual daily means of communication.

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This linguistic dynamism was reflected in the efforts of certain public intellectuals to counter the decline of the language. At the end of the 19th century, they launched the

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was also a driver, as fluency in English allowed the new immigrants to get jobs in areas other than farming. An estimated one quarter to one third of US immigrants during the

7991: 1211:, dating from the 13th century, was the basis of the literary language of both Ireland and Gaelic-speaking Scotland. Modern Irish, as attested in the work of such writers as 9289: 9087:"Gá le doirse a oscailt do nuachainteoirí na Gaeilge: Cén chaoi gur féidir cainteoirí gníomhacha, féinmhuiníneacha a dhéanamh astu seo a fhoghlaimíonn an Ghaeilge ar scoil?" 2657:

with lengthened vowels and heavily reduced endings gives it a distinct sound. Distinguishing features of Connacht and Ulster dialect include the pronunciation of word-final

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All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

9037: 7315: 14698: 7626: 7427: 12252: 9259: 8779:"Cur síos ar an chainteoir ó dhúchas deireannach ón Ó Méith, Co Lú, Anna Uí AnnluainCur síos ar an chainteoir ó dhúchas deireannach ón Ó Méith, Co Lú, Anna Uí Annluain" 8217: 7853: 6817: 4024:. In 1657 the English colonists in Dublin presented a petition to the Municipal Council complaining that in Dublin itself "there is Irish commonly and usually spoken". 1287:), and particular emphasis was placed on the folk tradition, which in Irish is particularly rich. Efforts were also made to develop journalism and a modern literature. 2021:

The Irish language has often been used as a bargaining chip during government formation in Northern Ireland, prompting protests from organisations and groups such as

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Before Irish became an official language it was afforded the status of treaty language and only the highest-level documents of the EU were made available in Irish.

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examinations. Exemptions are made from this requirement for students who were born or completed primary education outside of Ireland, and students diagnosed with

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is generally on the second syllable of a word when the first syllable contains a short vowel, and the second syllable contains a long vowel or diphthong, or is -

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officially honoured several volunteer translators for developing the Irish edition, and said the push for Irish language rights remains an "unfinished project".

8553: 3656:, though with many local variations. Two smaller dialects were represented by the Ulster speech of counties Meath and Louth, which extended as far south as the 3350:

in Munster; there is a subtle difference in meaning, however, the first choice being a simple statement of fact, while the second brings emphasis onto the word

8346: 6585: 6457: 4216:, pronounced with the middle of the tongue pushed up towards the hard palate). While broad–slender pairs are not unique to Irish (being found, for example, in 1279:

in an attempt to encourage the learning and use of Irish, although few adult learners mastered the language. The vehicle of the revival was the Gaelic League (

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In 1996, the three electoral divisions in the State where Irish had the most daily speakers were An Turloch (91%+), Scainimh (89%+), Min an Chladaigh (88%+).

1511:, and faced incredulity when trying to get by speaking only Irish in Dublin. He was unable to accomplish some everyday tasks, as portrayed in his documentary 9086: 3884:) was an area around late medieval Dublin under the control of the English government. By the late 15th century it consisted of an area along the coast from 1910: 7875: 9704: 9186: 1982:

Before the partition of Ireland in 1921, Irish was recognised as a school subject and as "Celtic" in some third level institutions. Between 1921 and 1972,

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Fitzgerald, Garrett, 'Estimates for baronies of minimal level of Irish-speaking amongst successive decennial cohorts, 117–1781 to 1861–1871,' Volume 84,

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Fitzgerald, Garrett, 'Estimates for baronies of minimal level of Irish-speaking amongst successive decennial cohorts, 117-1781 to 1861–1871,' Volume 84,

2003: 16707: 15166: 7343: 4090:, provisions are sold in the markets, and cried in the streets, in Irish". Irish speakers constituted over 40% of the population of Cork even in 1851. 15718: 9114:

Nic Fhlannchadha, S.; Hickey, T.M. (12 January 2016). "Minority Language Ownership and Authority: Perspectives of Native Speakers and New Speakers".

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Although it has been noted that the Catholic Church played a role in the decline of the Irish language before the Gaelic Revival, the Protestant

6762:... between Foras na Gaeilge and Bòrd na Gàidhlig, promoting the use of Irish Gaelic and Scottish Gaelic in Ireland and Scotland ...' 6626:... between Foras na Gaeilge and Bòrd na Gàidhlig, promoting the use of Irish Gaelic and Scottish Gaelic in Ireland and Scotland ...' 2834:

and a similar approach to pronunciation of vowels and consonants but there are noticeable differences in vocabulary, with certain words such as

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requires all students wishing to embark on a degree course in the NUI federal system to pass the subject of Irish in the Leaving Certificate or

16841: 14075: 9089:[Need to open doors for new speakers of Irish: How can active, self-confident speakers be made from those who learn Irish at school?]. 2921:

essentially a Connacht dialect but shows some similarities to Ulster Irish due to large-scale immigration of dispossessed people following the

2686:, in monosyllabic words and in the stressed syllable of multisyllabic words where the syllable is followed by a consonant. This can be seen in 7651: 16851: 15784: 14767: 14185: 8323: 7776: 7394: 7027: 1840:

are attended by tens of thousands of teenagers annually. Students live with Gaeltacht families, attend classes, participate in sports, go to

1412:(police), etc., were required to have some proficiency in Irish. By law, a Garda who was addressed in Irish had to respond in Irish as well. 8805:

Mere Irish and Fior-Ghael: Studies in the Idea of Irish Nationality, Its Development and Literary Expression Prior to the Nineteenth Century

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and simplifying vowel combinations. Where multiple versions existed in different dialects for the same word, one was selected, for example:

2097:. Irish emigration to the United States was well established by the 18th century, and was reinforced in the 1840s by thousands fleeing from 1562: 16736: 8291: 8247: 7691: 6051:). Extending the use of the overdot to Roman type would theoretically have the advantage of making Irish texts significantly shorter, e.g. 7827: 1340:(English being the other official language). Despite this, almost all government business and legislative debate is conducted in English. 15903: 15327: 15239: 14110: 8778: 8032: 8403: 7339:"Is there an educational advantage to speaking Irish? An investigation of the relationship between education and ability to speak Irish" 6865:"1. Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over for the United States: 2006–2008" 1294:

also made only minor efforts to encourage use of Irish in a religious context. An Irish translation of the Old Testament by Leinsterman

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result of language revival – English-speaking families deciding to learn Irish. Census data shows that 4,130 people speak it at home.

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Irish became an official language of the EU on 1 January 2007, meaning that MEPs with Irish fluency can now speak the language in the

15671: 15549: 13978: 11950: 11921: 8269: 823:, the standard written form, is guided by a parliamentary service and new vocabulary by a voluntary committee with university input. 14083: 5054:-free; the 3rd person singular acts as a person-free personal form that can be followed or otherwise refer to any person or number. 16856: 16569: 15205: 14178: 10030: 6446: 1397: 1071:

may be seen when English speakers discuss the relationship between the three Goidelic languages (Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx).

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reported speaking Irish as their first language at home, with several times that number claiming "some knowledge" of the language.

9281: 8459:"An Analysis of the Irish-Speaking Communities of North America: Who are they, what are their opinions, and what are their needs?" 6562: 1641:, and northwest Donegal, where many residents still use Irish as their primary language. These areas are often referred to as the 16741: 15765: 15554: 13998: 13988: 9924: 6391: 1422:

Nevertheless, Irish remains a required subject of study in all schools in the Republic of Ireland that receive public money (see

1126:. These writings have been found throughout Ireland and the west coast of Great Britain. Primitive Irish underwent a change into 3696:) in Carlow. East Leinster showed the same diphthongisation or vowel lengthening as in Munster and Connacht Irish in words like 16831: 15915: 15799: 15459: 15130: 14018: 14003: 13993: 10749: 9801: 9766: 9692: 9027: 8051: 7305: 4131:("new speakers") and use whatever opportunities are available (festivals, "pop-up" events) to practise or improve their Irish. 9251: 8190: 7607: 7585: 7417: 16717: 15748: 14008: 12397: 9741: 9723: 9675: 9667: 9656: 9334: 9225: 8244:"CAIN: Issues: Language: O'Reilly, C. (1997) Nationalists and the Irish Language in Northern Ireland: Competing Perspectives" 7843: 7280: 7207: 6891: 6462: 6332: 4663: 9060: 16619: 16002: 15888: 14683: 11253: 10219: 5762:

Mutations are often the only way to distinguish grammatical forms. For example, the only non-contextual way to distinguish

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Ulster Irish sounds quite different from the other two main dialects. It shares several features with southern dialects of

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The percentage of respondents who said they spoke Irish daily outside the education system in the 2011 census in the State.

1423: 8173: 8146: 2858:. Another interesting aspect of this sub-dialect is that almost all vowels at the end of words tend to be pronounced as : 644:, particularly in the last decades of the century. Today, Irish is still commonly spoken as a first language in Ireland's 470:

Proportion of respondents who said they could speak Irish in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland censuses of 2011

15957: 15870: 15827: 14825: 14435: 14013: 4467: 2620:. Much closer to the larger Connacht Gaeltacht is the dialect spoken in the smaller region on the border between Galway ( 1604: 488: 7489: 3964:(1518–1581) commented as follows: "All English, and the most part with delight, even in Dublin, speak Irish," while the 16722: 16486: 16389: 15883: 15794: 15569: 15372: 15332: 15320: 15315: 15303: 15231: 14068: 10620: 10150: 9794: 8812: 6472: 6037:

The use of Gaelic type and the overdot today is restricted to when a traditional style is consciously being used, e.g.

4679: 3116:. Of the three counties, the Irish spoken in Cork and Kerry is quite similar while that of Waterford is more distinct. 2002:

from the United Kingdom, and then, in 2003, by the British government's ratification in respect of the language of the

1999: 1965: 1892:

The Official Languages Scheme was enacted 1 July 2019 and is an 18-page document that adheres to the guidelines of the

1393: 9416: 26:"Gaoidhealg" redirects here. For the shared literary form that was in use from the 13th to the 16th–18th century, see 15579: 15298: 14760: 14705: 13476: 13289: 9894: 9865: 9851: 9612: 9543: 9514: 9485: 9378: 8545: 7565: 6956: 6927: 3743:(1547), by the English physician and traveller Andrew Borde. The illustrative phrases he uses include the following: 1970: 1093: 600: 7708: 7556:Ó Murchú, Máirtín (1993). "Aspects of the societal status of Modern Irish". In Ball, Martin J.; Fife, James (eds.). 6081: 1297: 16745: 15769: 15401: 15344: 15284: 14542: 11832: 11487: 8630: 7531:"Census of Population 2016 – Profile 10 Education, Skills and the Irish Language – CSO – Central Statistics Office" 7516: 6406: 4430: 1451: 9314: 4999: 4113:

Urban Irish has been the beneficiary, from the last decades of the 20th century, of a rapidly expanding system of

16846: 16382: 16009: 15455: 15161: 15032: 14845: 14556: 14201: 11883: 10671: 5130:

is largely conveyed through the autonomous verb form, however there also exist other structures analogous to the

4707: 4125:

Irish and some have been raised with Irish. Those from an English-speaking background are now often described as

2767:" in the other areas). This placing of the B-sound is also present at the end of words ending in vowels, such as 2090: 2045: 1896:. The purpose of the Scheme is to provide services through the mediums of Irish and/or English. According to the 1869: 810: 478: 20: 8077: 5967:"long (sign)"), but it is ignored for purposes of alphabetisation. It is used, among other conventions, to mark 5847:; the beginning, core, and end of words can each change radically and even simultaneously depending on context. 4956: 4952: 4948: 2635:

Features in Connacht Irish differing from the official standard include a preference for verbal nouns ending in

16014: 15910: 15584: 15564: 15519: 15217: 15120: 14870: 14428: 14371: 11332: 10160: 10156: 9634: 6467: 6432: 6044: 4807: 4700: 2180: 2064: 2060: 1987: 1447: 1419:, the requirement for entrance to the public service was changed to proficiency in just one official language. 277: 5007: 4834: 2957:

respectively. In addition to a vocabulary typical of other area of Connacht, one also finds Ulster words like

533:

The first chapter of Mo Sgéal Féin, read by native Irish speaker Mairéad Uí Lionáird in the Muskerry Gaeltacht

16836: 15992: 15701: 15615: 15042: 14399: 14061: 13459: 11128: 10590: 10446: 10111: 10047: 9161:"'I'm gonna speak Irish the way that's natural for me' – craoltóir buartha faoi éilíteachas shaol na Gaeilge" 8824: 7040:

An example of the use of the word "Gaelic" to describe the language, seen throughout the text of the article.

6417: 5926:. However, contemporary Irish uses the full Latin alphabet, with the previously unused letter used in modern 1433: 1109: 806: 363: 9000: 5077:, with a full complement of forms except for the verbal adjective. The two verbs share the one verbal noun. 414: 381: 16649: 15967: 15893: 15743: 15676: 15600: 15474: 15431: 15198: 15135: 15087: 14957: 14952: 14753: 13732: 11375: 10724: 10294: 10146: 10023: 6843: 6487: 6477: 5766:"her", "his" and "their", is through initial mutations since all meanings are represented by the same word 5177: 4728: 1607:, described the Irish language policy followed by Irish governments as a "complete and absolute disaster". 1322: 456: 438: 8684: 6289: 6273: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6230: 6221: 6212: 5984: 5976: 5701: 4769: 4205: 2780: 2740: 2736: 2658: 16826: 16821: 15987: 15360: 12932: 12197: 11684: 11510: 10282: 10197: 9799:

Ní Mhunghaile, Lesa. 'An Eighteenth Century Irish scribe's private library: Muiris Ó Gormáin's books' in

7241: 6109: 4721: 4670: 4451: 4444: 4144: 4110:, and accompanied by renewed literary activity. By the 1930s Dublin had a lively literary life in Irish. 2801:, a characteristic also of other Connacht dialects. All these pronunciations are distinctively regional. 1864: 1215:, may be said to date from the 17th century, and was the medium of popular literature from that time on. 839: 817:

is responsible for the promotion of the language throughout the island. Irish has no regulatory body but

761: 246: 7272:

An Irish-Speaking Island: State, Religion, Community, and the Linguistic Landscape in Ireland, 1770–1870

5167: 1603:

areas are fluent in Irish. The author of a detailed analysis of the survey, Donncha Ó hÉallaithe of the

16692: 16331: 15997: 15691: 15092: 14917: 14726: 14577: 13503: 13378: 12983: 12952: 12337: 11027: 10864: 10860: 10597: 10270: 10168: 9577: 9447:"Irish 'fada' to get legal protection – and must appear in all State IT systems and computer keyboards" 9402: 8430: 8005: 6707: 6495: 6482: 4746: 4580: 4539: 4525: 4502: 4488: 4474: 4416: 4372: 4358: 4319: 4305: 4278: 4268: 4258: 4213: 4149:

There is no single official standard for pronouncing the Irish language. Certain dictionaries, such as

2593:, in eastern Canada, had a form of Irish derived from the Munster Irish of the later 18th century (see 1218:

From the 18th century on, the language lost ground in the east of the country. The reasons behind this

11199: 7530: 6699: 1100:) was also sometimes used in Scots and then in English to refer to Irish; as well as Scottish Gaelic. 16399: 16255: 15975: 15789: 15711: 15696: 15681: 15529: 15464: 15426: 15416: 15406: 15266: 15097: 15059: 14451: 14377: 13464: 13299: 12927: 11325: 11169: 9733: 8489: 5171: 4838: 4755: 4437: 4333: 2586: 2545:

Roughly speaking, the three major dialect areas which survive coincide roughly with the provinces of

2010:

the British government promised to enact legislation to promote the language and in 2022 it approved

1416: 1313:

Irish speakers in 1800, which dropped to 320,000 by the end of the famine, and under 17,000 by 1911.

1253: 708: 16417: 14651: 13264: 7961: 7092: 6976: 16644: 15774: 15388: 15017: 14712: 13804: 13238: 13214: 12540: 11721: 11664: 11449: 11408: 10929: 10417: 8756: 7384: 7019: 5844: 5828: 5200: 5192: 5143: 4686: 2918: 783: 450: 178: 11234: 11194: 9160: 8313: 8130: 8103: 7766: 7108:"Interinstitutional Style Guide: Section 7.2.4. Rules governing the languages of the institutions" 1974:

A sign for the Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure in Northern Ireland, in English, Irish and

1880: 16811: 16712: 16661: 16377: 16129: 15878: 15738: 15544: 15489: 15479: 15446: 15279: 15191: 14987: 14947: 14927: 14907: 14810: 14733: 13515: 13163: 12709: 12428: 12247: 12137: 10826: 10759: 10744: 10638: 10559: 10204: 10016: 9604: 7936: 6676: 5805: 5584: 5043: 4975: 4921: 4326: 4212:, pronounced with the back of the tongue pulled back towards the soft palate) and one "slender" ( 4121:, teaching entirely through Irish. As of 2019 there are 37 such primary schools in Dublin alone. 4102:

saw the creation of a strong Irish–speaking network, typically united by various branches of the

1333: 1252:(two languages being used by the same community in different social and economic situations) and 794: 621: 168: 14254: 9559: 8287: 8243: 7688: 6796:""Reawakening the Irish Language through the Irish Education System: Challenges and Priorities"" 4050:, were Irish-speaking or bilingual by the 16th century. The English administrator and traveller 3553:

One noticeable trait of Ulster Irish, Scots Gaelic and Manx is the use of the negative particle

16732: 16609: 16235: 15755: 15610: 15499: 15450: 15125: 14922: 14563: 13983: 13902: 13865: 12937: 12227: 12222: 11837: 11150: 11022: 10856: 10769: 10709: 10265: 9957: 9373:. L. A. Ó hAnluain, Christian Brothers (Eagrán nua ed.). Baile Átha Cliath: An Gúm. 1999. 8288:"Belfast Agreement – Full text – Section 6 (Equality) – "Economic, Social and Cultural issues"" 7824: 7087: 6441: 5312: 4495: 4386: 4055: 3736:, which generally became in east Leinster (as in Munster), and in the west (as in Connacht). 3093: 2176: 2098: 1651:), a term originally officially applied to areas where over 50% of the population spoke Irish. 1370: 1265: 731: 707:, with an estimated 200,000–250,000 daily Canadian speakers of Irish in 1890. On the island of 641: 617: 518: 8406:[Irish is the 21st official language of the European Union] (in Irish). Archived from 7910:

Siggins, Lorna (6 January 2003). "Only 25% of Gaeltacht households fluent in Irish – survey".

7798: 6746: 6610: 5865:

The official symbol of the Irish Defence Forces, showing a Gaelic typeface with dot diacritics

3113: 16394: 16365: 15898: 15145: 15077: 15047: 15002: 14997: 14972: 14830: 14549: 14489: 14460: 14404: 14394: 14361: 13749: 13564: 13309: 13209: 12580: 12423: 12402: 11814: 11363: 11179: 10899: 10837: 8407: 6558: 5234:"I have a book." (Literally, "there is a book at me", cf. Russian У меня есть книга, Finnish 5131: 5074: 4059: 2590: 1995: 1991: 1975: 1916: 15115: 11219: 10904: 6114:, which simplified and standardised the orthography and grammar by removing inter-dialectal 3864: 16764: 16531: 16302: 16279: 16064: 15950: 15804: 15779: 15648: 15469: 15441: 15037: 15027: 14977: 14937: 14895: 14890: 14885: 14875: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14835: 14820: 14815: 14805: 14800: 14795: 14790: 14623: 14570: 14304: 14276: 14131: 14091: 13892: 13764: 13498: 13148: 12545: 12468: 12277: 12202: 11415: 11283: 11204: 11015: 11010: 10764: 10739: 10704: 8508: 7926:

Hindley 1991, Map 7: Irish speakers by towns and distinct electoral divisions, census 1926.

7152: 6658:

For the Tongue of the Gael: a Selection of Essays and Philological on Irish-Gaelic Subjects

5139: 4553: 4396: 4379: 3474: 3329: 2922: 2184: 2007: 1850:

and are obliged to speak Irish. All aspects of Irish culture and tradition are encouraged.

1356: 798: 14259: 10527: 10455: 9350: 8273: 8: 16639: 16541: 16437: 16325: 16170: 15860: 15850: 15760: 15436: 15293: 15274: 15228: 15140: 15082: 15022: 15012: 14992: 14982: 14967: 14962: 14942: 14912: 14880: 14865: 14840: 14776: 14584: 14482: 14366: 14154: 14086: 14041: 13779: 13648: 13578: 13559: 13538: 13471: 13294: 13168: 12988: 12973: 12968: 12922: 12897: 12570: 12463: 12448: 12262: 12081: 11876: 11826: 11716: 11709: 11692: 11458: 11422: 11042: 10924: 10847: 10779: 10734: 10664: 10552: 10487: 10055: 9995: 6522: 6517:

Irish was the first official language of the Irish state. Irish is not widely used as an

6451: 5991: 5684:"John!" (lenition as part of the vocative case, the vocative lenition being triggered by 5619: 4803: 4087: 4058:(1641–1653), the use of the Irish language had already provoked the passing of an Act of 3913: 3615:. Another noticeable trait is the pronunciation of the first person singular verb ending 2183:. Certain Irish vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation features are still used in modern 2038: 1798: 1409: 1337: 1193:. From the 12th century, Middle Irish began to evolve into modern Irish in Ireland, into 802: 653: 625: 334: 16466: 13178: 10894: 4046:

In other urban centres the descendants of medieval Anglo-Norman settlers, the so-called

4035:

Gorman), a prolific producer of manuscripts who advertised his services (in English) in

3175:

etc. are used in the West and North, particularly when the words are last in the clause.

1477:

staged protests against this decision. The following year the university announced that

16666: 16599: 16594: 16521: 16504: 16422: 16109: 16104: 16037: 15666: 15534: 15484: 15421: 15396: 15392: 15310: 15254: 15052: 15007: 14932: 14902: 14409: 13945: 13676: 13569: 13533: 13454: 13409: 13304: 13130: 13021: 12978: 12907: 12714: 12489: 12257: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12142: 11999: 11955: 11779: 11615: 11573: 11278: 11189: 10939: 10473: 10275: 10131: 10090: 9968: 9396: 9180: 9141: 7389: 7366: 6907: 5821: 5590: 5188: 5184: 5106:'is praised, one praises' ), whereas all other persons are conveyed analytically (i.e. 5085: 5047: 4995: 4929: 4925: 4894: 4852: 4830: 4546: 4105: 4047: 3969: 3965: 3909: 3905: 2594: 2141: 2120: 2011: 1570:

There are rural areas of Ireland where Irish is still spoken daily to some extent as a

1545: 1346: 1282: 1208: 923: 712: 672: 637: 609: 225: 183: 9664:

Scriptural Instruction in the Vernacular: The Irish Society and its Teachers 1818–1827

7338: 7107: 2682:

As in Munster Irish, some short vowels are lengthened and others diphthongised before

430: 16697: 16627: 16347: 16209: 16074: 15980: 15930: 15845: 15706: 15620: 14637: 14630: 13809: 13784: 13774: 13510: 13483: 13364: 13219: 13204: 13199: 13158: 13153: 13058: 12947: 12902: 12892: 12884: 12555: 12509: 12499: 12345: 12172: 12152: 12111: 11431: 11399: 11385: 11249: 10889: 10852: 10365: 10245: 10214: 9890: 9861: 9847: 9790: 9786: 9737: 9719: 9671: 9652: 9648: 9630: 9626: 9608: 9539: 9510: 9481: 9384: 9374: 9330: 9229: 8808: 8799:

See "Tony Crowley, "The Politics of Language in Ireland 1366–1922: A Sourcebook" and

7561: 7370: 7310: 7276: 7203: 6952: 6923: 6887: 6091: 5911: 5856: 5593:, which express grammatical relationship and meaning in verbs, nouns and adjectives: 5081: 4979: 4799: 4789: 4714: 4460: 4402: 4344: 4291: 4246: 4236: 4177: 3124: 3089: 3061: 1986:

had devolved government. During those years the political party holding power in the

1810: 1772: 1291: 845: 779: 767: 16203: 15940: 10464: 9758: 9145: 7484: 6777: 5861: 2816:) is quite similar to that of South Connemara, with a similar approach to the words 1786: 1724: 484: 16556: 16536: 16357: 16312: 15686: 15367: 15349: 15236: 14591: 14510: 14334: 14227: 14213: 13838: 13799: 13754: 13741: 13661: 13640: 13543: 13488: 13173: 12993: 12912: 12724: 12504: 12443: 12333: 12212: 12207: 12177: 12147: 12101: 12063: 11929: 11697: 11672: 11640: 11621: 11582: 11558: 11500: 11476: 11348: 11229: 11174: 10969: 10729: 10480: 10209: 9322: 9131: 9123: 7611: 7581: 7356: 7348: 7237:""The unadulterated Irish language": Irish Speakers in Nineteenth Century New York" 6795: 6087: 6072: 5196: 5163: 5151: 5027: 5023: 5015: 4933: 4856: 4785: 4532: 4365: 4312: 4241: 4231: 4217: 3051: 2117:, which started in Ireland in the 1890s, found a response abroad, with branches of 1983: 1760: 1638: 1389: 1364: 1212: 1079: 877: 814: 661: 574: 338: 173: 27: 14170: 11785: 10794: 10568: 9913: 9127: 6728: 6383: 5670:"lack of the requirement" (lenition marking the genitive case of a masculine noun) 4016:

preach in Irish at Bride's parish every Sunday, and was also ordered to preach at

2089:. The first large movements began in the 17th century, largely as a result of the 1588:

areas that Irish continues to be spoken as a community vernacular to some extent.

1504: 1025:, as well as of Ireland. When required by the context, these are distinguished as 16656: 16584: 16579: 16409: 16287: 16214: 15855: 15539: 15514: 14644: 14345: 14309: 14283: 14242: 13881: 13819: 13759: 13722: 13694: 13656: 13621: 13601: 13384: 13374: 13359: 13246: 13053: 12917: 12680: 12535: 12494: 12484: 12328: 12267: 12187: 12182: 12167: 12162: 12075: 11740: 11634: 11594: 11495: 11264: 11224: 11032: 10985: 10948: 10868: 10820: 10815: 10719: 10224: 10075: 9531: 9502: 9473: 9091: 9032: 8932: 8376: 8195: 7912: 7880: 7831: 7695: 7270: 7197: 6980: 6944: 6518: 5958: 5155: 5051: 5031: 5019: 4908: 4197: 4191: 3543: 2130: 1609: 1469:

when it announced the planned appointment of a president who did not speak Irish.

1230: 1194: 1123: 1052: 1018: 770:

written form devised by a parliamentary commission in the 1950s. The traditional

696: 665: 210: 160: 144: 11095: 9844:

Multilingualism in European Bilingual Contexts : Language Use and Attitudes

7582:"NUI Entry Requirements – Ollscoil na hÉireann – National University of Ireland" 6864: 2204: 1540:

reported that over 2.3 million people worldwide were learning Irish through the

443: 16791: 16687: 16526: 16514: 15355: 15339: 15289: 14475: 14288: 14271: 14126: 13920: 13910: 13886: 13833: 13789: 13704: 13666: 13611: 13606: 13574: 13419: 13399: 13224: 13125: 13104: 13099: 12736: 12670: 12665: 12654: 12635: 12629: 12625: 12438: 12433: 12392: 12319: 12305: 12217: 12192: 12157: 12116: 12106: 12042: 12029: 11969: 11913: 11905: 11896: 11869: 11852: 11808: 11761: 11732: 11525: 11438: 11306: 11184: 11066: 10914: 10879: 10832: 10784: 10774: 10694: 10657: 10136: 10121: 10070: 10065: 9640: 9618: 9601:

Spenser's Monstrous Regiment: Elizabethan Ireland and the Poetics of Difference

9581: 8928: 7627:"University of Galway president Ciarán Ó hÓgartaigh to step down from his role" 7199:

The Great Silence: The Study of a Relationship Between Language and Nationality

7111: 7078:

Dalton, Martha (July 2019). "Nuclear Accents in Four Irish (Gaelic) Dialects".

6918:] (in Irish) (2d ed.). Dublin: Irish Texts Society. pp. 507 s.v. 6426: 6398: 5870: 4563: 4285: 4099: 3961: 3492: 3357: 3083: 2654: 2606: 2169: 2114: 2024: 1736: 1571: 1533:

the other official language, if not already passed in both official languages.

1375: 1303: 1276: 1219: 1147: 1131: 989: 964: 935: 775: 771: 739: 735: 719: 680: 633: 613: 554: 342: 307: 296: 261: 129: 96: 89: 82: 64: 11114: 11099: 9326: 3030:

Munster Irish is the dialect spoken in the Gaeltacht areas of the counties of

2125:

being established in all the countries to which Irish speakers had emigrated.

1426:). Teachers in primary schools must also pass a compulsory examination called 726:, dating back to at least the 4th century AD, which was gradually replaced by 16805: 16342: 16175: 16049: 15524: 15509: 14340: 14327: 14237: 13717: 13689: 13596: 13588: 13330: 13282: 13068: 13016: 12745: 12685: 12675: 12575: 12550: 12341: 11791: 11629: 11288: 11268: 11145: 11054: 10980: 10842: 10260: 10187: 10126: 8800: 8435: 8431:"Irish to be fully recognised as an official EU language from New Year's Day" 6422: 6115: 5939: 5147: 5127: 4987: 4960: 4941: 4898: 4781: 4608: 4201: 4051: 4040: 3547: 3025: 2805: 2175:

Irish was spoken as a community language until the early 20th century on the

2137: 2074: 1662: 1493: 1405: 1401: 1257: 1198: 1022: 1006: 994: 867: 743: 700: 652:

Irish speakers are therefore based primarily on the number of daily users in

407: 317: 272: 11082: 10408: 9388: 6951:. Redakcja Wydawnictw Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego. pp. 423k. 6373: 5763: 4082:

lay preacher in Irish, wrote: "In some of the largest southern towns, Cork,

920:, used to refer to the language family, is derived from the Old Irish term. 16496: 16432: 16427: 16337: 16320: 16145: 16084: 15574: 15559: 14035: 13828: 13616: 13140: 13094: 13033: 12942: 12719: 12697: 12690: 12132: 12057: 12047: 11979: 11608: 11538: 11272: 11214: 10962: 10909: 10229: 10141: 10095: 10085: 10060: 9990: 9846:, ed. David Lasagabaster and Ángel Huguet. Multilingual Matters Ltd. 2007. 9783:

Irish and English: Essays on the Linguistic and Cultural Frontier 1600–1900

9424: 8533:

areas. The total population of all Gaeltacht areas in April 2016 was 96,090

7771: 7125: 6972: 6454:, a subject of the Junior Cycle examination in Secondary schools in Ireland 6429:

used in Irish monasteries. It included Greek, Hebrew and Celtic neologisms.

6251:

despite the reformed spellings only reflecting South Connacht realisations

5968: 5950: 5935: 5878: 5711: 5003: 4991: 4815: 4811: 4793: 4648: 4641: 4634: 4627: 4620: 4573: 4518: 4423: 4409: 4351: 4298: 4273: 4263: 4253: 4209: 3649: 3506: 3041: 3009: 2809: 2735:

In South Connemara, for example, there is a tendency to replace word-final

2617: 2015: 1748: 1686: 1352: 1190: 1178: 969: 747: 727: 692: 676: 660:

and 51,707 outside it, totalling 71,968. In response to the 2021 census of

303: 285: 220: 117: 12324: 11122: 11091: 11058: 10714: 9538:. Redakcja Wydawnictw Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego. p. 432. 9509:. Redakcja Wydawnictw Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego. p. 412. 9480:. Redakcja Wydawnictw Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego. p. 417. 7352: 7050: 5080:

Irish verb formation employs a mixed system during conjugation, with both

3182:

that are not included in the Standard. For example, "I see" in Munster is

1513: 1130:

through the 5th century. Old Irish, dating from the 6th century, used the

398: 16633: 16546: 16245: 16189: 16150: 15411: 14496: 13950: 13935: 13336: 13255: 13063: 13048: 13038: 13011: 12837: 12790: 12702: 12453: 12070: 11974: 11861: 11072: 11062: 11002: 10874: 10509: 10338: 10255: 9934: 9685:

A History of the Irish Language: From the Norman Invasion to Independence

9680: 9368: 6001: 5890: 5615: 5159: 5135: 4657: 4603: 4028: 3657: 3594: 3519:

dialects today is that which is spoken, with slight differences, in both

3441:

after preposition + singular article, with all prepositions except after

3031: 2165: 2094: 2082: 1202: 1182: 1138:

to Latin manuscripts. During this time, the Irish language absorbed some

755: 688: 465: 34: 14420: 12605: 12376: 10536: 8626: 8576:"Census of Population 2022 Profile 8 - The Irish Language and Education" 8546:"Census 2016 Summary Results – Part 1 – CSO – Central Statistics Office" 7512: 7457: 5034:; 2 relative forms, the present and future relative; and in some verbs, 3405:(the Standard lenites only feminine nouns in the dative in these cases). 3188:, which is the independent form; Ulster Irish also uses a similar form, 715:

of Irish developed before falling out of use in the early 20th century.

16727: 16250: 16160: 16124: 16114: 15920: 14609: 14264: 13873: 13861: 13314: 13278: 13078: 13043: 13003: 12595: 12362: 12353: 10754: 10615: 10329: 8347:"'Historic milestone' passed as Irish language legislation becomes law" 6586:"'Historic milestone' passed as Irish language legislation becomes law" 6437: 5894: 5882: 5840: 5824: 5629: 5180: 4983: 4864: 4860: 4826: 4765: 4736: 4613: 4512: 3739:

Early evidence regarding colloquial Irish in east Leinster is found in

3530: 3169:

in other dialects. These are strong tendencies, and the personal forms

3103: 2813: 1465: 1415:

In 1974, in part through the actions of protest organisations like the

1135: 1122:

inscriptions from the 4th century AD, a stage of the language known as

542: 16371: 14745: 10401: 9136: 7361: 7171: 4196:

In pronunciation, Irish most closely resembles its nearest relatives,

3224:

in the Standard. Similarly, the traditional form preserved in Munster

1844: 1613:, referring to his analysis published in the Irish language newspaper 16759: 16480: 16264: 16119: 16094: 16069: 15494: 14690: 14665: 14248: 13273: 12385: 11820: 11773: 11601: 11531: 11209: 11118: 11050: 10955: 10789: 10545: 10080: 9965: – Irish Gaelic Arts, Culture, And History Alive Worldwide Today 9833:

Labhrann Laighnigh: Téacsanna agus Cainteanna ó Shean-Chúige Laighean

9715: 8849:

Hell or Connnaught! The Cromwellian Colonisation of Ireland 1652–1660

8530:. Dublin, Ireland: Central Statistics Office. 2017. pp. 66, 69. 6298:), realised and in Munster, reflecting the pre-Caighdeán spellings 5946: 5611: 5204: 4944: 4918: 4694: 4116: 4079: 3955: 3280: 3127:

verbs in parallel with a pronominal subject system, thus "I must" is

3013: 2929:

have a much softer sound, with a tendency to terminate words such as

2613: 2086: 2078: 2069:

The Irish language was carried abroad in the modern period by a vast

1674: 1634: 1557: 1523: 1249: 1143: 1127: 913: 787: 657: 645: 423: 391: 373: 355: 215: 16445: 16165: 12585: 12291: 10884: 10518: 10394: 10176: 9938: 8218:"Irish Language and the Gaeltacht – CSO – Central Statistics Office" 6818:"Irish Language and the Gaeltacht – CSO – Central Statistics Office" 6411: 1904: 1500:

traditional native speakers has also been a cause of great concern.

1189:. It is the language of a large corpus of literature, including the 16671: 16604: 16269: 16155: 16099: 15504: 14517: 13930: 13394: 12847: 12802: 12766: 12754: 12600: 12560: 12380: 12372: 12367: 12349: 12272: 12009: 12004: 11989: 11767: 11317: 8977:Ó Conluain & Ó Céileachair 1976, pp. 148–153, 163–169, 210–215. 8318: 6106:

standard was subsequently approved by the State and developed into

6103: 6095: 6005: 5927: 5901: 5886: 5650:"I threw" (lenition as a past-tense marker, caused by the particle 5597: 4964: 4884: 4874: 4017: 3875: 3868: 3590: 3520: 3071: 2576: 2546: 2161: 2157: 2149: 2070: 1823: 1698: 1541: 1459: 1310: 1186: 917: 908: 897: 857: 684: 496: 12615: 11076: 10919: 9730:

Grand Opportunity: The Gaelic Revival and Irish Society, 1893–1910

8606:"Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media" 7337:

Watson, Iarfhlaith; Nic Ghiolla Phádraig, Máire (September 2009).

5207:; this has disappeared in Modern Irish except in fossilised form. 4971:

by convention, though it originates in the Proto-Celtic ablative.

3648:

broad central belt stretching from west Connacht eastwards to the

16589: 16574: 16473: 16260: 16240: 15214: 15183: 14658: 14616: 14321: 14315: 13940: 13915: 13794: 13769: 13404: 13369: 13342: 13269: 13251: 12842: 12778: 12407: 12037: 12014: 11704: 11677: 11519: 11392: 10356: 10008: 9059:

Walsh, John; OʼRourke, Bernadette; Rowland, Hugh (October 2015).

6099: 5832: 5607: 5216:("at", etc.) is used in conjunction with the transient "be" verb 5058: 4083: 3901: 3893: 3653: 3338:"it" is frequently used. Thus "I am an Irish person" can be said 2556: 2538: 2145: 2108: 1710: 1484: 629: 492: 107: 14158: 9951: 8663:. Institute of Irish Studies, The Queen's University of Belfast. 8648:. Institute of Irish Studies, The Queen's University of Belfast. 7143:"House of Commons, 1 August 1922: Ireland: Erse language (18)". 3627:, also common to the Isle of Man and Scotland (Munster/Connacht 3363:

Both masculine and feminine words are subject to lenition after

3206:

being the dependent form, which is used after particles such as

2113:. In Australia, too, the language found its way into print. The 16459: 16452: 16297: 16230: 16089: 14503: 14138: 13925: 13712: 13494:

Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles

13414: 13389: 13353: 13347: 13260: 13183: 13109: 13028: 12530: 12019: 11964: 11745: 11105: 11087: 10320: 10311: 9564:

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

9200: 8507:

Clarke, Sandra; Paddock, Harold; MacKenzie, Marguerite (1999).

7876:"Ar fheabhas! President praises volunteer Duolingo translators" 5836: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5011: 4968: 4937: 4848: 4819: 3949: 3889: 3885: 3516: 2908: 2566: 1616: 1574:. These regions are known individually and collectively as the 1508: 1489: 1379: 1261: 751: 704: 10347: 7422: 4155:, provide a single pronunciation. Online dictionaries such as 4039:. There were still an appreciable number of Irish speakers in 1537: 1240: 926:

of the language in the various modern Irish dialects include:

880:. The modern spelling results from the deletion of the silent 656:

outside the education system, which in 2022 was 20,261 in the

16509: 16079: 14524: 12814: 12620: 12565: 12458: 12052: 11994: 11984: 11942: 11892: 11259: 11110: 10810: 10680: 10250: 9116:

International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism

8404:"Is í an Ghaeilge an 21ú teanga oifigiúil den Aontas Eorpach" 5874: 2898: 2205:

Daily Irish speakers in Gaeltacht areas between 2011 and 2022

2153: 1139: 1117: 891: 723: 648:

regions, in which 2% of Ireland's population lived in 2022.

312: 14720:

First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland

9907: 8646:

A Phonetic Study of the Irish of Tory Island, County Donegal

8372:"Thousands call for Irish Language Act during Belfast rally" 6694: 6692: 6690: 4936:. Adjectives generally follow nouns, though some precede or 1226:

Discouragement of its use by the Anglo-Irish administration.

1082: 866:

prior the spelling reform of 1948, which was originally the

14699:

President of the Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey

13073: 12610: 12590: 12525: 12358: 10425: 9881:

Williams, Nicholas. 'Na Canúintí a Theacht chun Solais' in

9701:

Preventing the Future: Why was Ireland so poor for so long?

8990:, pp. 168–181, Seán Ó Mórdha (ed.), An Clóchomhar Tta 1981. 8934:

The History of the Town and Country of the County of Galway

8916:

The Irish Sections of Fynes Moryson's unpublished itinerary

7652:"Academic claims the forced learning of Irish 'has failed'" 6801:. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education. 4021: 3897: 3732:(crowd). A feature of the dialect was the pronunciation of 3660:, and a Munster dialect found in Kilkenny and south Laois. 2200:

education system), 20,586 (27.9%) lived in Gaeltacht areas.

1455: 583: 10000: 9870:

Williams, J. E. Caerwyn & Ní Mhuiríosa, Máirín (ed.).

7725:

Nollaig Ó Gadhra, 'The Gaeltacht and the Future of Irish,

7336: 6490:, a detailed account of the current state of the language. 1934:"Family Transmission of the Language – Early Intervention" 495:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

134:

People aged 3+ stating they could speak Irish "very well":

16197: 10385: 9918: 9255: 8986:

Máirín Ní Mhuiríosa, "Cumann na Scríbhneoirí: Memoir" in

7848: 7687:

Donncha Ó hÉallaithe: "Litir oscailte chuig Enda Kenny":

7418:"Douglas Hyde's inauguration – a signal of a new Ireland" 6687: 1836:

parish in Ireland. Irish language summer colleges in the

589: 580: 10649: 8752: 6255:, failing to represent the other dialectal realisations 5877:, was used to write Primitive Irish and Old Irish until 902: 738:. On the island, the language has three major dialects: 15626:

List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland

9980: 9001:"Dublin : Gaelscoileanna – Irish Medium Education" 8052:"Official Languages Act 2003 (and related legislation)" 7671:"End compulsory Irish, says FG, as 14,000 drop subject" 6206:

does not reflect all dialects to the same degree, e.g.

5210:

Irish has no verb to express having; instead, the word

2136:

The Irish language is also one of the languages of the

1873:

Dublin airport sign in both English and Irish languages

1367:

Irish is one of only a few recordings of that dialect.

9321:. De Gruyter Mouton. 11 April 2014. pp. 235–316. 9113: 8506: 8132:

Official Languages Act 2003: Language Scheme 2019–2022

7989: 6458:

List of artists who have released Irish-language songs

2012:

legislation to recognise Irish as an official language

1887: 12806: 9969:

Trinity College Dublin The Irish Language Synthesiser

9712:

The Death of the Irish Language: A Qualified Obituary

8701:"State of Ireland & Plan for its Reformation" in 8191:"Plan could treble number speaking Irish, says Cowen" 8171: 7753:

The Death of the Irish Language: A Qualified Obituary

7738:

Welsh Robert and Stewart, Bruce (1996). 'Gaeltacht,'

6322:

despite not representing the Munster pronunciations.

1432:. As of 2005, Garda Síochána recruits need a pass in 1309:

It has been estimated that there were around 800,000

1094: 1085: 1026: 601: 592: 15356:

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

13192: 9623:

The Dialects of Irish: Study of a Changing Landscape

9058: 7844:"Over 2.3m people using language app to learn Irish" 7799:"Why choose Irish-medium education? | Gaeloideachas" 5918:

a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u

5138:

constructions. There are also a number of preverbal

1633:

areas, numerically and socially, are those of South

586: 280: 267: 14200: 7937:"The Gaeltacht | Our Language & the Ghaeltacht" 5885:. Since the introduction of Latin script, the main 2004:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

1222:were complex but came down to a number of factors: 577: 8878:Williams & Uí Mhuiríosa 1979, pp. 279 and 284. 7344:International Journal of the Sociology of Language 6812: 6810: 6808: 3956:Urban use from the Middle Ages to the 19th century 1236:The spread of bilingualism from the 1750s onwards. 703:. It was also, for a period, spoken widely across 15719:List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland 9781:Kelly, James & Mac Murchaidh, Ciarán (eds.). 8175:20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010–2030 8128: 8030: 7066:Alternate names: Erse, Gaelic Irish, Irish Gaelic 6778:"Gaelic: Definition of Gaelic by Merriam-Webster" 5575:The latter is most commonly used in mathematics. 4204:. One notable feature is that consonants (except 2653:, "weakening". The non-standard pronunciation of 1911:20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010–2030 1905:20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010–2030 16803: 9185:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 9167:. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019 4078:Much earlier, in 1819, James McQuige, a veteran 2140:, a non-governmental organisation that promotes 1177:By the 10th century, Old Irish had evolved into 16565:Association football in the Republic of Ireland 10700:Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups 8687:The Fyrst Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge 6971: 6884:Míle Míle i gCéin: The Irish Language in Canada 6805: 6640: 3741:The Fyrst Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge 3060:). The Gaeltacht areas of Cork can be found in 2761:(pronounced respectively as "shiv," "liv" and " 1336:as the national and first official language of 14631:Indigenous, minority and lesser-used languages 9889:, ed. Kim McCone and others. Maigh Nuad 1994. 9840:Language Use and Language Attitudes in Ireland 9158: 8807:, University of Notre Dame Press 1997, p. 51. 7485:"Allocution en irlandais, par M. Douglas Hyde" 7306:"The Irish language and the Church of Ireland" 6549: 6547: 6525:, but its use is encouraged by the government. 5370:Irish has both decimal and vigesimal systems: 4220:), in Irish they have a grammatical function. 4168:("The Official Standard"), often shortened to 2661:as , rather than as in Munster. For example, 1998:, the language gradually received a degree of 1858: 1244:The distribution of the Irish language in 1871 149:People aged 3+ stating they could speak Irish: 33:For the Niger–Congo language called "Ga", see 15199: 14761: 14436: 14186: 14069: 12770: 11877: 11688:? (possibly independent or pre-Indo-European) 11333: 10665: 10024: 9529: 9500: 9471: 8715: 8713: 8711: 8683:Borde, Andrew (1870). Furnivall, F.J. (ed.). 8519: 6942: 6655: 6225: 5710:) covers the voicing of voiceless stops, and 3565:. Though southern Donegal Irish tends to use 3012:was possibly one of the last speakers of the 1359:. The record of his delivering his inaugural 12758: 9945: 9935:Irish Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words 9351:"Celtic languages – Irish | Britannica" 9152: 8306: 7905: 7903: 7234: 7080:International Conference of Phonetic Science 3119:Some typical features of Munster Irish are: 2537:Irish is represented by several traditional 15328:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 12818: 12782: 10595: 10566: 10557: 10543: 10534: 10525: 10516: 10507: 10485: 10471: 10462: 10453: 10444: 10406: 10392: 10383: 10363: 10354: 10345: 10336: 10327: 10318: 10309: 10280: 10195: 10166: 10113: 9981: 9958: 9925: 9883: 9872: 9823: 9816: 9809: 9747: 9536:An Ghaeilge, Podręcznik Języka Irlandzkiego 9507:An Ghaeilge, Podręcznik Języka Irlandzkiego 9478:An Ghaeilge, Podręcznik Języka Irlandzkiego 8851:, p. 156. Hamish Hamilton. SBN 241-89071-3. 8753:"The Doegen Records Web Project | DHO" 6949:An Ghaeilge, Podręcznik Języka Irlandzkiego 6544: 6493: 6396: 6381: 6371: 6346: 6317: 6311: 6305: 6299: 6293: 6283: 6277: 6267: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6216: 6207: 6201: 6192: 6186: 6180: 6174: 6168: 6162: 6156: 6150: 6142: 6136: 6128: 6122: 6107: 6058: 6052: 6038: 6013: 6012:for this purpose, i.e. the dotted letters ( 6000:"dot of lenition") was used in traditional 5995: 5962: 5905: 5795: 5786: 5777: 5767: 5751: 5745: 5737: 5731: 5723: 5717: 5705: 5691: 5685: 5679: 5673: 5665: 5659: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5623: 5601: 5589:In Irish, there are two classes of initial 5567: 5559: 5551: 5543: 5535: 5527: 5519: 5511: 5501: 5495: 5487: 5481: 5473: 5467: 5459: 5453: 5445: 5439: 5430: 5424: 5418: 5410: 5404: 5396: 5390: 5382: 5374: 5361: 5355: 5347: 5341: 5335: 5327: 5319: 5300: 5289: 5278: 5267: 5256: 5245: 5226: 5217: 5211: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5068: 5062: 4912: 4902: 4888: 4878: 4868: 4842: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4150: 4126: 4114: 4103: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3879: 3727: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3534: 3524: 3482: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3356:. In effect the construction is a type of " 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3107: 3097: 3081: 3075: 3065: 3055: 3045: 3035: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2936: 2930: 2912: 2902: 2889: 2883: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2727: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2627: 2621: 2580: 2570: 2560: 2550: 2118: 2106: 2022: 1842: 1827: 1814: 1802: 1790: 1776: 1764: 1752: 1740: 1728: 1714: 1702: 1690: 1678: 1666: 1642: 1614: 1579: 1521: 1470: 1438: 1427: 1344: 1295: 1280: 1169: 1163: 1157: 1151: 1115: 1038: 1012: 999: 982: 974: 957: 949: 941: 928: 885: 871: 861: 850: 837: 818: 786:(albeit with 7–8 letters used primarily in 759: 558: 244: 68: 16751:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland 15206: 15192: 14768: 14754: 14557:Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey 14443: 14429: 14193: 14179: 14076: 14062: 12794: 11891: 11884: 11870: 11340: 11326: 10672: 10658: 10031: 10017: 9226:"Irish Dialects copy of Irishlanguage.net" 9021: 9019: 9017: 8708: 8661:Grammar of Ros Goill Irish, County Donegal 7990:Trinity College Dublin (5 November 2020). 7709:"Study sees decline of Irish in Gaeltacht" 7221: 7219: 6636: 6634: 6090:), issued his own guidelines about how to 3994:(accusative case, the standard form being 3982:(accusative case, the standard form being 3684:. Examples are the placenames Crooksling ( 3515:Linguistically, the most important of the 2726:, when occurring at the end of words like 1055:), the language is usually referred to as 1032: 464: 14450: 9135: 8344: 8147:"20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language" 7900: 7360: 7195: 7136: 7091: 6999: 6583: 5057:There are two verbs for "to be", one for 1005:in mid and East Kerry/Cork and Waterford 675:, Irish was the dominant language of the 16570:Association football in Northern Ireland 9078: 9061:Research Report on New Speakers of Irish 8691:. N. Trubner & Co. pp. 131–135. 8643: 7740:The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature 7555: 6447:Irish words used in the English language 5860: 5199:. In Old and Middle Irish, prepositions 4775: 4006:(genitive case, the standard form being 3863: 3399:"in the shop", compared to the Standard 3133:in Munster, while other dialects prefer 2999:(to be able to – i.e. a form similar to 1969: 1937:"Administration, Services and Community" 1868: 1561: 1483: 1398:Civil Service of the Republic of Ireland 1369: 1239: 1017:also has a wider meaning, including the 732:one of the oldest vernacular literatures 16817:Languages attested from the 4th century 15766:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland 14775: 9986:– Dictionaries and terminology resource 9927:Giotaí and Top 40 Offigiúla na hÉireann 9578:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 9560:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 9201:"Leabharlann Teanga agus Foclóireachta" 9084: 9025: 9014: 8487: 8280: 7909: 7706: 7453:"Douglas Hyde Opens 2RN 1 January 1926" 7447: 7445: 7216: 6906: 6886:. Ottawa: Borealis Press. p. 196. 6671: 6669: 6667: 6631: 6392:Comparison of Scottish Gaelic and Irish 6266:Other examples include the genitive of 5508:A number such as 35 has various forms: 4907:), with fossilised traces of the older 3896:, with an inland boundary encompassing 3145:means "I"). "I was" and "you were" are 1181:, which was spoken throughout Ireland, 750:. All three have distinctions in their 489:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 16804: 12735: 10750:Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 10001:Articles related to the Irish language 9805:, Volume 110C, 2010, pp. 239–276. 9802:Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 9693:Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 9370:Graiméar Gaeilge na mBráithre Críostai 9159:Ní Thuathaláin, Méabh (23 July 2019). 8966:Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 8633:from the original on 8 September 2018. 8428: 8078:"Review of Official Language Act 2003" 8034:Official Languages Act 2003: Guidebook 7985: 7983: 7624: 7608:"Obligation to appoint Irish speakers" 7560:. London: Routledge. pp. 471–90. 7519:from the original on 7 September 2018. 7415: 7077: 6859: 6857: 6739: 6603: 5924:⟨j, k, q, v, w, x, y, z⟩ 5203:different cases depending on intended 5073:"past" and "conditional", and one for 4182:in 1953 and updated in 2012 and 2017. 2032: 2000:formal recognition in Northern Ireland 1593:Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, 907: 896: 805:, and is also an official language of 16035: 15825: 15646: 15252: 15187: 14749: 14424: 14174: 14057: 13967: 13859: 13638: 13440: 12872: 12652: 12303: 11940: 11865: 11321: 10653: 10012: 9999: 9858:Irish Word Forms / Irische Wortformen 9668:Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies 9244: 9040:from the original on 16 February 2018 8682: 8658: 8494:Heritage: Newfoundland & Labrador 8384:from the original on 15 November 2017 8294:from the original on 22 November 2013 7856:from the original on 4 September 2017 7764: 7668: 7537:from the original on 12 February 2018 7430:from the original on 7 September 2018 7385:"Ireland speaks up loudly for Gaelic" 7020:"Ireland speaks up loudly for Gaelic" 6881: 6772: 6770: 6463:List of English words of Irish origin 6333:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 4841:(only in conjunction with the number 4228: 4093: 3678:(hill) would therefore be pronounced 3559:in place of the Munster and Connacht 3491: 2779:(). There is also a tendency to omit 2014:alongside English. The bill received 988: 963: 934: 138:Daily users outside education system: 95: 88: 81: 16852:Languages of the Republic of Ireland 14684:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 11347: 11001: 9954:Grammar with audio and pronunciation 9825:Baile Átha Cliath: An Clóchomhar Tta 9769:from the original on 11 October 2017 8528:Report of the 2016 Census of Ireland 7888:from the original on 11 October 2017 7779:from the original on 29 January 2017 7442: 7268: 6664: 5934:occurs in a small number of (mainly 5578: 4031:so that people could understand it. 3180:independent/dependent forms of verbs 2722:"a wonder, a marvel", etc. The form 1424:Education in the Republic of Ireland 1316: 799:national and first official language 730:since the 5th century AD, Irish has 13860: 11770:(Chubut Province, Argentina; Welsh) 11041: 9645:The Sound Structure of Modern Irish 9319:The Sound Structure of Modern Irish 8730:"The Irish Language in Co. Wicklow" 8513:Heritage: Newfoundland and Labrador 8456: 8429:Boland, Lauren (31 December 2021). 8345:Ainsworth, Paul (6 December 2022). 8250:from the original on 9 October 2015 8188: 8165: 7980: 7465:from the original on 6 January 2013 7397:from the original on 8 January 2014 7030:from the original on 8 January 2014 6854: 6584:Ainsworth, Paul (6 December 2022). 6086:(The Translation Department of the 3496:opposed to in Connacht and Ulster. 2804:The pronunciation prevalent in the 2093:, which saw many Irish sent to the 1959: 1888:Official Languages Scheme 2019–2022 1658:regions in the following counties: 1605:Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology 1114:Written Irish is first attested in 13: 15795:Tourism in the Republic of Ireland 15570:Economy of the Republic of Ireland 15368:Irish Free State (1922–1937) 15213: 10038: 9295:from the original on 25 April 2018 9026:Ó Broin, Brian (16 January 2010). 8955:Quoted in de Brún 2009, pp. 11–12. 8759:from the original on 19 March 2016 8326:from the original on 15 March 2007 7235:O'Reilly, Edward (17 March 2015). 7169: 7100: 6767: 6473:List of Irish-language given names 6066: 6057:"you (pl.) will get" would become 6030:bh, ch, dh, fh, gh, mh, ph, sh, th 5881:was introduced in the 5th century 4138: 3924: 2846:being preferred to the more usual 2054: 1966:Irish language in Northern Ireland 1832:), County Donegal, is the largest 1591:According to data compiled by the 1394:History of the Republic of Ireland 681:took it with them to other regions 507: 14: 16868: 15580:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn 15167:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 14706:Chief Minister of the Isle of Man 13290:Festival Interceltique de Lorient 9901: 9262:from the original on 3 March 2009 9085:Seoighe, Stiofán (22 July 2019). 8586:from the original on 17 July 2024 8556:from the original on 30 July 2017 8314:"Irish language future is raised" 7765:Magan, Manchán (9 January 2007). 7416:Murphy, Brian (25 January 2018). 7318:from the original on 10 July 2017 7275:. University of Wisconsin Press. 7249:from the original on 29 July 2017 4754: 4745: 4727: 4720: 4713: 4706: 4699: 4685: 4678: 4669: 4662: 4579: 4572: 4552: 4545: 4538: 4531: 4524: 4517: 4501: 4494: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4466: 4450: 4443: 4436: 4429: 4422: 4415: 4408: 4385: 4378: 4371: 4364: 4357: 4350: 4332: 4325: 4318: 4311: 4304: 4297: 3277:⟨ll, m, nn, rr, rd⟩ 2684:⟨ll, m, nn, rr, rd⟩ 2673:is used for "we were" instead of 2144:, Celtic identity and culture in 1443:, the Irish language ombudsman). 1233:'s support of English over Irish. 16:Celtic language native to Ireland 16785: 15749:Tallest buildings and structures 14543:Government of the United Kingdom 14085: 14040: 12653: 12290: 11833:Scottish Gaelic-medium education 11302: 11301: 10634: 10633: 9570: 9552: 9523: 9494: 9465: 9439: 9409: 9361: 9343: 9307: 9284:[The Official Standard] 9274: 9218: 9193: 9107: 9052: 8993: 8980: 8971: 8958: 8949: 8940: 8921: 8908: 8899: 8890: 8887:Ní Mhunghaile 2010, pp. 239–276. 8881: 8872: 8863: 8854: 8847:Berresford Ellis, Peter (1975). 8841: 8832: 8627:"The Doegen Records Web Project" 8469:from the original on 10 May 2012 7588:from the original on 5 July 2012 7513:"The Doegen Records Web Project" 7490:Bibliothèque nationale de France 6784:. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. 6414:, a lapel pin for Irish speakers 6407:Dictionary of the Irish Language 6388:, a course in basic spoken Irish 6048: 6008:; An Caighdeán uses a following 5050:and an impersonal form which is 4086:and even the Protestant town of 4043:at the time of the 1851 census. 3821:Gath haad o showh go part laarg? 3690:) in County Dublin and Crukeen ( 3529:= Inlet of Streaming Water) and 2876:(done) tend to be pronounced as 2508: 2507: 2498: 2497: 2468: 2467: 2460: 2459: 2438: 2437: 2430: 2429: 2408: 2407: 2400: 2399: 2378: 2377: 2370: 2369: 2348: 2347: 2340: 2339: 2318: 2317: 2310: 2309: 2288: 2287: 2280: 2279: 2258: 2257: 2250: 2249: 2133:claimed to speak Irish at home. 1248:The change was characterised by 1078: 1009:to reflect local pronunciation. 573: 541:Problems playing this file? See 523: 16857:Definitely endangered languages 14202:Languages of the United Kingdom 10220:Dependent and independent forms 9974: 9592: 9315:"III the morphonology of Irish" 8817: 8793: 8771: 8745: 8736: 8722: 8695: 8676: 8667: 8652: 8637: 8619: 8598: 8568: 8538: 8500: 8488:Mannion, John (February 2003). 8481: 8450: 8422: 8396: 8364: 8338: 8262: 8236: 8210: 8182: 8139: 8122: 8096: 8070: 8044: 8024: 7998: 7954: 7929: 7920: 7868: 7836: 7816: 7791: 7758: 7745: 7732: 7719: 7707:Siggins, Lorna (16 July 2007). 7700: 7681: 7662: 7644: 7618: 7600: 7574: 7549: 7523: 7505: 7477: 7409: 7377: 7330: 7298: 7289: 7261: 7228: 7189: 7163: 7118: 7071: 7043: 7012: 6993: 6965: 6936: 6900: 6875: 6836: 6788: 6677:"Gaelic definition and meaning" 5170:, many grammars recognise only 3846:When shall I go to sleep, wife? 3668:where the standard spelling is 3589:in northernmost dialects (e.g. 3112:), both of which together form 2575:). Records of some dialects of 2091:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 2077:and North America, but also to 1355:, was inaugurated as the first 848:") the name of the language is 811:languages of the European Union 21:Irish language (disambiguation) 15585:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis 11782:(Nova Scotia; Scottish Gaelic) 9811:Cumann na Scríbhneoirí: Memoir 9710:Hindley, Reg (1991, new ed.). 9028:"Schism fears for Gaeilgeoirí" 8869:Berresford Ellis 1975, p. 190. 8860:Berresford Ellis 1975, p. 193. 8172:Government of Ireland (2010). 7767:"Cá Bhfuil Na Gaeilg eoirí? *" 7000:Ó Dónaill, Niall, ed. (1977). 6721: 6649: 6577: 6511: 6468:List of Ireland-related topics 6433:Irish language outside Ireland 6325: 6075:, Séamas Daltún, in charge of 6045:Irish Defence Forces cap badge 5850: 4808:nominative-accusative language 4208:) come in pairs, one "broad" ( 4160:dialects are less noticeable. 4062:(1536), ordaining as follows: 3871:– According to Statute of 1488 3597:), though even in these areas 2732:, tends to be pronounced as . 2065:Irish language in Newfoundland 2061:Irish language outside Ireland 2046:language of the European Union 1448:National University of Ireland 1: 16842:Verb–subject–object languages 16832:Languages of Northern Ireland 15647: 14221:Recognised regional languages 14009:Celtic place names in Galicia 13639: 11853:extinct or ancestor languages 9874:Traidisiún Liteartha na nGael 9128:10.1080/13670050.2015.1127888 8006:"Official Languages Act 2003" 7992:"Official Languages Act 2003" 7625:Wilson, Jade (26 June 2024). 6912:Foclóir Gaedhilge agus Béarla 6844:"Frequency of Speaking Irish" 6656:Ó Flannghaile, Tomás (1896). 6561:. 1 July 1937. Archived from 6532: 6418:Goidelic substrate hypothesis 6310:, which were standardised as 6233:"beach" were standardised as 5955:⟨á, é, í, ó, ú⟩ 5897:during the mid-20th century. 5690:, the vocative marker before 5253:"You (singular) have a book." 4855:: masculine, feminine; and 4 3603:"is not" is more common than 3157:in Munster but more commonly 2925:. For example, words ending - 2897:The northern Mayo dialect of 1429:Scrúdú Cáilíochta sa Ghaeilge 1134:and is attested primarily in 1110:History of the Irish language 1046: 636:until the 19th century, when 622:Indo-European language family 16650:Northern Ireland flags issue 15826: 15601:List of conflicts in Ireland 15345:Southern Ireland (1921–1922) 13441: 11951:Ancient Celtic ethnic groups 8914:Quoted in Graham Kew (ed.), 8755:. Dho.ie. 5 September 1928. 8644:Hamilton, John Noel (1974). 7155:. 1240–1242. 1 August 1922. 6916:Irish and English dictionary 6704:Cambridge English Dictionary 6537: 6488:Status of the Irish language 6478:List of Irish-language media 4185: 3424:, "in the farm", instead of 3194:, whereas "I do not see" is 3092:; and those of Waterford in 2476: 2446: 2416: 2386: 2356: 2326: 2296: 2266: 2236: 2168:, known collectively as the 1898:Department of the Taoiseach, 1599:, only 1/4 of households in 1551: 1507:found few Irish speakers in 1323:Status of the Irish language 782:, has been succeeded by the 7: 16036: 15621:Gaelic clothing and fashion 15253: 12933:Welsh literature in English 12873: 12304: 12030:Modern Celtic ethnic groups 11941: 9991:General Gaelic Dictionaries 8918:(IMC, Dublin, 1998), p. 50. 8673:Williams 1994, pp. 467–478. 8490:"The Irish in Newfoundland" 7242:New-York Historical Society 7202:. Irish Books & Media. 6364: 5297:"You (plural) have a book." 4818:, and makes liberal use of 3859: 3817:How far is it to Waterford? 3642: 2600: 2532: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2195:The 2016 census data shows: 1952:"Cross-cutting Initiatives" 1894:Official Languages Act 2003 1865:Official Languages Act 2003 1859:Official Languages Act 2003 1408:, agricultural inspectors, 1388:From the foundation of the 1332:Irish is recognised by the 831: 10: 16873: 14727:First Minister of Scotland 14578:Northern Ireland Executive 12953:Scottish Gaelic literature 12338:Brigantia (ancient region) 10598:Teastas Eorpach na Gaeilge 9288:(in Irish). January 2012. 9066:(Report). Foras na Gaeilge 8826:The Description of Ireland 8129:Roinn an Taoisigh (2019). 7742:. Oxford University Press. 7669:Regan, Mary (4 May 2010). 7295:McMahon 2008, pp. 130–131. 7269:Wolf, Nicholas M. (2014). 7176:World History Encyclopedia 6987:English Universities Press 6708:Cambridge University Press 6681:Collins English Dictionary 6496:Teastas Eorpach na Gaeilge 6483:Modern literature in Irish 5854: 5606:) describes the change of 5582: 5483:a deich is cheithre fichid 5366:(free variation) "Second." 4779: 4189: 4142: 3892:, to the garrison town of 3504: 3023: 3019: 2604: 2518: 2058: 1963: 1908: 1862: 1555: 1327: 1320: 1197:in Scotland, and into the 1107: 1103: 890:. Older spellings include 32: 25: 18: 16781: 16680: 16618: 16555: 16495: 16408: 16356: 16311: 16278: 16223: 16188: 16138: 16057: 16048: 16044: 16031: 15966: 15869: 15838: 15834: 15821: 15731: 15659: 15655: 15642: 15593: 15381: 15265: 15261: 15248: 15224: 15154: 15106: 15068: 14783: 14676:Representatives of states 14675: 14601: 14534: 14467: 14458: 14387: 14354: 14297: 14220: 14208: 14147: 14119: 14098: 14031: 13974: 13968: 13963: 13901: 13872: 13855: 13818: 13740: 13731: 13703: 13675: 13647: 13634: 13587: 13552: 13526: 13447: 13436: 13323: 13300:Hebridean Celtic Festival 13237: 13139: 13118: 13087: 13002: 12961: 12928:Welsh-language literature 12883: 12879: 12868: 12830: 12744: 12661: 12648: 12518: 12477: 12416: 12312: 12299: 12288: 12125: 12094: 12028: 11949: 11936: 11903: 11846: 11801: 11754: 11731: 11668:? (possibly hypothetical) 11656: 11572: 11550: 11509: 11486: 11468: 11457: 11448: 11373: 11355: 11297: 11242: 11161: 10994: 10938: 10803: 10687: 10679: 10629: 10616:Personal and family names 10608: 10583: 10567: 10558: 10544: 10535: 10526: 10517: 10508: 10500: 10472: 10463: 10454: 10445: 10437: 10393: 10384: 10376: 10302: 10293: 10238: 10186: 10104: 10046: 10006: 9946:Grammar and pronunciation 9878:. An Clóchomhar Tta 1979. 9734:Syracuse University Press 9327:10.1515/9783110226607.235 8659:Lucas, Leslie W. (1979). 6747:"Our Role Supporting You" 6611:"Our Role Supporting You" 6555:"Constitution of Ireland" 6022:ḃ, ċ, ḋ, ḟ, ġ, ṁ, ṗ, ṡ, ṫ 5893:until it was replaced by 5301: 5290: 5279: 5268: 5257: 5246: 5227: 5191:. Different prepositions 4612: 4602: 4600: 4562: 4511: 4395: 4284: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4037:Faulkner's Dublin Journal 3789:Sir, can you speak Irish? 3781:Tam a goomah gramahagood. 3751: 3748: 3500: 3080:); those of Kerry lie in 2587:Irish Folklore Commission 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2211: 1853: 1417:Language Freedom Movement 1396:), new appointees to the 1345: 1296: 1254:transitional bilingualism 632:and was the population's 620:, which is a part of the 475: 463: 449: 437: 421: 405: 389: 371: 353: 348: 330:Official language in 328: 323: 293: 255: 245: 238: 203: 157: 123: 113: 103: 76: 63: 49: 44: 14713:Chief Minister of Jersey 13733:Ancient Celtic languages 10930:Gaelic Christian mission 10447:RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta 9756:, Issue 34, 6 May 2013: 9282:"An Caighdeán Oifigiúil" 7196:De Fréine, Seán (1978). 6641:O'Gallagher, J. (1877). 6504: 6403:, Irish language Society 6259:(in Mayo and Ulster) or 5889:used to write Irish was 5656:, now generally omitted) 5340:"Two people, a couple", 5166:. Verb forms are highly 3834:It is one a twenty mile. 2190: 1946:"Legislation and Status" 1488:Bilingual road signs in 1343:In 1938, the founder of 901:in Classical Gaelic and 826: 16742:Prostitution (Republic) 14734:First Minister of Wales 14004:Gaulish words in French 13989:Celtic words in English 12248:Scottish New Zealanders 12138:Anglo-Celtic Australian 11676:? (possibly related to 11200:Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh 10760:Jacobite rising of 1745 9808:Ní Mhuiríosa, Máirín. ' 9605:Oxford University Press 8104:"Irish Language Policy" 8031:An Coimisinéir Teanga. 7755:. Taylor & Francis. 7729:, Volume 90, Number 360 7694:20 January 2011 at the 6643:Sermons in Irish-Gaelic 6071:Around the time of the 5585:Irish initial mutations 3850:Gah hon rah moyd holow? 3332:construction involving 3325:"companion, mate", etc. 3313:"foreigner, non-Gael", 2716:"foreigner, non-Gael", 1629:. Today, the strongest 1334:Constitution of Ireland 903: 892: 809:and among the official 784:standard Latin alphabet 16847:Vertical vowel systems 15611:List of Irish kingdoms 14826:Bosnia and Herzegovina 14564:Isle of Man Government 12938:Early Irish literature 12819: 12807: 12795: 12783: 12771: 12759: 12228:Scotch-Irish Canadians 12223:Scotch-Irish Americans 11838:Welsh-medium education 11488:Southwestern Brittonic 10621:List of personal names 10596: 10486: 10407: 10364: 10355: 10346: 10337: 10328: 10319: 10310: 10283:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil 10281: 10198:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil 10196: 10167: 10114: 9982: 9959: 9926: 9884: 9873: 9824: 9817: 9810: 9754:Dublin Review of Books 9748: 9401:: CS1 maint: others ( 8946:Ó Laoire 2007, p. 164. 8742:Cited in Ó Gráda 2013. 7267:See the discussion in 7002:Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla 6494: 6442:Place names in Ireland 6397: 6382: 6372: 6347: 6318: 6312: 6306: 6300: 6294: 6284: 6278: 6268: 6247: 6241: 6235: 6226: 6217: 6208: 6202: 6193: 6187: 6181: 6175: 6169: 6163: 6157: 6151: 6143: 6137: 6129: 6123: 6110:an Caighdeán Oifigiúil 6108: 6077:Rannóg an Aistriúcháin 6059: 6053: 6039: 6014: 5996: 5963: 5922:; it does not contain 5906: 5900:The traditional Irish 5866: 5796: 5787: 5778: 5768: 5752: 5746: 5738: 5732: 5724: 5718: 5706: 5692: 5686: 5680: 5674: 5666: 5660: 5652: 5646: 5640: 5624: 5602: 5568: 5560: 5552: 5548:"15 of 20 (genitive)" 5544: 5536: 5528: 5520: 5512: 5502: 5496: 5488: 5482: 5474: 5468: 5460: 5454: 5446: 5440: 5431: 5425: 5419: 5411: 5405: 5397: 5391: 5383: 5375: 5362: 5356: 5348: 5342: 5336: 5328: 5320: 5218: 5212: 5114: 5108: 5102: 5096: 5090: 5069: 5063: 4913: 4903: 4889: 4879: 4869: 4843: 4176: 4170: 4165:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil 4164: 4157:Foclóir Béarla-Gaeilge 4151: 4145:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil 4127: 4115: 4104: 4056:Irish Confederate Wars 4008: 4002: 3996: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3880: 3872: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3535: 3525: 3483: 3479:⟨(e)ach⟩ 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3321: 3319:"a wonder, a marvel", 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3108: 3098: 3082: 3076: 3066: 3056: 3046: 3036: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2937: 2931: 2927:⟨bh, mh⟩ 2913: 2903: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2728: 2724:⟨(a)ibh⟩ 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2628: 2622: 2581: 2571: 2561: 2551: 2202: 2177:island of Newfoundland 2119: 2107: 2023: 1979: 1940:"Media and Technology" 1874: 1843: 1828: 1815: 1803: 1791: 1777: 1765: 1753: 1741: 1729: 1715: 1703: 1691: 1679: 1667: 1643: 1615: 1580: 1567: 1522: 1496: 1471: 1439: 1428: 1382: 1298:Muircheartach Ó Cíonga 1281: 1245: 1170: 1164: 1158: 1152: 1116: 1051:In English (including 1039: 1033: 1027: 1013: 1000: 983: 975: 958: 950: 942: 929: 886: 872: 862: 851: 840:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil 838: 820:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil 819: 762:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil 760: 559: 512: 477:This article contains 247:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil 69: 16718:Mass media (Republic) 16662:National coat of arms 15550:IRA Northern Campaign 14550:Government of Ireland 14461:Good Friday Agreement 14452:British–Irish Council 13565:Scottish independence 13310:Celtic Media Festival 13193:National music scenes 12424:Proto-Celtic religion 12126:Related ethnic groups 11815:Skol Veythrin Karenza 11755:Celtic-speaking areas 11680:or pre-Indo-European) 11235:An Coimisinéir Teanga 11195:An Comunn Gàidhealach 10900:Oireachtas na Gaeilge 9939:Swadesh-list appendix 9822:, ed. Seán Ó Mórdha. 9728:McMahon, Timothy G.. 8937:. Dublin 1820: p. 80. 8896:See Fitzgerald, 1984. 8189:Breadun, Deaglan De. 7830:29 March 2015 at the 7751:Hindley, Reg (1991). 7353:10.1515/IJSL.2009.039 6882:Doyle, Danny (2015). 6871:(table), Census, 2010 6559:Government of Ireland 6378:, Anglicisms in Irish 5864: 5556:"5 of 30 (genitive)" 5529:a cúigdéag ar fhichid 5455:a deich is trí fichid 5406:daichead, dá fhichead 5061:with only two forms, 4776:Syntax and morphology 3867: 3793:Sor, woll galow oket? 3493:[ciəˈɾˠaːn̪ˠ] 2963:(meaning "to look"), 2197: 2179:, in a form known as 1996:Good Friday Agreement 1992:Ulster Unionist Party 1973: 1917:Government of Ireland 1881:An Coimisinéir Teanga 1872: 1565: 1544:app. Irish president 1487: 1440:An Coimisinéir Teanga 1373: 1361:Declaration of Office 1268:were Irish speakers. 1243: 990:[ˈɡeːl̪ˠən̠ʲ] 671:For most of recorded 618:Celtic language group 511: 151:(ROI, 2022) 1,873,997 90:[ˈɡeːl̪ˠən̠ʲ] 16837:Languages of Ireland 16640:County coats of arms 16532:List of Irish people 15606:List of Irish tribes 15456:Cromwellian conquest 15442:Plantation of Ulster 15373:Ireland (since 1922) 14777:Languages of Europe 14571:Government of Jersey 14468:Member jurisdictions 14092:Languages of Ireland 13889:(Medieval Welsh law) 13499:Scottish nationalism 13149:Ancient Celtic music 12469:Romano-Celtic temple 12278:Welsh New Zealanders 12203:Irish New Zealanders 11284:Kingdom of the Isles 11205:Seachtain na Gaeilge 11170:Údarás na Gaeltachta 10925:Insular Christianity 10740:Plantation of Ulster 10705:High King of Ireland 9599:McCabe, Richard A.. 8823:Ellis, Henry (ed.). 8719:See Fitzgerald 1984. 8705:, Henry VIII, ii, 8. 8703:State Papers Ireland 8322:. 13 December 2006. 7941:Údarás na Gaeltachta 7852:. 25 November 2016. 7614:on 30 November 2005. 7558:The Celtic Languages 7533:. 23 November 2017. 7461:. 15 February 2012. 7153:Houses of Parliament 6982:Teach Yourself Irish 5537:a cúig ar thríochaid 5513:a cúigdéag is fichid 3809:Benytee, toor haran! 3805:Wife, give me bread! 3777:I am well, thank you 3757:Anglicised spelling 2923:Plantation of Ulster 2917:) is in grammar and 2185:Newfoundland English 2018:on 6 December 2022. 2008:St Andrews Agreement 1742:Contae Dhún na nGall 1357:President of Ireland 1148:ecclesiastical terms 993:in West/Cork, Kerry 898:[ˈɡeːʝəlˠəɡ] 19:For other uses, see 16755:in Northern Ireland 16746:in Northern Ireland 16487:Legendary creatures 16400:Traditional singing 16236:Saint Patrick's Day 15871:Republic of Ireland 15800:Tourist attractions 15785:ROI–UK border 15770:of Northern Ireland 15723:in Northern Ireland 15555:IRA Border Campaign 15530:War of Independence 15500:Second Great Famine 15485:Act of Union (1800) 15437:Flight of the Earls 15294:Lordship of Ireland 15229:Republic of Ireland 15069:States with limited 14585:Scottish Government 14388:Languages by region 14155:Irish Sign Language 13579:Irish republicanism 13560:Breton independence 13539:Scottish devolution 13472:Cornish nationalism 13295:Pan Celtic Festival 13169:Scottish folk music 12923:Scottish literature 12449:Celtic Christianity 12253:Scottish Travellers 12238:Scottish Argentines 12082:Scottish Travellers 11827:Bunscoill Ghaelgagh 11802:Immersive education 10780:Highland Clearances 10735:Flight of the Earls 10553:Irish Texts Society 10056:Proto-Indo-European 9937:(from Wiktionary's 9417:"Irish Orthography" 8290:. Cain.ulst.ac.uk. 8246:. Cain.ulst.ac.uk. 8153:. 29 September 2020 7962:"Gaeltacht Affairs" 7130:The Free Dictionary 7051:"Irish: Ethnologue" 7004:. p. 600 s.v. 6908:Dinneen, Patrick S. 6782:Merriam-Webster.com 6040:Óglaiġ na h-Éireann 5938:) native words and 5764:possessive pronouns 5591:consonant mutations 5561:fiche 's a cúigdéag 5420:a deich is daichead 5308:"They have a book." 5126:The meaning of the 5075:transient qualities 4967:case is called the 4597: 4225: 4224:Consonant phonemes 3826:seo go Port Láirge? 3347:Éireannach is ea mé 3114:Gaeltacht na nDéise 3057:Contae Phort Láirge 2969:(painful or sore), 2585:) were made by the 2478:All Gaeltacht Areas 2039:European Parliament 2033:European Parliament 1988:Stormont Parliament 1804:Contae Phort Láirge 1668:Contae na Gaillimhe 1503:In 2007, filmmaker 1479:Ciarán Ó hÓgartaigh 1434:Leaving Certificate 1338:Republic of Ireland 1040:Gaeilge na hÉireann 909:[ˈɡoiðʲelɡ] 876:, the form used in 803:Republic of Ireland 774:, a variant of the 136:(ROI, 2022) 195,029 16827:Goidelic languages 16822:Fusional languages 16792:Ireland portal 16110:Skirts and kidneys 15616:List of High Kings 15535:Anglo-Irish Treaty 15475:First Great Famine 15460:Settlement of 1652 15432:Tyrone's Rebellion 15422:Desmond Rebellions 15311:Kingdom of Ireland 14120:Minority languages 14099:Official languages 13570:Welsh independence 13534:Cornish devolution 13455:Breton nationalism 13305:Celtic Connections 12908:Cornish literature 12258:Ulster Protestants 12243:Scottish Canadians 12233:Scottish Americans 12143:Anglo-Irish people 11780:Cape Breton Island 11616:Early Modern Irish 11376:Continental Celtic 11279:Kingdom of Munster 11220:Comunn na Gàidhlig 11190:Conradh na Gaeilge 10827:Lebor Gabála Érenn 10591:Leaving Cert Irish 10560:Sáirséal agus Dill 10132:Newfoundland Irish 10091:Early Modern Irish 9856:Shibakov, Alexey. 9838:Ó Laoire, Muiris. 9831:Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí. 9746:Ó Gráda, Cormac. ' 9705:Gill and MacMillan 9662:De Brún, Pádraig. 9421:www.nualeargais.ie 9355:www.britannica.com 8838:See Ó hÓgáin 2011. 8224:. 19 December 2023 7658:. 19 January 2006. 7390:The New York Times 7024:The New York Times 6977:Ó Cróinín, Donncha 6824:. 19 December 2023 6026:are equivalent to 6018:"struck letters") 5867: 5628:), it is shown in 5545:a cúigdéag fichead 5240:le livre est à moi 5172:11 irregular verbs 5158:, etc. There is a 5123:analytical forms. 5059:inherent qualities 4595: 4223: 4106:Conradh na Gaeilge 4094:Modern urban usage 3970:Richard Stanihurst 3906:Earldom of Kildare 3873: 3734:⟨ao⟩ 3670:⟨cn⟩ 3666:⟨cr⟩ 3652:and southwards to 3583:has almost ousted 3016:dialect of Irish. 2743:, in word such as 2595:Newfoundland Irish 2181:Newfoundland Irish 2142:self-determination 2121:Conradh na Gaeilge 2044:While an official 1980: 1875: 1637:, the west of the 1568: 1536:In November 2016, 1497: 1383: 1374:Bilingual sign in 1347:Conradh na Gaeilge 1302:, commissioned by 1283:Conradh na Gaeilge 1246: 1209:Early Modern Irish 1019:Gaelic of Scotland 965:[ˈɡeːlʲəc] 936:[ˈɡeːlʲɟə] 882:⟨dh⟩ 813:. The public body 513: 226:Early Modern Irish 153:(NI, 2021) 228,600 140:(ROI, 2022) 71,968 97:[ˈɡeːlʲəc] 83:[ˈɡeːlʲɟə] 16799: 16798: 16777: 16776: 16773: 16772: 16184: 16183: 16075:Bacon and cabbage 16027: 16026: 16023: 16022: 15894:Foreign relations 15817: 15816: 15813: 15812: 15744:Notable buildings 15638: 15637: 15634: 15633: 15181: 15180: 15175: 15174: 14743: 14742: 14638:Knowledge economy 14418: 14417: 14209:Official language 14168: 14167: 14051: 14050: 14027: 14026: 13959: 13958: 13851: 13850: 13847: 13846: 13810:Cisalpine Gaulish 13630: 13629: 13516:national identity 13511:Welsh nationalism 13504:national identity 13484:Irish nationalism 13432: 13431: 13428: 13427: 13365:Cornish wrestling 13233: 13232: 13154:Breton Folk music 13119:Regional cultures 12962:National cultures 12948:Gaelic literature 12903:Breton literature 12864: 12863: 12860: 12859: 12856: 12855: 12644: 12643: 12556:Chief of the Name 12429:Celtic polytheism 12346:Sub-Roman Britain 12286: 12285: 12173:Irish Australians 12153:Cornish Americans 12112:Scottish diaspora 11859: 11858: 11652: 11651: 11568: 11567: 11511:Western Brittonic 11400:Cisalpine Gaulish 11315: 11314: 11250:Haplogroup R-M269 11141: 11140: 11137: 11136: 10890:Gaelic folk music 10853:Gaelic literature 10647: 10646: 10579: 10578: 10528:Cló Iar-Chonnacht 10493: 10430: 10422: 10414: 10271:Modern literature 10205:Initial mutations 9787:Four Courts Press 9742:978-0-8156-3158-3 9724:978-0-4150-6481-1 9676:978-1-85500-212-8 9657:978-3-11-022659-1 9649:De Gruyter Mouton 9627:Walter de Gruyter 9336:978-3-11-022660-7 9252:"Beginners' Blas" 7493:. 28 January 1922 7393:. 29 March 2005. 7311:Church of Ireland 7282:978-0-299-30274-0 7209:978-0-85342-516-8 7026:. 29 March 2005. 6893:978-0-88887-631-7 6362: 6361: 6331:Article 1 of the 6015:litreacha buailte 6010:⟨h⟩ 5981:⟨é⟩ 5973:⟨e⟩ 5932:⟨v⟩ 5910:) consists of 18 5857:Irish orthography 5714:of voiced stops. 5634:⟨h⟩ 5579:Initial mutations 5569:tríocha 's a cúig 5521:a cúig is tríocha 5286:"We have a book." 5275:"She has a book." 4790:Irish conjugation 4762: 4761: 4651: 4644: 4637: 4630: 4623: 4593: 4592: 4463: 4405: 4347: 4294: 3857: 3856: 3633:"I walk", Ulster 3439:⟨d⟩ 3435:⟨t⟩ 3410:⟨f⟩ 3248:in the Standard; 3090:Iveragh Peninsula 3062:Cape Clear Island 2943:⟨f⟩ 2808:(the area around 2527: 2526: 2447:County Waterford 2224:Change 2011–2022 1773:Iveragh Peninsula 1597:, Sport and Media 1351:(Gaelic League), 1317:Status and policy 1292:Church of Ireland 1028:Gaeilge na hAlban 856:, from the South 640:gradually became 628:to the island of 610:Goidelic language 563:), also known as 528: 503: 502: 485:rendering support 481:phonetic symbols. 142:(NI, 2021) 43,557 16864: 16790: 16789: 16788: 16467:Tuatha Dé Danann 16055: 16054: 16046: 16045: 16033: 16032: 15968:Northern Ireland 15946: 15936: 15926: 15836: 15835: 15823: 15822: 15657: 15656: 15644: 15643: 15520:Home Rule crisis 15350:Northern Ireland 15263: 15262: 15250: 15249: 15237:Northern Ireland 15208: 15201: 15194: 15185: 15184: 15107:Dependencies and 15043:Northern Ireland 14784:Sovereign states 14770: 14763: 14756: 14747: 14746: 14736: 14729: 14722: 14715: 14708: 14701: 14694: 14686: 14668: 14661: 14654: 14652:Social inclusion 14647: 14640: 14633: 14626: 14619: 14612: 14594: 14592:Welsh Government 14587: 14580: 14573: 14566: 14559: 14552: 14545: 14527: 14520: 14513: 14511:Northern Ireland 14506: 14499: 14492: 14485: 14478: 14445: 14438: 14431: 14422: 14421: 14400:Northern Ireland 14195: 14188: 14181: 14172: 14171: 14090: 14089: 14078: 14071: 14064: 14055: 14054: 14044: 13965: 13964: 13857: 13856: 13839:Galwegian Gaelic 13738: 13737: 13636: 13635: 13544:Welsh devolution 13438: 13437: 13190: 13189: 13179:Sean-nós singing 13174:Welsh folk music 13164:Irish folk music 13131:Highland culture 12913:Irish literature 12893:Arthurian Legend 12881: 12880: 12870: 12869: 12822: 12810: 12798: 12786: 12774: 12762: 12742: 12741: 12733: 12732: 12710:Neo-Christianity 12650: 12649: 12581:Gaelic astrology 12541:Celtic festivals 12444:Celtic mythology 12417:Ancient religion 12334:Iron Age Britain 12301: 12300: 12294: 12273:Welsh Argentines 12213:Irish Uruguayans 12208:Irish Travellers 12178:Irish Brazilians 12168:Irish Argentines 12148:Breton Americans 12102:Cornish diaspora 12064:Irish Travellers 11938: 11937: 11930:Celtic languages 11886: 11879: 11872: 11863: 11862: 11641:Galwegian Gaelic 11622:Classical Gaelic 11583:Classical Gaelic 11477:Common Brittonic 11466: 11465: 11455: 11454: 11349:Celtic languages 11342: 11335: 11328: 11319: 11318: 11305: 11304: 11243:Related subjects 11230:Clans of Ireland 11180:Bòrd na Gàidhlig 11175:Foras na Gaeilge 11039: 11038: 11023:Medical families 10999: 10998: 10970:Classical Gaelic 10895:Sean-nós singing 10838:Gaelic astrology 10821:Gaelic mythology 10730:Statutes of Iona 10674: 10667: 10660: 10651: 10650: 10637: 10636: 10601: 10572: 10571: 10563: 10562: 10549: 10548: 10540: 10539: 10531: 10530: 10522: 10521: 10513: 10512: 10491: 10483: 10481:BBC Radio Ulster 10477: 10476: 10468: 10467: 10459: 10458: 10450: 10449: 10428: 10420: 10412: 10404: 10398: 10397: 10389: 10388: 10369: 10360: 10351: 10342: 10333: 10324: 10315: 10300: 10299: 10286: 10266:Early literature 10201: 10172: 10151:Northern Ireland 10117: 10105:Sociolinguistics 10033: 10026: 10019: 10010: 10009: 9997: 9996: 9985: 9962: 9929: 9887: 9885:Stair na Gaeilge 9876: 9835:. Coiscéim 2011. 9827: 9820: 9813: 9778: 9776: 9774: 9759:"CÉ FADA LE FÁN" 9751: 9586: 9585: 9574: 9568: 9567: 9556: 9550: 9549: 9532:Gussmann, Edmund 9527: 9521: 9520: 9503:Gussmann, Edmund 9498: 9492: 9491: 9474:Gussmann, Edmund 9469: 9463: 9462: 9460: 9458: 9443: 9437: 9436: 9434: 9432: 9427:on 26 March 2023 9423:. Archived from 9413: 9407: 9406: 9400: 9392: 9365: 9359: 9358: 9347: 9341: 9340: 9311: 9305: 9304: 9302: 9300: 9294: 9287: 9278: 9272: 9271: 9269: 9267: 9248: 9242: 9241: 9239: 9237: 9228:. Archived from 9222: 9216: 9215: 9213: 9211: 9205:www.teanglann.ie 9197: 9191: 9190: 9184: 9176: 9174: 9172: 9156: 9150: 9149: 9139: 9111: 9105: 9104: 9102: 9100: 9082: 9076: 9075: 9073: 9071: 9065: 9056: 9050: 9049: 9047: 9045: 9023: 9012: 9011: 9009: 9007: 8997: 8991: 8984: 8978: 8975: 8969: 8962: 8956: 8953: 8947: 8944: 8938: 8925: 8919: 8912: 8906: 8903: 8897: 8894: 8888: 8885: 8879: 8876: 8870: 8867: 8861: 8858: 8852: 8845: 8839: 8836: 8830: 8821: 8815: 8797: 8791: 8790: 8788: 8786: 8775: 8769: 8768: 8766: 8764: 8749: 8743: 8740: 8734: 8733: 8726: 8720: 8717: 8706: 8699: 8693: 8692: 8680: 8674: 8671: 8665: 8664: 8656: 8650: 8649: 8641: 8635: 8634: 8623: 8617: 8616: 8610: 8602: 8596: 8595: 8593: 8591: 8572: 8566: 8565: 8563: 8561: 8542: 8536: 8535: 8523: 8517: 8516: 8504: 8498: 8497: 8485: 8479: 8478: 8476: 8474: 8457:O Broin, Brian. 8454: 8448: 8447: 8445: 8443: 8426: 8420: 8419: 8417: 8415: 8410:on 18 March 2008 8400: 8394: 8393: 8391: 8389: 8368: 8362: 8361: 8359: 8357: 8342: 8336: 8335: 8333: 8331: 8310: 8304: 8303: 8301: 8299: 8284: 8278: 8277: 8272:. Archived from 8266: 8260: 8259: 8257: 8255: 8240: 8234: 8233: 8231: 8229: 8214: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8203: 8186: 8180: 8179: 8169: 8163: 8162: 8160: 8158: 8143: 8137: 8136: 8126: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8115: 8100: 8094: 8093: 8091: 8089: 8074: 8068: 8067: 8065: 8063: 8058:. 31 August 2020 8048: 8042: 8041: 8039: 8028: 8022: 8021: 8019: 8017: 8002: 7996: 7995: 7987: 7978: 7977: 7975: 7973: 7968:. 5 October 2020 7958: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7947: 7933: 7927: 7924: 7918: 7917: 7907: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7893: 7872: 7866: 7865: 7863: 7861: 7840: 7834: 7820: 7814: 7813: 7811: 7809: 7803:gaeloideachas.ie 7795: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7784: 7762: 7756: 7749: 7743: 7736: 7730: 7723: 7717: 7716: 7704: 7698: 7685: 7679: 7678: 7666: 7660: 7659: 7648: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7637: 7622: 7616: 7615: 7610:. Archived from 7604: 7598: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7578: 7572: 7571: 7553: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7542: 7527: 7521: 7520: 7509: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7498: 7481: 7475: 7474: 7472: 7470: 7449: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7435: 7413: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7402: 7381: 7375: 7374: 7364: 7347:(199): 143–156. 7334: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7323: 7302: 7296: 7293: 7287: 7286: 7265: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7232: 7226: 7223: 7214: 7213: 7193: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7182: 7167: 7161: 7160: 7140: 7134: 7133: 7122: 7116: 7115: 7114:. 27 April 2016. 7104: 7098: 7097: 7095: 7075: 7069: 7068: 7063: 7061: 7047: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7016: 7010: 7009: 6997: 6991: 6990: 6969: 6963: 6962: 6945:Gussmann, Edmund 6940: 6934: 6933: 6904: 6898: 6897: 6879: 6873: 6872: 6861: 6852: 6851: 6850:. 21 March 2023. 6840: 6834: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6814: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6792: 6786: 6785: 6774: 6765: 6764: 6759: 6757: 6751:Foras na Gaeilge 6743: 6737: 6736: 6729:"Irish language" 6725: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6696: 6685: 6684: 6673: 6662: 6661: 6653: 6647: 6646: 6638: 6629: 6628: 6623: 6621: 6615:Foras na Gaeilge 6607: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6596: 6581: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6551: 6526: 6515: 6499: 6402: 6387: 6377: 6350: 6338: 6337: 6321: 6315: 6309: 6303: 6297: 6291: 6287: 6281: 6275: 6271: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6244: 6238: 6232: 6229: 6223: 6220: 6214: 6211: 6205: 6197:"Irish language" 6196: 6190: 6184: 6178: 6172: 6166: 6160: 6154: 6146: 6140: 6132: 6126: 6113: 6088:Irish government 6085: 6073:Second World War 6062: 6056: 6042: 6033: 6031: 6025: 6023: 6017: 6011: 5999: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5966: 5956: 5933: 5925: 5921: 5919: 5909: 5806:initial mutation 5799: 5790: 5781: 5771: 5755: 5749: 5741: 5735: 5727: 5721: 5709: 5695: 5689: 5683: 5677: 5669: 5664:"requirement" – 5663: 5655: 5649: 5643: 5635: 5627: 5605: 5571: 5563: 5555: 5547: 5539: 5531: 5523: 5515: 5505: 5499: 5491: 5485: 5477: 5471: 5463: 5457: 5449: 5443: 5435:"half-hundred") 5434: 5428: 5422: 5414: 5408: 5400: 5394: 5392:a deich is fiche 5389:30: vigesimal – 5386: 5378: 5365: 5359: 5351: 5345: 5339: 5331: 5323: 5307: 5306: 5296: 5295: 5285: 5284: 5274: 5273: 5264:"He has a book." 5263: 5262: 5252: 5251: 5236:minulla on kirja 5233: 5232: 5221: 5215: 5164:verbal adjective 5156:relative clauses 5121: 5117: 5111: 5105: 5099: 5093: 5072: 5066: 4916: 4906: 4892: 4882: 4872: 4846: 4816:satellite framed 4810:. It is neither 4786:Irish declension 4771: 4758: 4749: 4731: 4724: 4717: 4710: 4703: 4689: 4682: 4673: 4666: 4649: 4642: 4635: 4628: 4621: 4598: 4594: 4583: 4576: 4556: 4549: 4542: 4535: 4528: 4521: 4505: 4498: 4491: 4484: 4477: 4470: 4459: 4454: 4447: 4440: 4433: 4426: 4419: 4412: 4401: 4389: 4382: 4375: 4368: 4361: 4354: 4343: 4336: 4329: 4322: 4315: 4308: 4301: 4290: 4226: 4222: 4207: 4181: 4173: 4167: 4154: 4130: 4120: 4109: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3883: 3828: 3799: 3746: 3745: 3735: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3667: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3538: 3528: 3495: 3490: 3486: 3480: 3470: 3465:"on the house", 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3436: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3341:is Éireannach mé 3337: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3307:"sledgehammer", 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3278: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3111: 3101: 3087: 3079: 3069: 3059: 3049: 3039: 3008:Irish President 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2916: 2906: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2840:(difficult) and 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2738: 2731: 2725: 2721: 2715: 2710:"sledgehammer", 2709: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2631: 2625: 2584: 2574: 2564: 2554: 2511: 2510: 2501: 2500: 2471: 2470: 2463: 2462: 2441: 2440: 2433: 2432: 2411: 2410: 2403: 2402: 2381: 2380: 2373: 2372: 2351: 2350: 2343: 2342: 2321: 2320: 2313: 2312: 2291: 2290: 2283: 2282: 2261: 2260: 2253: 2252: 2209: 2208: 2124: 2112: 2028: 1984:Northern Ireland 1960:Northern Ireland 1848: 1831: 1818: 1806: 1799:County Waterford 1794: 1780: 1768: 1761:Dingle Peninsula 1756: 1744: 1732: 1730:Contae Mhaigh Eo 1718: 1706: 1694: 1682: 1670: 1646: 1639:Dingle Peninsula 1620: 1583: 1527: 1476: 1442: 1431: 1390:Irish Free State 1350: 1349: 1301: 1300: 1286: 1213:Geoffrey Keating 1173: 1167: 1161: 1155: 1142:words, some via 1121: 1097: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1042: 1036: 1030: 1016: 1003: 992: 986: 978: 967: 961: 953: 945: 938: 932: 911: 906: 900: 895: 889: 883: 878:Classical Gaelic 875: 865: 854: 844:("The Official 843: 822: 815:Foras na Gaeilge 807:Northern Ireland 765: 758:. There is also 662:Northern Ireland 604: 599: 598: 595: 594: 591: 588: 585: 582: 579: 562: 530: 529: 510: 468: 459: 433: 417: 401: 394: 385: 384: 376: 367: 366: 358: 339:Northern Ireland 299: 282: 269: 250: 249: 163: 99: 92: 85: 80:Connacht Irish: 72: 42: 41: 28:Classical Gaelic 16872: 16871: 16867: 16866: 16865: 16863: 16862: 16861: 16802: 16801: 16800: 16795: 16786: 16784: 16769: 16737:outside Ireland 16708:Historic houses 16676: 16657:Irish Wolfhound 16628:Brighid's Cross 16614: 16585:Gaelic handball 16580:Gaelic football 16551: 16522:Hiberno-Normans 16491: 16404: 16352: 16307: 16288:Hiberno-English 16274: 16219: 16180: 16134: 16040: 16019: 15962: 15944: 15934: 15924: 15865: 15856:Ulster loyalism 15830: 15809: 15727: 15651: 15630: 15589: 15515:Dublin lock-out 15451:Confederate War 15402:Norman invasion 15389:Battles of Tara 15377: 15333:1801–1923 15321:1691–1800 15316:1536–1691 15304:1169–1536 15257: 15244: 15220: 15212: 15182: 15177: 15176: 15171: 15150: 15108: 15102: 15088:Northern Cyprus 15070: 15064: 14958:North Macedonia 14779: 14774: 14744: 14739: 14732: 14725: 14718: 14711: 14704: 14697: 14689: 14682: 14671: 14664: 14657: 14650: 14645:Misuse of drugs 14643: 14636: 14629: 14622: 14615: 14608: 14597: 14590: 14583: 14576: 14569: 14562: 14555: 14548: 14541: 14530: 14523: 14516: 14509: 14502: 14495: 14488: 14481: 14474: 14463: 14454: 14449: 14419: 14414: 14383: 14350: 14310:Beurla Reagaird 14298:Other languages 14293: 14284:Scottish Gaelic 14216: 14204: 14199: 14169: 14164: 14143: 14115: 14094: 14084: 14082: 14052: 14047: 14023: 13970: 13955: 13897: 13893:Early Scots law 13882:Early Irish law 13868: 13843: 13820:Scottish Gaelic 13814: 13755:Proto-Brittonic 13727: 13723:Beurla Reagaird 13699: 13695:Scottish Gaelic 13671: 13643: 13626: 13622:Columba Project 13602:Celtic Congress 13583: 13548: 13522: 13443: 13424: 13385:Gaelic handball 13375:Gaelic football 13360:Cornish hurling 13319: 13229: 13188: 13135: 13114: 13100:Gaelic clothing 13083: 12998: 12957: 12918:Manx literature 12875: 12852: 12831:Other claimants 12826: 12731: 12681:Celtic Congress 12657: 12640: 12536:Celtic calendar 12514: 12473: 12412: 12308: 12295: 12282: 12268:Welsh Americans 12188:Irish Catholics 12183:Irish Canadians 12163:Irish Americans 12121: 12095:Celtic diaspora 12090: 12024: 11953: 11945: 11932: 11899: 11890: 11860: 11855: 11842: 11797: 11750: 11741:Beurla Reagaird 11727: 11665:Ancient Belgian 11648: 11635:Scottish Gaelic 11595:Primitive Irish 11564: 11546: 11505: 11482: 11461: 11444: 11369: 11351: 11346: 11316: 11311: 11293: 11238: 11225:Columba Project 11163: 11157: 11133: 11037: 10990: 10986:Scottish Gaelic 10949:Primitive Irish 10934: 10865:Scottish Gaelic 10799: 10725:Nine Years' War 10688:General history 10683: 10678: 10648: 10643: 10625: 10604: 10575: 10496: 10433: 10372: 10289: 10234: 10182: 10161:in Newfoundland 10157:Outside Ireland 10100: 10076:Primitive Irish 10042: 10037: 10002: 9977: 9948: 9914:Learning Irish? 9904: 9899: 9860:. epubli 2017. 9772: 9770: 9757: 9687:, Oxford, 2015. 9641:Hickey, Raymond 9619:Hickey, Raymond 9595: 9590: 9589: 9576: 9575: 9571: 9558: 9557: 9553: 9546: 9528: 9524: 9517: 9499: 9495: 9488: 9470: 9466: 9456: 9454: 9445: 9444: 9440: 9430: 9428: 9415: 9414: 9410: 9394: 9393: 9381: 9367: 9366: 9362: 9349: 9348: 9344: 9337: 9313: 9312: 9308: 9298: 9296: 9292: 9285: 9280: 9279: 9275: 9265: 9263: 9250: 9249: 9245: 9235: 9233: 9224: 9223: 9219: 9209: 9207: 9199: 9198: 9194: 9178: 9177: 9170: 9168: 9157: 9153: 9112: 9108: 9098: 9096: 9092:The Irish Times 9083: 9079: 9069: 9067: 9063: 9057: 9053: 9043: 9041: 9033:The Irish Times 9024: 9015: 9005: 9003: 8999: 8998: 8994: 8985: 8981: 8976: 8972: 8963: 8959: 8954: 8950: 8945: 8941: 8929:Hardiman, James 8926: 8922: 8913: 8909: 8904: 8900: 8895: 8891: 8886: 8882: 8877: 8873: 8868: 8864: 8859: 8855: 8846: 8842: 8837: 8833: 8822: 8818: 8798: 8794: 8784: 8782: 8777: 8776: 8772: 8762: 8760: 8751: 8750: 8746: 8741: 8737: 8732:. 27 June 2019. 8728: 8727: 8723: 8718: 8709: 8700: 8696: 8681: 8677: 8672: 8668: 8657: 8653: 8642: 8638: 8625: 8624: 8620: 8608: 8604: 8603: 8599: 8589: 8587: 8574: 8573: 8569: 8559: 8557: 8544: 8543: 8539: 8525: 8524: 8520: 8505: 8501: 8486: 8482: 8472: 8470: 8455: 8451: 8441: 8439: 8427: 8423: 8413: 8411: 8402: 8401: 8397: 8387: 8385: 8377:The Irish Times 8370: 8369: 8365: 8355: 8353: 8343: 8339: 8329: 8327: 8312: 8311: 8307: 8297: 8295: 8286: 8285: 8281: 8276:on 13 May 2007. 8268: 8267: 8263: 8253: 8251: 8242: 8241: 8237: 8227: 8225: 8216: 8215: 8211: 8201: 8199: 8196:The Irish Times 8187: 8183: 8170: 8166: 8156: 8154: 8145: 8144: 8140: 8127: 8123: 8113: 8111: 8102: 8101: 8097: 8087: 8085: 8076: 8075: 8071: 8061: 8059: 8050: 8049: 8045: 8040:. pp. 1–3. 8037: 8029: 8025: 8015: 8013: 8004: 8003: 7999: 7988: 7981: 7971: 7969: 7960: 7959: 7955: 7945: 7943: 7935: 7934: 7930: 7925: 7921: 7913:The Irish Times 7908: 7901: 7891: 7889: 7881:The Irish Times 7874: 7873: 7869: 7859: 7857: 7842: 7841: 7837: 7832:Wayback Machine 7825:Ideas.repec.org 7821: 7817: 7807: 7805: 7797: 7796: 7792: 7782: 7780: 7763: 7759: 7750: 7746: 7737: 7733: 7724: 7720: 7713:The Irish Times 7705: 7701: 7696:Wayback Machine 7686: 7682: 7667: 7663: 7650: 7649: 7645: 7635: 7633: 7631:The Irish Times 7623: 7619: 7606: 7605: 7601: 7591: 7589: 7580: 7579: 7575: 7568: 7554: 7550: 7540: 7538: 7529: 7528: 7524: 7511: 7510: 7506: 7496: 7494: 7483: 7482: 7478: 7468: 7466: 7451: 7450: 7443: 7433: 7431: 7414: 7410: 7400: 7398: 7383: 7382: 7378: 7335: 7331: 7321: 7319: 7304: 7303: 7299: 7294: 7290: 7283: 7266: 7262: 7252: 7250: 7233: 7229: 7224: 7217: 7210: 7194: 7190: 7180: 7178: 7170:Irving, Jenni. 7168: 7164: 7142: 7141: 7137: 7124: 7123: 7119: 7106: 7105: 7101: 7093:10.1.1.486.4615 7076: 7072: 7059: 7057: 7049: 7048: 7044: 7033: 7031: 7018: 7017: 7013: 6998: 6994: 6970: 6966: 6959: 6941: 6937: 6930: 6905: 6901: 6894: 6880: 6876: 6863: 6862: 6855: 6842: 6841: 6837: 6827: 6825: 6816: 6815: 6806: 6798: 6794: 6793: 6789: 6776: 6775: 6768: 6755: 6753: 6745: 6744: 6740: 6727: 6726: 6722: 6712: 6710: 6698: 6697: 6688: 6675: 6674: 6665: 6654: 6650: 6639: 6632: 6619: 6617: 6609: 6608: 6604: 6594: 6592: 6582: 6578: 6568: 6566: 6565:on 17 July 2009 6553: 6552: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6529: 6516: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6425:, a variety of 6367: 6357: 6345: 6328: 6288:"life, world" ( 6079: 6069: 6067:Spelling reform 6054:gheobhaidh sibh 6029: 6027: 6021: 6019: 6009: 5980: 5972: 5959:Hiberno-English 5954: 5931: 5923: 5917: 5915: 5859: 5853: 5633: 5614:. Indicated in 5587: 5581: 5553:a cúig tríochad 5469:cheithre fichid 5119: 4796: 4780:Main articles: 4778: 4596:Vowel phonemes 4198:Scottish Gaelic 4194: 4192:Irish phonology 4188: 4147: 4141: 4139:Standardisation 4096: 3958: 3927: 3925:General decline 3862: 3760:Irish spelling 3752:Leinster Irish 3733: 3669: 3665: 3645: 3544:Scottish Gaelic 3509: 3503: 3488: 3478: 3438: 3434: 3409: 3276: 3218:is replaced by 3047:Contae Chiarraí 3028: 3022: 2942: 2926: 2723: 2683: 2609: 2603: 2552:Cúige Chonnacht 2535: 2523: 2267:County Donegal 2212:Gaeltacht Area 2207: 2193: 2131:Irish Americans 2067: 2059:Main articles: 2057: 2055:Outside Ireland 2035: 1968: 1962: 1949:"Economic Life" 1913: 1907: 1890: 1867: 1861: 1856: 1754:Contae Chiarraí 1704:An Cheathrú Rua 1644:Fíor-Ghaeltacht 1610:The Irish Times 1560: 1554: 1546:Michael Higgins 1330: 1325: 1319: 1231:Catholic Church 1195:Scottish Gaelic 1150:: examples are 1124:Primitive Irish 1112: 1106: 1095: 1081: 1077: 1053:Hiberno-English 1049: 1034:Gaeilge Mhanann 881: 834: 829: 697:Scottish Gaelic 666:Irish Americans 602: 576: 572: 548: 547: 539: 537: 536: 535: 534: 531: 524: 521: 514: 508: 483:Without proper 471: 455: 429: 413: 410: 397: 390: 380: 379: 372: 362: 361: 354: 341: 337: 331: 324:Official status 316: 311: 300: 295: 266:Leinster Irish 241: 234: 211:Primitive Irish 206: 199: 164: 161:Language family 159: 152: 150: 148: 143: 141: 139: 137: 135: 133: 126: 125:Native speakers 93: 87:Munster Irish: 86: 59: 38: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 16870: 16860: 16859: 16854: 16849: 16844: 16839: 16834: 16829: 16824: 16819: 16814: 16812:Irish language 16797: 16796: 16782: 16779: 16778: 16775: 16774: 16771: 16770: 16768: 16767: 16762: 16757: 16748: 16739: 16730: 16725: 16720: 16715: 16710: 16705: 16703:Heritage Sites 16700: 16695: 16690: 16684: 16682: 16678: 16677: 16675: 16674: 16669: 16664: 16659: 16654: 16653: 16652: 16642: 16637: 16630: 16624: 16622: 16616: 16615: 16613: 16612: 16607: 16602: 16597: 16592: 16587: 16582: 16577: 16572: 16567: 16561: 16559: 16553: 16552: 16550: 16549: 16544: 16539: 16534: 16529: 16527:Irish diaspora 16524: 16519: 16518: 16517: 16515:Gaelic Ireland 16507: 16501: 16499: 16493: 16492: 16490: 16489: 16484: 16477: 16470: 16463: 16456: 16449: 16442: 16441: 16440: 16435: 16430: 16425: 16414: 16412: 16406: 16405: 16403: 16402: 16397: 16392: 16387: 16386: 16385: 16375: 16368: 16362: 16360: 16354: 16353: 16351: 16350: 16345: 16340: 16335: 16328: 16323: 16317: 16315: 16309: 16308: 16306: 16305: 16300: 16295: 16290: 16284: 16282: 16276: 16275: 16273: 16272: 16267: 16258: 16256:Rose of Tralee 16253: 16248: 16243: 16238: 16233: 16227: 16225: 16221: 16220: 16218: 16217: 16212: 16207: 16200: 16194: 16192: 16186: 16185: 16182: 16181: 16179: 16178: 16173: 16168: 16163: 16158: 16153: 16148: 16142: 16140: 16136: 16135: 16133: 16132: 16127: 16122: 16117: 16112: 16107: 16102: 16097: 16092: 16087: 16082: 16077: 16072: 16067: 16065:List of dishes 16061: 16059: 16052: 16042: 16041: 16029: 16028: 16025: 16024: 16021: 16020: 16018: 16017: 16012: 16007: 16006: 16005: 15995: 15990: 15985: 15984: 15983: 15981:D'Hondt method 15972: 15970: 15964: 15963: 15961: 15960: 15955: 15954: 15953: 15948: 15942:Seanad Éireann 15938: 15918: 15913: 15908: 15907: 15906: 15896: 15891: 15886: 15881: 15875: 15873: 15867: 15866: 15864: 15863: 15858: 15853: 15848: 15842: 15840: 15832: 15831: 15819: 15818: 15815: 15814: 15811: 15810: 15808: 15807: 15802: 15797: 15792: 15787: 15782: 15777: 15772: 15763: 15758: 15753: 15752: 15751: 15746: 15735: 15733: 15729: 15728: 15726: 15725: 15716: 15715: 15714: 15704: 15699: 15694: 15689: 15684: 15682:Extreme points 15679: 15674: 15672:Climate change 15669: 15663: 15661: 15653: 15652: 15640: 15639: 15636: 15635: 15632: 15631: 15629: 15628: 15623: 15618: 15613: 15608: 15603: 15597: 15595: 15591: 15590: 15588: 15587: 15582: 15577: 15572: 15567: 15562: 15557: 15552: 15547: 15542: 15537: 15532: 15527: 15522: 15517: 15512: 15507: 15502: 15497: 15492: 15490:1803 Rebellion 15487: 15482: 15480:1798 Rebellion 15477: 15472: 15467: 15465:Williamite War 15462: 15453: 15447:1641 Rebellion 15444: 15439: 15434: 15429: 15427:Spanish Armada 15424: 15419: 15417:Tudor conquest 15414: 15409: 15407:Bruce campaign 15404: 15399: 15385: 15383: 15379: 15378: 15376: 15375: 15370: 15365: 15364: 15363: 15353: 15352:(1921–present) 15347: 15342: 15340:Irish Republic 15337: 15336: 15335: 15325: 15324: 15323: 15318: 15308: 15307: 15306: 15301: 15299:800–1169 15290:Gaelic Ireland 15287: 15282: 15277: 15271: 15269: 15259: 15258: 15246: 15245: 15243: 15242: 15234: 15225: 15222: 15221: 15211: 15210: 15203: 15196: 15188: 15179: 15178: 15173: 15172: 15170: 15169: 15164: 15162:European Union 15158: 15156: 15155:Other entities 15152: 15151: 15149: 15148: 15143: 15138: 15133: 15128: 15123: 15118: 15112: 15110: 15109:other entities 15104: 15103: 15101: 15100: 15095: 15090: 15085: 15080: 15074: 15072: 15066: 15065: 15063: 15062: 15057: 15056: 15055: 15050: 15045: 15040: 15033:United Kingdom 15030: 15025: 15020: 15015: 15010: 15005: 15000: 14995: 14990: 14985: 14980: 14975: 14970: 14965: 14960: 14955: 14950: 14945: 14940: 14935: 14930: 14925: 14920: 14915: 14910: 14905: 14900: 14898: 14893: 14888: 14883: 14878: 14873: 14868: 14863: 14858: 14853: 14848: 14846:Czech Republic 14843: 14838: 14833: 14828: 14823: 14818: 14813: 14808: 14803: 14798: 14793: 14787: 14785: 14781: 14780: 14773: 14772: 14765: 14758: 14750: 14741: 14740: 14738: 14737: 14730: 14723: 14716: 14709: 14702: 14695: 14687: 14679: 14677: 14673: 14672: 14670: 14669: 14662: 14655: 14648: 14641: 14634: 14627: 14620: 14613: 14605: 14603: 14599: 14598: 14596: 14595: 14588: 14581: 14574: 14567: 14560: 14553: 14546: 14538: 14536: 14532: 14531: 14529: 14528: 14521: 14514: 14507: 14500: 14493: 14486: 14479: 14476:United Kingdom 14471: 14469: 14465: 14464: 14459: 14456: 14455: 14448: 14447: 14440: 14433: 14425: 14416: 14415: 14413: 14412: 14407: 14402: 14397: 14391: 14389: 14385: 14384: 14382: 14381: 14374: 14372:Northern Irish 14369: 14364: 14358: 14356: 14355:Sign languages 14352: 14351: 14349: 14348: 14343: 14338: 14331: 14324: 14319: 14312: 14307: 14301: 14299: 14295: 14294: 14292: 14291: 14286: 14281: 14280: 14279: 14269: 14268: 14267: 14262: 14257: 14252: 14240: 14235: 14230: 14224: 14222: 14218: 14217: 14212: 14210: 14206: 14205: 14198: 14197: 14190: 14183: 14175: 14166: 14165: 14163: 14162: 14151: 14149: 14148:Sign languages 14145: 14144: 14142: 14141: 14136: 14135: 14134: 14123: 14121: 14117: 14116: 14114: 14113: 14108: 14102: 14100: 14096: 14095: 14081: 14080: 14073: 14066: 14058: 14049: 14048: 14046: 14045: 14038: 14032: 14029: 14028: 14025: 14024: 14022: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14006: 14001: 13996: 13991: 13986: 13981: 13975: 13972: 13971: 13961: 13960: 13957: 13956: 13954: 13953: 13948: 13943: 13938: 13933: 13928: 13923: 13918: 13913: 13911:Gaelic warfare 13907: 13905: 13899: 13898: 13896: 13895: 13890: 13887:Cyfraith Hywel 13884: 13878: 13876: 13870: 13869: 13853: 13852: 13849: 13848: 13845: 13844: 13842: 13841: 13836: 13834:Deeside Gaelic 13831: 13825: 13823: 13816: 13815: 13813: 13812: 13807: 13805:Hispano-Celtic 13802: 13797: 13792: 13787: 13782: 13777: 13772: 13767: 13762: 13760:Proto-Goidelic 13757: 13752: 13746: 13744: 13735: 13729: 13728: 13726: 13725: 13720: 13715: 13709: 13707: 13701: 13700: 13698: 13697: 13692: 13687: 13681: 13679: 13673: 13672: 13670: 13669: 13664: 13659: 13653: 13651: 13645: 13644: 13632: 13631: 13628: 13627: 13625: 13624: 13619: 13614: 13612:Celtic society 13609: 13607:Celtic Revival 13604: 13599: 13593: 13591: 13585: 13584: 13582: 13581: 13575:United Ireland 13572: 13567: 13562: 13556: 13554: 13550: 13549: 13547: 13546: 13541: 13536: 13530: 13528: 13524: 13523: 13521: 13520: 13519: 13518: 13508: 13507: 13506: 13496: 13491: 13486: 13481: 13480: 13479: 13469: 13468: 13467: 13462: 13451: 13449: 13445: 13444: 13434: 13433: 13430: 13429: 13426: 13425: 13423: 13422: 13420:Welsh handball 13417: 13412: 13407: 13402: 13400:Highland games 13397: 13392: 13387: 13382: 13372: 13367: 13362: 13357: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13333: 13327: 13325: 13321: 13320: 13318: 13317: 13312: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13292: 13287: 13286: 13285: 13276: 13267: 13258: 13243: 13241: 13235: 13234: 13231: 13230: 13228: 13227: 13222: 13217: 13212: 13207: 13202: 13196: 13194: 13187: 13186: 13181: 13176: 13171: 13166: 13161: 13156: 13151: 13145: 13143: 13137: 13136: 13134: 13133: 13128: 13126:Gaelic culture 13122: 13120: 13116: 13115: 13113: 13112: 13107: 13105:Highland dress 13102: 13097: 13091: 13089: 13085: 13084: 13082: 13081: 13076: 13071: 13069:Pictish stones 13066: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13026: 13025: 13024: 13014: 13008: 13006: 13000: 12999: 12997: 12996: 12991: 12986: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12965: 12963: 12959: 12958: 12956: 12955: 12950: 12945: 12940: 12935: 12930: 12925: 12920: 12915: 12910: 12905: 12900: 12895: 12889: 12887: 12877: 12876: 12866: 12865: 12862: 12861: 12858: 12857: 12854: 12853: 12851: 12850: 12845: 12840: 12834: 12832: 12828: 12827: 12825: 12824: 12812: 12800: 12788: 12776: 12764: 12751: 12749: 12739: 12730: 12729: 12728: 12727: 12722: 12712: 12707: 12706: 12705: 12695: 12694: 12693: 12688: 12683: 12673: 12671:Celtic nations 12668: 12666:Celtic Revival 12662: 12659: 12658: 12646: 12645: 12642: 12641: 12639: 12638: 12633: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12593: 12588: 12583: 12578: 12573: 12568: 12563: 12558: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12538: 12533: 12528: 12522: 12520: 12516: 12515: 12513: 12512: 12507: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12487: 12481: 12479: 12475: 12474: 12472: 12471: 12466: 12461: 12456: 12451: 12446: 12441: 12439:Celtic Animism 12436: 12434:Celtic deities 12431: 12426: 12420: 12418: 12414: 12413: 12411: 12410: 12405: 12400: 12395: 12393:Cisalpine Gaul 12390: 12389: 12388: 12383: 12365: 12356: 12331: 12322: 12320:Gaelic Ireland 12316: 12314: 12310: 12309: 12297: 12296: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12283: 12281: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12235: 12230: 12225: 12220: 12218:Manx Americans 12215: 12210: 12205: 12200: 12195: 12193:Irish Chileans 12190: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12170: 12165: 12160: 12158:English people 12155: 12150: 12145: 12140: 12135: 12129: 12127: 12123: 12122: 12120: 12119: 12117:Welsh diaspora 12114: 12109: 12107:Irish diaspora 12104: 12098: 12096: 12092: 12091: 12089: 12088: 12087: 12086: 12085: 12084: 12073: 12068: 12067: 12066: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12034: 12032: 12026: 12025: 12023: 12022: 12017: 12012: 12007: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11977: 11972: 11967: 11961: 11959: 11947: 11946: 11934: 11933: 11914:Celtic studies 11906:Celtic nations 11904: 11901: 11900: 11889: 11888: 11881: 11874: 11866: 11857: 11856: 11847: 11844: 11843: 11841: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11824: 11818: 11812: 11805: 11803: 11799: 11798: 11796: 11795: 11789: 11783: 11777: 11771: 11765: 11762:Lower Brittany 11758: 11756: 11752: 11751: 11749: 11748: 11743: 11737: 11735: 11729: 11728: 11726: 11725: 11722:Paleo-Hispanic 11713: 11701: 11689: 11681: 11669: 11660: 11658: 11654: 11653: 11650: 11649: 11647: 11646: 11645: 11644: 11632: 11627: 11626: 11625: 11612: 11605: 11598: 11586: 11578: 11576: 11570: 11569: 11566: 11565: 11563: 11562: 11554: 11552: 11548: 11547: 11545: 11544: 11543: 11542: 11535: 11523: 11515: 11513: 11507: 11506: 11504: 11503: 11498: 11492: 11490: 11484: 11483: 11481: 11480: 11472: 11470: 11463: 11452: 11450:Insular Celtic 11446: 11445: 11443: 11442: 11435: 11428: 11427: 11426: 11419: 11409:Hispano-Celtic 11405: 11404: 11403: 11389: 11381: 11379: 11371: 11370: 11368: 11367: 11359: 11357: 11353: 11352: 11345: 11344: 11337: 11330: 11322: 11313: 11312: 11310: 11309: 11298: 11295: 11294: 11292: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11262: 11257: 11254:human genetics 11246: 11244: 11240: 11239: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11185:Culture Vannin 11182: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11165: 11159: 11158: 11156: 11155: 11154: 11153: 11142: 11139: 11138: 11135: 11134: 11132: 11131: 11126: 11108: 11103: 11085: 11080: 11070: 11047: 11045: 11036: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11019: 11018: 11011:Royal families 11007: 11005: 10996: 10992: 10991: 10989: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10966: 10959: 10952: 10944: 10942: 10936: 10935: 10933: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10915:Highland games 10912: 10907: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10882: 10880:Insular script 10877: 10872: 10850: 10845: 10843:Gaelic kinship 10840: 10835: 10833:Gaelic warfare 10830: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10807: 10805: 10804:Gaelic culture 10801: 10800: 10798: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10785:Gaelic Revival 10782: 10777: 10775:Irish diaspora 10772: 10767: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10745:1641 Rebellion 10742: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10710:Irish kingdoms 10707: 10702: 10697: 10695:Gaelic Ireland 10691: 10689: 10685: 10684: 10677: 10676: 10669: 10662: 10654: 10645: 10644: 10642: 10641: 10630: 10627: 10626: 10624: 10623: 10618: 10612: 10610: 10606: 10605: 10603: 10602: 10593: 10587: 10585: 10584:Qualifications 10581: 10580: 10577: 10576: 10574: 10573: 10564: 10555: 10550: 10541: 10532: 10523: 10514: 10504: 10502: 10498: 10497: 10495: 10494: 10478: 10469: 10465:Raidió Na Life 10460: 10451: 10441: 10439: 10435: 10434: 10432: 10431: 10423: 10415: 10399: 10390: 10380: 10378: 10374: 10373: 10371: 10370: 10361: 10352: 10343: 10334: 10325: 10316: 10306: 10304: 10297: 10291: 10290: 10288: 10287: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10242: 10240: 10236: 10235: 10233: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10192: 10190: 10184: 10183: 10181: 10180: 10173: 10164: 10154: 10144: 10139: 10137:Leinster Irish 10134: 10129: 10124: 10122:Connacht Irish 10119: 10108: 10106: 10102: 10101: 10099: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10071:Proto-Goidelic 10068: 10066:Insular Celtic 10063: 10058: 10052: 10050: 10044: 10043: 10040:Irish language 10036: 10035: 10028: 10021: 10013: 10007: 10004: 10003: 9994: 9993: 9988: 9976: 9973: 9972: 9971: 9966: 9955: 9947: 9944: 9943: 9942: 9932: 9922: 9910: 9908:Discover Irish 9903: 9902:External links 9900: 9898: 9897: 9879: 9868: 9854: 9836: 9829: 9806: 9797: 9795:978-1846823404 9779: 9749:Cé Fada le Fán 9744: 9726: 9708: 9697: 9688: 9678: 9660: 9638: 9616: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9588: 9587: 9582:United Nations 9569: 9551: 9544: 9530:Doyle, Aidan; 9522: 9515: 9501:Doyle, Aidan; 9493: 9486: 9472:Doyle, Aidan; 9464: 9438: 9408: 9379: 9360: 9342: 9335: 9306: 9273: 9243: 9232:on 1 July 2016 9217: 9192: 9151: 9106: 9077: 9051: 9013: 8992: 8979: 8970: 8957: 8948: 8939: 8920: 8907: 8898: 8889: 8880: 8871: 8862: 8853: 8840: 8831: 8816: 8813:978-0268014278 8801:Leerssen, Joep 8792: 8781:. RTÉ Archives 8770: 8744: 8735: 8721: 8707: 8694: 8675: 8666: 8651: 8636: 8618: 8597: 8567: 8537: 8518: 8499: 8480: 8449: 8421: 8395: 8363: 8351:The Irish News 8337: 8305: 8279: 8261: 8235: 8209: 8181: 8164: 8138: 8121: 8095: 8069: 8043: 8023: 8012:. 22 July 2020 7997: 7979: 7953: 7928: 7919: 7899: 7867: 7835: 7815: 7790: 7757: 7744: 7731: 7718: 7699: 7680: 7675:Irish Examiner 7661: 7656:Independent.ie 7643: 7617: 7599: 7573: 7566: 7548: 7522: 7504: 7476: 7441: 7408: 7376: 7329: 7297: 7288: 7281: 7260: 7227: 7215: 7208: 7188: 7162: 7151:. London, UK: 7135: 7117: 7112:European Union 7099: 7070: 7042: 7011: 6992: 6989:. p. 227. 6964: 6957: 6943:Doyle, Aidan; 6935: 6928: 6899: 6892: 6874: 6853: 6835: 6804: 6787: 6766: 6738: 6720: 6686: 6663: 6648: 6630: 6602: 6590:The Irish News 6576: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6500: 6491: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6449: 6444: 6435: 6430: 6427:Medieval Latin 6420: 6415: 6409: 6404: 6399:Cumann Gaelach 6394: 6389: 6379: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6351: 6327: 6324: 6199: 6198: 6148: 6134: 6116:silent letters 6068: 6065: 5997:ponc séimhithe 5964:(síneadh) fada 5945:Vowels may be 5940:colloquialisms 5871:writing system 5855:Main article: 5852: 5849: 5802: 5801: 5792: 5783: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5757: 5743: 5742:"at the start" 5729: 5699: 5698: 5697: 5671: 5657: 5625:ponc séimhithe 5583:Main article: 5580: 5577: 5368: 5367: 5353: 5333: 5325: 5310: 5309: 5298: 5287: 5276: 5265: 5254: 5243: 5112:'he praises', 5067:"present" and 4924:with nouns in 4777: 4774: 4760: 4759: 4752: 4750: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4725: 4718: 4711: 4704: 4697: 4691: 4690: 4683: 4676: 4674: 4667: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4646: 4639: 4632: 4625: 4617: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4577: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4550: 4543: 4536: 4529: 4522: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4499: 4492: 4485: 4478: 4471: 4464: 4456: 4455: 4448: 4441: 4434: 4427: 4420: 4413: 4406: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4383: 4376: 4369: 4362: 4355: 4348: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4330: 4323: 4316: 4309: 4302: 4295: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4190:Main article: 4187: 4184: 4143:Main article: 4140: 4137: 4128:nuachainteoirí 4117:Gaelscoileanna 4100:Gaelic revival 4095: 4092: 4075: 4074: 4073: 4072: 4003:leithscéalaibh 3962:William Gerard 3957: 3954: 3945: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3926: 3923: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3847: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3801: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3778: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3761: 3758: 3754: 3753: 3750: 3726:(crooked) and 3650:Liffey estuary 3644: 3641: 3505:Main article: 3502: 3499: 3498: 3497: 3472: 3471:"at the door". 3431: 3406: 3393:"to/for the": 3387:"of the", and 3361: 3326: 3273: 3176: 3109:An Sean Phobal 3084:Corca Dhuibhne 3067:Oileán Chléire 3037:Contae Chorcaí 3024:Main article: 3021: 3018: 2894:respectively. 2655:Cois Fharraige 2607:Connacht Irish 2605:Main article: 2602: 2599: 2582:Cúige Laighean 2534: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2505: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2465: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2435: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2414: 2413: 2405: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2384: 2383: 2375: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2353: 2345: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2327:County Galway 2324: 2323: 2315: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2294: 2293: 2285: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2263: 2255: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2234: 2233: 2230: 2226: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2206: 2203: 2192: 2189: 2170:Celtic nations 2115:Gaelic revival 2056: 2053: 2034: 2031: 2025:An Dream Dearg 2006:. In the 2006 1964:Main article: 1961: 1958: 1954: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1943:"Dictionaries" 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1925: 1909:Main article: 1906: 1903: 1889: 1886: 1863:Main article: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1821: 1820: 1808: 1796: 1792:Contae Chorcaí 1784: 1783: 1782: 1770: 1766:Corca Dhuibhne 1746: 1737:County Donegal 1734: 1722: 1721: 1720: 1708: 1696: 1684: 1572:first language 1556:Main article: 1553: 1550: 1524:Gaelscoileanna 1410:Garda Síochána 1406:tax collectors 1402:postal workers 1376:Grafton Street 1329: 1326: 1321:Main article: 1318: 1315: 1277:Gaelic revival 1238: 1237: 1234: 1227: 1168:(Sunday, from 1156:(bishop) from 1132:Latin alphabet 1108:Main article: 1105: 1102: 1048: 1045: 1043:respectively. 860:form, spelled 833: 830: 828: 825: 797:status as the 795:constitutional 776:Latin alphabet 772:Irish alphabet 736:Western Europe 720:writing system 713:unique dialect 634:first language 616:branch of the 614:Insular Celtic 555:Standard Irish 538: 532: 522: 517: 516: 515: 506: 505: 504: 501: 500: 487:, you may see 473: 472: 469: 461: 460: 453: 447: 446: 441: 435: 434: 427: 419: 418: 411: 406: 403: 402: 395: 387: 386: 377: 369: 368: 359: 351: 350: 349:Language codes 346: 345: 343:European Union 332: 329: 326: 325: 321: 320: 315:(historically) 308:Irish alphabet 301: 297:Writing system 294: 291: 290: 289: 288: 283: 275: 270: 264: 262:Connacht Irish 257: 253: 252: 251:(written only) 242: 240:Standard forms 239: 236: 235: 233: 232: 231: 230: 229: 228: 209: 207: 204: 201: 200: 198: 197: 196: 195: 194: 193: 192: 191: 179:Insular Celtic 167: 165: 158: 155: 154: 127: 124: 121: 120: 115: 111: 110: 105: 101: 100: 94:Ulster Irish: 78: 74: 73: 65:Standard Irish 61: 60: 58: 57: 54: 50: 47: 46: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16869: 16858: 16855: 16853: 16850: 16848: 16845: 16843: 16840: 16838: 16835: 16833: 16830: 16828: 16825: 16823: 16820: 16818: 16815: 16813: 16810: 16809: 16807: 16794: 16793: 16780: 16766: 16763: 16761: 16760:Public houses 16758: 16756: 16752: 16749: 16747: 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16374: 16373: 16369: 16367: 16364: 16363: 16361: 16359: 16355: 16349: 16346: 16344: 16341: 16339: 16336: 16334: 16333: 16329: 16327: 16324: 16322: 16319: 16318: 16316: 16314: 16310: 16304: 16301: 16299: 16296: 16294: 16291: 16289: 16286: 16285: 16283: 16281: 16277: 16271: 16268: 16266: 16262: 16259: 16257: 16254: 16252: 16249: 16247: 16244: 16242: 16239: 16237: 16234: 16232: 16229: 16228: 16226: 16222: 16216: 16213: 16211: 16208: 16206: 16205: 16201: 16199: 16196: 16195: 16193: 16191: 16187: 16177: 16174: 16172: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16162: 16159: 16157: 16154: 16152: 16149: 16147: 16144: 16143: 16141: 16137: 16131: 16128: 16126: 16123: 16121: 16118: 16116: 16113: 16111: 16108: 16106: 16103: 16101: 16098: 16096: 16093: 16091: 16088: 16086: 16083: 16081: 16078: 16076: 16073: 16071: 16068: 16066: 16063: 16062: 16060: 16056: 16053: 16051: 16047: 16043: 16039: 16034: 16030: 16016: 16015:Peace process 16013: 16011: 16008: 16004: 16001: 16000: 15999: 15996: 15994: 15991: 15989: 15986: 15982: 15979: 15978: 15977: 15974: 15973: 15971: 15969: 15965: 15959: 15956: 15952: 15949: 15947: 15945:(upper house) 15943: 15939: 15937: 15935:(lower house) 15933: 15929: 15928: 15927: 15923: 15919: 15917: 15914: 15912: 15909: 15905: 15902: 15901: 15900: 15897: 15895: 15892: 15890: 15887: 15885: 15882: 15880: 15877: 15876: 15874: 15872: 15868: 15862: 15859: 15857: 15854: 15852: 15851:Republicanism 15849: 15847: 15844: 15843: 15841: 15837: 15833: 15829: 15824: 15820: 15806: 15803: 15801: 15798: 15796: 15793: 15791: 15788: 15786: 15783: 15781: 15778: 15776: 15773: 15771: 15767: 15764: 15762: 15759: 15757: 15754: 15750: 15747: 15745: 15742: 15741: 15740: 15737: 15736: 15734: 15730: 15724: 15720: 15717: 15713: 15710: 15709: 15708: 15705: 15703: 15700: 15698: 15695: 15693: 15690: 15688: 15685: 15683: 15680: 15678: 15675: 15673: 15670: 15668: 15665: 15664: 15662: 15658: 15654: 15650: 15645: 15641: 15627: 15624: 15622: 15619: 15617: 15614: 15612: 15609: 15607: 15604: 15602: 15599: 15598: 15596: 15592: 15586: 15583: 15581: 15578: 15576: 15573: 15571: 15568: 15566: 15565:Peace process 15563: 15561: 15558: 15556: 15553: 15551: 15548: 15546: 15545:The Emergency 15543: 15541: 15538: 15536: 15533: 15531: 15528: 15526: 15525:Easter Rising 15523: 15521: 15518: 15516: 15513: 15511: 15510:Fenian Rising 15508: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15498: 15496: 15493: 15491: 15488: 15486: 15483: 15481: 15478: 15476: 15473: 15471: 15468: 15466: 15463: 15461: 15457: 15454: 15452: 15448: 15445: 15443: 15440: 15438: 15435: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15420: 15418: 15415: 15413: 15410: 15408: 15405: 15403: 15400: 15398: 15394: 15390: 15387: 15386: 15384: 15380: 15374: 15371: 15369: 15366: 15362: 15359: 15358: 15357: 15354: 15351: 15348: 15346: 15343: 15341: 15338: 15334: 15331: 15330: 15329: 15326: 15322: 15319: 15317: 15314: 15313: 15312: 15309: 15305: 15302: 15300: 15297: 15296: 15295: 15291: 15288: 15286: 15285:Early history 15283: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15273: 15272: 15270: 15268: 15264: 15260: 15256: 15251: 15247: 15241: 15238: 15235: 15233: 15230: 15227: 15226: 15223: 15219: 15216: 15209: 15204: 15202: 15197: 15195: 15190: 15189: 15186: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15159: 15157: 15153: 15147: 15144: 15142: 15139: 15137: 15134: 15132: 15129: 15127: 15124: 15122: 15121:Faroe Islands 15119: 15117: 15114: 15113: 15111: 15105: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15093:South Ossetia 15091: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15081: 15079: 15076: 15075: 15073: 15067: 15061: 15058: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15044: 15041: 15039: 15036: 15035: 15034: 15031: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15014: 15011: 15009: 15006: 15004: 15001: 14999: 14996: 14994: 14991: 14989: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14979: 14976: 14974: 14971: 14969: 14966: 14964: 14961: 14959: 14956: 14954: 14951: 14949: 14946: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14931: 14929: 14926: 14924: 14921: 14919: 14918:Liechtenstein 14916: 14914: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14897: 14894: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14884: 14882: 14879: 14877: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14859: 14857: 14854: 14852: 14849: 14847: 14844: 14842: 14839: 14837: 14834: 14832: 14829: 14827: 14824: 14822: 14819: 14817: 14814: 14812: 14809: 14807: 14804: 14802: 14799: 14797: 14794: 14792: 14789: 14788: 14786: 14782: 14778: 14771: 14766: 14764: 14759: 14757: 14752: 14751: 14748: 14735: 14731: 14728: 14724: 14721: 14717: 14714: 14710: 14707: 14703: 14700: 14696: 14692: 14688: 14685: 14681: 14680: 14678: 14674: 14667: 14663: 14660: 14656: 14653: 14649: 14646: 14642: 14639: 14635: 14632: 14628: 14625: 14621: 14618: 14614: 14611: 14607: 14606: 14604: 14600: 14593: 14589: 14586: 14582: 14579: 14575: 14572: 14568: 14565: 14561: 14558: 14554: 14551: 14547: 14544: 14540: 14539: 14537: 14535:Member bodies 14533: 14526: 14522: 14519: 14515: 14512: 14508: 14505: 14501: 14498: 14494: 14491: 14487: 14484: 14480: 14477: 14473: 14472: 14470: 14466: 14462: 14457: 14453: 14446: 14441: 14439: 14434: 14432: 14427: 14426: 14423: 14411: 14408: 14406: 14403: 14401: 14398: 14396: 14393: 14392: 14390: 14386: 14380: 14379: 14375: 14373: 14370: 14368: 14365: 14363: 14360: 14359: 14357: 14353: 14347: 14344: 14342: 14341:Scottish Cant 14339: 14337: 14336: 14332: 14330: 14329: 14325: 14323: 14320: 14318: 14317: 14313: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14303: 14302: 14300: 14296: 14290: 14287: 14285: 14282: 14278: 14275: 14274: 14273: 14270: 14266: 14263: 14261: 14258: 14256: 14253: 14251: 14250: 14246: 14245: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14225: 14223: 14219: 14215: 14211: 14207: 14203: 14196: 14191: 14189: 14184: 14182: 14177: 14176: 14173: 14160: 14156: 14153: 14152: 14150: 14146: 14140: 14137: 14133: 14130: 14129: 14128: 14125: 14124: 14122: 14118: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14103: 14101: 14097: 14093: 14088: 14079: 14074: 14072: 14067: 14065: 14060: 14059: 14056: 14043: 14039: 14037: 14034: 14033: 14030: 14020: 14019:– in Portugal 14017: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13999:– in Galician 13997: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13980: 13977: 13976: 13973: 13966: 13962: 13952: 13949: 13947: 13944: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13927: 13924: 13922: 13919: 13917: 13914: 13912: 13909: 13908: 13906: 13904: 13900: 13894: 13891: 13888: 13885: 13883: 13880: 13879: 13877: 13875: 13871: 13867: 13863: 13858: 13854: 13840: 13837: 13835: 13832: 13830: 13827: 13826: 13824: 13821: 13817: 13811: 13808: 13806: 13803: 13801: 13798: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13788: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13763: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13747: 13745: 13743: 13739: 13736: 13734: 13730: 13724: 13721: 13719: 13716: 13714: 13711: 13710: 13708: 13706: 13702: 13696: 13693: 13691: 13688: 13686: 13683: 13682: 13680: 13678: 13674: 13668: 13665: 13663: 13660: 13658: 13655: 13654: 13652: 13650: 13646: 13642: 13637: 13633: 13623: 13620: 13618: 13615: 13613: 13610: 13608: 13605: 13603: 13600: 13598: 13597:Celtic League 13595: 13594: 13592: 13590: 13589:Pan-Celticism 13586: 13580: 13576: 13573: 13571: 13568: 13566: 13563: 13561: 13558: 13557: 13555: 13551: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13535: 13532: 13531: 13529: 13525: 13517: 13514: 13513: 13512: 13509: 13505: 13502: 13501: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13482: 13478: 13475: 13474: 13473: 13470: 13466: 13465:reunification 13463: 13461: 13458: 13457: 13456: 13453: 13452: 13450: 13446: 13439: 13435: 13421: 13418: 13416: 13413: 13411: 13408: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13398: 13396: 13393: 13391: 13388: 13386: 13383: 13380: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13366: 13363: 13361: 13358: 13356: 13355: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13338: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13328: 13326: 13322: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13284: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13271: 13268: 13266: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13253: 13250: 13249: 13248: 13245: 13244: 13242: 13240: 13236: 13226: 13223: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13197: 13195: 13191: 13185: 13182: 13180: 13177: 13175: 13172: 13170: 13167: 13165: 13162: 13160: 13157: 13155: 13152: 13150: 13147: 13146: 13144: 13142: 13138: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13123: 13121: 13117: 13111: 13108: 13106: 13103: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13093: 13092: 13090: 13086: 13080: 13079:Triple spiral 13077: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13023: 13020: 13019: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13009: 13007: 13005: 13001: 12995: 12992: 12990: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12966: 12964: 12960: 12954: 12951: 12949: 12946: 12944: 12941: 12939: 12936: 12934: 12931: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12911: 12909: 12906: 12904: 12901: 12899: 12898:Bardic Poetry 12896: 12894: 12891: 12890: 12888: 12886: 12882: 12878: 12871: 12867: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12836: 12835: 12833: 12829: 12821: 12816: 12813: 12809: 12804: 12801: 12797: 12792: 12789: 12785: 12780: 12777: 12773: 12768: 12765: 12761: 12756: 12753: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12746:Celtic League 12743: 12740: 12738: 12734: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12717: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12704: 12701: 12700: 12699: 12696: 12692: 12689: 12687: 12686:Celtic League 12684: 12682: 12679: 12678: 12677: 12676:Pan-Celticism 12674: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12663: 12660: 12656: 12651: 12647: 12637: 12634: 12631: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12594: 12592: 12589: 12587: 12584: 12582: 12579: 12577: 12576:Gaelicisation 12574: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12551:Celticisation 12549: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12523: 12521: 12517: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12482: 12480: 12476: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12421: 12419: 12415: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12378: 12374: 12371: 12370: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12360: 12359:Iron Age Gaul 12357: 12355: 12351: 12347: 12343: 12342:Roman Britain 12339: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12317: 12315: 12311: 12307: 12302: 12298: 12293: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12198:Irish Mexican 12196: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12130: 12128: 12124: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12099: 12097: 12093: 12083: 12079: 12078: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12065: 12061: 12060: 12059: 12056: 12055: 12054: 12051: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12036: 12035: 12033: 12031: 12027: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11952: 11948: 11944: 11939: 11935: 11931: 11927: 11923: 11922:Celtic tribes 11919: 11915: 11911: 11907: 11902: 11898: 11894: 11887: 11882: 11880: 11875: 11873: 11868: 11867: 11864: 11854: 11850: 11845: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11828: 11825: 11822: 11819: 11816: 11813: 11810: 11807: 11806: 11804: 11800: 11793: 11792:Y Fro Gymraeg 11790: 11787: 11786:Gàidhealtachd 11784: 11781: 11778: 11775: 11772: 11769: 11766: 11763: 11760: 11759: 11757: 11753: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11738: 11736: 11734: 11730: 11723: 11719: 11718: 11714: 11711: 11707: 11706: 11702: 11699: 11695: 11694: 11690: 11687: 11686: 11682: 11679: 11675: 11674: 11670: 11667: 11666: 11662: 11661: 11659: 11655: 11643: 11642: 11638: 11637: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11624: 11623: 11618: 11617: 11613: 11611: 11610: 11606: 11604: 11603: 11599: 11597: 11596: 11592: 11591: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11584: 11580: 11579: 11577: 11575: 11571: 11561: 11560: 11556: 11555: 11553: 11549: 11541: 11540: 11536: 11534: 11533: 11529: 11528: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11521: 11517: 11516: 11514: 11512: 11508: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11493: 11491: 11489: 11485: 11479: 11478: 11474: 11473: 11471: 11469:Reconstructed 11467: 11464: 11460: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11447: 11441: 11440: 11436: 11434: 11433: 11429: 11425: 11424: 11420: 11418: 11417: 11413: 11412: 11411: 11410: 11406: 11402: 11401: 11397: 11396: 11395: 11394: 11390: 11388: 11387: 11383: 11382: 11380: 11378: 11377: 11372: 11366: 11365: 11361: 11360: 11358: 11356:Reconstructed 11354: 11350: 11343: 11338: 11336: 11331: 11329: 11324: 11323: 11320: 11308: 11300: 11299: 11296: 11290: 11289:Gaelicisation 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11274: 11270: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11255: 11251: 11248: 11247: 11245: 11241: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11164:organisations 11160: 11152: 11149: 11148: 11147: 11144: 11143: 11130: 11127: 11124: 11120: 11116: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11101: 11097: 11093: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11078: 11074: 11071: 11068: 11064: 11060: 11056: 11052: 11049: 11048: 11046: 11044: 11040: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11017: 11014: 11013: 11012: 11009: 11008: 11006: 11004: 11000: 10997: 10993: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10971: 10967: 10965: 10964: 10960: 10958: 10957: 10953: 10951: 10950: 10946: 10945: 10943: 10941: 10937: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10870: 10866: 10862: 10858: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10848:Bardic poetry 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10828: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10808: 10806: 10802: 10796: 10795:Gàidhealtachd 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10692: 10690: 10686: 10682: 10675: 10670: 10668: 10663: 10661: 10656: 10655: 10652: 10640: 10632: 10631: 10628: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10613: 10611: 10607: 10600: 10599: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10588: 10586: 10582: 10570: 10569:Glór na nGael 10565: 10561: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10547: 10542: 10538: 10533: 10529: 10524: 10520: 10515: 10511: 10506: 10505: 10503: 10499: 10490: 10489: 10482: 10479: 10475: 10474:Raidió Fáilte 10470: 10466: 10461: 10457: 10452: 10448: 10443: 10442: 10440: 10436: 10427: 10424: 10419: 10416: 10411: 10410: 10403: 10400: 10396: 10391: 10387: 10382: 10381: 10379: 10375: 10368: 10367: 10362: 10359: 10358: 10353: 10350: 10349: 10344: 10341: 10340: 10335: 10332: 10331: 10326: 10323: 10322: 10317: 10314: 10313: 10308: 10307: 10305: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10292: 10285: 10284: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10243: 10241: 10237: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10200: 10199: 10194: 10193: 10191: 10189: 10185: 10179: 10178: 10174: 10171: 10170: 10165: 10162: 10158: 10155: 10152: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10127:Munster Irish 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10116: 10110: 10109: 10107: 10103: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10053: 10051: 10049: 10045: 10041: 10034: 10029: 10027: 10022: 10020: 10015: 10014: 10011: 10005: 9998: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9979: 9978: 9970: 9967: 9964: 9961: 9956: 9953: 9950: 9949: 9940: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9923: 9921: 9920: 9915: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9905: 9896: 9895:0-901519-90-1 9892: 9888: 9886: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9869: 9867: 9866:9783745066500 9863: 9859: 9855: 9853: 9852:1-85359-929-8 9849: 9845: 9841: 9837: 9834: 9830: 9826: 9821: 9819: 9812: 9807: 9804: 9803: 9798: 9796: 9792: 9788: 9784: 9780: 9768: 9764: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9743: 9739: 9735: 9731: 9727: 9725: 9721: 9717: 9713: 9709: 9706: 9702: 9699:Garvin, Tom, 9698: 9695: 9694: 9689: 9686: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9673: 9669: 9665: 9661: 9658: 9654: 9650: 9646: 9642: 9639: 9636: 9632: 9628: 9624: 9620: 9617: 9614: 9613:0-19-818734-3 9610: 9606: 9602: 9598: 9597: 9583: 9579: 9573: 9565: 9561: 9555: 9547: 9545:83-7363-275-1 9541: 9537: 9533: 9526: 9518: 9516:83-7363-275-1 9512: 9508: 9504: 9497: 9489: 9487:83-7363-275-1 9483: 9479: 9475: 9468: 9453:. 8 July 2021 9452: 9448: 9442: 9426: 9422: 9418: 9412: 9404: 9398: 9390: 9386: 9382: 9380:1-85791-327-2 9376: 9372: 9371: 9364: 9356: 9352: 9346: 9338: 9332: 9328: 9324: 9320: 9316: 9310: 9291: 9283: 9277: 9261: 9258:. June 2005. 9257: 9253: 9247: 9231: 9227: 9221: 9206: 9202: 9196: 9188: 9182: 9166: 9162: 9155: 9147: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9117: 9110: 9094: 9093: 9088: 9081: 9062: 9055: 9039: 9035: 9034: 9029: 9022: 9020: 9018: 9002: 8996: 8989: 8983: 8974: 8967: 8961: 8952: 8943: 8936: 8935: 8930: 8924: 8917: 8911: 8902: 8893: 8884: 8875: 8866: 8857: 8850: 8844: 8835: 8828: 8827: 8820: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8796: 8780: 8774: 8758: 8754: 8748: 8739: 8731: 8725: 8716: 8714: 8712: 8704: 8698: 8690: 8688: 8679: 8670: 8662: 8655: 8647: 8640: 8632: 8628: 8622: 8614: 8607: 8601: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8571: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8541: 8534: 8529: 8522: 8514: 8510: 8503: 8495: 8491: 8484: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8453: 8438: 8437: 8436:TheJournal.ie 8432: 8425: 8409: 8405: 8399: 8383: 8379: 8378: 8373: 8367: 8352: 8348: 8341: 8325: 8321: 8320: 8315: 8309: 8293: 8289: 8283: 8275: 8271: 8265: 8249: 8245: 8239: 8223: 8219: 8213: 8198: 8197: 8192: 8185: 8178:. p. 11. 8177: 8176: 8168: 8152: 8148: 8142: 8134: 8133: 8125: 8109: 8105: 8099: 8084:. 3 July 2015 8083: 8079: 8073: 8057: 8053: 8047: 8036: 8035: 8027: 8011: 8007: 8001: 7993: 7986: 7984: 7967: 7963: 7957: 7942: 7938: 7932: 7923: 7915: 7914: 7906: 7904: 7887: 7883: 7882: 7877: 7871: 7855: 7851: 7850: 7845: 7839: 7833: 7829: 7826: 7819: 7804: 7800: 7794: 7778: 7774: 7773: 7768: 7761: 7754: 7748: 7741: 7735: 7728: 7722: 7714: 7710: 7703: 7697: 7693: 7690: 7684: 7676: 7672: 7665: 7657: 7653: 7647: 7632: 7628: 7621: 7613: 7609: 7603: 7587: 7583: 7577: 7569: 7567:0-415-01035-7 7563: 7559: 7552: 7536: 7532: 7526: 7518: 7514: 7508: 7492: 7491: 7486: 7480: 7464: 7460: 7459: 7454: 7448: 7446: 7429: 7425: 7424: 7419: 7412: 7396: 7392: 7391: 7386: 7380: 7372: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7345: 7340: 7333: 7317: 7313: 7312: 7307: 7301: 7292: 7284: 7278: 7274: 7273: 7264: 7248: 7244: 7243: 7238: 7231: 7225:Ó Gráda 2013. 7222: 7220: 7211: 7205: 7201: 7200: 7192: 7177: 7173: 7166: 7159: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7139: 7131: 7127: 7121: 7113: 7109: 7103: 7094: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7074: 7067: 7056: 7052: 7046: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7015: 7007: 7003: 6996: 6988: 6984: 6983: 6978: 6974: 6973:Dillon, Myles 6968: 6960: 6958:83-7363-275-1 6954: 6950: 6946: 6939: 6931: 6929:1-870166-00-0 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6903: 6895: 6889: 6885: 6878: 6870: 6866: 6860: 6858: 6849: 6845: 6839: 6823: 6819: 6813: 6811: 6809: 6797: 6791: 6783: 6779: 6773: 6771: 6763: 6752: 6748: 6742: 6734: 6730: 6724: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6682: 6678: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6659: 6652: 6644: 6637: 6635: 6627: 6616: 6612: 6606: 6591: 6587: 6580: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6550: 6548: 6543: 6524: 6520: 6514: 6510: 6498: 6497: 6492: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6428: 6424: 6423:Hiberno-Latin 6421: 6419: 6416: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6401: 6400: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6386: 6385: 6384:Buntús Cainte 6380: 6376: 6375: 6370: 6369: 6355: 6352: 6349: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6336: 6335: 6334: 6323: 6320: 6314: 6308: 6302: 6296: 6292:; pre-reform 6286: 6280: 6276:; pre-reform 6270: 6264: 6249: 6243: 6237: 6228: 6219: 6210: 6204: 6195: 6189: 6183: 6177: 6171: 6165: 6159: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6125: 6124:beirbhiughadh 6121: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6112: 6111: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6083: 6078: 6074: 6064: 6061: 6055: 6050: 6046: 6041: 6035: 6016: 6007: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5952: 5948: 5943: 5941: 5937: 5929: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5863: 5858: 5848: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5798: 5793: 5789: 5785:their shoe – 5784: 5780: 5775: 5774: 5773: 5770: 5765: 5754: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5720: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5700: 5694: 5688: 5682: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5638: 5637: 5632:by adding an 5631: 5626: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5586: 5576: 5573: 5570: 5565: 5562: 5557: 5554: 5549: 5546: 5541: 5538: 5533: 5530: 5525: 5522: 5517: 5514: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5498: 5492: 5490: 5484: 5478: 5476: 5470: 5464: 5462: 5456: 5450: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5433: 5427: 5421: 5415: 5413: 5407: 5401: 5399: 5393: 5387: 5385: 5379: 5377: 5371: 5364: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5344: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5304: 5299: 5293: 5288: 5282: 5277: 5271: 5266: 5260: 5255: 5249: 5244: 5241: 5237: 5230: 5225: 5224: 5223: 5220: 5214: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5179: 5175: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5148:interrogative 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5128:passive voice 5124: 5116: 5110: 5104: 5100:'we praise', 5098: 5092: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5076: 5071: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5042:forms. Verbs 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5006:; 2 numbers: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4972: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4961:prepositional 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4943: 4942:Demonstrative 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4896: 4895:prepositional 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4782:Irish grammar 4773: 4770:/iə,uə,əi,əu/ 4768:of Irish are 4767: 4757: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4723: 4719: 4716: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4681: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4668: 4665: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4652: 4647: 4645: 4640: 4638: 4633: 4631: 4626: 4624: 4619: 4618: 4615: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4599: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4578: 4575: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4551: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4537: 4534: 4530: 4527: 4523: 4520: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4500: 4497: 4493: 4490: 4486: 4483: 4479: 4476: 4472: 4469: 4465: 4462: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4446: 4442: 4439: 4435: 4432: 4428: 4425: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4400: 4398: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4384: 4381: 4377: 4374: 4370: 4367: 4363: 4360: 4356: 4353: 4349: 4346: 4342: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4331: 4328: 4324: 4321: 4317: 4314: 4310: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4289: 4287: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4251: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4227: 4221: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4203: 4199: 4193: 4183: 4180: 4179: 4172: 4166: 4161: 4158: 4153: 4146: 4136: 4132: 4129: 4122: 4119: 4118: 4111: 4108: 4107: 4101: 4091: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4071: 4067: 4066: 4065: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4052:Fynes Moryson 4049: 4044: 4042: 4041:County Dublin 4038: 4032: 4030: 4025: 4023: 4019: 4013: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3953: 3951: 3943:Westmeath 17% 3942: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3931: 3922: 3918: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3870: 3866: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3838:Myle hewryht. 3836: 3833: 3832: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3803: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3756: 3755: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3737: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3708:(monastery), 3706: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3661: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3640: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3526:Gaoth Dobhair 3522: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3494: 3485: 3476: 3473: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3432: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3362: 3359: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3282: 3281:diphthongised 3274: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3121: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3085: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3027: 3026:Munster Irish 3017: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2987:(difficult), 2985: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2939: 2933: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2806:Joyce Country 2802: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2733: 2730: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2680: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2656: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2630: 2624: 2619: 2615: 2608: 2598: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2540: 2530: 2522: 2517: 2514: 2506: 2504: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2466: 2445: 2436: 2417:County Meath 2415: 2406: 2385: 2376: 2357:County Kerry 2355: 2346: 2325: 2316: 2295: 2286: 2265: 2256: 2235: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2210: 2201: 2196: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2138:Celtic League 2134: 2132: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2116: 2111: 2110: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2075:Great Britain 2073:, chiefly to 2072: 2066: 2062: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2042: 2040: 2030: 2027: 2026: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1957: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1918: 1912: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1885: 1883: 1882: 1871: 1866: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1846: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1829:Gaoth Dobhair 1825: 1817: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1785: 1779: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1723: 1717: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1700: 1697: 1693: 1692:Oileáin Árann 1688: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1664: 1663:County Galway 1661: 1660: 1659: 1657: 1652: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1612: 1611: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1596: 1589: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1564: 1559: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1518: 1516: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1505:Manchán Magan 1501: 1495: 1494:County Galway 1491: 1486: 1482: 1480: 1475: 1474: 1467: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1441: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1418: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1392:in 1922 (see 1391: 1386: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1348: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1324: 1314: 1312: 1307: 1305: 1304:Bishop Bedell 1299: 1293: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1278: 1273: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1258:United States 1255: 1251: 1242: 1235: 1232: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1221: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1199:Manx language 1196: 1192: 1188: 1185:and parts of 1184: 1180: 1175: 1172: 1166: 1160: 1154: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1119: 1111: 1101: 1099: 1098: 1090: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1059:, as well as 1058: 1054: 1044: 1041: 1035: 1029: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1002: 997:, as well as 996: 991: 987: 985: 979: 977: 971: 966: 962: 960: 954: 952: 946: 944: 937: 933: 931: 925: 921: 919: 915: 910: 905: 899: 894: 888: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 855: 853: 847: 842: 841: 824: 821: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 791: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 764: 763: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 716: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 695:gave rise to 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 673:Irish history 669: 667: 663: 659: 655: 649: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 606: 597: 570: 566: 561: 556: 552: 546: 544: 520: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 480: 474: 467: 462: 458: 454: 452: 448: 445: 442: 440: 436: 432: 428: 426: 425: 420: 416: 412: 409: 408:Linguist List 404: 400: 396: 393: 388: 383: 378: 375: 370: 365: 360: 357: 352: 347: 344: 340: 336: 333: 327: 322: 319: 318:Irish Braille 314: 309: 305: 302: 298: 292: 287: 284: 279: 276: 274: 273:Munster Irish 271: 265: 263: 260: 259: 258: 254: 248: 243: 237: 227: 224: 223: 222: 219: 218: 217: 214: 213: 212: 208: 202: 190: 187: 186: 185: 182: 181: 180: 177: 176: 175: 172: 171: 170: 169:Indo-European 166: 162: 156: 146: 131: 128: 122: 119: 116: 112: 109: 106: 102: 98: 91: 84: 79: 77:Pronunciation 75: 71: 66: 62: 55: 52: 51: 48: 43: 40: 36: 29: 22: 16783: 16753: / 16744: / 16735: / 16713:Homelessness 16632: 16600:Road bowling 16595:Martial arts 16542:Ulster Scots 16479: 16472: 16465: 16458: 16451: 16444: 16423:Mythological 16370: 16330: 16303:Ulster Scots 16292: 16263: / 16202: 16130:Three-in-One 15941: 15932:Dáil Éireann 15931: 15921: 15879:Constitution 15768: / 15739:Architecture 15721: / 15594:Other topics 15575:Celtic Tiger 15560:The Troubles 15458: / 15449: / 15395: / 15391: / 15292: / 15280:Protohistory 15098:Transnistria 15060:Vatican City 14693:(of Ireland) 14376: 14333: 14326: 14314: 14277:Ulster Scots 14247: 14232: 14132:Ulster Scots 14105: 14036:Celts portal 13994:– in Spanish 13829:Arran Gaelic 13750:Proto-Celtic 13718:Bungi Creole 13684: 13617:Celtic unity 13553:Independence 13352: 13335: 13159:Gaelic music 13095:Celtic Dress 13044:High crosses 13034:Celtic cross 13012:Bell shrines 12943:Irish annals 12725:Neo-Druidism 12720:Celtic Wicca 12691:Celtic union 12655:Modern Celts 12546:Celtic women 12454:Celtic Rites 12403:Transylvania 12263:Ulster Scots 12133:Anglo-Celtic 11980:Celtiberians 11925: 11917: 11909: 11897:modern Celts 11848: 11720:? (possibly 11715: 11708:? (possibly 11703: 11696:? (possibly 11691: 11683: 11671: 11663: 11639: 11620: 11614: 11609:Middle Irish 11607: 11600: 11593: 11588: 11581: 11557: 11539:Middle Welsh 11537: 11530: 11518: 11475: 11437: 11430: 11421: 11414: 11407: 11398: 11391: 11384: 11374: 11364:Proto-Celtic 11362: 11273:Clan MacLeod 11215:ULTACH Trust 11096:Corcu Loígde 10975: 10968: 10963:Middle Irish 10961: 10954: 10947: 10910:Gaelic games 10861:Modern Irish 10825: 10770:Great Hunger 10456:Raidió Rí-Rá 10276:Lexicography 10175: 10142:Ulster Irish 10096:Modern Irish 10086:Middle Irish 10061:Proto-Celtic 10039: 9983:Teanglann.ie 9975:Dictionaries 9917: 9882: 9871: 9857: 9843: 9839: 9832: 9815: 9800: 9782: 9773:23 September 9771:. Retrieved 9762: 9753: 9729: 9711: 9700: 9691: 9684: 9681:Doyle, Aidan 9663: 9644: 9622: 9600: 9593:Bibliography 9572: 9554: 9535: 9525: 9506: 9496: 9477: 9467: 9455:. Retrieved 9450: 9441: 9429:. Retrieved 9425:the original 9420: 9411: 9369: 9363: 9354: 9345: 9318: 9309: 9297:. Retrieved 9276: 9264:. Retrieved 9246: 9234:. Retrieved 9230:the original 9220: 9208:. Retrieved 9204: 9195: 9169:. Retrieved 9164: 9154: 9122:(1): 38–53. 9119: 9115: 9109: 9097:. Retrieved 9090: 9080: 9068:. Retrieved 9054: 9042:. Retrieved 9031: 9004:. Retrieved 8995: 8987: 8982: 8973: 8965: 8960: 8951: 8942: 8933: 8923: 8915: 8910: 8905:McCabe, p.31 8901: 8892: 8883: 8874: 8865: 8856: 8848: 8843: 8834: 8825: 8819: 8804: 8795: 8783:. Retrieved 8773: 8761:. Retrieved 8747: 8738: 8724: 8702: 8697: 8686: 8678: 8669: 8660: 8654: 8645: 8639: 8621: 8612: 8600: 8590:20 September 8588:. Retrieved 8579: 8570: 8558:. Retrieved 8549: 8540: 8531: 8527: 8526:"7. Irish". 8521: 8512: 8502: 8493: 8483: 8471:. Retrieved 8465:(in Irish). 8462: 8452: 8440:. Retrieved 8434: 8424: 8412:. Retrieved 8408:the original 8398: 8386:. Retrieved 8375: 8366: 8354:. Retrieved 8350: 8340: 8328:. Retrieved 8317: 8308: 8296:. 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July 2019 8088:10 December 8062:10 December 8016:10 December 7972:15 December 7946:15 December 7808:15 December 7783:17 December 7541:11 February 7497:6 September 7434:6 September 7401:19 February 7060:22 December 7034:19 February 6828:17 February 6713:22 December 6521:in most of 6326:Sample text 6224:"bed", and 6222:/ˈl̠ʲabˠəj/ 6092:standardise 6080: [ 6060:ġeoḃaiḋ siḃ 6002:orthography 5969:long vowels 5891:Gaelic type 5851:Orthography 5800:(unchanged) 5794:her shoe – 5776:his shoe – 5756:"in Galway" 5753:i nGaillimh 5750:"Galway" – 5722:"Father" – 5644:"throw!" – 5616:Gaelic type 5572:"30 and 5" 5532:"15 on 20" 5524:"5 and 30" 5497:cúig fichid 5346:"Two men", 5343:beirt fhear 5329:dhá leabhar 5160:verbal noun 5152:subjunctive 5136:resultative 5115:molann sibh 5036:independent 5028:conditional 5024:subjunctive 4959:forms. The 4914:cuspóireach 4904:tabharthach 4798:Irish is a 4214:palatalised 4048:Old English 3966:Old English 3888:, south of 3687:Cnoc Slinne 3672:. 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London. 7584:. Nui.ie. 7362:10197/5649 7055:Ethnologue 6985:. London: 6822:www.cso.ie 6733:Britannica 6595:7 December 6533:References 6438:Irish name 6374:Béarlachas 6231:/t̪ˠɾˠaːj/ 6182:Gaoidhealg 5895:Roman type 5841:epenthesis 5829:morphology 5825:inflection 5791:(eclipsis) 5782:(lenition) 5725:ár nAthair 5630:Roman type 5612:fricatives 5540:"5 on 30" 5441:trí fichid 5432:leathchéad 5412:ceathracha 5349:beirt bhan 5303:Tá leabhar 5292:Tá leabhar 5281:Tá leabhar 5270:Tá leabhar 5259:Tá leabhar 5248:Tá leabhar 5229:Tá leabhar 5195:different 5032:imperative 5020:indicative 5000:perfective 4945:adjectives 4919:Adjectives 4909:accusative 4865:accusative 4766:diphthongs 4397:Continuant 4070:English... 4060:Henry VIII 3991:tíorthuibh 3968:historian 3612:cha bhfuil 3606:chan fhuil 3571:more than 3531:The Rosses 3489:pronounced 3427:san fheirm 3421:sa bhfeirm 3353:Éireannach 3245:ní thugaim 3233:ní thugaim 3197:ní fheicim 3104:Old Parish 2919:morphology 2814:Lough Mask 2109:An Gaodhal 2099:the Famine 1716:An Spidéal 1654:There are 1466:NUI Galway 1136:marginalia 1047:In English 893:Gaoidhealg 793:Irish has 683:, such as 626:indigenous 567:or simply 543:media help 16765:Squatting 16481:Fomorians 16410:Mythology 16280:Languages 16265:Halloween 16241:Bealtaine 16224:Festivals 16215:Stepdance 16120:Spice Bag 16105:Irish fry 16095:Colcannon 16070:Barmbrack 15993:Education 15951:President 15889:Education 15805:Transport 15780:Provinces 15702:Mountains 15677:Coastline 15649:Geography 15540:Civil War 15495:Tithe War 15126:Gibraltar 14923:Lithuania 14691:Taoiseach 14666:Transport 14249:Auregnais 13946:Redshanks 13921:Ceithearn 13649:Brittonic 13641:Languages 13274:Calan Mai 13265:Gŵyl Fair 13239:Festivals 13054:Interlace 12478:Mythology 12386:Gallaecia 12000:Galatians 11851:indicate 11821:Gaelscoil 11817:(Cornish) 11776:(Ireland) 11774:Gaeltacht 11710:Tyrsenian 11602:Old Irish 11532:Old Welsh 11459:Brittonic 11210:Gael Linn 11123:Cíarraige 11119:Conmaicne 11092:Dál Riata 11067:Uí Mháine 11051:Connachta 11033:Genealogy 10956:Old Irish 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1675:Connemara 1656:Gaeltacht 1649:Gaeltacht 1635:Connemara 1631:Gaeltacht 1627:Gaeltacht 1601:Gaeltacht 1595:Gaeltacht 1586:Gaeltacht 1576:Gaeltacht 1558:Gaeltacht 1552:Gaeltacht 1514:No Béarla 1365:Roscommon 1250:diglossia 1159:episcopus 1144:Old Welsh 1128:Old Irish 914:Old Irish 887:Gaedhilge 873:Gaedhealg 863:Gaedhilge 788:loanwords 658:Gaeltacht 646:Gaeltacht 424:Glottolog 392:ISO 639-3 374:ISO 639-2 356:ISO 639-1 216:Old Irish 147:: unknown 132:: unknown 114:Ethnicity 16723:Monastic 16688:Calendar 16672:Shamrock 16667:Red Hand 16605:Rounders 16270:Wren Day 16204:Sean-nós 16156:Guinness 16100:Drisheen 15976:Assembly 15958:Taxation 15861:Unionism 15828:Politics 15761:Counties 15505:Land War 15397:Clontarf 15393:Glenmama 15267:Timeline 15146:Svalbard 15131:Guernsey 15078:Abkhazia 15048:Scotland 15003:Slovenia 14998:Slovakia 14973:Portugal 14831:Bulgaria 14518:Scotland 14490:Guernsey 14405:Scotland 14395:Cornwall 14260:Jèrriais 13931:Gaesatae 13822:dialects 13785:Lepontic 13775:Galatian 13677:Goidelic 13527:Autonomy 13442:Politics 13395:Rounders 13247:Calendar 13220:Scotland 13205:Cornwall 13200:Brittany 13088:Clothing 13039:Knotwork 13017:Brooches 12989:Scotland 12974:Cornwall 12969:Brittany 12848:Y Wladfa 12803:Scotland 12767:Cornwall 12755:Brittany 12606:Seanchaí 12601:Tanistry 12561:Derbfine 12490:Scottish 12381:Brittany 12377:Domnonée 12373:Armorica 12368:Britonia 12350:Dumnonia 12325:Dálriata 12010:Lepontii 12005:Helvetii 11990:Gallaeci 11811:(Breton) 11768:Y Wladfa 11685:Ligurian 11574:Goidelic 11432:Lepontic 11386:Galatian 11307:Category 11269:Uí Ímair 11146:Scottish 11055:Uí Néill 11028:Nobility 10940:Language 10639:Category 10537:Coiscéim 10303:Journals 10112:List of 9963:Magazine 9767:Archived 9629:, 2011. 9534:(2005). 9505:(2005). 9476:(2005). 9389:46449130 9290:Archived 9266:18 March 9260:Archived 9146:67833553 9038:Archived 8763:19 March 8757:Archived 8631:Archived 8584:Archived 8554:Archived 8473:31 March 8467:Archived 8463:Academia 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3869:The Pale 3860:The Pale 3749:English 3720:(head), 3714:(wood), 3702:(hole), 3643:Leinster 3591:Rosguill 3536:na Rossa 3521:Gweedore 3402:sa siopa 3358:fronting 3289:"head", 3251:gheibhim 3072:Muskerry 2981:(hear), 2978:mothaigh 2855:oscailte 2773:() and ' 2692:"head", 2670:bhí muid 2644:lagachan 2629:Maigh Eo 2623:Gaillimh 2616:and the 2601:Connacht 2577:Leinster 2547:Connacht 2539:dialects 2533:Dialects 2164:and the 2162:Cornwall 2158:Brittany 2150:Scotland 2071:diaspora 1845:céilithe 1824:Gweedore 1699:Carraroe 1680:Conamara 1578:(plural 1542:Duolingo 1473:Misneach 1460:dyslexia 1311:monoglot 1187:Scotland 1171:dominica 1165:Domhnach 1076:"Erse" ( 1021:and the 984:Gaoluinn 976:Gaelainn 924:Endonyms 918:Goidelic 868:genitive 858:Connacht 846:Standard 832:In Irish 778:with 18 740:Connacht 691:, where 687:and the 685:Scotland 642:dominant 608:), is a 497:Help:IPA 431:iris1253 256:Dialects 184:Goidelic 16693:Castles 16620:Symbols 16590:Hurling 16575:Camogie 16474:Firbolg 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This 6100:grammar 6043:on the 5992:overdot 5971:, e.g. 5912:letters 5907:áibítir 5833:elision 5814:clitics 5804:Due to 5788:a mbróg 5779:a bhróg 5739:ar dtús 5620:overdot 5603:séimhiú 5480:90: v. 5466:80: v. 5461:seachtó 5452:70: v. 5438:60: v. 5429:(also: 5417:50: v. 5403:40: v. 5398:tríocha 5376:a deich 5294:agaibh. 5283:againn. 5181:inflect 5168:regular 5048:persons 4996:aspects 4988:present 4940:nouns. 4893:), and 4853:genders 4831:numbers 4827:decline 4822:verbs. 4820:deictic 4609:Central 4279:slender 4269:slender 4259:slender 4247:Glottal 4237:Coronal 4218:Russian 4084:Kinsale 3997:tíortha 3985:gnóthaí 3904:in the 3902:Leixlip 3894:Dundalk 3693:Cnoicín 3654:Wexford 3630:siúlaim 3481:, e.g. 3330:copular 3263:faighim 3227:bheirim 3178:Use of 3099:An Rinn 3077:Múscraí 3050:), and 3020:Munster 2984:doiligh 2891:déantaí 2849:deacair 2837:doiligh 2676:bhíomar 2641:, e.g. 2557:Munster 2521:Source: 2330:10,085 2146:Ireland 1711:Spiddal 1328:Ireland 1201:in the 1104:History 1014:Gaeilge 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