2319:
1544:
552:
752:
22:
242:
all ready to listen to the church of God, to the pope at Rome, and to every pious
Christian, that so we may show to each, according to his station, perfect love, and uphold him by word and deed. We know not, that any other obedience can be required of us towards him whom you call the pope or the father of fathers.”
859:
But the forced secularization of monasteries in 1803 put an end to the
Scottish abbeys of Erfurt and WĂĽrzburg, leaving St. James's at Ratisbon as the only surviving Schottenkloster in Germany. Since 1827 this monastery was again permitted to accept novices but the number of its monks dwindled down to
246:
Representatives from Bangor attended two conferences with
Augustine, at which they declared “that they could not depart from their ancient customs without the consent and leave of their people” and that they could not accept the supremacy of the pope “nor receive as their archbishop”. Dunod asserted
241:
The abbot of the most distinguished
British monastery, at Bangor, Deynoch by name, whose opinion in ecclesiastical affairs had the most weight with his countrymen, when urged by Augustin to submit in all things to the ordinances of the Roman Church, gave him the following remarkable answer: “We are
834:
In 1595, however, it was granted to the
Scottish congregation and occupied by Scottish monks until its suppression in 1803. The abbey of Constance began to decline in the first half of the 15th century and was suppressed in 1530. That of Memmingen also disappeared during the early period of the
619:("Book of the Icelanders"), between 1122 and 1133. The book states that the Norse found Irish priests, with bells and crosiers, at Iceland at the time of their arrival. Such figures are also mentioned in the Icelandic
686:(called Ratisbon in older literature). Their number soon increased and a larger monastery was built for them (about 1090) by Burgrave Otto of Regensburg and his brother Henry. This became the famous
812:
In the 14th and 15th centuries, most of these monasteries were on the decline, partly for want of Irish monks, and partly on account of great laxity of discipline and financial difficulties.
381:
During the 7th century, the disciples of
Columbanus and other Gaelic missionaries founded several monasteries in what are now France, Germany, Belgium, and Switzerland. The best known are:
682:, intended for Irish monks exclusively, sprang up in Germany. About 1072, three monks, Marianus, Iohannus, and Candidus, took up their abode at the little Church of Weih-St-Peter at
183:. Bede writes that Columba converted the Picts to the word of God, suggesting that Bible teaching was the central means of conversion. Students routinely studied for 18 years before
120:(German for 'Scottish monasteries') is the name applied to the Bible schools established by Gaelic missionaries in Continental Europe, particularly to those in Germany that became
1467:
Language
Contact across the North Atlantic: Proceedings of the Working Groups held at the University College, Galway (Ireland), 1992 and the University of Göteborg (Sweden), 1993
849:, and WĂĽrzburg again began to flourish temporarily, but all endeavours to regain the monasteries of Nuremberg, Vienna, and Constance for monks of Scottish nationality failed.
867:
suppressed this last
Schottenkloster in his brief of 2 September 1862. Its revenues were distributed between the diocesan seminary of Ratisbon and the Scots College at Rome.
247:
his independence from
Augustine on the grounds that they adhered to what their holy fathers held before them, who were the friends of God and the followers of the apostles.
110:
refers to the Gaelic-speaking people of
Ireland and western Scotland. From this term, developed an alternate Latin name for the territory in which the Scotti lived: '
250:
In Wales, Celtic Christianity long maintained its position with its peculiar ideas and exceptional beliefs. The Bible school at Bangor was destroyed in 613 by
2766:
1554:
675:(945), and, at Cologne, the Monasteries of St. Clement (about 953), St. Martin (about 980), St. Symphorian (about 990), and St. Pantaléon (1042).
155:
He could not pass the space even of a single hour without applying himself either to prayer, or reading, or writing, or else to some manual labor.
2355:
1715:
856:, Erfurt, and Würzburg, the only remaining Schottenklöster in Germany. He also erected a seminary in connection with the monastery at Ratisbon.
64:. Catholic Christianity spread first within Ireland. Since the 8th and 9th centuries, these early missions were called 'Celtic Christianity'.
2761:
2751:
2746:
229:
in 560. The school had such a large student body that seven deans presided over at least 300 students each. The mission's conflict with
2756:
2741:
2736:
842:
in Scotland many Scottish Benedictines left their country and took refuge in the Schottenklöster of Germany during the 16th century.
773:
827:, was left without any monks after the death of Abbot Philip in 1497. It was then re-peopled by German monks and in 1506 joined the
237:"invested Augustine with jurisdiction over all the bishops of the British Church" when he arrived in Britain in 597. Neander writes:
79:
was not strictly coordinated. As a whole, Celtic-speaking areas were part of Latin Christendom at a time when there was significant
852:
In 1692, Abbot Placidus Flemming of Ratisbon reorganized the Scottish congregation which now comprised the monasteries of Ratisbon
159:
In 563, Columba sailed to Scotland with about 200 other missionaries hoping to spread Celtic Christianity among the largely pagan
907:
285:
1765:
315:
was born in 543 and studied at Bangor Abbey until c. 590, when he travelled to the continent with twelve companions, including
1529:
1502:
1475:
1448:
1064:
1037:
2269:
269:
invited Aidan to the Northumbrian court to teach the doctrines of Celtic Christianity. Oswald granted Aidan the island of
2348:
647:
The rule of St. Columbanus, which was originally followed in most of these monasteries, was soon superseded by that of
1583:
994:
799:
824:
781:
461:
304:. It is estimated that two thirds of the Anglo-Saxon population were converted to Celtic Christianity at this time.
2705:
2640:
2388:
2428:
1687:
562:
Hiberno-Scottish activity in Europe continued after the death of Columbanus. There were monastic foundations in
2341:
1642:
Karl der GroĂźe und die Schottischen Heiligen. Nach der Handschrift Harley 3971 der Britischen Bibliothek London
777:
75:, while Protestant historians highlight conflicts between Celtic and Roman clergy. There is agreement that the
57:
2626:
2468:
2144:
1740:
838:
The Abbey of Holy Cross at Eichstatt seems to have ceased early in the 14th century. In consequence of the
2771:
2731:
687:
449:
147:. Following this, Columba spent seven years allegedly establishing over 300 churches and church schools.
1646:
Karl the Great and the Scottish Saints. After the manuscript Harley 3971 in the British Library (London)
2726:
2591:
2438:
2043:
1880:
1876:
1602:
2453:
2393:
2215:
191:
learning required by the Celtic Church. This school remained Celtic until they were driven out by the
2185:
628:
Among the Irish monks who were active in Central Europe were two particularly important theologians,
80:
335:
2443:
1648:]. Deutsche Texte des Mittelalters (in German). Vol. LXXI. Berlin (DDR): Akademie-Verlag.
828:
762:
633:
468:
351:
2250:
2210:
488:
278:
2561:
2463:
1842:
1775:
1760:
766:
730:(1036), and the Priory of Weih-St-Peter at Ratisbon formed the famous congregation of the German
367:
230:
343:
2669:
2571:
2521:
2166:
2038:
1872:
1785:
1725:
839:
648:
301:
76:
1465:
1438:
1054:
1027:
409:
397:
2664:
2195:
1915:
1853:
1605:(1984). "Some problems concerning the organisation of the Church in early medieval Ireland".
1559:
1519:
892:
707:
599:
266:
2235:
1920:
1492:
2551:
2299:
2220:
2031:
2026:
1780:
1755:
1720:
671:(about 749), while other Gaelic monks restored St. Michel in Thiérache (940), Walsort near
393:
274:
262:
2423:
609:
are said to have been present in Iceland before its settlement from AD 874 onwards by the
405:
8:
2695:
2058:
1940:
1863:
1795:
1750:
1680:
882:
595:
61:
45:
1910:
437:
2647:
2586:
2536:
2511:
2418:
2294:
2205:
1955:
1593:
637:
615:
594:
in the 770s, the Hiberno-Scottish efforts in the Frankish Empire were continued by the
540:
441:
425:
417:
1347:
590:
had strong Irish links. The profile of Iona declined, and from 698 until the reign of
480:
143:. At the age of 25, Columba’s first mission involved the establishment of a school at
2478:
2458:
2413:
2265:
1905:
1868:
1579:
1525:
1498:
1471:
1444:
1382:
1060:
1033:
990:
912:
735:
587:
500:
382:
445:
2674:
2633:
2576:
2541:
2516:
2245:
2190:
1985:
1745:
1616:
902:
621:
579:
421:
2433:
1810:
823:
were withdrawn from the Irish congregation and repeopled by German monks in 1418.
2566:
2546:
2280:
2240:
2048:
2001:
1964:
1884:
1836:
1831:
1735:
1628:
1412:
984:
629:
524:
472:
433:
429:
68:
2408:
2333:
2111:
1120:. Translated by Huyshe, Wentworth. New York: E. P. Dutton and Sons. pp. li.
2619:
2612:
2556:
2322:
2200:
2082:
1991:
1930:
1895:
1848:
1800:
1790:
1710:
1673:
1633:
The Times of Bede: Studies in Early English Christian Society and its Historian
1243:. Vol. 4. London: The Honourable Society of the Cymmrodorion. p. 298.
877:
656:
508:
234:
2130:
2115:
664:
2720:
2501:
2483:
2473:
2364:
2304:
2284:
2161:
2070:
1996:
1858:
1548:
937:
386:
359:
339:
226:
140:
21:
2403:
2098:
413:
251:
2679:
2288:
2230:
1978:
1925:
864:
672:
571:
504:
495:. Other Hiberno-Scottish missionaries active at the time, predominantly in
375:
347:
316:
192:
164:
2138:
2107:
2074:
1730:
1631:(2006). "Bede and the 'Church of the English'". In Baxter, Stephen (ed.).
1181:
Bonifatius, der Zerstörer des Columbanischen Kirchentums auf dem Festlande
719:
67:
There is dispute over the relationship of the Hiberno-Scottish mission to
2088:
2078:
2018:
1890:
591:
567:
566:
England, the first in about 630 at "Cnobheresburgh", an unknown place in
563:
270:
204:
121:
2448:
1620:
695:
625:("Book of Settlements", possibly going back to the early 12th century).
401:
2526:
1770:
853:
683:
556:
528:
320:
312:
184:
180:
37:
2383:
2378:
1196:
Discourse on the Religion Anciently Professed by the Irish and British
175:, was a relative of Columba and granted the missionaries ownership of
148:
2398:
2225:
2134:
2066:
1971:
1805:
816:
715:
699:
532:
363:
172:
125:
1900:
1654:
1213:. Vol. 1. New York: E. and J. B. Young Company. pp. 54–55.
751:
551:
139:
was an Irish prince born in 521 and educated at the Bible school at
2506:
1547: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1135:. Richmond, VA: Presbyterian Committee of Publications. p. 48.
738:
in 1215, with the Abbot of St. James at Ratisbon as abbot-general.
703:
610:
516:
512:
492:
324:
289:
188:
96:
72:
49:
2092:
1935:
1273:. Vol. 1. London: Keating, Brown and Keating. pp. 27–28.
986:
The Irish in Early Medieval Europe: Identity, Culture and Religion
273:
for a Bible school. Upon his death in 651, Aidan was succeeded by
225:
Dunod was a disciple of Columba who established a Bible school at
71:. Catholic sources claim it functioned under the authority of the
2581:
1607:
1318:. Oakland, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Association. p. 172.
1258:. Vol. 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 157–158.
1105:. Oakland, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Association. p. 103.
723:
678:
Towards the end of the 11th and in the 12th century, a number of
668:
660:
536:
476:
371:
355:
350:
expelled Columbanus from Burgundy in 610, Columbanus established
331:
136:
41:
2531:
2121:
2103:
1288:. Vol. 1. London: Keating, Brown and Keating. p. 155.
897:
887:
846:
820:
727:
711:
583:
520:
496:
457:
453:
297:
214:
209:
111:
84:
2275:
2126:
1826:
1696:
652:
606:
484:
448:, Ebersmunster in Lower Alsace, St. Martin's at Cologne, the
390:
293:
168:
160:
144:
105:
53:
34:
1494:
A History of the Old Icelandic Commonwealth: Islendinga Saga
1383:"The Life of St. Columban, by the Monk Jonas, (7th Century)"
1056:
Routledge Revivals: Medieval Ireland (2005): An Encyclopedia
33:
was a series of expeditions in the 6th and 7th centuries by
1521:
Cultural Legacies of Old Norse Literature: New Perspectives
575:
546:
176:
128:"Island of Saints and Scholars" derives from this period.
1518:
Geeraert, Dustin; Crocker, Christopher (23 August 2022).
1665:
726:(1231). These, together with the Abbey of St. James at
288:
kingdoms and similar Bible schools were established in
1464:
Ureland, P. Sture; Clarkson, Iain (8 September 2011).
972:. Vol. 3. London: Geo. Bell and Sons. p. 17.
690:
in Regensburg, the mother-house of a series of other
1348:"Saint Columban | Christian missionary | Britannica"
970:
General History of the Christian Religion and Church
1576:
Saints, Seaways and Settlements in the Celtic Lands
1440:
Ideology and Power in Norway and Iceland, 1150-1250
1183:(in German). GĂĽtersloh: C. Bertelsmann. p. 16.
1238:
2363:
944:. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company
835:Protestant Reformation in the following century.
636:. Legends of Irish foundations are recorded in a
2718:
613:. The oldest source mentioning the Papar is the
1716:Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups
1517:
1463:
989:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 231–41.
2492:
1443:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 112.
982:
87:was no less intense in Celtic-speaking areas.
2349:
1681:
1655:"The 'When, Why & Wherefore' of Scotland"
1253:
100:is the Latin name for the island of Ireland.
83:, but a general collective veneration of the
16:Medieval Irish and Scottish Christian mission
1490:
1239:Baring-Gould, Sabine; Fisher, John (1911).
1211:Illustrated Notes on English Church History
1150:. London: J. M. Dent and Sons. p. 215.
780:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
81:regional variation of liturgy and structure
25:Saint Columba during a mission to the Picts
2767:History of Christianity in the Netherlands
2356:
2342:
1688:
1674:
1552:
983:Flechner, Roy; Meeder, Sven, eds. (2016).
555:Schottenportal at the Scottish Monastery,
281:, both of whom had been educated at Iona.
1497:. Univ. of Manitoba Press. pp. 5–6.
1333:. London: John W. Parker. pp. 57–58.
1313:
1286:The Antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon Church
1271:The Antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon Church
1100:
1025:
800:Learn how and when to remove this message
1032:. Oxford University Press. p. 782.
694:. It founded the Abbeys of St. James at
550:
547:After Columbanus (8th to 13th centuries)
307:
20:
1627:
1436:
1283:
1268:
1256:The Antiquities of the British Churches
1145:
1115:
1029:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
1013:
967:
908:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
741:
491:who is said to have founded another at
2719:
1766:Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652
1601:
1578:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
1407:
1405:
1403:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1342:
1340:
1328:
1193:
1178:
1009:
845:The Scottish monasteries in Ratisbon,
131:
2337:
1669:
1652:
1573:
1159:
1157:
1130:
1059:. Taylor & Francis. p. 421.
1052:
931:
929:
863:There being no hope of any increase,
374:. In 614, he established a school at
2017:
1639:
1563:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1524:. Boydell & Brewer. p. 37.
1491:Johannesson, Jon (15 January 2007).
1223:
1208:
1096:
1094:
1078:
1076:
976:
963:
961:
959:
778:adding citations to reliable sources
745:
642:Charlemagne and the Scottish Saints
479:. Another early Schottenkloster was
2057:
1400:
1365:
1337:
1314:Wilkinson, Benjamin George (1944).
1298:
1163:
1101:Wilkinson, Benjamin George (1944).
1082:
1026:Nicholson, Oliver (19 April 2018).
935:
257:
13:
2762:History of Christianity in Germany
2752:History of Christianity in England
2747:History of Christianity in Belgium
1567:
1553:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
1470:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 115.
1198:. Dublin: John Jones. p. 106.
1154:
926:
487:, founded by the Irish missionary
284:From Northumbria, Aidan's mission
14:
2783:
2757:History of Christianity in France
2742:Christianity in medieval Scotland
1380:
1301:Ecclesiastical History of England
1166:Ecclesiastical History of England
1091:
1085:Ecclesiastical History of England
1073:
956:
286:spread throughout the Anglo-Saxon
220:
2737:Christianity in medieval Ireland
2641:De mirabilibus sacrae scripturae
2318:
2317:
1653:Woolf, Alex (March–April 2002).
1542:
1437:Coroban, Costel (11 June 2018).
750:
334:and schools were established at
1635:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
1511:
1484:
1457:
1430:
1322:
1307:
1292:
1277:
1262:
1247:
1241:The Lives of the British Saints
1232:
1217:
1202:
1187:
1172:
1139:
1124:
187:, an indicator of the depth of
1254:Stillingfleet, Edward (1842).
1109:
1046:
1019:
1003:
815:In consequence, the abbeys of
698:(about 1134), St. Aegidius at
362:. When Theuderic II conquered
265:was educated at Iona. In 634,
1:
2627:Collectio canonum Hibernensis
2365:Hiberno-Latin culture to 1169
1228:. London: D. Nutt. p. 5.
919:
870:
663:in Upper Alsace (about 727),
1595:Scotland In Dark Age Britain
1387:Internet History Sourcebooks
1016:, pp. 207–208, 220 n. 3
688:Scots Monastery of St. James
330:The mission was welcomed by
163:. The lord of the island of
90:
7:
1224:Bund, J. W. Willis (1897).
1053:Duffy, Sean (5 July 2017).
825:St. James's Abbey, WĂĽrzburg
467:In Italy, Fiesole produced
450:Scots Monastery, Regensburg
370:, where he was welcomed by
366:in 612, Columbanus fled to
198:
179:, where they established a
10:
2788:
2592:Virgilius Maro Grammaticus
2439:Laidcenn mac Buith Bannaig
1417:World History Encyclopedia
1299:Bede (731). "Chapter 26".
1226:The Celtic Church of Wales
968:Neander, Augustus (1871).
722:(1194), and the Priory of
319:, Columbanus the Younger,
2688:
2657:
2604:
2371:
2313:
2258:
2177:
2010:
1954:
1819:
1703:
1695:
1640:Shaw, Frank, ed. (1981).
1592:Crawford, Barbara (ed.),
1164:Bede (731). "Chapter 2".
1083:Bede (731). "Chapter 4".
942:The Catholic Encyclopedia
2706:Hiberno-Latin after 1169
2701:Hiberno-Scottish mission
2444:Laurentius of Echternach
2429:Gilla CrĂst Ua Máel EĂłin
1946:Gaelic Christian mission
860:two capitulars in 1862.
829:congregation of Bursfeld
634:Johannes Scotus Eriugena
469:Saint Donatus of Fiesole
332:King Guntram of Burgundy
31:Hiberno-Scottish mission
2562:Blessed Marianus Scotus
2464:Muirchu moccu Machtheni
2454:Manchán of Min Droichit
2394:Cenn Fáelad mac Aillila
2216:Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh
1776:Jacobite rising of 1745
714:(1158), St. Nicolas at
124:monasteries. Ireland's
2670:Gospels of Mael Brigte
2572:Martianus Hiberniensis
2522:Colman nepos Cracavist
1331:The Anglo-Saxon Church
1329:Soames, Henry (1835).
1284:Lingard, John (1806).
1269:Lingard, John (1806).
1194:Ussher, James (1815).
1146:Menzies, Lucy (1920).
840:Protestant Reformation
718:(1168), Holy Cross at
659:in Baden (about 721),
559:
244:
157:
26:
2665:Antiphonary of Bangor
2389:Augustinus Hibernicus
2251:An Coimisinéir Teanga
2211:An Comunn GĂ idhealach
1916:Oireachtas na Gaeilge
1574:Bowen, E. G. (1977).
1560:Catholic Encyclopedia
1148:Saint Columba of Iona
1131:Moore, T. V. (1868).
936:Ott, Michael (1912).
893:Schottenstift, Vienna
734:which was erected by
702:(1140), St. James at
655:missionaries founded
605:Irish monks known as
600:Germanic Christianity
554:
531:(Abbey of St. Gall),
489:Fridolin of Säckingen
308:Columbanus in Francia
239:
153:
69:Catholic Christianity
24:
2552:John Scotus Eriugena
2300:Kingdom of the Isles
2221:Seachtain na Gaeilge
2186:Údarás na Gaeltachta
1941:Insular Christianity
1756:Plantation of Ulster
1721:High King of Ireland
1012:, pp. 230–270;
774:improve this section
742:14th century onwards
358:with the support of
2696:Celtic Christianity
1796:Highland Clearances
1751:Flight of the Earls
1621:10.1484/j.peri.3.68
883:Anglo-Saxon mission
596:Anglo-Saxon mission
410:Diocese of Besançon
408:and Cusance in the
132:Columba in Scotland
46:Celtic Christianity
2772:Merovingian period
2732:Christian missions
2648:Proverbia Grecorum
2587:Virgil of Salzburg
2537:Donatus of Fiesole
2512:Clement of Ireland
2419:Finnian of Moville
2295:Kingdom of Munster
2236:Comunn na GĂ idhlig
2206:Conradh na Gaeilge
1843:Lebor Gabála Érenn
1598:(St Andrews, 1996)
1413:"Saint Columbanus"
1352:www.britannica.com
1179:Ebrard, A (1886).
1118:Life of St Columba
638:Middle High German
560:
541:Rupert of Salzburg
442:Mont Saint-Quentin
426:Moyenmoutier Abbey
418:Diocese of Langres
62:Merovingian France
27:
2727:Catholic missions
2714:
2713:
2600:
2599:
2479:Ruben of Dairinis
2459:Mo Sinu moccu Min
2424:Fintán of Taghmon
2414:Diarmaid the Just
2331:
2330:
2266:Haplogroup R-M269
2157:
2156:
2153:
2152:
1906:Gaelic folk music
1869:Gaelic literature
1661:. pp. 12–16.
1531:978-1-84384-638-3
1504:978-0-88755-331-8
1477:978-3-11-092965-2
1450:978-1-5275-1206-1
1133:The Culdee Church
1066:978-1-351-66617-6
1039:978-0-19-256246-3
938:"Schottenklöster"
913:Gregorian mission
810:
809:
802:
588:Glastonbury Abbey
578:. Others such as
501:Wendelin of Trier
40:originating from
2779:
2675:Reichenau Primer
2634:Hisperica Famina
2577:Sedulius Scottus
2517:Coelius Sedulius
2490:
2489:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2335:
2334:
2321:
2320:
2259:Related subjects
2246:Clans of Ireland
2196:Bòrd na Gà idhlig
2191:Foras na Gaeilge
2055:
2054:
2039:Medical families
2015:
2014:
1986:Classical Gaelic
1911:Sean-nĂłs singing
1854:Gaelic astrology
1837:Gaelic mythology
1746:Statutes of Iona
1690:
1683:
1676:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1659:History Scotland
1649:
1636:
1629:Wormald, Patrick
1624:
1589:
1564:
1546:
1545:
1536:
1535:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1409:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1378:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1344:
1335:
1334:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1316:Truth Triumphant
1311:
1305:
1304:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1161:
1152:
1151:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1116:Adamnan (1922).
1113:
1107:
1106:
1103:Truth Triumphant
1098:
1089:
1088:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1023:
1017:
1007:
1001:
1000:
980:
974:
973:
965:
954:
953:
951:
949:
933:
903:Quartodecimanism
805:
798:
794:
791:
785:
754:
746:
708:Our Blessed Lady
580:Malmesbury Abbey
438:Diocese of Liège
422:Remiremont Abbey
385:in Switzerland,
258:Aidan in England
151:says of Columba:
103:The Latin term '
2787:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2684:
2653:
2596:
2567:Marianus Scotus
2547:Hibernicus exul
2494:
2488:
2367:
2362:
2332:
2327:
2309:
2254:
2241:Columba Project
2179:
2173:
2149:
2053:
2006:
2002:Scottish Gaelic
1965:Primitive Irish
1950:
1881:Scottish Gaelic
1815:
1741:Nine Years' War
1704:General history
1699:
1694:
1603:Sharpe, Richard
1586:
1570:
1568:Further reading
1555:Schottenklöster
1543:
1540:
1539:
1532:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1435:
1431:
1421:
1419:
1411:
1410:
1401:
1391:
1389:
1381:Munro, Dana C.
1379:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1327:
1323:
1312:
1308:
1297:
1293:
1282:
1278:
1267:
1263:
1252:
1248:
1237:
1233:
1222:
1218:
1207:
1203:
1192:
1188:
1177:
1173:
1162:
1155:
1144:
1140:
1129:
1125:
1114:
1110:
1099:
1092:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1024:
1020:
1008:
1004:
997:
981:
977:
966:
957:
947:
945:
934:
927:
922:
917:
873:
806:
795:
789:
786:
771:
755:
744:
732:Schottenklöster
692:Schottenklöster
680:Schottenklöster
630:Marianus Scotus
549:
525:Reichenau abbey
473:Andrew the Scot
434:Fosses-la-Ville
430:Diocese of Toul
310:
260:
252:King Æthelfrith
233:is noteworthy.
223:
201:
134:
118:Schottenklöster
93:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2785:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2620:Cambrai Homily
2616:
2613:Altus Prosator
2608:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2557:Joseph Scottus
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2496:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2361:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2338:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2278:
2273:
2270:human genetics
2262:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2201:Culture Vannin
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2124:
2119:
2101:
2096:
2086:
2063:
2061:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2027:Royal families
2023:
2021:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1960:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1931:Highland games
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1896:Insular script
1893:
1888:
1866:
1861:
1859:Gaelic kinship
1856:
1851:
1849:Gaelic warfare
1846:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1821:
1820:Gaelic culture
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1801:Gaelic Revival
1798:
1793:
1791:Irish diaspora
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1761:1641 Rebellion
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1726:Irish kingdoms
1723:
1718:
1713:
1711:Gaelic Ireland
1707:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1693:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1650:
1637:
1625:
1599:
1590:
1584:
1569:
1566:
1538:
1537:
1530:
1510:
1503:
1483:
1476:
1456:
1449:
1429:
1399:
1364:
1336:
1321:
1306:
1303:. Vol. 3.
1291:
1276:
1261:
1246:
1231:
1216:
1201:
1186:
1171:
1168:. Vol. 2.
1153:
1138:
1123:
1108:
1090:
1087:. Vol. 3.
1072:
1065:
1045:
1038:
1018:
1002:
995:
975:
955:
924:
923:
921:
918:
916:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
878:Gaelic Ireland
874:
872:
869:
808:
807:
758:
756:
749:
743:
740:
644:(Shaw, 1981).
640:text known as
548:
545:
352:Mehrerau Abbey
309:
306:
259:
256:
235:Pope Gregory I
222:
221:Dunod in Wales
219:
218:
217:
212:
207:
200:
197:
133:
130:
92:
89:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2784:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2502:Cadac-Andreas
2500:
2499:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2474:Saint Patrick
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2434:Gilla Pátraic
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2324:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2306:
2305:Gaelicisation
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2180:organisations
2176:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1864:Bardic poetry
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1811:GĂ idhealtachd
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1679:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1585:0-900768-30-4
1581:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1550:
1549:public domain
1533:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1514:
1506:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1487:
1479:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1460:
1452:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1433:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1341:
1332:
1325:
1317:
1310:
1302:
1295:
1287:
1280:
1272:
1265:
1257:
1250:
1242:
1235:
1227:
1220:
1212:
1209:Lane (1898).
1205:
1197:
1190:
1182:
1175:
1167:
1160:
1158:
1149:
1142:
1134:
1127:
1119:
1112:
1104:
1097:
1095:
1086:
1079:
1077:
1068:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1049:
1041:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1022:
1015:
1011:
1006:
998:
996:9781137430595
992:
988:
987:
979:
971:
964:
962:
960:
943:
939:
932:
930:
925:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
875:
868:
866:
861:
857:
855:
850:
848:
843:
841:
836:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
813:
804:
801:
793:
783:
779:
775:
769:
768:
764:
759:This section
757:
753:
748:
747:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
626:
624:
623:
618:
617:
616:ĂŤslendingabĂłk
612:
608:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
574:mentioned by
573:
570:but possibly
569:
565:
558:
553:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
392:
388:
387:Disibodenberg
384:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
360:Theudebert II
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
255:
253:
248:
243:
238:
236:
232:
228:
227:Bangor-on-Dee
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
202:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
156:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
113:
109:
107:
101:
99:
98:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
36:
32:
23:
19:
2700:
2680:Stowe Missal
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2409:Cumméne Fota
2289:Clan MacLeod
2231:ULTACH Trust
2112:Corcu LoĂgde
1984:
1979:Middle Irish
1977:
1970:
1963:
1945:
1926:Gaelic games
1877:Modern Irish
1841:
1786:Great Hunger
1658:
1645:
1641:
1632:
1612:
1606:
1594:
1575:
1558:
1541:
1520:
1513:
1493:
1486:
1466:
1459:
1439:
1432:
1420:. Retrieved
1416:
1390:. Retrieved
1386:
1355:. Retrieved
1351:
1330:
1324:
1315:
1309:
1300:
1294:
1285:
1279:
1270:
1264:
1255:
1249:
1240:
1234:
1225:
1219:
1210:
1204:
1195:
1189:
1180:
1174:
1165:
1147:
1141:
1132:
1126:
1117:
1111:
1102:
1084:
1055:
1048:
1028:
1021:
1014:Wormald 2006
1005:
985:
978:
969:
946:. Retrieved
941:
865:Pope Pius IX
862:
858:
851:
844:
837:
833:
814:
811:
796:
787:
772:Please help
760:
736:Innocent III
731:
691:
679:
677:
649:St. Benedict
646:
641:
627:
620:
614:
604:
572:Burgh Castle
561:
505:Saint Kilian
466:
380:
372:King Agilulf
348:Theuderic II
329:
311:
283:
277:and then by
261:
249:
245:
240:
224:
193:Benedictines
181:Bible school
158:
154:
135:
117:
116:
104:
102:
95:
94:
66:
44:that spread
38:missionaries
30:
28:
18:
2658:Manuscripts
2281:Norse–Gaels
2131:Dál nAraidi
2116:Dál Fiatach
2089:Dalcassians
2079:Clan Donald
1891:Gaelic type
1873:Early Irish
1010:Sharpe 1984
948:19 February
665:AltomĂĽnster
622:Landnámabók
592:Charlemagne
568:East Anglia
564:Anglo-Saxon
302:East Anglia
271:Lindisfarne
267:King Oswald
205:Saint Blane
189:theological
122:Benedictine
2721:Categories
2527:Columbanus
2404:CĂş Chuimne
2099:EĂłganachta
2075:Clan Colla
1832:Brehon law
1781:Penal Laws
1771:Jacobitism
1615:: 230–70.
920:References
854:Regensburg
684:Regensburg
582:, perhaps
557:Regensburg
529:Saint Gall
394:Palatinate
313:Columbanus
185:ordination
2495:continent
2469:Palladius
2399:Cogitosus
2226:Gael Linn
2139:CĂarraige
2135:Conmaicne
2108:Dál Riata
2083:Uà Mháine
2067:Connachta
2049:Genealogy
1972:Old Irish
1806:Gaeltacht
1731:Dál Riata
817:Nuremberg
790:June 2020
761:does not
720:Eichstätt
716:Memmingen
704:Constance
700:Nuremberg
667:in Upper
533:Corbinian
523:(founded
481:Säckingen
364:Austrasia
344:Fontaines
231:Augustine
195:in 1204.
173:Dál Riada
126:sobriquet
91:Etymology
2692:See also
2507:Cellanus
2484:TĂrechán
2449:Máel Dub
2323:Category
2285:UĂ ĂŤmair
2162:Scottish
2071:UĂ NĂ©ill
2044:Nobility
1956:Language
1422:8 August
1392:8 August
1357:8 August
871:See also
706:(1142),
696:WĂĽrzburg
651:. Later
517:Trudpert
513:Landelin
509:Arbogast
493:Konstanz
462:WĂĽrzburg
402:Besançon
398:Palatium
383:St. Gall
368:Lombardy
290:Bernicia
199:See Also
97:Hibernia
73:Holy See
50:Scotland
2582:Tuotilo
2384:Ailerán
2379:Adomnán
2372:Authors
2283:(incl.
2178:Related
2129:(incl.
2106:(incl.
2091:(incl.
2069:(incl.
1608:Peritia
1551::
782:removed
767:sources
724:Kelheim
669:Bavaria
661:Murbach
537:Emmeram
499:, were
477:Fiesole
446:PĂ©ronne
436:in the
428:in the
416:in the
389:in the
356:Bregenz
346:. When
340:Luxeuil
336:Anegray
149:Adamnan
141:Clonard
137:Columba
77:mission
58:England
42:Ireland
2542:Dungal
2532:Dicuil
2493:On the
2145:Ulster
2137:, and
2122:Laigin
2118:, etc)
2104:Érainn
2085:, etc)
1921:Am Mòd
1901:Fáinne
1883:&
1582:
1528:
1501:
1474:
1447:
1063:
1036:
993:
898:Pirmin
888:Culdee
847:Erfurt
821:Vienna
728:Erfurt
712:Vienna
653:Gaelic
598:– see
586:, and
584:Bosham
521:Pirmin
497:Swabia
458:Erfurt
454:Vienna
376:Bobbio
325:Domgal
323:, and
321:Gallus
317:Attala
298:Mercia
279:Colman
215:Maccai
210:Cathan
112:Scotia
106:Scotti
85:Papacy
35:Gaelic
2605:Texts
2276:Celts
2127:Ulaid
2093:DĂ©isi
2032:Kings
2019:Irish
2011:Clans
1992:Irish
1936:TĂşath
1827:Ogham
1697:Gaels
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673:Namur
657:Honau
611:Norse
607:Papar
485:Baden
391:Rhine
294:Deira
275:Finan
263:Aidan
161:Picts
145:Derry
54:Wales
2287:and
2167:List
2059:List
1997:Manx
1885:Manx
1736:Alba
1580:ISBN
1526:ISBN
1499:ISBN
1472:ISBN
1445:ISBN
1424:2022
1394:2022
1359:2022
1061:ISBN
1034:ISBN
991:ISBN
950:2013
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765:any
763:cite
632:and
576:Bede
539:and
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460:and
424:and
414:Bèze
406:Lure
342:and
300:and
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169:Gael
167:, a
165:Mull
60:and
29:The
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776:by
710:at
527:),
483:in
475:of
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