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their production is very easy as common technology can be used to produce biological warfare agents, like that used in production of vaccines, foods, spray devices, beverages and antibiotics. A major factor in biological warfare that attracts terrorists is that they can easily escape before the government agencies or secret agencies have even started their investigation. This is because the potential organism has an incubation period of 3 to 7 days, after which the results begin to appear, thereby giving terrorists a lead.
11942:
3183:. The Haganah initially used typhoid bacteria to contaminate water wells in newly cleared Arab villages to prevent the population including militiamen from returning. Later, the biological warfare campaign expanded to include Jewish settlements that were in imminent danger of being captured by Arab troops and inhabited Arab towns not slated for capture. There was also plans to expand the biological warfare campaign into other Arab states including Egypt, Lebanon and Syria, but they were not carried out.
3897:
projections refine previous estimates of the distribution of early-onset cases after a release and support a recommended 60-day course of prophylactic antibiotic treatment for individuals exposed to low doses of anthrax. By making these data available to local public health officials in real time, most models of anthrax epidemics indicate that more than 80% of an exposed population can receive antibiotic treatment before becoming symptomatic, and thus avoid the moderately high mortality of the disease.
3288:) is now so cheap and widely available that scientists fear that amateurs will start experimenting with them. In this technique, a DNA sequence is cut off and replaced with a new sequence, e.g. one that codes for a particular protein, with the intent of modifying an organism's traits. Concerns have emerged regarding do-it-yourself biology research organizations due to their associated risk that a rogue amateur DIY researcher could attempt to develop dangerous bioweapons using genome editing technology.
731:, which they had been working with in the lab (though nobody else was infected in those cases) β while there is no evidence that their work was directed towards biological warfare, it demonstrates the potential for accidental infection even of careful researchers fully aware of the dangers. While containment of biological warfare is less of a concern for certain criminal or terrorist organizations, it remains a significant concern for the military and civilian populations of virtually all nations.
3809:
727:. This feature can be undesirable, as the agent(s) may be transmitted by this mechanism to unintended populations, including neutral or even friendly forces. Worse still, such a weapon could "escape" the laboratory where it was developed, even if there was no intent to use it β for example by infecting a researcher who then transmits it to the outside world before realizing that they were infected. Several cases are known of researchers becoming infected and dying of
11954:
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476:
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4802:
61:
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169:
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3000:
3232:. The BWC is considered to have established a strong global norm against biological weapons, which is reflected in the treaty's preamble, stating that the use of biological weapons would be "repugnant to the conscience of mankind". The BWC's effectiveness has been limited due to insufficient institutional support and the absence of any formal verification regime to monitor compliance.
3228:(BWC) supplements the Geneva Protocol by prohibiting the development, production, acquisition, transfer, stockpiling and use of biological weapons. Having entered into force on 26 March 1975, the BWC was the first multilateral disarmament treaty to ban the production of an entire category of weapons of mass destruction. As of March 2021,
3292:
2015, to combat the threat of bioterrorism, a
National Blueprint for Biodefense was issued by the Blue-Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense. Also, 233 potential exposures of select biological agents outside of the primary barriers of the biocontainment in the US were described by the annual report of the Federal Select Agent Program.
3408:. Stability of the weaponized agent (the ability of the agent to retain its infectivity and virulence after a prolonged period of storage) may also be desirable, particularly for military applications, and the ease of creating one is often considered. Control of the spread of the agent may be another desired characteristic.
5830:
years before Ecuyer's trickery, notably during
Pizarro's conquest of South America in the 16th century. As a whole, the analysis of the various 'pre-microbiological" attempts at biological warfare illustrate the difficulty of differentiating attempted biological attack from naturally occurring epidemics.
5859:
In retrospect, it is difficult to evaluate the tactical success of
Captain Ecuyer's biological attack because smallpox may have been transmitted after other contacts with colonists, as had previously happened in New England and the South. Although scabs from smallpox patients are thought to be of low
5829:
However, in the light of contemporary knowledge, it remains doubtful whether his hopes were fulfilled, given the fact that the transmission of smallpox through this kind of vector is much less efficient than respiratory transmission, and that Native
Americans had been in contact with smallpox >200
3327:, infecting any person or animal they might bite. Another type of EW is a direct insect attack against crops; the insect may not be infected with any pathogen but instead represents a threat to agriculture. The final method uses uninfected insects, such as bees or wasps, to directly attack the enemy.
2968:
in
Scotland, was contaminated with anthrax during a series of extensive tests for the next 56 years. Although the UK never offensively used the biological weapons it developed, its program was the first to successfully weaponize a variety of deadly pathogens and bring them into industrial production.
3291:
In 2002, when CNN went through Al-Qaeda's (AQ's) experiments with crude poisons, they found out that AQ had begun planning ricin and cyanide attacks with the help of a loose association of terrorist cells. The associates had infiltrated many countries like Turkey, Italy, Spain, France and others. In
703:
A nation or group that can pose a credible threat of mass casualty has the ability to alter the terms under which other nations or groups interact with it. When indexed to weapon mass and cost of development and storage, biological weapons possess destructive potential and loss of life far in excess
3980:
The traditional approach toward protecting agriculture, food, and water: focusing on the natural or unintentional introduction of a disease is being strengthened by focused efforts to address current and anticipated future biological weapons threats that may be deliberate, multiple, and repetitive.
3280:
Biological weapons are difficult to detect, economical and easy to use, making them appealing to terrorists. The cost of a biological weapon is estimated to be about 0.05 percent the cost of a conventional weapon in order to produce similar numbers of mass casualties per kilometer square. Moreover,
3366:
has emerged as a promising technique for gene editing. It was hailed by The
Washington Post as "the most important innovation in the synthetic biology space in nearly 30 years." While other methods take months or years to edit gene sequences, CRISPR speeds that time up to weeks. Due to its ease of
3896:
finding, often recognized by public health officials if they receive timely reports). The incubation period for humans is estimated to be about 11.8 days to 12.1 days. This suggested period is the first model that is independently consistent with data from the largest known human outbreak. These
3891:
For example, in the case of anthrax, it is likely that by 24β36 hours after an attack, some small percentage of individuals (those with the compromised immune system or who had received a large dose of the organism due to proximity to the release point) will become ill with classical symptoms and
3310:
Entomological warfare (EW) is a type of biological warfare that uses insects to attack the enemy. The concept has existed for centuries and research and development have continued into the modern era. EW has been used in battle by Japan and several other nations have developed and been accused of
3295:
Though a verification system can reduce bioterrorism, an employee, or a lone terrorist having adequate knowledge of a bio-technology company's facilities, can cause potential danger by utilizing, without proper oversight and supervision, that company's resources. Moreover, it has been found that
3045:
on prisoners, and produced biological weapons for combat use. Although the
Japanese effort lacked the technological sophistication of the American or British programs, it far outstripped them in its widespread application and indiscriminate brutality. Biological weapons were used against Chinese
3968:
is to integrate the sustained efforts of the national and homeland security, medical, public health, intelligence, diplomatic, and law enforcement communities. Health care providers and public health officers are among the first lines of defense. In some countries private, local, and provincial
3411:
The primary difficulty is not the production of the biological agent, as many biological agents used in weapons can be manufactured relatively quickly, cheaply and easily. Rather, it is the weaponization, storage, and delivery in an effective vehicle to a vulnerable target that pose significant
2798:
Biological agents were extensively used in many parts of Africa from the sixteenth century AD, most of the time in the form of poisoned arrows, or powder spread on the war front as well as poisoning of horses and water supply of the enemy forces. In Borgu, there were specific mixtures to kill,
4045:
2827:. The commander of Fort Pitt, Simeon Ecuyer, ordered his men to take smallpox-infested blankets from the infirmary and give it to a Lenape delegation during the siege. A reported outbreak that began the spring before left as many as one hundred Native Americans dead in
3887:
Thus, a robust surveillance system involving human clinicians and veterinarians may identify a bioweapons attack early in the course of an epidemic, permitting the prophylaxis of disease in the vast majority of people (and/or animals) exposed but not yet ill.
6697:
3984:
The growing threat of biowarfare agents and bioterrorism has led to the development of specific field tools that perform on-the-spot analysis and identification of encountered suspect materials. One such technology, being developed by researchers from the
2863:
to
American lines; Washington, remaining unconvinced, wrote that he "could hardly give credit to" the claim. Washington had already inoculated his soldiers, diminishing the effect of the epidemic. Some historians have claimed that a detachment of the
6050:
3673:. When the United States renounced its offensive biological warfare program in 1969 and 1970, the vast majority of its biological arsenal was composed of these plant diseases. Enterotoxins and Mycotoxins were not affected by Nixon's order.
3859:
personnel to get vaccinated for certain diseases that may potentially be used as a bioweapon such as anthrax, smallpox, and various other vaccines depending on the Area of
Operations of the individual military units and commands.
7679:
3664:
were weaponized in aerial spray tanks and cluster bombs for delivery to enemy watersheds in agricultural regions to initiate epiphytotic (epidemics among plants). On the other hand, some sources report that these agents were
7887:
3425:, perfect for dispersal aerosols. Second, this organism is not considered transmissible from person to person, and thus rarely if ever causes secondary infections. A pulmonary anthrax infection starts with ordinary
5341:
Borisevich, I. V.; Markin, V. A.; Firsova, I. V.; Evseey, A. A.; Khamitov, R. A.; Maksimov, V. A. (2006). "Hemorrhagic (Marburg, Ebola, Lassa, and
Bolivian) fevers: Epidemiology, clinical pictures, and treatment".
3361:
Most of the biosecurity concerns in synthetic biology are focused on the role of DNA synthesis and the risk of producing genetic material of lethal viruses (e.g. 1918 Spanish flu, polio) in the lab. Recently, the
3879:
in 1979βsheep became ill with anthrax as far as 200 kilometers from the release point of the organism from a military facility in the southeastern portion of the city and still off-limits to visitors today, (see
707:
As a tactical weapon for military use, a significant problem with biological warfare is that it would take days to be effective, and therefore might not immediately stop an opposing force. Some biological agents
3930:
No illness presented in people who were/are not exposed to "common ventilation systems (have separate closed ventilation systems) when illness is seen in persons in close proximity who have a common ventilation
7493:
8004:
Ouagrham-Gormley S. Dissuading Biological Weapons Proliferation. Contemporary Security Policy . December 2013;34(3):473β500. Available from: Humanities International Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed 28 January
3136:, allowing only scientific research for defensive measures. This decision increased the momentum of the negotiations for a ban on biological warfare, which took place from 1969 to 1972 in the United Nation's
3839:
In 2010 at The Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and Their Destruction in
3652:) for destroying enemy agriculture. Biological weapons also target fisheries as well as water-based vegetation. It was believed that the destruction of enemy agriculture on a strategic scale could thwart
3852:(2005). The aim was to prevent and minimize the consequences of natural outbreaks of dangerous infectious diseases as well as the threat of alleged use of biological weapons against BTWC States Parties.
3680:
or bioregulators. The Army Biological Laboratory tested each agent and the Army's Technical Escort Unit was responsible for the transport of all chemical, biological, radiological (nuclear) materials.
6437:
6014:
3213:, which prohibits the use but not the possession or development of biological and chemical weapons in international armed conflicts. Upon ratification of the Geneva Protocol, several countries made
3050:
with ceramic bombs full of fleas carrying the bubonic plague. Many of these operations were ineffective due to inefficient delivery systems, although up to 400,000 people may have died. During the
704:
of nuclear, chemical or conventional weapons. Accordingly, biological agents are potentially useful as strategic deterrents, in addition to their utility as offensive weapons on the battlefield.
4329:
4320:
8772:
7929:"Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction"
9825:
9037:
The Implementation of Legally Binding Measures to Strengthen the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute, Held in Budapest, Hungary, 2001
6286:
The Implementation of Legally Binding Measures to Strengthen the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute, held in Budapest, Hungary, 2001
7041:
2876:
there in 1789. Dr Seth Carus states: "Ultimately, we have a strong circumstantial case supporting the theory that someone deliberately introduced smallpox in the Aboriginal population."
2803:, make the enemy bold, and to act as an antidote against the poison of the enemy as well. The creation of biologicals was reserved for a specific and professional class of medicine-men.
9548:
7603:
7105:
6433:
3129:
4015:
in Israel are developing a different device called the BioPen, essentially a "Lab-in-a-Pen", which can detect known biological agents in under 20 minutes using an adaptation of the
3054:
in 1942, around 1,700 Japanese troops died out of a total 10,000 Japanese soldiers who fell ill with disease when their own biological weapons attack rebounded on their own forces.
4273:
2972:
When the United States entered the war, Allied resources were pooled at the request of the British. The U.S. then established a large research program and industrial complex at
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infectivity as a result of binding of the virus in fibrin metric, and transmission by fomites has been considered inefficient compared with respiratory droplet transmission.
4474:
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9770:
3770:
to kill the chicken. These agents were prepared to spray them down from tanks attached to airplanes over hundreds of miles. The secret program was code-named "Ecology".
3684:
Biological warfare can also specifically target plants to destroy crops or defoliate vegetation. The United States and Britain discovered plant growth regulators (i.e.,
8968:
2751:
Rudimentary forms of biological warfare have been practiced since antiquity. The earliest documented incident of the intention to use biological weapons is recorded in
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9142:
5325:
7008:
6897:
4001:
8495:
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4174:
9810:
462:
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4676:
653:, and may be targeted against a single individual, a group of people, or even an entire population. They may be developed, acquired, stockpiled or deployed by
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11394:
10733:
10690:
9599:
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505:
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within 3β7 days, with a fatality rate that is 90% or higher in untreated patients. Finally, friendly personnel and civilians can be protected with suitable
3335:
Theoretically, novel approaches in biotechnology, such as synthetic biology could be used in the future to design novel types of biological warfare agents.
10659:
8382:
7154:
4246:
4226:
3969:(state) capabilities are being augmented by and coordinated with federal assets, to provide layered defenses against biological weapon attacks. During the
3229:
6959:
6929:
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8571:
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as outbreaks happened on their own every dozen or so years and the delegates were met again later and seemingly had not contracted smallpox. During the
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Though herbicides are chemicals, they are often grouped with biological warfare and chemical warfare because they may work in a similar manner as
10099:
9815:
9015:
8603:
6157:"Scientists and the history of biological weapons. A brief historical overview of the development of biological weapons in the twentieth century"
6127:
5093:
4364:
3247:
11685:
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406:
207:
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3239:
was established, a multilateral export control regime of 43 countries aiming to prevent the proliferation of chemical and biological weapons.
10604:
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6669:
6637:
6463:
6458:
5146:
4906:
411:
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was suggested as well-tested means for enhancing the monitoring of infections and parasitic agents, for the practical implementation of the
684:. Unlike bioweapons, these midspectrum agents do not reproduce in their host and are typically characterized by shorter incubation periods.
8741:
458:
366:
361:
5179:
2831:
from 1763 to 1764. It is not clear whether the smallpox was a result of the Fort Pitt incident or the virus was already present among the
10738:
8887:
Biohazard: The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World β Told from Inside by the Man Who Ran it
6493:
Biohazard: The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World β Told from Inside by the Man Who Ran it
386:
371:
331:
321:
316:
7196:
7180:
Kelle A (2009). "Security issues related to synthetic biology. Chapter 7.". In Schmidt M, Kelle A, Ganguli-Mitra A, de Vriend H (eds.).
5940:
10841:
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8764:
4896:
4461:
4005:
3587:
3137:
416:
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4053:
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3250:, which obligates all UN Member States to develop and enforce appropriate legal and regulatory measures against the proliferation of
498:
231:
226:
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6385:
11844:
11782:
9795:
9615:
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Millet, P., Kuiken, T., & Grushkin, D. (18 March 2014). Seven Myths and Realities about Do-It-Yourself Biology. Retrieved from
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4507:
4033:
3133:
1697:
341:
326:
241:
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about 95% of accidents that have occurred due to low security have been done by employees or those who had a security clearance.
2124:
401:
346:
311:
266:
221:
216:
125:
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3868:
Most classical and modern biological weapons' pathogens can be obtained from a plant or an animal which is naturally infected.
3144:, which was opened for signature on 10 April 1972 and entered into force on 26 March 1975 after its ratification by 22 states.
396:
381:
351:
336:
306:
286:
261:
246:
236:
97:
8141:
Toth DJ, Gundlapalli AV, Schell WA, Bulmahn K, Walton TE, Woods CW, Coghill C, Gallegos F, Samore MH, Adler FR (August 2013).
3937:
Rare illness that affects a large, disparate population (respiratory disease might suggest the pathogen or agent was inhaled).
2916:
of 1925 prohibited the first use of chemical and biological weapons against enemy nationals in international armed conflicts.
10923:
10038:
9805:
9579:
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6501:
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5932:
5852:
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5243:
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5056:
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2816:
2771:
archers dipped their arrows and Roman soldiers their swords into excrements and cadavers β victims were commonly infected by
391:
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296:
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256:
251:
47:
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7285:
6632:
5873:
10861:
10155:
9900:
9148:
7768:
6832:
5629:
Akinwumi, Olayemi (1995). "Biologically-based Warfare in the Pre-colonial Borgu Society of Nigeria and Republic of Benin".
4445:
4311:
3367:
use and accessibility, it has raised a number of ethical concerns, especially surrounding its use in the biohacking space.
491:
479:
281:
276:
8923:
Counterproliferation Paper No. 53, USAF Counterproliferation Center, Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, USA.
6889:
5323:
104:
11416:
10856:
10755:
7629:
Hassani M, Patel MC, Pirofski LA (April 2004). "Vaccines for the prevention of diseases caused by potential bioweapons".
7000:
6517:
Meselson, M.; Guillemin, J.; Hugh-Jones, M.; Langmuir, A.; Popova, I.; Shelokov, A.; Yampolskaya, O. (18 November 1994).
2480:
773:
78:
11816:
10510:
9066:
9045:
8485:
7164:
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6110:
5714:
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4008:(BiosparQ). This system would be implemented into the national response plan for bioweapon attacks in the Netherlands.
3066:
2675:
2453:
1068:
595:(BWC) bans the development, production, acquisition, transfer, stockpiling and use of biological weapons. In contrast,
8294:
8245:
6743:
6254:
3057:
During the final months of World War II, Japan planned to use plague as a biological weapon against U.S. civilians in
10836:
10376:
9893:
9886:
9790:
8997:
8346:
6873:
6777:"Twenty-first century perspectives on the Biological Weapon Convention: Continued relevance or toothless paper tiger"
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3026:
2129:
355:
144:
111:
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9702:
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Maskiell M, Mayor A (January 2001). "Killer Khilats Part 2: Imperial collecting of poison dress legends in India".
8910:
4490:
4441:
3849:
2207:
9596:
8930:(July 2009). "Is all fair in biological warfare? The controversy over genetically engineered biological weapons".
11448:
10945:
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1977:
822:
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Distinguished Research Fellow, Center for the Study of WMD, National Defense University, Ft. McNair, Washington.
4988:"Toxins as biological weapons for terror-characteristics, challenges and medical countermeasures: a mini-review"
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10351:
9750:
7860:
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5124:, Part 1 (eds. Jean-Marie Henckaerts & Louise Doswald-Beck: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 1607β10.
2316:
585:
93:
82:
9040:. Vol. 150 of NATO science series: Mathematics, physics, and chemistry (illustrated ed.). Springer.
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8563:
11196:
11102:
10554:
10117:
10094:
9707:
9315:
Maskiell M, Mayor A (January 2001). "Killer Khilats Part 1: Legends of Poisoned" Robes of Honour" in India".
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2180:
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592:
432:
10122:
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7960:
7945:
3943:
Unusual trends of death and/or illness in animal populations, previous to or accompanying illness in humans.
3311:
using an entomological warfare program. EW may employ insects in a direct attack or as vectors to deliver a
11849:
11246:
11146:
9638:
7926:
7074:
6619:
5580:
4098:
3909:
Single cause of a certain disease caused by an uncommon agent, with lack of an epidemiological explanation.
3732:
to sicken cavalry horses in U.S. and France, sheep in Romania, and livestock in Argentina intended for the
3567:
2670:
1374:
1134:
9556:(6th ed.). Fort Detrick, Maryland: U.S. Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases. Archived from
8404:
7369:"Chemical synthesis of poliovirus cDNA: generation of infectious virus in the absence of natural template"
6698:"The Shortcomings of Indeterminacy in Arms Control Regimes: The Case of the Biological Weapons Convention"
5770:
Ranlet, P (2000). "The British, the Indians, and smallpox: what actually happened at Fort Pitt in 1763?".
4986:
Berger, Tamar; Eisenkraft, Arik; Bar-Haim, Erez; Kassirer, Michael; Aran, Adi Avniel; Fogel, Itay (2016).
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4911:
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3688:) during the Second World War, which were then used by the UK in the counterinsurgency operations of the
2763:) were driven into enemy lands, causing an epidemic. The Assyrians poisoned enemy wells with the fungus
2680:
1867:
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673:
442:
8825:
5682:
The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America (Pivotal Moments in American History)
5562:
Andrew G. Robertson, and Laura J. Robertson. "From asps to allegations: biological warfare in history,"
3989:(LLNL), employs a "sandwich immunoassay", in which fluorescent dye-labeled antibodies aimed at specific
3740:. Also, Germany itself became a victim of similar attacks β horses bound for Germany were infected with
2795:
into Europe, Near East and North Africa, resulting in the deaths of approximately 25 million Europeans.
11389:
11241:
11216:
10626:
9755:
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5175:
The Law of Armed Conflict and the Use of Force: The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law
5109:
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3538:
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2144:
603:
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28:
8992:. US Defense Dept., National Defense University, Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction.
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regarding its applicability and use in retaliation. Due to these reservations, it was in practice a "
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Greek Fire, Poison Arrows & Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World
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Greek Fire, Poison Arrows & Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World
3262:
and their means of delivery, in particular, to prevent the spread of weapons of mass destruction to
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1812:
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9185:
Fenn EA (2000). "Biological Warfare in Eighteenth-Century North America: Beyond Jeffery Amherst".
9125:
7273:. International Conference "Smallpox Biosecurity. Preventing the Unthinkable. Geneva, Switzerland.
5887:
5449:
5443:
5073:
4019:, a similar widely employed immunological technique, that in this case incorporates fiber optics.
3201:
3046:
soldiers and civilians in several military campaigns. In 1940, the Japanese Army Air Force bombed
11960:
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11384:
10680:
10234:
10188:
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Carus WS (August 2015). "The history of biological weapons use: what we know and what we don't".
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717:
71:
8733:
6343:
3934:
Different and unexplained diseases coexisting in the same patient without any other explanation.
118:
11975:
11809:
11756:
11650:
11473:
11318:
10676:
10391:
10335:
9868:
7308:
6280:
Chevrier MI, Chomiczewski K, Garrigue H, GranasztΓ³i G, Dando MR, Pearson GS, eds. (July 2004).
5174:
4631:
4391:
3755:
3479:
3467:
3019:
2981:
2973:
2525:
2500:
2222:
2134:
2007:
1882:
1483:
1460:
906:
805:
677:
39:
8677:
8518:
8431:
7991:
7927:
European Union cooperative Initiatives to improve Biosafety and Biosecurity (12 August 2010).
7852:
7846:
7284:
Tumpey TM, Basler CF, Aguilar PV, Zeng H, SolΓ³rzano A, Swayne DE, et al. (October 2005).
6281:
6100:
5936:
3319:. Essentially, EW exists in three varieties. One type of EW involves infecting insects with a
11379:
11191:
10653:
10614:
10356:
10053:
10048:
10018:
9717:
9656:
9609:
8801:
8795:
7031:"A NATIONAL BLUEPRINT FOR BIODEFENSE: LEADERSHIP AND MAJOR REFORM NEEDED TO OPTIMIZE EFFORTS"
4876:
4821:
4012:
3653:
3534:
3495:
3489:
3324:
3305:
3042:
2812:
2114:
2047:
2000:
1654:
1617:
1580:
1498:
1450:
1334:
1144:
952:
861:
672:
produced by some living organisms is considered under the provisions of both the BWC and the
658:
566:
437:
8143:"Quantitative models of the dose-response and time course of inhalational anthrax in humans"
5842:
3915:
High morbidity and mortality rates in regards to patients with the same or similar symptoms.
11744:
11541:
11443:
11308:
11270:
11020:
10824:
10718:
10254:
9712:
8650:
8316:
7567:
7380:
7300:
7139:
7128:
An Introduction to Biological Weapons, Their Prohibition, and the Relationship to Biosafety
6788:
6530:
5405:"The 'Hittite plague', an epidemic of tularemia and the first record of biological warfare"
4601:
4195:
4132:
3713:
3697:
3392:
Ideal characteristics of a biological agent to be used as a weapon against humans are high
3070:
2848:
2505:
2407:
2264:
2259:
2077:
2042:
1777:
1597:
1455:
1391:
1245:
1215:
812:
619:
615:
198:
10112:
8624:
3952:
Simultaneous collections of similar illness in non-contiguous areas, domestic, or foreign.
2969:
Other nations, notably France and Japan, had begun their own biological weapons programs.
2791:. Specialists disagree about whether this operation was responsible for the spread of the
8:
11885:
11665:
11536:
11458:
11056:
11002:
10950:
10913:
10903:
10609:
10466:
10213:
10203:
10141:
9957:
9391:
8867:
5186:) (eds. Frauke Lachenmann & RΓΌdiger Wolfrum: Oxford University Press, 2017), p. 1317.
4735:
4518:
4456:
4315:
4162:
4113:
4090:
4085:
3871:
In the largest biological weapons accident knownβthe anthrax outbreak in Sverdlovsk (now
3763:
3455:
3443:
Agents considered for weaponization, or known to be weaponized, include bacteria such as
3363:
3255:
2996:
toxins, although the war was over before these weapons could be of much operational use.
2356:
2341:
2217:
2104:
2082:
2057:
2017:
1927:
1737:
1642:
1592:
1359:
1349:
1314:
1106:
1096:
866:
790:
724:
693:
8679:
Intelligence and Statecraft: The Use and Limits of Intelligence in International Society
8242:"Physorg.com, "Encoded Metallic Nanowires Reveal Bioweapons", 12:50 EST, 10 August 2006"
7571:
7384:
7304:
6792:
6534:
3179:, Israel conducted a biological warfare operation codenamed "Cast Thy Bread" during the
12008:
11588:
11583:
11561:
11546:
11438:
11226:
11206:
11156:
11109:
10960:
10797:
10401:
10208:
10178:
9722:
9619:
9530:
9503:
9438:
Plague, The Mysterious Past and Terrifying Future of the World's Most Dangerous Disease
9423:
9361:
9332:
9270:
9202:
9085:
8955:
8885:
8543:
Office of U.S. Chief of Counsel for the American Military Tribunals at Nurember, 1946.
8218:
8193:
8169:
8142:
8123:
8072:
8047:
8028:
7848:
Chemical and biological warfare : a comprehensive survey for the concerned citizen
7450:
7425:
7406:
7334:
6866:
Chapter 9: The Failure of Arms Control, In Bioterror and Biowarfare: A Beginner's Guide
6814:
6725:
6601:
6336:
6177:
6156:
6042:
6034:
5922:
5499:
5474:
5445:
Chemical and biological warfare : a comprehensive survey for the concerned citizen
5306:
5298:
5022:
4987:
4886:
4826:
4626:
4286:
4216:
4108:
4103:
3974:
3701:
3417:
2929:
2820:
2690:
2545:
2465:
2386:
2331:
2306:
2227:
2173:
2139:
2070:
1987:
1897:
1802:
1747:
1637:
1602:
1555:
1430:
1401:
1292:
1267:
1101:
915:
834:
646:
9697:
9648:
6518:
3069:. The plan was set to launch on 22 September 1945, but it was not executed because of
2980:. The biological and chemical weapons developed during that period were tested at the
599:
for prophylactic, protective or other peaceful purposes is not prohibited by the BWC.
11821:
11722:
11517:
11325:
11290:
11251:
11201:
11092:
11076:
10819:
10782:
10760:
10745:
10728:
10646:
10315:
10033:
9907:
9873:
9575:
9569:
9535:
9442:
9436:
9415:
9405:
9378:
9365:
9301:
9295:
9239:
9210:
9171:
9165:
9104:
9062:
9041:
8993:
8974:
8947:
8891:
8805:
8683:
8524:
8466:
8437:
8223:
8174:
8115:
8077:
8032:
7979:
7856:
7705:
7697:
7646:
7585:
7524:
7485:
7455:
7398:
7326:
7229:
7160:
6869:
6818:
6806:
6717:
6605:
6593:
6554:
6546:
6497:
6314:
6289:
6208:
6182:
6106:
6079:
6046:
5979:
5926:
5848:
5820:
5779:
5750:
5710:
5685:
5606:
5545:
5504:
5453:
5424:
5383:
5351:
5290:
5261:"Pathogens as Weapons: The International Security Implications of Biological Warfare"
5239:
5214:
5141:
5052:
5027:
5009:
4861:
4760:
4730:
4646:
4558:
4528:
4118:
3782:
3689:
3522:
3473:
3385:
3214:
2945:
2844:
2726:
2635:
2582:
2485:
2475:
2470:
2440:
2423:
2418:
2391:
2336:
2037:
2027:
2022:
2012:
1932:
1922:
1917:
1892:
1862:
1752:
1722:
1717:
1707:
1702:
1692:
1607:
1560:
1530:
1369:
1162:
1139:
1073:
650:
631:
557:(often termed "bio-weapons", "biological threat agents", or "bio-agents") are living
549:
with the intent to kill, harm or incapacitate humans, animals or plants as an act of
9427:
9336:
8127:
7338:
5310:
3940:
Illness is unusual for a certain population or age-group in which it takes presence.
2695:
11970:
11905:
11734:
11712:
11556:
11524:
11512:
11488:
11114:
11061:
11051:
11010:
10940:
10935:
10664:
10572:
10366:
10300:
10249:
10193:
10043:
9835:
9525:
9515:
9397:
9353:
9324:
9262:
9194:
9167:
The United States and Biological Warfare: Secrets from the Early Cold War and Korea
8959:
8939:
8213:
8205:
8164:
8154:
8107:
8067:
8059:
8020:
7687:
7638:
7575:
7445:
7437:
7410:
7388:
7318:
7219:
7211:
6796:
6729:
6709:
6585:
6538:
6491:
6172:
6164:
6026:
5971:
5914:
5810:
5535:
5494:
5486:
5416:
5280:
5272:
5017:
4999:
4916:
4881:
4745:
4740:
4720:
4641:
4475:
South Africa and weapons of mass destruction Β§ Biological and chemical weapons
4414:
3774:
3754:
In the 1980s Soviet Ministry of Agriculture had successfully developed variants of
3708:, with the aim of destroying farmland and defoliating forests used as cover by the
3316:
3312:
2840:
2784:
2752:
2700:
2665:
2597:
2490:
2428:
2321:
2249:
2242:
2099:
2032:
1982:
1972:
1847:
1767:
1727:
1712:
1679:
1664:
1535:
1520:
1473:
1381:
1339:
1282:
1277:
1235:
1058:
1035:
942:
871:
800:
783:
713:
611:
554:
183:
20:
8826:"Matthew Meselson β Harvard β Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs"
8017:
The Soviet Biological Weapons Program: A History. Politics & The Life Sciences
6981:
6801:
6776:
6589:
3342:
Would confer resistance to therapeutically useful antibiotics or antiviral agents;
11799:
11640:
11211:
11071:
10987:
10975:
10955:
10851:
10641:
10621:
10544:
10381:
10361:
10244:
10089:
9853:
9848:
9745:
9642:
9603:
9469:
9056:
9035:
8631:
8551:
8544:
8159:
7342:
7271:
The potential use of genetic engineering to enhance orthopoxviruses as bioweapons
7134:
6988:
6642:
6073:
5918:
5600:
5587:
5329:
5183:
5097:
5046:
4921:
4856:
4755:
4725:
4707:
4616:
4451:
4240:
4185:
4127:
4049:
3586:. In the United States, their possession, use, and transfer are regulated by the
3571:
3513:
3507:
3405:
3263:
3251:
3236:
3210:
3192:
2977:
2965:
2953:
2913:
2869:
2852:
2510:
2495:
2413:
2369:
2311:
1967:
1962:
1852:
1842:
1757:
1732:
1674:
1515:
1445:
1435:
1287:
1272:
1195:
1167:
967:
947:
795:
642:
638:
607:
581:
188:
11941:
7760:
6842:
5998:
The Fourth Horseman: One Man's Secret Campaign to Fight the Great War in America
3582:. These toxins and the organisms that produce them are sometimes referred to as
2859:, had deliberately sent civilians out of the city in the hopes of spreading the
641:
advantage over the enemy, either by threats or by actual deployments. Like some
576:
prohibition. Offensive biological warfare in international armed conflicts is a
11777:
11717:
11702:
11655:
11551:
11497:
11357:
11015:
10992:
10965:
10883:
10873:
10775:
10770:
10636:
10587:
10320:
10274:
10269:
10239:
10218:
10028:
10013:
10008:
9977:
9947:
9486:
Analysis of the Threat of Genetically Modified Organisms for Biological Warfare
8927:
8098:
Wilkening DA (2008). "Modeling the incubation period of inhalational anthrax".
8063:
7642:
6952:"Overview of Potential Agents of Biological Terrorism | SIU School of Medicine"
6924:
5575:
Rakibul Hasan, "Biological Weapons: covert threats to Global Health Security."
5420:
5276:
4961:
4901:
4891:
4807:
4715:
4611:
4592:
3977:, to respond to any potential use of weapons of mass destruction on civilians.
3733:
3517:. Many viral agents have been studied and/or weaponized, including some of the
3484:
3284:
A technique called Clustered, Regularly Interspaced, Short Palindromic Repeat (
3259:
3176:
3082:
2933:
2788:
2756:
2685:
2433:
1857:
1817:
1795:
1782:
1772:
1742:
1659:
1612:
1415:
1406:
1297:
1250:
1230:
1220:
1190:
1157:
1045:
1002:
957:
829:
762:
627:
376:
193:
9357:
9328:
8342:
7426:"Synthetic viruses: a new opportunity to understand and prevent viral disease"
6713:
5004:
3038:
11997:
11920:
11804:
11761:
11707:
11695:
11680:
11670:
11593:
11507:
11483:
11478:
11352:
11347:
11342:
11258:
10846:
10787:
10750:
10702:
10432:
10330:
10183:
9967:
9962:
9942:
9937:
8111:
7701:
7692:
7665:
7528:
7489:
7286:"Characterization of the reconstructed 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic virus"
6810:
6721:
6597:
6550:
6429:
6168:
5294:
5013:
4956:
4941:
4770:
4569:
4524:
4480:
4369:
4351:
4190:
3872:
3649:
3546:
3542:
3433:
3323:
and then dispersing the insects over target areas. The insects then act as a
3125:
2905:
2865:
2532:
2520:
2376:
2296:
2212:
2195:
2052:
1907:
1887:
1570:
1565:
1545:
1525:
1440:
1411:
1386:
1262:
1240:
1225:
1200:
1040:
962:
925:
920:
817:
10502:
8943:
7393:
7368:
7322:
6674:
6542:
6417:
Bracing for Armageddon?: The Science and Politics of Bioterrorism in America
5815:
5798:
5540:
5523:
3421:
is considered an effective agent for several reasons. First, it forms hardy
2892:
brought a new level of sophistication to the techniques for possible use of
668:
Biological warfare and chemical warfare overlap to an extent, as the use of
657:
or by non-national groups. In the latter case, or if a nation-state uses it
11946:
11880:
11612:
11598:
11453:
11263:
11231:
11221:
11124:
10970:
10868:
10814:
10723:
10582:
10325:
9683:
9539:
9520:
9419:
9214:
8990:
A Short History of Biological Warfare: From Pre-History to the 21st Century
8951:
8302:
8241:
8227:
8209:
8178:
8119:
8081:
7877:"Chemical and Biological Weapons: Possession and Programs Past and Present"
7709:
7650:
7589:
7459:
7402:
7330:
7233:
7215:
6753:
6186:
5983:
5824:
5783:
5549:
5508:
5490:
5428:
5404:
5355:
5031:
4946:
4831:
4765:
4686:
4582:
4404:
officials immunity from prosecution in return for access to their research.
4137:
4075:
4057:
4039:
3876:
3741:
3737:
3705:
3645:
3583:
3555:
3550:
3530:
3518:
3345:
Would enhance the virulence of a pathogen or render a nonpathogen virulent;
3275:
3218:
3172:
3148:
2925:
2889:
2828:
2780:
2719:
2645:
2625:
2620:
2515:
2460:
2094:
2089:
1912:
1827:
1575:
1309:
1210:
1007:
911:
662:
654:
24:
8470:
7959:
Policy (OIDP), Office of Infectious Disease and HIV/AIDS (26 April 2021).
6558:
3747:
During World War II, the U.S. and Canada secretly investigated the use of
637:
Biological weapons may be employed in various ways to gain a strategic or
11925:
11468:
11463:
11300:
11285:
11161:
11136:
10765:
10685:
10592:
10577:
10427:
10259:
9927:
9858:
7791:"Critics accuse Sri Lanka of using scorched earth tactics against Tamils"
5975:
4966:
4936:
4871:
4851:
4666:
4621:
4606:
4587:
4564:
4277:
4267:
4180:
4142:
3997:
3893:
3767:
3693:
3657:
3430:
3393:
3285:
3156:
3114:
3086:
3011:
3003:
2989:
2957:
2941:
2937:
2909:
2885:
2792:
2630:
2381:
2346:
2185:
1872:
1837:
1550:
1493:
1396:
1180:
901:
896:
573:
11607:
7224:
5285:
4175:
United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction Β§ Biological weapons
3808:
2988:. Soon there were facilities for the mass production of anthrax spores,
11875:
11690:
11660:
11645:
11433:
11421:
11181:
11043:
10669:
10422:
10164:
9922:
9274:
9206:
7478:"Everything you need to know about why CRISPR is such a hot technology"
6038:
5302:
5260:
4836:
4574:
4495:
4281:
4152:
3965:
3794:
3759:
3748:
3661:
3621:, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Staphylococcal enterotoxin B).
3437:
3062:
2587:
2557:
2279:
1648:
721:
596:
526:
6279:
3973:
the United Nations activated a biological and chemical response team,
3924:
Stable endemic disease, but with an unexplained increase in relevance.
11617:
11406:
11335:
11280:
11275:
11141:
10982:
10888:
10631:
10310:
10073:
10058:
9982:
9484:
9231:
8598:
8024:
7441:
4926:
4306:
4290:
4230:
3709:
3685:
3579:
3575:
3426:
3397:
3209:
International restrictions on biological warfare began with the 1925
3110:
3090:
3058:
3034:
2949:
2893:
2851:
that he had heard a rumor from a sailor that his opponent during the
2768:
2760:
2577:
2401:
2351:
2301:
2291:
2286:
2151:
1942:
1937:
1902:
1344:
1030:
997:
886:
623:
602:
Biological warfare is distinct from warfare involving other types of
577:
9826:
United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
9266:
9198:
7580:
7555:
6030:
3159:. The Soviet Union attracted international suspicion after the 1979
60:
11910:
11895:
11426:
11411:
11313:
11151:
10599:
10305:
10023:
9972:
9917:
9401:
9078:
Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe 900β1900
6516:
6338:
Murderous Medicine: Nazi Doctors, Human Experimentation, and Typhus
5732:
A Country Between: The Upper Ohio Valley and Its Peoples, 1724-1774
4801:
4750:
4409:
4401:
4061:
3990:
3970:
3856:
3729:
3712:. Sri Lanka deployed military defoliants in its prosecution of the
3677:
3641:
3501:
3449:
3380:
3320:
3101:
viruses, but the programme was unilaterally cancelled in 1956. The
3098:
3022:
3007:
2993:
2961:
2901:
2873:
2800:
2592:
2567:
2200:
1832:
1807:
1425:
980:
854:
709:
697:
558:
534:
530:
9392:
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2018).
7182:
Synthetic biology. The technoscience and its societal consequences
6574:"'Cast thy bread': Israeli biological warfare during the 1948 War"
6434:
Statement on Chemical and Biological Defense Policies and Programs
5905:
Christopher W (2013). "Smallpox at Sydney Cove β Who, When, Why".
4396:
4022:
11890:
11739:
11576:
11566:
11374:
11186:
10898:
10893:
10442:
9843:
8490:
7424:
Wimmer E, Mueller S, Tumpey TM, Taubenberger JK (December 2009).
7250:. National Security Advisory Board on Biotechnology (NSABB). 2010
4324:
4210:
4044:
3725:
3692:. Inspired by the use in Malaysia, the US military effort in the
3401:
3118:
3106:
3030:
2897:
2772:
2602:
2562:
2326:
2160:
2156:
1503:
1488:
1364:
1025:
1020:
990:
929:
891:
692:
A biological attack could conceivably result in large numbers of
542:
9634:
9124:(2nd ed.). USAF Counterproliferation Center. Archived from
8703:
7066:
4985:
168:
11900:
11826:
10264:
9987:
9912:
9550:
USAMRIID's Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook
9009:"Live and Computational Experimentation in Bio-terror Response"
7423:
7195:
Garfinkel MS, Endy D, Epstein GL, Friedman RM (December 2007).
5663:
American Indian Chronology: Chronologies of the American Mosaic
4333:
4274:
Stepnogorsk Scientific and Technical Institute for Microbiology
3841:
3640:
The United States developed an anti-crop capability during the
3597:
categorized its weaponized anti-personnel bio-agents as either
3047:
3018:
The most notorious program of the period was run by the secret
2832:
2776:
2109:
1510:
1327:
1063:
588:
546:
9101:
Dirty War: Rhodesia and Chemical Biological Warfare, 1975β1980
8704:"Jamie Bisher, "Baron von Rosen's 1916 Anthrax Mission," 2014"
7248:"Addressing Biosecurity Concerns Related to Synthetic Biology"
6744:"Disarmament Treaties Database: Biological Weapons Convention"
3357:
Would enable the weaponization of a biological agent or toxin.
3041:. This biological warfare research unit conducted often fatal
2999:
11571:
11330:
10284:
10279:
10133:
10068:
10063:
9952:
9878:
9775:
9645:)βU.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
8765:"Sheldon Harris, 74, Historian of Japan's Biological Warfare"
7845:
Croddy, Eric; Perez-Armendariz, Clarissa; Hart, John (2002).
7725:"The U.S. Biological Warfare and Biological Defense Programs"
5442:
Croddy, Eric; Perez-Armendariz, Clarissa; Hart, John (2002).
5340:
4016:
3778:
3563:
3526:
3422:
3155:, under the leadership of the allegedly civilian institution
2764:
1585:
1121:
1116:
728:
669:
562:
538:
9033:
8140:
7194:
11915:
9771:
Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism
6228:
Gold H (1996). Unit 731 testimony (Report). pp. 64β66.
6205:
Unit 731: Japan's Secret Biological Warfare in World War II
5892:
Eyewitness -- American Originals from the National Archives
3629:
2985:
881:
876:
9482:
9253:
Knollenberg B (1954). "General Amherst and Germ Warfare".
8192:
Treadwell TA, Koo D, Kuker K, Khan AS (MarchβApril 2003).
7844:
5441:
4521:, site (1939β45) of research into anthrax and other agents
4297:
Vector State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology
3946:
Many affected reaching out for treatment at the same time.
9224:
Chemical and biological warfare; America's hidden arsenal
8737:
8459:
Zeitschrift fΓΌr die Gesamte Hygiene und Ihre Grenzgebiete
7670:
5888:"Gen. George Washington - A Threat of Bioterrorism, 1775"
3955:
An abundance of cases of unexplained diseases and deaths.
3949:
Similar genetic makeup of agents in affected individuals.
3912:
Unusual, rare, genetically engineered strain of an agent.
3863:
754:
550:
9811:
National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center
9678:
7283:
6102:
Betrayal of Trust: The Collapse of Global Public Health
5624:
5622:
5213:. Harvard University Press. pp. 284β293, 301β303.
3354:
Would enable the evasion of diagnostic/detection tools;
2964:
toxins had been effectively weaponized. In particular,
9610:
WHO: Health Aspects of Biological and Chemical Weapons
9483:
Warner J, Ramsbotham J, Tunia E, Vadez JJ (May 2011).
9034:
Chevrier MI, Chomiczewski K, Garrigue H, eds. (2004).
8734:"MIT Security Studies Program (SSP): Jeanne Guillemin"
7680:
Association of Physicians of Great Britain and Ireland
7604:"Anthrax Facts | UPMC Center for Health Security"
6288:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 171.
5122:
Customary Internal Humanitarian Law, Vol. II: Practice
3339:
Would demonstrate how to render a vaccine ineffective;
10734:
Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal
9597:
Biological weapons and international humanitarian law
8191:
7657:
6665:"Disarmament Treaties Database: 1925 Geneva Protocol"
6359:"Where To Find The World's Most 'Wicked Bugs': Fleas"
5091:
Rule 73. The use of biological weapons is prohibited.
4430:
Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department
3751:, a highly lethal disease of cattle, as a bioweapon.
3147:
Despite being a party and depositary to the BWC, the
10660:
Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments
9014:. misrc.umn.edu Purdue Homeland Security Institute.
8486:"An American waged germ warfare against U.S. in WWI"
8093:
8091:
7911:
7628:
7156:
Six-legged Soldiers: Using Insects as Weapons of War
6572:
Morris, Benny; Kedar, Benjamin Z. (1 January 2022).
5619:
4797:
9284:
7001:"Al Qaeda's Pursuit of Weapons of Mass Destruction"
5941:
History wars#Controversy over smallpox in Australia
85:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
19:"Biological attack" redirects here. For the use of
9786:European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
9285:Leitenberg, Milton; Zilinskas, Raymond A. (2012).
9147:. Washington, DC: Borden Institute. Archived from
8292:
7905:
6894:Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
6335:
3900:
3348:Would increase the transmissibility of a pathogen;
3103:United States Army Biological Warfare Laboratories
9766:Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
8907:"Biotechnology: Genetically Engineered Pathogens"
8088:
6012:
5747:Blood and Land: The Story of Native North America
5208:
565:, which are not universally considered "alive").
11995:
11788:List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
9287:The Soviet Biological Weapons Program: A History
9163:
8456:
7884:James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies
5799:"History of biological warfare and bioterrorism"
5598:
5524:"History of biological warfare and bioterrorism"
4287:Institute of Ultra Pure Biochemical Preparations
4006:Bioaerosol Single Particle Recognition eQuipment
16:Use of strategically designed biological weapons
10100:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540
9816:National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity
9567:
9504:"Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa"
9489:. Washington, D.C.: National Defense University
9297:Plague Wars: a true story of biological warfare
9293:
8883:
7663:
7366:
6982:http://www.synbioproject.org/publications/6676/
6489:
6383:
6202:
6198:
6196:
5847:. Government Printing Office. 2007. p. 3.
5475:"Biological warfare at the 1346 siege of Caffa"
4365:Poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services
4023:List of programs, projects and sites by country
3553:. Fungal agents that have been studied include
3404:and availability of an effective and efficient
3081:In Britain, the 1950s saw the weaponization of
2755:texts of 1500β1200 BCE, in which victims of an
11686:List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events
9618:. National Library of Medicine. Archived from
9117:
8545:http://www.mazal.org/NO-series/NO-0124-000.htm
7814:
7812:
7664:Bellamy, R.J.; Freedman, A.R. (1 April 2001).
6454:"History of the Biological Weapons Convention"
6232:
6015:"Legal Aspects of the Geneva Protocol of 1925"
5402:
5211:Deadly Cultures: Biological Weapons Since 1945
3656:aggression in a general war. Diseases such as
3140:in Geneva. These negotiations resulted in the
3134:offensive biological weapons program of the US
10691:Existential risk from artificial intelligence
10532:
10518:
10149:
9821:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
9806:India's Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
9664:
9343:
9314:
8675:
8429:
8405:"Dr. Ira Baldwin: Biological Weapons Pioneer"
8293:Genuth I, Fresco-Cohen L (13 November 2006).
8134:
7958:
6838:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
6749:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
6670:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
6638:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
6459:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
6105:. Oxford University Press. pp. 340β341.
5933:History of biological warfare#New South Wales
5147:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
4907:Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System
2727:
499:
8970:Biological Warfare: Another French Connexion
8457:Leyendecker B, Klapp F (December 1989). "".
8048:"Zoonoses likely to be used in bioterrorism"
7197:"Synthetic genomics: options for governance"
6193:
5871:
5734:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 195.
5592:
5396:
4534:
3921:Unusual geographic or seasonal distribution.
2936:established a biological warfare program at
2746:
572:Biological warfare is subject to a forceful
10739:Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal
9441:. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, Inc.
9252:
9054:
8966:
8797:Biological Weapons and America's Secret War
8682:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 194.
8625:"Interviews With Biowarriors: Sergei Popov"
7838:
7809:
6571:
6308:
5904:
5796:
5521:
3993:are attached to silver and gold nanowires.
3959:
3562:Toxins that can be used as weapons include
2912:(1914β1918), with indifferent results. The
2896:in war. Biological sabotage in the form of
645:, biological weapons may also be useful as
10842:Climate change and civilizational collapse
10525:
10511:
10156:
10142:
9761:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
9671:
9657:
9571:Microbe: Are we Ready for the Next Plague?
9394:Biodefense in the Age of Synthetic Biology
9090:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
8800:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p.
7367:Cello J, Paul AV, Wimmer E (August 2002).
7159:. Oxford University Press. pp. 9β26.
7098:"Biological Weapons and Virtual Terrorism"
6774:
6238:
6078:. Discovery Publishing House. p. 36.
6013:Baxter RR, Buergenthal T (28 March 2017).
5577:Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies
5435:
5195:Article I, Biological Weapons Convention.
4897:Human experimentation in the United States
4255:
3927:Rare transmission (aerosols, food, water).
3799:
3724:During World War I, German saboteurs used
3588:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3429:-like symptoms and progresses to a lethal
3230:183 states have become party to the treaty
3138:Conference of the Committee on Disarmament
2734:
2720:
716:) have the capability of person-to-person
506:
492:
167:
9776:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
9529:
9519:
8436:. Harvard University Press. p. 173.
8217:
8168:
8158:
8097:
8071:
8014:
7912:Verdcourt B, Trump EC, Church ME (1969).
7691:
7579:
7449:
7392:
7312:
7223:
7143:, April 2002. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
6833:"Preamble, Biological Weapons Convention"
6800:
6775:Cross, Glenn; Klotz, Lynn (3 July 2020).
6519:"The Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979"
6485:
6483:
6481:
6176:
6154:
6019:The American Journal of International Law
5814:
5539:
5498:
5284:
5021:
5003:
4348:Sverdlovsk bioweapons production facility
4070:U.S. Army Biological Warfare Laboratories
4054:U.S. Army Biological Warfare Laboratories
3855:Many countries require their active-duty
3636:United States herbicidal warfare research
3351:Would alter the host range of a pathogen;
622:, which are deployed primarily for their
145:Learn how and when to remove this message
11845:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk
11783:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
9289:. Harvard University Press. p. 921.
8904:
7152:
7120:
6333:
5729:
5709:. Harvard University Press. p. 97.
5679:
5628:
5258:
5106:International Committee of the Red Cross
4952:Rhodesia and weapons of mass destruction
4508:Rhodesia and weapons of mass destruction
4395:
4043:
4034:United States biological weapons program
3630:Anti-crop/anti-vegetation/anti-fisheries
3379:
3200:
3166:
2998:
1698:List of military strategies and concepts
9501:
9468:
8516:
7553:
7475:
6356:
6098:
6092:
5684:. Oxford University Press. p. 73.
5472:
5382:. Woodstock, N.Y.: Overlook Duckworth.
5071:
5044:
3846:sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance
3788:
3163:killed approximately 65 to 100 people.
2806:
34:"Germ Warfare" redirects here. For the
11996:
10438:List of extremely hazardous substances
9140:
9121:The Gathering Biological Warfare Storm
9075:
9006:
8793:
8708:Baron von Rosen's 1916 Anthrax Mission
8483:
7914:Common poisonous plants of East Africa
7606:. Upmc-biosecurity.org. Archived from
7268:
7095:
6478:
6125:
6071:
5769:
5763:
5236:Another Bloody Century: Future Warfare
5202:
4548:Includes scientists and administrators
4299:(VECTOR), a weaponized smallpox center
3987:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
3905:From most specific to least specific:
3864:Public health and disease surveillance
10506:
10137:
10039:Biological warfare in popular culture
9652:
9546:
9434:
9372:
9230:
9221:
9144:Medical Aspects of Biological Warfare
9098:
8987:
8926:
8832:from the original on 5 September 2008
8762:
8744:from the original on 28 November 2009
8349:from the original on 17 November 2015
8323:from the original on 31 December 2015
8274:from the original on 13 November 2013
8194:"Epidemiologic clues to bioterrorism"
7893:from the original on 9 September 2016
7535:from the original on 19 February 2017
7471:
7469:
7179:
7077:from the original on 24 November 2017
7011:from the original on 14 November 2017
6962:from the original on 19 November 2017
6932:from the original on 20 February 2020
6863:
6702:American Journal of International Law
6695:
6466:from the original on 16 February 2021
6448:
6446:
6414:
6396:from the original on 21 December 2014
6008:
6006:
5961:
5844:Medical Aspects of Biological Warfare
5704:
5660:
5649:Native Americans of the Pontiac's War
5602:Warfare in Atlantic Africa, 1500-1800
5377:
5154:from the original on 15 February 2021
5136:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5072:Bentley, Michelle (18 October 2023).
4789:Biological warfare in popular culture
4782:
4330:Berdsk bioweapons production facility
3744:by French operatives in Switzerland.
10862:Tipping points in the climate system
10473:
9455:
9255:Mississippi Valley Historical Review
9184:
9118:Davis JA, Schneider B (April 2002).
8657:from the original on 19 October 2006
8045:
7771:from the original on 11 January 2009
7761:"Vietnam's war against Agent Orange"
7514:
7496:from the original on 1 February 2016
7108:from the original on 4 November 2017
6890:"The Origins of the Australia Group"
6227:
6053:from the original on 27 October 2017
5744:
5233:
5209:Wheelis M, RΓ³zsa L, Dando M (2006).
4446:Iraq and weapons of mass destruction
4321:Zagorsk smallpox production facility
4312:Kirov bioweapons production facility
3918:Unusual presentation of the disease.
3892:signs (including a virtually unique
3803:
3736:. One of these German saboteurs was
3186:
3153:offensive biological weapons program
3037:and commanded by Lieutenant General
3014:and other biological experimentation
569:is a subtype of biological warfare.
83:adding citations to reliable sources
54:
10857:Extinction risk from climate change
10756:New World Order (conspiracy theory)
10485:
9279:British war against Indians in 1763
9021:from the original on 9 October 2022
7826:. Federation of American Scientists
6736:
6255:"The World's Most Dangerous Weapon"
6129:A History of Fort Detrick, Maryland
5803:Clinical Microbiology and Infection
5528:Clinical Microbiology and Infection
5172:Alexander Schwarz, "War Crimes" in
3624:
3151:continued and expanded its massive
13:
11817:List of fictional doomsday devices
8847:
8714:from the original on 13 April 2014
8411:from the original on 10 April 2009
8407:. American History. 12 June 2006.
8019:. Vol. 32. pp. 102β105.
7466:
6633:"Text of the 1925 Geneva Protocol"
6443:
6365:from the original on 26 April 2018
6243:. HarperCollins. pp. 220β221.
6003:
5876:. Mount Vernon Estate and Gardens.
5723:
5599:John K. Thornton (November 2002).
5127:
4099:U.S. entomological warfare program
3067:Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night
2787:were thrown over the walls of the
2775:as result. In 1346, the bodies of
48:Germ Warfare (Dexter's Laboratory)
14:
12025:
10837:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis
10377:Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko
9791:Global Health Security Initiative
9590:
9055:Croddy E, Wirtz JJ, eds. (2005).
8905:Almosara, Joel O. (1 June 2010).
8606:from the original on 7 April 2009
8574:from the original on 3 March 2010
8369:"Interview: Dr Kanatjan Alibekov"
7722:
7047:from the original on 1 March 2017
6900:from the original on 2 March 2021
6781:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
5661:White, Phillip M. (2 June 2011).
4932:Plum Island Animal Disease Center
4867:Discredited AIDS origins theories
4303:Institute of Applied Biochemistry
4270:(18 labs and production centers)
4262:Soviet biological weapons program
4168:
3719:
3375:
3205:The Biological Weapons Convention
2976:, in 1942 under the direction of
2944:. The research was championed by
11953:
11952:
11940:
11098:Decline in amphibian populations
10484:
10472:
10461:
10460:
9703:1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack
9502:Wheelis, Mark (September 2002).
8818:
8787:
8775:from the original on 11 May 2011
8756:
8726:
8696:
8669:
8643:
8618:
8586:
8556:
8537:
8510:
8498:from the original on 11 May 2011
8477:
8450:
8423:
8397:
8385:from the original on 8 June 2010
8361:
8335:
8309:
8286:
8260:
8248:from the original on 5 June 2011
8234:
8185:
8039:
8008:
7998:
7820:"Biowarfare Against Agriculture"
5937:First Fleet#First Fleet smallpox
4800:
4491:Roodeplaat Research Laboratories
4442:Iraqi biological weapons program
4027:
3850:International Health Regulations
3807:
2904:was undertaken on behalf of the
772:
649:. These agents may be lethal or
475:
474:
59:
11449:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
10946:Land surface effects on climate
10919:Human impact on the environment
10550:Future of an expanding universe
9781:Defense Threat Reduction Agency
9164:Endicott S, Hagerman E (1998).
8651:"US welcomes 'Dr Germ' capture"
8523:. APH Publishing. p. 194.
7961:"Vaccines for Military Members"
7952:
7946:"Vaccines for Military Members"
7938:
7920:
7916:. London: Collins. p. 254.
7869:
7783:
7753:
7716:
7622:
7596:
7547:
7508:
7417:
7360:
7299:(5745). New York, N.Y.: 77β80.
7277:
7262:
7240:
7188:
7173:
7146:
7089:
7059:
7023:
6993:
6974:
6944:
6912:
6882:
6857:
6825:
6768:
6689:
6657:
6625:
6612:
6565:
6510:
6423:
6419:. USA: Oxford University Press.
6408:
6384:Russell Working (5 June 2001).
6377:
6350:
6327:
6302:
6273:
6247:
6221:
6148:
6119:
6065:
5990:
5955:
5946:
5898:
5880:
5865:
5835:
5797:Barras V, Greub G (June 2014).
5790:
5738:
5698:
5673:
5654:
5641:
5631:Transafrican Journal of History
5569:
5556:
5522:Barras V, Greub G (June 2014).
5515:
5466:
5371:
5362:
5334:
5317:
5252:
5227:
5142:"Biological Weapons Convention"
4468:
4360:Institute of Virus Preparations
3901:Common epidemiological warnings
3269:
3244:United Nations Security Council
2940:, headed by the microbiologist
2919:
2872:, Australia, deliberately used
2767:, though with unknown results.
696:and cause severe disruption to
618:. None of these are considered
70:needs additional citations for
10448:Occupational safety and health
10352:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
10163:
9751:Caribbean Public Health Agency
9574:. AMACOM Books, New York, NY.
9568:Zelicoff A, Bellomo M (2005).
9377:(revised ed.). Overlook.
9294:Mangold T, Goldberg J (1999).
8884:Alibek K, Handelman S (2000).
8564:"Obituary: Vladimir Pasechnik"
7067:"Federal Select Agent Program"
6868:. Oneworld. pp. 146β165.
6490:Alibek K, Handelman S (2000).
6203:Williams P, Wallace D (1989).
6163:. 7 Spec No (Spec No): S45-9.
6132:(4th ed.). Archived from
5189:
5166:
5115:
5084:
5074:"The Biological Weapons Taboo"
5065:
5038:
4992:Disaster and Military Medicine
4979:
2879:
2789:besieged Crimean city of Kaffa
586:international humanitarian law
567:Entomological (insect) warfare
561:or replicating entities (i.e.
1:
11395:Interpretations of Revelation
11197:Cosmological phase transition
11103:Decline in insect populations
10555:Ultimate fate of the universe
10095:Biological Weapons Convention
9708:1989 California medfly attack
8676:Jackson PJ, Siegel J (2005).
7476:Basulto D (4 November 2015).
6802:10.1080/00963402.2020.1778365
6696:Beard, Jack M. (April 2007).
6620:Biological Weapons Convention
6590:10.1080/00263206.2022.2122448
5907:Journal of Australian Studies
5238:. Phoenix. pp. 265β266.
4973:
4420:Kaimingjie germ weapon attack
4354:, a weaponized anthrax center
4081:One-Million-Liter Test Sphere
3595:US biological warfare program
3299:
3226:Biological Weapons Convention
3197:Biological Weapons Convention
3142:Biological Weapons Convention
741:History of biological warfare
700:and societal infrastructure.
597:defensive biological research
593:Biological Weapons Convention
11850:Future of Humanity Institute
11247:Potentially hazardous object
11147:Interplanetary contamination
9547:Woods JB, ed. (April 2005).
9508:Emerging Infectious Diseases
9396:. National Academies Press.
9170:. Indiana University Press.
8873:Resources in other libraries
8763:Lewis P (4 September 2002).
8570:. London. 29 November 2001.
8484:Maksel R (14 January 2007).
8160:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003555
7851:. Copernicus Books. p.
7269:Buller M (21 October 2003).
5919:10.1080/14443058.2013.849750
5479:Emerging Infectious Diseases
5473:Wheelis M (September 2002).
5448:. Copernicus Books. p.
5048:The Biological Weapons Taboo
4339:Bioweapons research facility
4293:, a weaponized plague center
3568:staphylococcal enterotoxin B
3370:
661:, it may also be considered
7:
11730:Nemesis (hypothetical star)
10879:Global terrestrial stilling
9801:Laboratory Response Network
9187:Journal of American History
9058:Weapons of Mass Destruction
7096:Wagner D (2 October 2017).
6357:Stewart A (25 April 2011).
6311:Weapons of Mass Destruction
6309:Croddy E, Wirtz JJ (2005).
6075:Biological Agents, Volume 2
5051:. Oxford University Press.
4912:List of CBRN warfare forces
4793:
4501:
4425:Khabarovsk War Crime Trials
4148:Horn Island Testing Station
3535:Japanese encephalitis virus
3330:
3076:
2191:Militaryβindustrial complex
1670:Operational manoeuvre group
687:
674:Chemical Weapons Convention
604:weapons of mass destruction
161:Weapons of mass destruction
10:
12030:
11242:Asteroid impact prediction
11217:Heat death of the universe
10627:Mutual assured destruction
9756:Center for Health Security
9456:Pala C (12 January 2003).
8295:"BioPen Senses BioThreats"
8064:10.1177/003335490812300308
7643:10.1016/j.clim.2003.09.010
7515:Kahn J (9 November 2015).
5749:. Penguin UK. p. 73.
5667:Greenwood Publishing Group
5421:10.1016/j.mehy.2007.03.012
5277:10.1162/016228803773100084
5259:Koblentz, Gregory (2003).
5110:Cambridge University Press
5045:Bentley, Michelle (2024).
4786:
4505:
4486:Delta G Scientific Company
4472:
4439:
4389:
4259:
4172:
4031:
3792:
3716:against Tamil insurgents.
3644:that used plant diseases (
3633:
3303:
3273:
3190:
2837:American Revolutionary War
2815:, in June 1763 a group of
738:
734:
591:. In particular, the 1972
33:
18:
11934:
11868:
11860:Nuclear Threat Initiative
11837:
11793:List of apocalyptic films
11770:
11636:2011 end times prediction
11628:
11368:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks
11363:Abomination of desolation
11299:
11237:Asteroid impact avoidance
11174:
11085:
11067:List of extinction events
11042:
11035:
11001:
10909:Environmental degradation
10805:
10796:
10711:
10696:Technological singularity
10565:
10540:
10534:Global catastrophic risks
10456:
10410:
10397:2022 Aqaba toxic gas leak
10344:
10293:
10227:
10171:
10108:
10082:
10001:
9864:Burkholderia pseudomallei
9834:
9736:
9690:
9478:. New York: Random House.
9358:10.1080/00155870120082218
9329:10.1080/00155870120037920
8932:Journal of Medical Ethics
8868:Resources in your library
6987:14 September 2017 at the
6714:10.1017/S0002930000030098
6361:. National Public Radio.
6313:. ABC-CLIO. p. 171.
6155:Guillemin J (July 2006).
5566:(1995) 160#8 pp: 369-373.
5005:10.1186/s40696-016-0017-4
4817:Animal-borne bomb attacks
4535:List of associated people
4512:
4400:U.S. authorities granted
4158:Granite Peak Installation
3785:was used to kill cattle.
3590:'s Select Agent Program.
3462:Burkholderia pseudomallei
3052:Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign
2861:ongoing smallpox epidemic
2747:Antiquity and Middle Ages
2255:Loss-of-strength gradient
1112:Combat information center
680:are often referred to as
11855:Future of Life Institute
11757:Resurrection of the dead
11750:Post-tribulation rapture
11132:Colony collapse disorder
10387:Consumption of Tide Pods
10372:Niigata Minamata disease
10199:Environmental toxicology
9475:The Demon in the Freezer
9103:. Helion & Company.
8112:10.1177/0272989X08315245
7204:Industrial Biotechnology
6415:Clark WR (15 May 2008).
6169:10.1038/sj.embor.7400689
5586:17 December 2014 at the
4842:Biological contamination
4652:Prince Tsuneyoshi Takeda
4385:
4350:(Military Compound 19),
3960:Bioweapon identification
3171:According to historians
3095:equine encephalomyelitis
3010:, which performed human
2573:Military science fiction
2058:Technology and equipment
1479:List of military tactics
10681:Artificial intelligence
10235:Acceptable daily intake
10189:Occupational toxicology
9993:Viral hemorrhagic fever
8944:10.1136/jme.2008.028944
8433:Biologists Under Hitler
8343:"Pathogenic mycoplasma"
8100:Medical Decision Making
7556:"CRISPR, the disruptor"
7554:Ledford H (June 2015).
7394:10.1126/science.1072266
7323:10.1126/science.1119392
6864:Dando, Malcolm (2006).
6618:United Nations (1972).
6543:10.1126/science.7973702
6386:"The trial of Unit 731"
5996:Koenig, Robert (2006),
5894:. US National Archives.
5816:10.1111/1469-0691.12706
5745:King, J. C. H. (2016).
5707:Rationalizing Epidemics
5541:10.1111/1469-0691.12706
5403:Trevisanato SI (2007).
4847:Biological pest control
4657:Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash
4435:
4256:Soviet Union and Russia
4048:Researchers working in
3882:Sverdlovsk Anthrax leak
3800:Medical countermeasures
3777:in 1952, the poisonous
3523:Rift Valley fever virus
3161:Sverdlovsk anthrax leak
2641:Wartime sexual violence
2397:Full-spectrum dominance
2208:Supply-chain management
11810:List of disaster films
11651:Apocalyptic literature
10751:Malthusian catastrophe
10677:Synthetic intelligence
10392:Visakhapatnam gas leak
10336:Whole bowel irrigation
10019:Psychochemical weapons
9869:Chlamydophila psittaci
9602:11 August 2010 at the
9521:10.3201/eid0809.010536
9141:Dembek Z, ed. (2007).
8967:Aucouturier E (2020).
8602:. BBC. 14 March 2002.
8430:Ute Deichmann (1996).
7693:10.1093/qjmed/94.4.227
7216:10.1089/ind.2007.3.333
6956:SIU School of Medicine
6578:Middle Eastern Studies
6241:A Plague upon Humanity
5491:10.3201/eid0809.010536
5265:International Security
5102:Customary IHL Database
4695:Writers and activists:
4632:William C. Patrick III
4405:
4392:Special Research Units
4065:
3756:foot-and-mouth disease
3609:, Botulinum toxin) or
3607:Francisella tularensis
3480:Francisella tularensis
3468:Chlamydophila psittaci
3400:, non-availability of
3389:
3206:
3130:unilaterally terminate
3124:In 1969, US President
3020:Imperial Japanese Army
3015:
2982:Dugway Proving Grounds
2974:Fort Detrick, Maryland
2866:Corps of Royal Marines
2553:Awards and decorations
2526:Peace through strength
2501:Low-intensity conflict
2135:Conscientious objector
2008:Area of responsibility
678:psychochemical weapons
40:Germ Warfare (M*A*S*H)
27:. For other uses, see
11192:Coronal mass ejection
10654:Electromagnetic pulse
10615:Kinetic energy weapon
10357:2007 pet food recalls
10113:Wiktionary definition
10054:Entomological warfare
9933:Legionnaires' disease
9718:Wood Green ricin plot
9300:. Macmillan, London.
9236:Biowarfare in America
8198:Public Health Reports
8052:Public Health Reports
7517:"The Crispr Quandary"
7038:ecohealthalliance.org
6239:Barenblatt D (2004).
5328:30 April 2011 at the
5182:12 April 2017 at the
5096:12 April 2017 at the
4877:Entomological warfare
4822:Antibiotic resistance
4561:, known as Ken Alibek
4399:
4202:Open-air field tests:
4047:
4013:Ben Gurion University
3702:variety of herbicides
3611:Incapacitating Agents
3549:, Variola virus, and
3496:Rickettsia rickettsii
3490:Rickettsia prowazekii
3383:
3306:Entomological warfare
3204:
3181:1948 ArabβIsraeli War
3167:1948 ArabβIsraeli War
3002:
2813:French and Indian War
1145:Torpedo data computer
1135:Ship gun fire-control
11594:War of Gog and Magog
11271:Near-Earth supernova
11021:Human overpopulation
10825:Mass mortality event
10719:Anthropogenic hazard
10255:Fixed-dose procedure
9883:Equine encephalitis
9713:2001 anthrax attacks
9616:"Biological Warfare"
8653:. BBC. 13 May 2003.
8630:18 June 2017 at the
8299:The Future of Things
8210:10.1093/phr/118.2.92
8015:Guillemin J (2013).
7430:Nature Biotechnology
7153:Lockwood JA (2008).
7140:The Sunshine Project
7071:www.selectagents.gov
5976:10.1089/hs.2014.0092
5772:Pennsylvania History
5730:McConnel MN (1997).
5680:Calloway CG (2007).
4677:Baron Otto von Rosen
4602:Riley D. Housewright
4196:Operation Vegetarian
4133:Project Clear Vision
3789:Defensive operations
2849:Continental Congress
2807:18th to 19th century
2671:Military occupations
2506:Military engineering
2408:Unrestricted Warfare
2265:Force multiplication
1163:Military manoeuvrers
725:respiratory droplets
620:conventional weapons
616:radiological warfare
94:"Biological warfare"
79:improve this article
11666:Blood moon prophecy
11459:Number of the Beast
11057:Holocene extinction
11003:Earth Overshoot Day
10951:Ocean acidification
10914:Habitat destruction
10904:Ecological collapse
10610:Kinetic bombardment
10545:Future of the Earth
10214:In vitro toxicology
10204:Forensic toxicology
9958:Salmonella enterica
9641:5 June 2016 at the
9238:. Illuminet Press.
9128:on 24 November 2018
8973:. MatΓ©riologiques.
8568:The Daily Telegraph
8517:Chauhan SS (2004).
8268:"BiosparQ features"
7741:on 19 February 2018
7631:Clinical Immunology
7572:2015Natur.522...20L
7482:The Washington Post
7385:2002Sci...297.1016C
7305:2005Sci...310...77T
7184:. Berlin: Springer.
7133:12 May 2013 at the
7007:. 25 January 2010.
6845:on 9 September 2019
6793:2020BuAtS..76d.185C
6535:1994Sci...266.1202M
6529:(5188): 1202β1208.
6334:Baumslag N (2005).
6259:Washington Examiner
4736:Nicholas D. Kristof
4519:Grosse Isle, Quebec
4457:Salman Pak facility
4316:Kirov, Kirov Oblast
4249:off Nassau, 1954β5.
4163:Vigo Ordnance Plant
4114:Operation Drop Kick
4091:Operation Whitecoat
4086:Operation Sea-Spray
3764:African swine fever
3456:Burkholderia mallei
3073:on 15 August 1945.
2357:Penal military unit
2342:Rules of engagement
2018:Command and control
1643:Operations research
1107:Director (military)
1097:Fire-control system
867:Command and control
748:Part of a series on
694:civilian casualties
647:area denial weapons
44:Dexter's Laboratory
23:by terrorists, see
12004:Biological warfare
11981:Doomsday scenarios
11547:Beast of the Earth
11439:Book of Revelation
11227:Virtual black hole
11207:False vacuum decay
11157:Pollinator decline
11120:Biological warfare
11110:Biotechnology risk
10961:Resource depletion
10418:Biological warfare
10402:List of poisonings
10209:Medical toxicology
10179:Aquatic toxicology
10059:Infectious disease
9796:Health Threat Unit
9728:2013 ricin letters
9723:2003 ricin letters
9680:Biological warfare
9462:The New York Times
9076:Crosby AW (1986).
9007:Chaturvedi, Alok.
8913:on 3 December 2017
8859:Biological warfare
8769:The New York Times
8550:1 May 2011 at the
8520:Biological Weapons
7990:has generic name (
7732:Arizona University
7521:The New York Times
6756:on 2 February 2021
6645:on 9 February 2021
6136:on 21 January 2012
6126:Covert NM (2000).
6099:Garrett L (2003).
6072:Prasad SK (2009).
5872:Mary V. Thompson.
5344:Voprosy Virusologi
4887:Herbicidal warfare
4827:Asymmetric warfare
4783:In popular culture
4627:Vladimir Pasechnik
4406:
4247:Operation Negation
4227:Operation Hesperus
4217:Operation Cauldron
4109:Operation Big Buzz
4104:Operation Big Itch
4066:
4050:Class III cabinets
3975:Task Force Scorpio
3819:. You can help by
3603:Bacillus anthracis
3551:yellow fever virus
3445:Bacillus anthracis
3418:Bacillus anthracis
3390:
3384:The international
3221:" agreement only.
3207:
3016:
2930:Ministry of Supply
2924:With the onset of
2908:government during
2466:Counter-insurgency
2387:Command of the sea
2332:Jewish laws on war
2307:Geneva Conventions
1843:Divide and conquer
1638:Military operation
1603:Tactical objective
1102:Fire-control radar
1079:Electronic-warfare
682:midspectrum agents
555:Biological weapons
519:Biological warfare
11991:
11990:
11822:Zombie apocalypse
11723:Postmillennialism
11518:Great Tribulation
11291:Stellar collision
11252:Near-Earth object
11202:Geomagnetic storm
11170:
11169:
11093:Biodiversity loss
11077:Genetic pollution
11031:
11030:
10820:Biodiversity loss
10783:Societal collapse
10761:Nuclear holocaust
10746:Economic collapse
10729:Doomsday argument
10647:Antimatter weapon
10500:
10499:
10316:Chelation therapy
10131:
10130:
10118:Wikimedia Commons
10083:International law
10034:Biological hazard
9908:Foodborne illness
9904:
9896:
9889:
9874:Coxiella burnetii
9836:Biological agents
9581:978-0-8144-0865-0
9448:978-0-7432-3685-0
9411:978-0-309-46518-2
9384:978-1-58567-348-3
9307:978-0-333-71614-4
9245:978-1-881532-21-7
9177:978-0-253-33472-5
9151:on 27 August 2012
9110:978-1-911512-12-7
8988:Carus WS (2017).
8980:978-2-37361-239-4
8897:978-0-385-33496-9
8854:Library resources
8811:978-0-684-87158-5
8794:Miller J (2001).
8689:978-0-275-97295-0
8594:"Anthrax attacks"
8530:978-81-7648-732-0
8443:978-0-674-07405-7
8305:on 30 April 2007.
6503:978-0-385-33496-9
6320:978-1-85109-490-5
6295:978-1-4020-2096-4
6214:978-0-02-935301-1
5854:978-0-16-087238-9
5705:Jones DS (2004).
5612:978-1-135-36584-4
5579:(2014) 2#9 p 38.
5564:Military medicine
5389:978-1-58567-348-3
5245:978-0-304-36734-4
5220:978-0-674-01699-6
5058:978-0-19-889215-1
4862:Counterinsurgency
4731:Sheldon H. Harris
4703:Daniel Barenblatt
4662:Nassir al-Hindawi
4647:Rihab Rashid Taha
4559:Kanatjan Alibekov
4529:Suffield, Alberta
4207:Operation Harness
4119:Operation May Day
3837:
3836:
3783:African milk bush
3690:Malayan Emergency
3619:Coxiella burnetii
3474:Coxiella burnetii
3386:biological hazard
3364:CRISPR/Cas system
3187:International law
3071:Japan's surrender
3043:human experiments
2946:Winston Churchill
2847:mentioned to the
2845:George Washington
2744:
2743:
2636:Horses in warfare
2583:Anti-war movement
2486:Gunboat diplomacy
2476:Disaster response
2424:Philosophy of war
2419:Principles of war
2392:Deterrence theory
2337:Right of conquest
2260:Lanchester's laws
2028:Principles of war
1718:Counter-offensive
1703:Military campaign
1608:Target saturation
1531:Counterinsurgency
1140:Gun data computer
1074:Close air support
1036:Aircraft carriers
606:(WMD), including
531:infectious agents
527:biological toxins
516:
515:
155:
154:
147:
129:
21:biological agents
12021:
11956:
11955:
11947:World portal
11945:
11944:
11906:Financial crisis
11735:Nibiru cataclysm
11713:Premillennialism
11557:Dhul-Suwayqatayn
11525:Son of perdition
11513:Olivet Discourse
11489:Whore of Babylon
11115:Biological agent
11062:Human extinction
11052:Extinction event
11040:
11039:
11011:Overexploitation
10941:Land consumption
10936:Land degradation
10803:
10802:
10665:Micro black hole
10573:Chemical warfare
10527:
10520:
10513:
10504:
10503:
10488:
10487:
10476:
10475:
10464:
10463:
10367:Minamata disease
10301:Activated carbon
10250:Biomagnification
10194:Entomotoxicology
10158:
10151:
10144:
10135:
10134:
10044:Ethnic bioweapon
10002:Related concepts
9968:Salmonella typhi
9899:
9892:
9884:
9691:Modern incidents
9673:
9666:
9659:
9650:
9649:
9631:
9629:
9627:
9622:on 26 April 2017
9585:
9564:
9562:
9555:
9543:
9533:
9523:
9498:
9496:
9494:
9479:
9465:
9458:"Anthrax Island"
9452:
9435:Orent W (2004).
9431:
9388:
9373:Mayor A (2009).
9369:
9340:
9311:
9290:
9281:
9249:
9227:
9222:Hersh S (1968).
9218:
9193:(4): 1552β1580.
9181:
9160:
9158:
9156:
9137:
9135:
9133:
9114:
9099:Cross G (2017).
9095:
9089:
9081:
9072:
9051:
9030:
9028:
9026:
9020:
9013:
9003:
8984:
8963:
8922:
8920:
8918:
8909:. Archived from
8901:
8842:
8841:
8839:
8837:
8822:
8816:
8815:
8791:
8785:
8784:
8782:
8780:
8760:
8754:
8753:
8751:
8749:
8730:
8724:
8723:
8721:
8719:
8700:
8694:
8693:
8673:
8667:
8666:
8664:
8662:
8647:
8641:
8622:
8616:
8615:
8613:
8611:
8590:
8584:
8583:
8581:
8579:
8560:
8554:
8541:
8535:
8534:
8514:
8508:
8507:
8505:
8503:
8481:
8475:
8474:
8454:
8448:
8447:
8427:
8421:
8420:
8418:
8416:
8401:
8395:
8394:
8392:
8390:
8365:
8359:
8358:
8356:
8354:
8339:
8333:
8332:
8330:
8328:
8313:
8307:
8306:
8301:. Archived from
8290:
8284:
8283:
8281:
8279:
8264:
8258:
8257:
8255:
8253:
8238:
8232:
8231:
8221:
8189:
8183:
8182:
8172:
8162:
8138:
8132:
8131:
8095:
8086:
8085:
8075:
8046:Ryan CP (2008).
8043:
8037:
8036:
8025:10.2990/32_1_102
8012:
8006:
8002:
7996:
7995:
7989:
7985:
7983:
7975:
7973:
7971:
7956:
7950:
7949:
7948:. 26 April 2021.
7942:
7936:
7935:
7933:
7924:
7918:
7917:
7909:
7903:
7902:
7900:
7898:
7892:
7881:
7873:
7867:
7866:
7842:
7836:
7835:
7833:
7831:
7816:
7807:
7806:
7804:
7802:
7787:
7781:
7780:
7778:
7776:
7767:. 14 June 2004.
7757:
7751:
7750:
7748:
7746:
7740:
7734:. Archived from
7729:
7720:
7714:
7713:
7695:
7661:
7655:
7654:
7626:
7620:
7619:
7617:
7615:
7600:
7594:
7593:
7583:
7551:
7545:
7544:
7542:
7540:
7512:
7506:
7505:
7503:
7501:
7473:
7464:
7463:
7453:
7442:10.1038/nbt.1593
7421:
7415:
7414:
7396:
7379:(5583): 1016β8.
7364:
7358:
7357:
7355:
7353:
7347:
7341:. Archived from
7316:
7290:
7281:
7275:
7274:
7266:
7260:
7259:
7257:
7255:
7244:
7238:
7237:
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7185:
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6997:
6991:
6978:
6972:
6971:
6969:
6967:
6948:
6942:
6941:
6939:
6937:
6920:"1540 Committee"
6916:
6910:
6909:
6907:
6905:
6886:
6880:
6879:
6861:
6855:
6854:
6852:
6850:
6841:. Archived from
6829:
6823:
6822:
6804:
6772:
6766:
6765:
6763:
6761:
6752:. Archived from
6740:
6734:
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6693:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6682:
6673:. Archived from
6661:
6655:
6654:
6652:
6650:
6641:. Archived from
6629:
6623:
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6609:
6569:
6563:
6562:
6514:
6508:
6507:
6487:
6476:
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6403:
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6370:
6354:
6348:
6347:
6341:
6331:
6325:
6324:
6306:
6300:
6299:
6282:"Johnston Atoll"
6277:
6271:
6270:
6268:
6266:
6251:
6245:
6244:
6236:
6230:
6229:
6225:
6219:
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6191:
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6062:
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6000:, PublicAffairs.
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5988:
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5502:
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5439:
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5393:
5378:Mayor A (2003).
5375:
5369:
5366:
5360:
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5332:
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5315:
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5288:
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5250:
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5170:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5159:
5138:
5125:
5119:
5113:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5078:War on the Rocks
5069:
5063:
5062:
5042:
5036:
5035:
5025:
5007:
4983:
4882:Ethnic bioweapon
4810:
4805:
4804:
4746:Matthew Meselson
4741:Joshua Lederberg
4721:Jeanne Guillemin
4712:Stephen Endicott
4682:Yujiro Wakamatsu
4642:Theodor Rosebury
4579:Eugen von Haagen
4415:Zhongma Fortress
3832:
3829:
3811:
3804:
3775:Mau Mau Uprising
3625:Anti-agriculture
3313:biological agent
3264:non-state actors
2888:and advances in
2841:Continental Army
2823:to British-held
2817:Native Americans
2783:who had died of
2779:warriors of the
2736:
2729:
2722:
2491:Humanitarian aid
2429:Security dilemma
2250:Power projection
2033:Economy of force
2013:Chain of command
1728:Defence in depth
1713:Commerce raiding
1536:Defeat in detail
872:Defense ministry
776:
767:
766:
757:
745:
744:
714:pneumonic plague
643:chemical weapons
612:chemical warfare
525:, is the use of
521:, also known as
508:
501:
494:
478:
477:
459:List of treaties
171:
157:
156:
150:
143:
139:
136:
130:
128:
87:
63:
55:
12029:
12028:
12024:
12023:
12022:
12020:
12019:
12018:
12014:Warfare by type
11994:
11993:
11992:
11987:
11966:Future problems
11939:
11930:
11864:
11833:
11800:Climate fiction
11766:
11641:2012 phenomenon
11624:
11530:Sheep and Goats
11417:2 Thessalonians
11295:
11212:Gamma-ray burst
11166:
11081:
11072:Genetic erosion
11027:
10997:
10988:Water pollution
10956:Ozone depletion
10852:Desertification
10792:
10707:
10642:Doomsday device
10622:Nuclear warfare
10561:
10536:
10531:
10501:
10496:
10452:
10406:
10382:Seveso disaster
10362:Bhopal disaster
10340:
10289:
10245:Bioaccumulation
10223:
10167:
10162:
10132:
10127:
10104:
10090:Geneva Protocol
10078:
10049:Decontamination
9997:
9854:Botulinum toxin
9849:Avian influenza
9830:
9746:Australia Group
9738:
9732:
9686:
9677:
9643:Wayback Machine
9625:
9623:
9614:
9604:Wayback Machine
9593:
9588:
9582:
9563:on 9 June 2007.
9560:
9553:
9492:
9490:
9449:
9412:
9385:
9308:
9267:10.2307/1897495
9246:
9199:10.2307/2567577
9178:
9154:
9152:
9131:
9129:
9111:
9083:
9082:
9069:
9048:
9024:
9022:
9018:
9011:
9000:
8981:
8916:
8914:
8898:
8879:
8878:
8877:
8862:
8861:
8857:
8850:
8848:Further reading
8845:
8835:
8833:
8824:
8823:
8819:
8812:
8792:
8788:
8778:
8776:
8761:
8757:
8747:
8745:
8732:
8731:
8727:
8717:
8715:
8702:
8701:
8697:
8690:
8674:
8670:
8660:
8658:
8649:
8648:
8644:
8632:Wayback Machine
8623:
8619:
8609:
8607:
8592:
8591:
8587:
8577:
8575:
8562:
8561:
8557:
8552:Wayback Machine
8542:
8538:
8531:
8515:
8511:
8501:
8499:
8482:
8478:
8455:
8451:
8444:
8428:
8424:
8414:
8412:
8403:
8402:
8398:
8388:
8386:
8367:
8366:
8362:
8352:
8350:
8341:
8340:
8336:
8326:
8324:
8317:"Shyh-Ching Lo"
8315:
8314:
8310:
8291:
8287:
8277:
8275:
8266:
8265:
8261:
8251:
8249:
8240:
8239:
8235:
8190:
8186:
8153:(8): e1003555.
8139:
8135:
8096:
8089:
8044:
8040:
8013:
8009:
8003:
7999:
7987:
7986:
7977:
7976:
7969:
7967:
7957:
7953:
7944:
7943:
7939:
7931:
7925:
7921:
7910:
7906:
7896:
7894:
7890:
7879:
7875:
7874:
7870:
7863:
7843:
7839:
7829:
7827:
7818:
7817:
7810:
7800:
7798:
7789:
7788:
7784:
7774:
7772:
7759:
7758:
7754:
7744:
7742:
7738:
7727:
7721:
7717:
7662:
7658:
7627:
7623:
7613:
7611:
7610:on 2 March 2013
7602:
7601:
7597:
7581:10.1038/522020a
7552:
7548:
7538:
7536:
7513:
7509:
7499:
7497:
7474:
7467:
7436:(12): 1163β72.
7422:
7418:
7365:
7361:
7351:
7349:
7348:on 26 June 2013
7345:
7314:10.1.1.418.9059
7288:
7282:
7278:
7267:
7263:
7253:
7251:
7246:
7245:
7241:
7199:
7193:
7189:
7178:
7174:
7167:
7151:
7147:
7135:Wayback Machine
7125:
7121:
7111:
7109:
7094:
7090:
7080:
7078:
7065:
7064:
7060:
7050:
7048:
7044:
7033:
7029:
7028:
7024:
7014:
7012:
6999:
6998:
6994:
6989:Wayback Machine
6979:
6975:
6965:
6963:
6950:
6949:
6945:
6935:
6933:
6918:
6917:
6913:
6903:
6901:
6888:
6887:
6883:
6876:
6862:
6858:
6848:
6846:
6831:
6830:
6826:
6773:
6769:
6759:
6757:
6742:
6741:
6737:
6694:
6690:
6680:
6678:
6663:
6662:
6658:
6648:
6646:
6631:
6630:
6626:
6617:
6613:
6570:
6566:
6515:
6511:
6504:
6488:
6479:
6469:
6467:
6452:
6451:
6444:
6438:Wikisource link
6428:
6424:
6413:
6409:
6399:
6397:
6390:The Japan Times
6382:
6378:
6368:
6366:
6355:
6351:
6332:
6328:
6321:
6307:
6303:
6296:
6278:
6274:
6264:
6262:
6253:
6252:
6248:
6237:
6233:
6226:
6222:
6215:
6201:
6194:
6153:
6149:
6139:
6137:
6124:
6120:
6113:
6097:
6093:
6086:
6070:
6066:
6056:
6054:
6031:10.2307/2198921
6011:
6004:
5995:
5991:
5964:Health Security
5960:
5956:
5951:
5947:
5903:
5899:
5886:
5885:
5881:
5870:
5866:
5855:
5841:
5840:
5836:
5795:
5791:
5768:
5764:
5757:
5743:
5739:
5728:
5724:
5717:
5703:
5699:
5692:
5678:
5674:
5659:
5655:
5646:
5642:
5627:
5620:
5613:
5597:
5593:
5588:Wayback Machine
5574:
5570:
5561:
5557:
5520:
5516:
5471:
5467:
5460:
5440:
5436:
5401:
5397:
5390:
5376:
5372:
5367:
5363:
5339:
5335:
5330:Wayback Machine
5322:
5318:
5257:
5253:
5246:
5234:Gray C (2007).
5232:
5228:
5221:
5207:
5203:
5194:
5190:
5184:Wayback Machine
5171:
5167:
5157:
5155:
5140:
5139:
5128:
5120:
5116:
5098:Wayback Machine
5089:
5085:
5070:
5066:
5059:
5043:
5039:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4971:
4922:Military animal
4857:Chemical weapon
4806:
4799:
4796:
4791:
4785:
4780:
4776:Aaron Henderson
4756:Richard Preston
4726:Edward Hagerman
4708:Leonard A. Cole
4691:
4672:Auguste Trillat
4617:George W. Merck
4537:
4515:
4510:
4504:
4477:
4471:
4448:
4440:Main articles:
4438:
4394:
4388:
4375:Project Bonfire
4264:
4258:
4237:Operation Ozone
4186:Gruinard Island
4177:
4171:
4128:Project Bacchus
4036:
4030:
4025:
4011:Researchers at
3962:
3903:
3866:
3833:
3827:
3824:
3817:needs expansion
3802:
3797:
3791:
3722:
3638:
3632:
3627:
3572:botulinum toxin
3514:Yersinia pestis
3508:Vibrio cholerae
3406:delivery system
3378:
3373:
3333:
3308:
3302:
3278:
3272:
3260:nuclear weapons
3248:Resolution 1540
3237:Australia Group
3211:Geneva Protocol
3199:
3193:Geneva Protocol
3191:Main articles:
3189:
3169:
3079:
3006:, commander of
2978:George W. Merck
2966:Gruinard Island
2922:
2914:Geneva Protocol
2906:Imperial German
2882:
2870:New South Wales
2853:Siege of Boston
2833:Delaware people
2809:
2749:
2740:
2711:
2710:
2661:
2651:
2650:
2616:
2608:
2607:
2548:
2538:
2537:
2511:Multilateralism
2496:Law enforcement
2456:
2446:
2445:
2414:Just war theory
2372:
2362:
2361:
2312:Geneva Protocol
2282:
2272:
2271:
2245:
2235:
2234:
2176:
2166:
2165:
2073:
2063:
2062:
2003:
1993:
1992:
1958:
1948:
1947:
1878:Network-centric
1798:
1788:
1787:
1695:
1685:
1684:
1633:
1623:
1622:
1571:Rapid dominance
1476:
1466:
1465:
1421:Electromagnetic
1330:
1320:
1319:
1306:
1259:
1207:
1183:
1173:
1172:
1168:Combat training
1149:
1126:
1092:Combat systems:
1088:
1050:
1046:Auxiliary ships
1012:
972:
968:Military police
934:
857:
847:
846:
786:
760:
759:
758:
753:
743:
737:
690:
608:nuclear warfare
582:Geneva Protocol
580:under the 1925
512:
151:
140:
134:
131:
88:
86:
76:
64:
51:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
12027:
12017:
12016:
12011:
12006:
11989:
11988:
11986:
11985:
11984:
11983:
11978:
11973:
11968:
11963:
11961:Apocalypticism
11950:
11935:
11932:
11931:
11929:
11928:
11923:
11918:
11913:
11908:
11903:
11898:
11893:
11888:
11883:
11878:
11872:
11870:
11866:
11865:
11863:
11862:
11857:
11852:
11847:
11841:
11839:
11835:
11834:
11832:
11831:
11830:
11829:
11819:
11814:
11813:
11812:
11805:Disaster films
11802:
11797:
11796:
11795:
11790:
11780:
11778:Alien invasion
11774:
11772:
11768:
11767:
11765:
11764:
11759:
11754:
11753:
11752:
11747:
11737:
11732:
11727:
11726:
11725:
11720:
11718:Amillennialism
11715:
11705:
11703:Millenarianism
11700:
11699:
11698:
11688:
11683:
11678:
11673:
11668:
11663:
11658:
11656:Apocalypticism
11653:
11648:
11643:
11638:
11632:
11630:
11626:
11625:
11623:
11622:
11621:
11620:
11610:
11605:
11604:
11603:
11602:
11601:
11596:
11591:
11581:
11580:
11579:
11574:
11569:
11564:
11559:
11554:
11552:Dhu al-Qarnayn
11549:
11544:
11534:
11533:
11532:
11527:
11522:
11521:
11520:
11510:
11505:
11500:
11498:Great Apostasy
11495:
11494:
11493:
11492:
11491:
11486:
11481:
11476:
11471:
11466:
11461:
11456:
11451:
11436:
11431:
11430:
11429:
11424:
11414:
11409:
11404:
11399:
11398:
11397:
11387:
11377:
11372:
11371:
11370:
11365:
11355:
11345:
11343:Last Judgement
11340:
11339:
11338:
11333:
11323:
11322:
11321:
11316:
11305:
11303:
11301:Eschatological
11297:
11296:
11294:
11293:
11288:
11283:
11278:
11273:
11268:
11267:
11266:
11261:
11256:
11255:
11254:
11244:
11239:
11229:
11224:
11219:
11214:
11209:
11204:
11199:
11194:
11189:
11184:
11178:
11176:
11172:
11171:
11168:
11167:
11165:
11164:
11159:
11154:
11149:
11144:
11139:
11134:
11129:
11128:
11127:
11122:
11117:
11107:
11106:
11105:
11100:
11089:
11087:
11083:
11082:
11080:
11079:
11074:
11069:
11064:
11059:
11054:
11048:
11046:
11037:
11033:
11032:
11029:
11028:
11026:
11025:
11024:
11023:
11016:Overpopulation
11013:
11007:
11005:
10999:
10998:
10996:
10995:
10993:Water scarcity
10990:
10985:
10980:
10979:
10978:
10968:
10966:Sea level rise
10963:
10958:
10953:
10948:
10943:
10938:
10933:
10932:
10931:
10929:on marine life
10926:
10916:
10911:
10906:
10901:
10896:
10891:
10886:
10884:Global warming
10881:
10876:
10874:Global dimming
10871:
10866:
10865:
10864:
10854:
10849:
10844:
10839:
10834:
10832:Cascade effect
10829:
10828:
10827:
10817:
10811:
10809:
10807:Climate change
10800:
10794:
10793:
10791:
10790:
10785:
10780:
10779:
10778:
10773:
10768:
10758:
10753:
10748:
10743:
10742:
10741:
10736:
10726:
10721:
10715:
10713:
10709:
10708:
10706:
10705:
10700:
10699:
10698:
10693:
10688:
10674:
10673:
10672:
10667:
10657:
10651:
10650:
10649:
10644:
10639:
10637:Doomsday Clock
10634:
10629:
10619:
10618:
10617:
10607:
10602:
10597:
10596:
10595:
10590:
10588:Cyberterrorism
10585:
10575:
10569:
10567:
10563:
10562:
10560:
10559:
10558:
10557:
10547:
10541:
10538:
10537:
10530:
10529:
10522:
10515:
10507:
10498:
10497:
10495:
10494:
10482:
10470:
10457:
10454:
10453:
10451:
10450:
10445:
10440:
10435:
10430:
10425:
10420:
10414:
10412:
10411:Related topics
10408:
10407:
10405:
10404:
10399:
10394:
10389:
10384:
10379:
10374:
10369:
10364:
10359:
10354:
10348:
10346:
10342:
10341:
10339:
10338:
10333:
10328:
10323:
10321:Gastric lavage
10318:
10313:
10308:
10303:
10297:
10295:
10291:
10290:
10288:
10287:
10282:
10277:
10275:Toxicity class
10272:
10270:Toxic capacity
10267:
10262:
10257:
10252:
10247:
10242:
10240:Acute toxicity
10237:
10231:
10229:
10225:
10224:
10222:
10221:
10219:Toxicogenomics
10216:
10211:
10206:
10201:
10196:
10191:
10186:
10181:
10175:
10173:
10169:
10168:
10161:
10160:
10153:
10146:
10138:
10129:
10128:
10126:
10125:
10120:
10115:
10109:
10106:
10105:
10103:
10102:
10097:
10092:
10086:
10084:
10080:
10079:
10077:
10076:
10071:
10066:
10061:
10056:
10051:
10046:
10041:
10036:
10031:
10029:Biocontainment
10026:
10021:
10016:
10014:Anthrax hoaxes
10011:
10009:Agro-terrorism
10005:
10003:
9999:
9998:
9996:
9995:
9990:
9985:
9980:
9978:Staphylococcus
9975:
9970:
9965:
9960:
9955:
9950:
9945:
9940:
9935:
9930:
9925:
9920:
9915:
9910:
9905:
9897:
9890:
9881:
9876:
9871:
9866:
9861:
9856:
9851:
9846:
9840:
9838:
9832:
9831:
9829:
9828:
9823:
9818:
9813:
9808:
9803:
9798:
9793:
9788:
9783:
9778:
9773:
9768:
9763:
9758:
9753:
9748:
9742:
9740:
9734:
9733:
9731:
9730:
9725:
9720:
9715:
9710:
9705:
9700:
9694:
9692:
9688:
9687:
9676:
9675:
9668:
9661:
9653:
9647:
9646:
9632:
9612:
9607:
9592:
9591:External links
9589:
9587:
9586:
9580:
9565:
9544:
9514:(9): 971β975.
9499:
9480:
9466:
9453:
9447:
9432:
9410:
9402:10.17226/24890
9389:
9383:
9370:
9341:
9312:
9306:
9291:
9282:
9261:(3): 489β494.
9250:
9244:
9228:
9219:
9182:
9176:
9161:
9138:
9115:
9109:
9096:
9073:
9068:978-1851094905
9067:
9052:
9047:978-1402020971
9046:
9031:
9004:
8998:
8985:
8979:
8964:
8924:
8902:
8896:
8880:
8876:
8875:
8870:
8864:
8863:
8852:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8843:
8817:
8810:
8786:
8755:
8725:
8695:
8688:
8668:
8642:
8617:
8585:
8555:
8536:
8529:
8509:
8476:
8465:(12): 756β60.
8449:
8442:
8422:
8396:
8360:
8334:
8308:
8285:
8259:
8233:
8184:
8147:PLOS Pathogens
8133:
8106:(4): 593β605.
8087:
8038:
8007:
7997:
7951:
7937:
7919:
7904:
7868:
7861:
7837:
7808:
7782:
7752:
7715:
7666:"Bioterrorism"
7656:
7621:
7595:
7566:(7554): 20β4.
7546:
7507:
7465:
7416:
7359:
7276:
7261:
7239:
7187:
7172:
7166:978-0195333053
7165:
7145:
7119:
7088:
7058:
7022:
7005:Foreign Policy
6992:
6973:
6943:
6925:United Nations
6911:
6881:
6874:
6856:
6824:
6787:(4): 185β191.
6767:
6735:
6688:
6677:on 21 May 2019
6656:
6624:
6611:
6584:(5): 752β776.
6564:
6509:
6502:
6477:
6442:
6422:
6407:
6376:
6349:
6326:
6319:
6301:
6294:
6272:
6246:
6231:
6220:
6213:
6207:. Free Press.
6192:
6147:
6118:
6112:978-0198526834
6111:
6091:
6084:
6064:
6025:(5): 853β879.
6002:
5989:
5954:
5945:
5897:
5879:
5864:
5853:
5834:
5809:(6): 497β502.
5789:
5778:(3): 427β441.
5762:
5755:
5737:
5722:
5716:978-0674013056
5715:
5697:
5691:978-0195331271
5690:
5672:
5653:
5640:
5618:
5611:
5591:
5568:
5555:
5534:(6): 497β502.
5514:
5465:
5458:
5434:
5409:Med Hypotheses
5395:
5388:
5370:
5361:
5333:
5316:
5251:
5244:
5226:
5219:
5201:
5188:
5165:
5126:
5114:
5083:
5064:
5057:
5037:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4962:Well poisoning
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4902:John W. Powell
4899:
4894:
4892:Hittite plague
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4808:Biology portal
4795:
4792:
4787:Main article:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4716:Arthur Galston
4713:
4710:
4705:
4699:
4690:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4612:Elvin A. Kabat
4609:
4604:
4599:
4596:
4593:Arthur Galston
4590:
4585:
4580:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4556:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4541:Bioweaponeers:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4522:
4514:
4511:
4506:Main article:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4473:Main article:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4459:
4454:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4390:Main article:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4380:Project Factor
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4345:
4336:
4327:
4318:
4309:
4300:
4294:
4284:
4260:Main article:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4244:
4234:
4224:
4214:
4199:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4173:Main article:
4170:
4169:United Kingdom
4167:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4032:Main article:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4000:, the company
3971:first Gulf War
3961:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3902:
3899:
3865:
3862:
3835:
3834:
3814:
3812:
3801:
3798:
3793:Main article:
3790:
3787:
3766:for pigs, and
3762:against cows,
3734:Entente forces
3721:
3720:Anti-livestock
3718:
3698:mass dispersal
3650:mycoherbicides
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3529:, many of the
3485:Rickettsiaceae
3483:, some of the
3377:
3376:Anti-personnel
3374:
3372:
3369:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3332:
3329:
3304:Main article:
3301:
3298:
3274:Main article:
3271:
3268:
3254:, biological,
3188:
3185:
3177:Benjamin Kedar
3168:
3165:
3078:
3075:
2934:United Kingdom
2921:
2918:
2881:
2878:
2808:
2805:
2757:unknown plague
2748:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2676:Military terms
2673:
2668:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2434:Tripwire force
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2257:
2252:
2246:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2074:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1956:Administrative
1954:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1883:New generation
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1858:Fleet in being
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1799:
1796:Grand strategy
1794:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1783:Scorched earth
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1660:Deep operation
1657:
1652:
1645:
1640:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1486:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1461:Unconventional
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1409:
1407:Disinformation
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1158:Basic training
1155:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1087:
1086:
1084:Reconnaissance
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1003:Special forces
1000:
995:
994:
993:
983:
978:
971:
970:
965:
960:
958:Reconnaissance
955:
950:
945:
940:
933:
932:
923:
918:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
858:
853:
852:
849:
848:
845:
844:
843:
842:
837:
827:
826:
825:
820:
810:
809:
808:
801:Post-classical
798:
793:
787:
782:
781:
778:
777:
769:
768:
750:
749:
739:Main article:
736:
733:
689:
686:
514:
513:
511:
510:
503:
496:
488:
485:
484:
483:
482:
469:
468:
467:
466:
463:treaty parties
453:
452:
448:
447:
446:
445:
440:
435:
427:
426:
422:
421:
420:
419:
414:
409:
407:United Kingdom
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
211:
210:
204:
203:
202:
201:
196:
191:
186:
178:
177:
173:
172:
164:
163:
153:
152:
67:
65:
58:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12026:
12015:
12012:
12010:
12007:
12005:
12002:
12001:
11999:
11982:
11979:
11977:
11976:Risk analysis
11974:
11972:
11969:
11967:
11964:
11962:
11959:
11958:
11951:
11949:
11948:
11943:
11937:
11936:
11933:
11927:
11924:
11922:
11921:Social crisis
11919:
11917:
11914:
11912:
11909:
11907:
11904:
11902:
11899:
11897:
11894:
11892:
11889:
11887:
11884:
11882:
11879:
11877:
11874:
11873:
11871:
11867:
11861:
11858:
11856:
11853:
11851:
11848:
11846:
11843:
11842:
11840:
11838:Organizations
11836:
11828:
11825:
11824:
11823:
11820:
11818:
11815:
11811:
11808:
11807:
11806:
11803:
11801:
11798:
11794:
11791:
11789:
11786:
11785:
11784:
11781:
11779:
11776:
11775:
11773:
11769:
11763:
11762:World to come
11760:
11758:
11755:
11751:
11748:
11746:
11743:
11742:
11741:
11738:
11736:
11733:
11731:
11728:
11724:
11721:
11719:
11716:
11714:
11711:
11710:
11709:
11708:Millennialism
11706:
11704:
11701:
11697:
11696:Messianic Age
11694:
11693:
11692:
11689:
11687:
11684:
11682:
11681:Gog and Magog
11679:
11677:
11674:
11672:
11671:Earth Changes
11669:
11667:
11664:
11662:
11659:
11657:
11654:
11652:
11649:
11647:
11644:
11642:
11639:
11637:
11634:
11633:
11631:
11627:
11619:
11616:
11615:
11614:
11611:
11609:
11606:
11600:
11597:
11595:
11592:
11590:
11587:
11586:
11585:
11582:
11578:
11575:
11573:
11570:
11568:
11565:
11563:
11560:
11558:
11555:
11553:
11550:
11548:
11545:
11543:
11540:
11539:
11538:
11535:
11531:
11528:
11526:
11523:
11519:
11516:
11515:
11514:
11511:
11509:
11508:New Jerusalem
11506:
11504:
11501:
11499:
11496:
11490:
11487:
11485:
11484:War in Heaven
11482:
11480:
11479:Two witnesses
11477:
11475:
11472:
11470:
11467:
11465:
11462:
11460:
11457:
11455:
11452:
11450:
11447:
11446:
11445:
11442:
11441:
11440:
11437:
11435:
11432:
11428:
11425:
11423:
11420:
11419:
11418:
11415:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11405:
11403:
11400:
11396:
11393:
11392:
11391:
11388:
11386:
11383:
11382:
11381:
11378:
11376:
11373:
11369:
11366:
11364:
11361:
11360:
11359:
11356:
11354:
11351:
11350:
11349:
11348:Second Coming
11346:
11344:
11341:
11337:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11328:
11327:
11324:
11320:
11317:
11315:
11312:
11311:
11310:
11307:
11306:
11304:
11302:
11298:
11292:
11289:
11287:
11284:
11282:
11279:
11277:
11274:
11272:
11269:
11265:
11262:
11260:
11257:
11253:
11250:
11249:
11248:
11245:
11243:
11240:
11238:
11235:
11234:
11233:
11230:
11228:
11225:
11223:
11220:
11218:
11215:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11183:
11180:
11179:
11177:
11173:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11145:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11133:
11130:
11126:
11123:
11121:
11118:
11116:
11113:
11112:
11111:
11108:
11104:
11101:
11099:
11096:
11095:
11094:
11091:
11090:
11088:
11084:
11078:
11075:
11073:
11070:
11068:
11065:
11063:
11060:
11058:
11055:
11053:
11050:
11049:
11047:
11045:
11041:
11038:
11034:
11022:
11019:
11018:
11017:
11014:
11012:
11009:
11008:
11006:
11004:
11000:
10994:
10991:
10989:
10986:
10984:
10981:
10977:
10974:
10973:
10972:
10969:
10967:
10964:
10962:
10959:
10957:
10954:
10952:
10949:
10947:
10944:
10942:
10939:
10937:
10934:
10930:
10927:
10925:
10922:
10921:
10920:
10917:
10915:
10912:
10910:
10907:
10905:
10902:
10900:
10897:
10895:
10892:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10880:
10877:
10875:
10872:
10870:
10867:
10863:
10860:
10859:
10858:
10855:
10853:
10850:
10848:
10847:Deforestation
10845:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10835:
10833:
10830:
10826:
10823:
10822:
10821:
10818:
10816:
10813:
10812:
10810:
10808:
10804:
10801:
10799:
10795:
10789:
10788:World War III
10786:
10784:
10781:
10777:
10774:
10772:
10769:
10767:
10764:
10763:
10762:
10759:
10757:
10754:
10752:
10749:
10747:
10744:
10740:
10737:
10735:
10732:
10731:
10730:
10727:
10725:
10722:
10720:
10717:
10716:
10714:
10710:
10704:
10703:Transhumanism
10701:
10697:
10694:
10692:
10689:
10687:
10684:
10683:
10682:
10678:
10675:
10671:
10668:
10666:
10663:
10662:
10661:
10658:
10655:
10652:
10648:
10645:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10628:
10625:
10624:
10623:
10620:
10616:
10613:
10612:
10611:
10608:
10606:
10603:
10601:
10598:
10594:
10591:
10589:
10586:
10584:
10581:
10580:
10579:
10576:
10574:
10571:
10570:
10568:
10566:Technological
10564:
10556:
10553:
10552:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10543:
10542:
10539:
10535:
10528:
10523:
10521:
10516:
10514:
10509:
10508:
10505:
10493:
10492:
10483:
10481:
10480:
10471:
10469:
10468:
10459:
10458:
10455:
10449:
10446:
10444:
10441:
10439:
10436:
10434:
10433:Hazard symbol
10431:
10429:
10426:
10424:
10421:
10419:
10416:
10415:
10413:
10409:
10403:
10400:
10398:
10395:
10393:
10390:
10388:
10385:
10383:
10380:
10378:
10375:
10373:
10370:
10368:
10365:
10363:
10360:
10358:
10355:
10353:
10350:
10349:
10347:
10343:
10337:
10334:
10332:
10331:Hemoperfusion
10329:
10327:
10324:
10322:
10319:
10317:
10314:
10312:
10309:
10307:
10304:
10302:
10299:
10298:
10296:
10292:
10286:
10283:
10281:
10278:
10276:
10273:
10271:
10268:
10266:
10263:
10261:
10258:
10256:
10253:
10251:
10248:
10246:
10243:
10241:
10238:
10236:
10233:
10232:
10230:
10226:
10220:
10217:
10215:
10212:
10210:
10207:
10205:
10202:
10200:
10197:
10195:
10192:
10190:
10187:
10185:
10184:Ecotoxicology
10182:
10180:
10177:
10176:
10174:
10170:
10166:
10159:
10154:
10152:
10147:
10145:
10140:
10139:
10136:
10124:
10121:
10119:
10116:
10114:
10111:
10110:
10107:
10101:
10098:
10096:
10093:
10091:
10088:
10087:
10085:
10081:
10075:
10072:
10070:
10067:
10065:
10062:
10060:
10057:
10055:
10052:
10050:
10047:
10045:
10042:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10015:
10012:
10010:
10007:
10006:
10004:
10000:
9994:
9991:
9989:
9986:
9984:
9981:
9979:
9976:
9974:
9971:
9969:
9966:
9964:
9963:Salmonellosis
9961:
9959:
9956:
9954:
9951:
9949:
9946:
9944:
9941:
9939:
9938:Marburg virus
9936:
9934:
9931:
9929:
9926:
9924:
9921:
9919:
9916:
9914:
9911:
9909:
9906:
9902:
9898:
9895:
9891:
9888:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9862:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9845:
9842:
9841:
9839:
9837:
9833:
9827:
9824:
9822:
9819:
9817:
9814:
9812:
9809:
9807:
9804:
9802:
9799:
9797:
9794:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9744:
9743:
9741:
9735:
9729:
9726:
9724:
9721:
9719:
9716:
9714:
9711:
9709:
9706:
9704:
9701:
9699:
9696:
9695:
9693:
9689:
9685:
9681:
9674:
9669:
9667:
9662:
9660:
9655:
9654:
9651:
9644:
9640:
9636:
9633:
9621:
9617:
9613:
9611:
9608:
9605:
9601:
9598:
9595:
9594:
9583:
9577:
9573:
9572:
9566:
9559:
9552:
9551:
9545:
9541:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9522:
9517:
9513:
9509:
9505:
9500:
9488:
9487:
9481:
9477:
9476:
9471:
9467:
9463:
9459:
9454:
9450:
9444:
9440:
9439:
9433:
9429:
9425:
9421:
9417:
9413:
9407:
9403:
9399:
9395:
9390:
9386:
9380:
9376:
9371:
9367:
9363:
9359:
9355:
9352:(2): 163β82.
9351:
9347:
9342:
9338:
9334:
9330:
9326:
9322:
9318:
9313:
9309:
9303:
9299:
9298:
9292:
9288:
9283:
9280:
9276:
9272:
9268:
9264:
9260:
9256:
9251:
9247:
9241:
9237:
9233:
9229:
9225:
9220:
9216:
9212:
9208:
9204:
9200:
9196:
9192:
9188:
9183:
9179:
9173:
9169:
9168:
9162:
9150:
9146:
9145:
9139:
9127:
9123:
9122:
9116:
9112:
9106:
9102:
9097:
9093:
9087:
9079:
9074:
9070:
9064:
9060:
9059:
9053:
9049:
9043:
9039:
9038:
9032:
9017:
9010:
9005:
9001:
8999:9780160941481
8995:
8991:
8986:
8982:
8976:
8972:
8971:
8965:
8961:
8957:
8953:
8949:
8945:
8941:
8938:(7): 429β32.
8937:
8933:
8929:
8925:
8912:
8908:
8903:
8899:
8893:
8889:
8888:
8882:
8881:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8865:
8860:
8855:
8831:
8827:
8821:
8813:
8807:
8803:
8799:
8798:
8790:
8774:
8770:
8766:
8759:
8743:
8739:
8735:
8729:
8713:
8709:
8705:
8699:
8691:
8685:
8681:
8680:
8672:
8656:
8652:
8646:
8639:
8638:
8633:
8629:
8626:
8621:
8605:
8601:
8600:
8595:
8589:
8573:
8569:
8565:
8559:
8553:
8549:
8546:
8540:
8532:
8526:
8522:
8521:
8513:
8497:
8493:
8492:
8487:
8480:
8472:
8468:
8464:
8460:
8453:
8445:
8439:
8435:
8434:
8426:
8410:
8406:
8400:
8384:
8380:
8376:
8375:
8370:
8364:
8348:
8344:
8338:
8322:
8318:
8312:
8304:
8300:
8296:
8289:
8273:
8269:
8263:
8247:
8243:
8237:
8229:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8211:
8207:
8203:
8199:
8195:
8188:
8180:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8152:
8148:
8144:
8137:
8129:
8125:
8121:
8117:
8113:
8109:
8105:
8101:
8094:
8092:
8083:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8065:
8061:
8058:(3): 276β81.
8057:
8053:
8049:
8042:
8034:
8030:
8026:
8022:
8018:
8011:
8001:
7993:
7981:
7966:
7962:
7955:
7947:
7941:
7930:
7923:
7915:
7908:
7889:
7885:
7878:
7872:
7864:
7858:
7854:
7850:
7849:
7841:
7825:
7821:
7815:
7813:
7797:. 20 May 2010
7796:
7792:
7786:
7770:
7766:
7762:
7756:
7737:
7733:
7726:
7719:
7711:
7707:
7703:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7685:
7681:
7677:
7673:
7672:
7667:
7660:
7652:
7648:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7632:
7625:
7609:
7605:
7599:
7591:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7550:
7534:
7530:
7526:
7522:
7518:
7511:
7495:
7491:
7487:
7483:
7479:
7472:
7470:
7461:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7443:
7439:
7435:
7431:
7427:
7420:
7412:
7408:
7404:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7370:
7363:
7344:
7340:
7336:
7332:
7328:
7324:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7306:
7302:
7298:
7294:
7287:
7280:
7272:
7265:
7249:
7243:
7235:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7210:(4): 333β65.
7209:
7205:
7198:
7191:
7183:
7176:
7168:
7162:
7158:
7157:
7149:
7142:
7141:
7136:
7132:
7129:
7123:
7107:
7103:
7099:
7092:
7076:
7072:
7068:
7062:
7043:
7039:
7032:
7026:
7010:
7006:
7002:
6996:
6990:
6986:
6983:
6977:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6947:
6931:
6927:
6926:
6921:
6915:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6885:
6877:
6875:9781851684472
6871:
6867:
6860:
6844:
6840:
6839:
6834:
6828:
6820:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6771:
6755:
6751:
6750:
6745:
6739:
6731:
6727:
6723:
6719:
6715:
6711:
6707:
6703:
6699:
6692:
6676:
6672:
6671:
6666:
6660:
6644:
6640:
6639:
6634:
6628:
6621:
6615:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6587:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6568:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6513:
6505:
6499:
6495:
6494:
6486:
6484:
6482:
6465:
6461:
6460:
6455:
6449:
6447:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6430:Richard Nixon
6426:
6418:
6411:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6380:
6364:
6360:
6353:
6345:
6340:
6339:
6330:
6322:
6316:
6312:
6305:
6297:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6276:
6260:
6256:
6250:
6242:
6235:
6224:
6216:
6210:
6206:
6199:
6197:
6188:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6151:
6135:
6131:
6130:
6122:
6114:
6108:
6104:
6103:
6095:
6087:
6085:9788183563819
6081:
6077:
6076:
6068:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6009:
6007:
5999:
5993:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5970:(4): 219β55.
5969:
5965:
5958:
5949:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5901:
5893:
5889:
5883:
5875:
5868:
5861:
5856:
5850:
5846:
5845:
5838:
5831:
5826:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5793:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5766:
5758:
5756:9781846148088
5752:
5748:
5741:
5733:
5726:
5718:
5712:
5708:
5701:
5693:
5687:
5683:
5676:
5669:. p. 44.
5668:
5664:
5657:
5650:
5644:
5636:
5632:
5625:
5623:
5614:
5608:
5605:. Routledge.
5604:
5603:
5595:
5589:
5585:
5582:
5578:
5572:
5565:
5559:
5551:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5518:
5510:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5469:
5461:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5446:
5438:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5415:(6): 1371β4.
5414:
5410:
5406:
5399:
5391:
5385:
5381:
5374:
5365:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5337:
5331:
5327:
5324:
5320:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5271:(3): 84β122.
5270:
5266:
5262:
5255:
5247:
5241:
5237:
5230:
5222:
5216:
5212:
5205:
5198:
5192:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5176:
5169:
5153:
5149:
5148:
5143:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5123:
5118:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5092:
5087:
5079:
5075:
5068:
5060:
5054:
5050:
5049:
5041:
5033:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4982:
4978:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4957:Trichothecene
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4942:Project AGILE
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4917:McNeill's law
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4809:
4803:
4798:
4790:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4771:David Willman
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4595:(unwittingly)
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4570:Wouter Basson
4568:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4555:Shyh-Ching Lo
4554:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4530:
4526:
4525:DRDC Suffield
4523:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4509:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4481:Project Coast
4479:
4478:
4476:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4370:Vozrozhdeniya
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4353:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4097:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4028:United States
4020:
4018:
4014:
4009:
4007:
4004:has designed
4003:
3999:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3982:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3967:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3898:
3895:
3889:
3885:
3883:
3878:
3874:
3873:Yekaterinburg
3869:
3861:
3858:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3831:
3828:December 2011
3822:
3818:
3815:This section
3813:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3796:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3752:
3750:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3679:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3646:bioherbicides
3643:
3637:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3615:Brucella suis
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3599:Lethal Agents
3596:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3584:select agents
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3548:
3547:Marburg virus
3544:
3543:Coronaviruses
3540:
3539:Machupo virus
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3434:mediastinitis
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3415:For example,
3413:
3409:
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3293:
3289:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3242:In 2004, the
3240:
3238:
3235:In 1985, the
3233:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3126:Richard Nixon
3122:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
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2871:
2868:stationed in
2867:
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2579:
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2569:
2566:
2564:
2563:Warrior caste
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2534:
2533:Show of force
2531:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2521:Peacebuilding
2519:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
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2502:
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2400:
2398:
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2388:
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2383:
2380:
2378:
2377:Air supremacy
2375:
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2358:
2355:
2353:
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2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
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2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2317:Islamic rules
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2297:Court-martial
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
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2239:
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2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2196:Arms industry
2194:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2158:
2155:
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2143:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
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2081:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2067:
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2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
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1911:
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1859:
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1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1813:Broken-backed
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1784:
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1779:
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1668:
1666:
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1661:
1658:
1656:
1655:Expeditionary
1653:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1644:
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1636:
1635:
1632:
1627:
1626:
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1569:
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1562:
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1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1526:Counterattack
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1451:Psychological
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1387:Combined arms
1385:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1226:Fortification
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1041:Landing craft
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
992:
989:
988:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
973:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
931:
927:
926:Standing army
924:
922:
919:
917:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
859:
856:
851:
850:
841:
838:
836:
833:
832:
831:
828:
824:
821:
819:
818:pike and shot
816:
815:
814:
811:
807:
804:
803:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
788:
785:
780:
779:
775:
771:
770:
764:
756:
752:
751:
747:
746:
742:
732:
730:
726:
723:
719:
715:
711:
705:
701:
699:
695:
685:
683:
679:
676:. Toxins and
675:
671:
666:
664:
660:
659:clandestinely
656:
655:nation states
652:
648:
644:
640:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
598:
594:
590:
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
509:
504:
502:
497:
495:
490:
489:
487:
486:
481:
473:
472:
471:
470:
464:
460:
457:
456:
455:
454:
450:
449:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
430:
429:
428:
425:Proliferation
424:
423:
418:
415:
413:
412:United States
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
357:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
214:
213:
212:
209:
206:
205:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
181:
180:
179:
175:
174:
170:
166:
165:
162:
159:
158:
149:
146:
138:
127:
124:
120:
117:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96: β
95:
91:
90:Find sources:
84:
80:
74:
73:
68:This article
66:
62:
57:
56:
53:
49:
46:episode, see
45:
41:
38:episode, see
37:
30:
26:
22:
11938:
11881:Cyberwarfare
11599:Third Temple
11454:Lake of fire
11264:Rogue planet
11232:Impact event
11222:Proton decay
11175:Astronomical
11125:Bioterrorism
11119:
10971:Supervolcano
10869:Flood basalt
10815:Anoxic event
10724:Collapsology
10712:Sociological
10583:Cyberwarfare
10489:
10477:
10465:
10417:
10326:Hemodialysis
9739:and response
9684:bioterrorism
9679:
9624:. Retrieved
9620:the original
9570:
9558:the original
9549:
9511:
9507:
9491:. Retrieved
9485:
9474:
9461:
9437:
9393:
9374:
9349:
9345:
9323:(1): 23β45.
9320:
9316:
9296:
9286:
9278:
9258:
9254:
9235:
9223:
9190:
9186:
9166:
9155:27 September
9153:. Retrieved
9149:the original
9143:
9130:. Retrieved
9126:the original
9120:
9100:
9077:
9061:. ABC-CLIO.
9057:
9036:
9023:. Retrieved
8989:
8969:
8935:
8931:
8915:. Retrieved
8911:the original
8886:
8858:
8834:. Retrieved
8820:
8796:
8789:
8777:. Retrieved
8768:
8758:
8746:. Retrieved
8728:
8716:. Retrieved
8707:
8698:
8678:
8671:
8659:. Retrieved
8645:
8635:
8620:
8608:. Retrieved
8597:
8588:
8576:. Retrieved
8567:
8558:
8539:
8519:
8512:
8500:. Retrieved
8489:
8479:
8462:
8458:
8452:
8432:
8425:
8413:. Retrieved
8399:
8387:. Retrieved
8372:
8363:
8351:. Retrieved
8337:
8325:. Retrieved
8311:
8303:the original
8298:
8288:
8276:. Retrieved
8262:
8250:. Retrieved
8236:
8201:
8197:
8187:
8150:
8146:
8136:
8103:
8099:
8055:
8051:
8041:
8016:
8010:
8000:
7968:. Retrieved
7964:
7954:
7940:
7922:
7913:
7907:
7895:. Retrieved
7883:
7871:
7847:
7840:
7828:. Retrieved
7823:
7799:. Retrieved
7795:The National
7794:
7785:
7773:. Retrieved
7764:
7755:
7743:. Retrieved
7736:the original
7731:
7718:
7686:): 227β234.
7675:
7669:
7659:
7634:
7630:
7624:
7612:. Retrieved
7608:the original
7598:
7563:
7559:
7549:
7537:. Retrieved
7520:
7510:
7498:. Retrieved
7481:
7433:
7429:
7419:
7376:
7372:
7362:
7352:23 September
7350:. Retrieved
7343:the original
7296:
7292:
7279:
7270:
7264:
7252:. Retrieved
7242:
7225:1721.1/39141
7207:
7203:
7190:
7181:
7175:
7155:
7148:
7138:
7122:
7110:. Retrieved
7101:
7091:
7079:. Retrieved
7070:
7061:
7049:. Retrieved
7037:
7025:
7013:. Retrieved
7004:
6995:
6976:
6964:. Retrieved
6955:
6946:
6934:. Retrieved
6923:
6914:
6902:. Retrieved
6893:
6884:
6865:
6859:
6847:. Retrieved
6843:the original
6836:
6827:
6784:
6780:
6770:
6758:. Retrieved
6754:the original
6747:
6738:
6705:
6701:
6691:
6679:. Retrieved
6675:the original
6668:
6659:
6647:. Retrieved
6643:the original
6636:
6627:
6614:
6581:
6577:
6567:
6526:
6522:
6512:
6492:
6468:. Retrieved
6457:
6425:
6416:
6410:
6398:. Retrieved
6389:
6379:
6367:. Retrieved
6352:
6337:
6329:
6310:
6304:
6285:
6275:
6263:. Retrieved
6261:. 8 May 2017
6258:
6249:
6240:
6234:
6223:
6204:
6161:EMBO Reports
6160:
6150:
6138:. Retrieved
6134:the original
6128:
6121:
6101:
6094:
6074:
6067:
6055:. Retrieved
6022:
6018:
5997:
5992:
5967:
5963:
5957:
5948:
5910:
5906:
5900:
5891:
5882:
5867:
5858:
5843:
5837:
5828:
5806:
5802:
5792:
5775:
5771:
5765:
5746:
5740:
5731:
5725:
5706:
5700:
5681:
5675:
5662:
5656:
5648:
5643:
5634:
5630:
5601:
5594:
5576:
5571:
5563:
5558:
5531:
5527:
5517:
5485:(9): 971β5.
5482:
5478:
5468:
5444:
5437:
5412:
5408:
5398:
5379:
5373:
5364:
5347:
5343:
5336:
5319:
5286:1721.1/28498
5268:
5264:
5254:
5235:
5229:
5210:
5204:
5191:
5173:
5168:
5156:. Retrieved
5145:
5121:
5117:
5101:
5086:
5077:
5067:
5047:
5040:
4995:
4991:
4981:
4947:Project SHAD
4832:Baker Island
4766:Mark Wheelis
4694:
4693:
4692:
4687:Yazid Sufaat
4637:Sergei Popov
4598:Kurt Gutzeit
4583:Anton Dilger
4547:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4469:South Africa
4213:, 1948β1950.
4201:
4138:Project SHAD
4076:Building 470
4058:Camp Detrick
4040:Fort Detrick
4010:
3995:
3983:
3979:
3964:The goal of
3963:
3904:
3890:
3886:
3877:Soviet Union
3870:
3867:
3854:
3838:
3825:
3821:adding to it
3816:
3772:
3753:
3746:
3742:Burkholderia
3738:Anton Dilger
3723:
3706:Agent Orange
3683:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3639:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3561:
3556:Coccidioides
3554:
3533:(especially
3531:Flaviviridae
3521:(especially
3519:Bunyaviridae
3512:
3506:
3500:
3494:
3488:
3487:(especially
3478:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3391:
3360:
3334:
3309:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3279:
3276:Bioterrorism
3270:Bioterrorism
3256:radiological
3241:
3234:
3223:
3219:no-first-use
3215:reservations
3208:
3173:Benny Morris
3170:
3149:Soviet Union
3146:
3123:
3121:and others.
3080:
3056:
3017:
3012:vivisections
2971:
2926:World War II
2923:
2920:World War II
2890:bacteriology
2884:By 1900 the
2883:
2857:William Howe
2829:Ohio Country
2810:
2797:
2781:Golden Horde
2750:
2646:Fifth column
2626:War resister
2621:Women in war
2516:Peacekeeping
2461:Arms control
2406:
2095:Mobilization
2090:Conscription
2048:Intelligence
2001:Organization
1647:
1576:Encirclement
1456:Radiological
1392:Conventional
1354:
1246:Subterranean
1153:Development:
1152:
1129:
1091:
1053:
1016:Naval units:
1015:
1008:Signal corps
975:
953:Intelligence
938:Specialties:
937:
862:Organization
813:Early modern
718:transmission
706:
702:
691:
681:
667:
663:bioterrorism
636:
601:
584:and several
571:
523:germ warfare
522:
518:
517:
367:South Africa
362:Saudi Arabia
356:Soviet Union
199:Radiological
141:
132:
122:
115:
108:
101:
89:
77:Please help
72:verification
69:
52:
43:
35:
25:bioterrorism
11957:Categories
11926:Survivalism
11613:Zoroastrian
11469:Seven seals
11464:Seven bowls
11390:Historicism
11286:Solar flare
11162:Overfishing
11137:Defaunation
10924:coral reefs
10686:AI takeover
10605:Nanoweapons
10593:Cybergeddon
10578:Cyberattack
10491:WikiProject
10428:Food safety
10260:Lethal dose
9928:Henipavirus
9859:Brucellosis
9132:27 February
9080:. New York.
9025:28 February
8828:. Harvard.
8637:NOVA Online
8353:16 November
8327:15 November
8204:(2): 92β8.
7988:|last=
7965:www.hhs.gov
7830:15 February
7637:(1): 1β15.
7614:5 September
7254:4 September
7081:15 November
7051:15 November
7015:15 November
6966:15 November
6400:26 December
6342:. pp.
6140:20 December
5350:(5): 8β16.
4967:Yellow rain
4937:Project 112
4872:Enterotoxin
4852:Biosecurity
4667:Erich Traub
4622:Frank Olson
4607:Shiro Ishii
4588:Paul Fildes
4565:Ira Baldwin
4280:, northern
4278:Stepnogorsk
4268:Biopreparat
4198:(1942β1944)
4181:Porton Down
4143:Project 112
3998:Netherlands
3894:chest X-ray
3773:During the
3768:psittacosis
3704:, famously
3696:included a
3694:Vietnam War
3658:wheat blast
3654:Sino-Soviet
3593:The former
3578:, and many
3438:antibiotics
3431:hemorrhagic
3394:infectivity
3286:CRISPR-Cas9
3157:Biopreparat
3128:decided to
3115:brucellosis
3105:weaponized
3087:brucellosis
3039:ShirΕ Ishii
3029:, based at
3025:during the
3004:Shiro Ishii
2990:brucellosis
2958:brucellosis
2942:Paul Fildes
2938:Porton Down
2910:World War I
2886:germ theory
2880:World War I
2811:During the
2793:Black Death
2631:War studies
2454:Non-warfare
2382:Appeasement
2347:Martial law
2186:War economy
2125:Transgender
2078:Recruitment
1838:Containment
1723:Culminating
1631:Operational
1551:Envelopment
1494:Air assault
1375:Air cavalry
1335:Air defence
1315:Information
1216:Cold-region
1181:Battlespace
1130:Historical:
976:Land units:
902:Space force
897:Coast guard
830:Late modern
791:Prehistoric
722:aerosolized
634:potential.
387:Switzerland
372:South Korea
332:Philippines
322:North Korea
317:Netherlands
11998:Categories
11886:Depression
11876:Ransomware
11691:Messianism
11661:Armageddon
11646:Apocalypse
11434:Antichrist
11422:Man of sin
11319:Three Ages
11182:Big Crunch
11044:Extinction
11036:Biological
10798:Ecological
10670:Strangelet
10423:Carcinogen
10294:Treatments
10165:Toxicology
10123:Wikisource
9923:Hantavirus
9901:Venezuelan
9737:Prevention
8917:2 December
8718:24 October
8278:24 October
8252:24 October
7970:2 November
7862:0387950761
7539:24 January
7500:24 January
7112:3 November
6708:(2): 277.
6057:27 October
5874:"Smallpox"
5647:Crawford,
5637:: 123β130.
5459:0387950761
5197:Wikisource
4974:References
4837:Bioaerosol
4575:Kurt Blome
4496:Protechnik
4352:Sverdlovsk
4282:Kazakhstan
4153:Fort Terry
4072:(1943β69)
4042:, Maryland
3966:biodefense
3795:Biodefense
3760:rinderpest
3749:rinderpest
3686:herbicides
3671:weaponized
3669:but never
3667:stockpiled
3662:rice blast
3634:See also:
3580:mycotoxins
3527:Ebolavirus
3412:problems.
3315:, such as
3300:Entomology
3093:and later
3063:California
2894:bio-agents
2855:, General
2759:(possibly
2691:War crimes
2681:Operations
2588:Foot drill
2558:Battle cry
2471:deterrence
2130:Harassment
2105:Specialism
1928:Technology
1923:Succession
1868:Liberation
1803:Asymmetric
1738:Empty fort
1649:Blitzkrieg
1618:Withdrawal
1581:Investment
1360:Camouflage
1355:Biological
1293:Underwater
1268:Amphibious
1187:Aerospace
1054:Air units:
1031:Submarines
840:fourth-gen
835:industrial
823:napoleonic
651:non-lethal
632:incendiary
417:Yugoslavia
208:By country
184:Biological
105:newspapers
42:. For the
12009:Bioethics
11771:Fictional
11618:Saoshyant
11503:New Earth
11474:The Beast
11407:Preterism
11380:Christian
11336:Kali Yuga
11281:Micronova
11276:Hypernova
11142:Dysgenics
10983:Verneshot
10889:Hypercane
10632:Dead Hand
10345:Incidents
10311:Cathartic
10074:Terrorism
9983:Tularemia
9470:Preston R
9366:161373103
9086:cite book
8890:. Delta.
8634:, (2001)
8599:Newsnight
8374:Frontline
8033:155063789
7723:Franz D.
7702:1460-2393
7529:0362-4331
7490:0190-8286
7309:CiteSeerX
6819:221061960
6811:0096-3402
6722:0002-9300
6606:252389726
6598:0026-3206
6551:0036-8075
6496:. Delta.
6047:147499122
5931:See also
5927:143644513
5913:: 68β86.
5651:, 245β250
5295:0162-2889
5014:2054-314X
4927:Mycotoxin
4307:Omutninsk
4291:Leningrad
4231:Stornoway
4221:Stornoway
4191:Nancekuke
4093:(1954β73)
3991:pathogens
3875:) in the
3714:Eelam War
3710:Viet Cong
3678:biotoxins
3576:saxitoxin
3427:influenza
3398:virulence
3371:By target
3224:The 1972
3111:tularemia
3091:tularemia
3065:, during
3059:San Diego
3035:Manchuria
2950:tularemia
2948:and soon
2825:Fort Pitt
2801:hypnotize
2761:tularemia
2578:War novel
2481:Grey-zone
2441:War games
2402:Overmatch
2352:War crime
2302:Desertion
2292:Ceasefire
2287:Armistice
2174:Logistics
2152:Mercenary
2140:Volunteer
2071:Personnel
2043:Engineers
1988:Sociology
1943:World war
1938:Total war
1918:Strategic
1908:Religious
1893:Political
1888:Perpetual
1863:Irregular
1778:Offensive
1753:Defensive
1748:Deception
1708:Attrition
1561:Guerrilla
1556:Formation
1499:Airbridge
1431:Loitering
1345:Artillery
998:Artillery
948:Engineers
916:Irregular
887:Air force
624:explosive
578:war crime
574:normative
559:organisms
232:Australia
227:Argentina
135:June 2013
29:Bioattack
11911:Pandemic
11896:Epidemic
11891:Droughts
11745:Prewrath
11676:End time
11542:Al-Qa'im
11427:Katechon
11412:2 Esdras
11402:Idealism
11385:Futurism
11314:Maitreya
11309:Buddhist
11152:Pandemic
10600:Gray goo
10467:Category
10306:Antidote
10228:Concepts
10024:Bacteria
9973:Smallpox
9918:Glanders
9698:Unit 731
9639:Archived
9635:USAMRIID
9600:Archived
9540:12194776
9472:(2002).
9428:90767286
9420:30629396
9346:Folklore
9337:36729031
9317:Folklore
9234:(1999).
9215:18271127
9016:Archived
8952:19567692
8928:Appel JM
8830:Archived
8773:Archived
8742:Archived
8712:Archived
8655:Archived
8628:Archived
8610:16 March
8604:Archived
8572:Archived
8548:Archived
8496:Archived
8409:Archived
8383:Archived
8347:Archived
8321:Archived
8272:Archived
8246:Archived
8228:12690063
8179:24058320
8128:24512142
8120:18556642
8082:19006970
7980:cite web
7897:17 March
7888:Archived
7801:18 March
7775:17 April
7769:Archived
7765:BBC News
7710:11294966
7651:15093546
7590:26040877
7533:Archived
7494:Archived
7460:20010599
7403:12114528
7339:14773861
7331:16210530
7234:18081496
7131:Archived
7106:Archived
7102:HuffPost
7075:Archived
7042:Archived
7009:Archived
6985:Archived
6960:Archived
6930:Archived
6898:Archived
6464:Archived
6432:(1969),
6394:Archived
6363:Archived
6265:15 April
6187:16819450
6051:Archived
5984:26221997
5825:24894605
5784:17216901
5584:Archived
5550:24894605
5509:12194776
5429:17499936
5356:17087059
5326:Archived
5311:57570499
5180:Archived
5152:Archived
5094:Archived
5032:28265441
4998:: 7 MI.
4794:See also
4761:Ed Regis
4751:Toby Ord
4502:Rhodesia
4464:facility
4462:Al Manal
4452:Al Hakum
4410:Unit 731
4402:Unit 731
4343:Obolensk
4064:(1940s).
4062:Maryland
3931:system."
3857:military
3730:glanders
3642:Cold War
3502:Shigella
3450:Brucella
3402:vaccines
3331:Genetics
3321:pathogen
3252:chemical
3099:vaccinia
3077:Cold War
3023:Unit 731
3008:Unit 731
2994:botulism
2962:botulism
2902:glanders
2874:smallpox
2843:officer
2769:Scythian
2593:War song
2568:War film
2201:Materiel
2120:Children
2100:Training
2038:Medicine
2023:Doctrine
1978:Training
1913:Resource
1898:Princely
1848:Economic
1833:Conquest
1828:Colonial
1823:Cold war
1808:Blockade
1693:Strategy
1665:Maneuver
1426:Infantry
1382:Chemical
1236:Mountain
1196:Airborne
1059:Fighters
1026:Warships
981:Infantry
907:Reserves
855:Military
710:smallpox
698:economic
688:Overview
639:tactical
589:treaties
535:bacteria
533:such as
480:Category
451:Treaties
443:Missiles
433:Chemical
342:Rhodesia
327:Pakistan
242:Bulgaria
189:Chemical
11971:Hazards
11869:General
11740:Rapture
11589:Messiah
11577:Sufyani
11567:Israfil
11537:Islamic
11375:Messiah
11353:1 Enoch
11187:Big Rip
10899:Ecocide
10894:Ice age
10479:Commons
10443:Mutagen
9894:Western
9887:Eastern
9844:Anthrax
9531:2732530
9493:8 March
9275:1897495
9232:Keith J
9207:2567577
8960:1643086
8836:8 March
8779:8 March
8748:8 March
8661:8 March
8578:8 March
8502:7 March
8491:SF Gate
8471:2698560
8415:8 March
8389:8 March
8219:1497515
8170:3744436
8073:2289981
7824:fas.org
7745:14 June
7568:Bibcode
7451:2819212
7411:5810309
7381:Bibcode
7373:Science
7301:Bibcode
7293:Science
6936:2 March
6904:2 March
6849:2 March
6789:Bibcode
6760:2 March
6730:8354600
6681:2 March
6649:2 March
6559:7973702
6531:Bibcode
6523:Science
6470:2 March
6369:5 April
6178:1490304
6039:2198921
5500:2732530
5450:214,219
5303:4137478
5158:2 March
5108:(ICRC)/
5023:5330008
4325:Zagorsk
4243:, 1954.
4233:, 1953.
4223:, 1952.
4211:Antigua
4052:at the
3996:In the
3781:of the
3726:anthrax
3396:, high
3246:passed
3119:Q-fever
3107:anthrax
3031:Pingfan
2954:anthrax
2932:in the
2898:anthrax
2773:tetanus
2753:Hittite
2706:Writers
2701:Weapons
2666:Battles
2615:Related
2603:Wargame
2598:Uniform
2546:Culture
2327:Perfidy
2322:Justice
2243:Science
2228:Outpost
2181:History
2161:Warrior
2157:Soldier
2145:foreign
2083:counter
1983:Service
1933:Theater
1873:Limited
1853:Endemic
1768:Nuclear
1541:Foxhole
1516:Cavalry
1504:Airdrop
1489:Airlift
1474:Tactics
1446:Nuclear
1436:Missile
1365:Cavalry
1350:Barrage
1328:Weapons
1288:Surface
1069:Command
1064:Bombers
1021:Frogman
991:Cavalry
963:Medical
930:Militia
912:Regular
892:Marines
806:castles
796:Ancient
784:History
763:outline
735:History
628:kinetic
563:viruses
543:insects
539:viruses
438:Nuclear
402:Ukraine
347:Romania
312:Myanmar
267:Germany
222:Algeria
217:Albania
194:Nuclear
176:By type
119:scholar
36:M*A*S*H
11901:Famine
11827:Zombie
11629:Others
11584:Jewish
11562:Dajjal
11444:Events
11358:Daniel
11259:winter
11086:Others
10976:winter
10776:winter
10771:famine
10766:cobalt
10265:Poison
10172:Fields
9988:Typhus
9948:Plague
9626:28 May
9606:, ICRC
9578:
9538:
9528:
9445:
9426:
9418:
9408:
9381:
9364:
9335:
9304:
9273:
9242:
9213:
9205:
9174:
9107:
9065:
9044:
8996:
8977:
8958:
8950:
8894:
8856:about
8808:
8686:
8527:
8469:
8440:
8226:
8216:
8177:
8167:
8126:
8118:
8080:
8070:
8031:
7859:
7708:
7700:
7649:
7588:
7560:Nature
7527:
7488:
7458:
7448:
7409:
7401:
7337:
7329:
7311:
7232:
7163:
6872:
6817:
6809:
6728:
6720:
6604:
6596:
6557:
6549:
6500:
6317:
6292:
6211:
6185:
6175:
6109:
6082:
6045:
6037:
5982:
5939:, and
5925:
5851:
5823:
5782:
5753:
5713:
5688:
5609:
5581:online
5548:
5507:
5497:
5456:
5427:
5386:
5354:
5309:
5301:
5293:
5242:
5217:
5055:
5030:
5020:
5012:
4513:Canada
4334:Berdsk
4241:Nassau
3842:Geneva
3758:, and
3511:, and
3505:spp.,
3453:spp.,
3423:spores
3388:symbol
3325:vector
3317:plague
3258:, and
3083:plague
3048:Ningbo
2992:, and
2960:, and
2928:, the
2785:plague
2777:Mongol
2686:Sieges
2370:Theory
2110:Morale
1968:Policy
1963:Branch
1743:Mosaic
1733:Fabian
1680:Covert
1613:Trench
1598:Screen
1521:Charge
1511:Battle
1484:Aerial
1402:Denial
1370:Horses
1298:Seabed
1251:Tunnel
1231:Jungle
1221:Desert
1191:Aerial
670:toxins
614:, and
545:, and
397:Taiwan
382:Sweden
352:Russia
337:Poland
307:Mexico
287:Israel
262:France
247:Canada
237:Brazil
121:
114:
107:
100:
92:
11916:Riots
11608:Norse
11572:Mahdi
11331:Kalki
11326:Hindu
10656:(EMP)
10285:Venom
10280:Toxin
10069:Toxin
10064:Virus
9953:Ricin
9913:Fungi
9879:Ebola
9561:(PDF)
9554:(PDF)
9424:S2CID
9362:S2CID
9333:S2CID
9271:JSTOR
9203:JSTOR
9019:(PDF)
9012:(PDF)
8956:S2CID
8124:S2CID
8029:S2CID
8005:2015.
7932:(PDF)
7891:(PDF)
7880:(PDF)
7739:(PDF)
7728:(PDF)
7678:(4).
7407:S2CID
7346:(PDF)
7335:S2CID
7289:(PDF)
7200:(PDF)
7045:(PDF)
7034:(PDF)
6815:S2CID
6726:S2CID
6602:S2CID
6043:S2CID
6035:JSTOR
5923:S2CID
5307:S2CID
5299:JSTOR
4386:Japan
4017:ELISA
3779:latex
3700:of a
3648:, or
3564:ricin
3559:spp.
2821:siege
2819:laid
2765:ergot
2659:Lists
2115:Women
2053:Ranks
1973:Staff
1903:Proxy
1818:Class
1773:Naval
1758:Depth
1593:Swarm
1586:Siege
1566:Naval
1546:Drone
1441:Music
1416:Robot
1412:Drone
1397:Cyber
1340:Armor
1310:Cyber
1283:Green
1278:Brown
1241:Urban
1201:Space
1122:Radar
1117:Sonar
986:Armor
943:Staff
921:Ranks
729:Ebola
630:, or
547:fungi
392:Syria
377:Spain
302:Libya
297:Japan
292:Italy
272:India
257:Egypt
252:China
126:JSTOR
112:books
9943:Mold
9682:and
9628:2013
9576:ISBN
9536:PMID
9495:2015
9443:ISBN
9416:PMID
9406:ISBN
9379:ISBN
9302:ISBN
9240:ISBN
9211:PMID
9172:ISBN
9157:2010
9134:2018
9105:ISBN
9092:link
9063:ISBN
9042:ISBN
9027:2018
8994:ISBN
8975:ISBN
8948:PMID
8919:2017
8892:ISBN
8838:2010
8806:ISBN
8781:2010
8750:2010
8720:2014
8684:ISBN
8663:2010
8612:2010
8580:2010
8525:ISBN
8504:2010
8467:PMID
8438:ISBN
8417:2009
8391:2010
8355:2015
8329:2015
8280:2014
8254:2014
8224:PMID
8175:PMID
8116:PMID
8078:PMID
7992:help
7972:2023
7899:2020
7857:ISBN
7832:2020
7803:2019
7777:2010
7747:2018
7706:PMID
7698:ISSN
7647:PMID
7616:2013
7586:PMID
7541:2016
7525:ISSN
7502:2016
7486:ISSN
7456:PMID
7399:PMID
7354:2019
7327:PMID
7256:2010
7230:PMID
7161:ISBN
7114:2017
7083:2017
7053:2017
7017:2017
6968:2017
6938:2021
6906:2021
6870:ISBN
6851:2021
6807:ISSN
6762:2021
6718:ISSN
6683:2021
6651:2021
6594:ISSN
6555:PMID
6547:ISSN
6498:ISBN
6472:2021
6402:2014
6371:2018
6315:ISBN
6290:ISBN
6267:2020
6209:ISBN
6183:PMID
6142:2011
6107:ISBN
6080:ISBN
6059:2017
5980:PMID
5849:ISBN
5821:PMID
5780:PMID
5751:ISBN
5711:ISBN
5686:ISBN
5607:ISBN
5546:PMID
5505:PMID
5454:ISBN
5425:PMID
5384:ISBN
5352:PMID
5291:ISSN
5240:ISBN
5215:ISBN
5160:2021
5053:ISBN
5028:PMID
5010:ISSN
4444:and
4436:Iraq
4239:off
4229:off
4219:off
4209:off
3844:the
3728:and
3660:and
3493:and
3195:and
3175:and
3132:the
3097:and
2986:Utah
2900:and
2696:Wars
2213:Base
1763:Goal
1675:Raid
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