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6169:
facilities built since independence, now the literacy rate is around 92.6%. Since 1972, Arabic is used as the language of instruction during the first nine years of schooling. From the third year, French is taught and it is also the language of instruction for science classes. The students can also learn
English, Italian, Spanish and German. In 2008, new programs at the elementary appeared, therefore the compulsory schooling does not start at the age of six anymore, but at the age of five. Apart from the 122 private schools, the Universities of the State are free of charge. After nine years of primary school, students can go to a high school or to an educational institution. The school offers two programs: general or technical. At the end of the third year of secondary school, students pass the exam of the baccalaureate, which allows once it is successful to pursue graduate studies in universities and institutes.
4035:
2617:
2424:
3665:
6928:
6867:
153:
17356:
3725:
3587:
6704:
5095:
18092:
1788:
6158:
5759:
7168:
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areas. Some 99% of
Algerians living in urban areas, and around 93.4% of those living in rural areas, had access to "improved sanitation". According to the World Bank, Algeria is making progress toward its goal of "reducing by half the number of people without sustainable access to improved drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015". Given Algeria's young population, policy favours preventive health care and clinics over hospitals. In keeping with this policy, the government maintains an immunisation program. However, poor sanitation and unclean water still cause
1465:
16971:
6009:
2510:
2054:
4911:
1148:
6580:
3296:
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2933:
3019:
5174:
18383:
2341:
80:
2521:
2267:
6789:
5375:
2682:
5428:
4989:
19314:
18298:
17186:
66:
2776:
5901:
3277:
17198:
7011:
17330:
17304:
17265:
1620:
6446:
18308:
5418:
17317:
17291:
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3152:
1400:
and even older stone artifacts to be as old as ~2.4 million years. Hence, the Ain
Boucherit evidence shows that ancestral hominins inhabited the Mediterranean fringe in northern Africa much earlier than previously thought. The evidence strongly argues for early dispersal of stone tool manufacture and use from East Africa, or a possible multiple-origin scenario of stone technology in both East and North Africa.
16065:
1527:
711:
668:
649:
616:
597:
3373:
2734:
2547:, a council of some sixty military senior officers. Thus Algiers became a sovereign military republic. It was at first dominated by the odjak; but by the 18th century, it had become the dey's instrument. Although Algiers remained nominally part of the Ottoman Empire, in reality they acted independently from the rest of the Empire, and often had wars with other Ottoman subjects and territories such as the
3118:. The government enacted legislation dealing with political parties, the electoral code, and the representation of women in elected bodies. In April 2011, Bouteflika promised further constitutional and political reform. However, elections are routinely criticised by opposition groups as unfair and international human rights groups say that media censorship and harassment of political opponents continue.
2170:
3172:
3756:(ENP) which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer. Giving incentives and rewarding best performers, as well as offering funds in a faster and more flexible manner, are the two main principles underlying the European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI) that came into force in 2014. It has a budget of €15.4 billion and provides the bulk of funding through a number of programmes.
3789:
6234:
1389:
1773:
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Mediterranean, so the government has funded the creation of a solar science park in Hassi R'Mel. Currently, Algeria has 20,000 research professors at various universities and over 780 research labs, with state-set goals to expand to 1,000. Besides solar energy, areas of research in
Algeria include space and satellite telecommunications, nuclear power and medical research.
3107:, and he was re-elected in April 2009. During his election campaign and following his re-election, Bouteflika promised to extend the programme of national reconciliation and a $ 150-billion spending programme to create three million new jobs, the construction of one million new housing units, and to continue public sector and infrastructure modernisation programmes.
2894:, state that the actual number of Algerian Muslim war dead was far greater than the original FLN and official French estimates but was less than the 1 million deaths claimed by the Algerian government after independence. Horne estimated Algerian casualties during the span of eight years to be around 700,000. The war uprooted more than 2 million Algerians.
12311:
Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020).
14535:() "L'Algérie, non-membre de l'Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, comptabilise la seconde communauté francophone au monde, avec environ 16 millions de locuteurs, suivie par la Côte d'Ivoire avec près de 12 millions de locuteurs francophones, le Québec avec 6 millions et la Belgique avec plus de 4 millions de francophones."
14560:() p. 9 "Nous y agrégeons néanmoins quelques données disponibles pour des pays n'appartenant pas à l'OIF mais dont nous savons, comme pour l'Algérie (11,2 millions en 2008)," and "1. Nombre de personnes âgées de cinq ans et plus déclarant savoir lire et écrire le français, d'après les données du recensement de 2008 communiquées par l'
6070:
describing themselves as non-religious. However, the 2021 Arab
Barometer report found that those who said they were not religious among Algerians has decreased, with just 2.6% identifying as non-religious. In that same report, 69.5% of Algerians identified as religious and another 27.8% identifying as somewhat religious.
11265:"Had planning been better (barracks, hospitals, medical services), the drain on men would have been miniscule: it has been calculated that between 1831 and 1851, 92,329 died in hospital, and only 3,336 in battle." The Military and Colonial Destruction of the Roman Landscape of North Africa ... – Michael Greenhalgh, p366
12310:
Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.;
6069:
report found that the percentage of
Algerians identifying as non-religious has grown from around 8% in 2013 to around 15% in 2018. The Arab Barometer December 2019, found that the growth in the percentage of Algerians identifying as non-religious is largely driven by young Algerians, with roughly 25%
5076:
The overall rate of unemployment was 10% in 2011, but remained higher among young people, with a rate of 21.5% for those aged between 15 and 24. The government strengthened in 2011 the job programs introduced in 1988, in particular in the framework of the program to aid those seeking work (Dispositif
5000:
member since 1969. Its crude oil production stands at around 1.1 million barrels/day, but it is also a major gas producer and exporter, with important links to Europe. Hydrocarbons have long been the backbone of the economy, accounting for roughly 60% of budget revenues, 30% of GDP, and 87.7% of
4942:
A wave of economic protests in
February and March 2011 prompted the Algerian government to offer more than $ 23 billion in public grants and retroactive salary and benefit increases. Public spending has increased by 27% annually during the past five years. The 2010–14 public-investment programme
3759:
In 2009, the French government agreed to compensate victims of nuclear tests in
Algeria. Defence Minister Hervé Morin stated that "It's time for our country to be at peace with itself, at peace thanks to a system of compensation and reparations," when presenting the draft law on the payouts. Algerian
2405:
or of mixed origins, as his mother was an
Algerian Mooresse. Until 1587 Beylerbeylik of Algiers was governed by Beylerbeys who served terms with no fixed limits. Subsequently, with the institution of a regular administration, governors with the title of pasha ruled for three-year terms. The pasha was
1630:
For several centuries
Algeria was ruled by the Romans, who founded many colonies in the region. Algeria is home to the second-largest number of Roman sites and remains after Italy. Rome, after getting rid of its powerful rival Carthage in the year 146 BC, decided a century later to include Numidia to
6168:
Since the 1970s, in a centralised system that was designed to significantly reduce the rate of illiteracy, the Algerian government introduced a decree by which school attendance became compulsory for all children aged between 6 and 15 years who have the ability to track their learning through the 20
5067:
Algeria has invested an estimated 100 billion dinars towards developing research facilities and paying researchers. This development program is meant to advance alternative energy production, especially solar and wind power. Algeria is estimated to have the largest solar energy potential in the
3136:
with a record abstention rate – the highest of all presidential elections since Algeria's democracy in 1989. Tebboune is accused of being close to the military and being loyal to the deposed president. Tebboune rejects these accusations, claiming to be the victim of a witch hunt. He also reminds his
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was almost a fifth of the population. The French government aimed at making Algeria an assimilated part of France, and this included substantial educational investments especially after 1900. The indigenous cultural and religious resistance heavily opposed this tendency, but in contrast to the other
1399:
Around ~1.8-million-year-old stone artifacts from Ain Hanech (Algeria) were considered to represent the oldest archaeological materials in North Africa. Stone artifacts and cut-marked bones that were excavated from two nearby deposits at Ain Boucherit are estimated to be ~1.9 million years old,
6803:
The financial support provided by the state, through the Fund for the Development of the Arts, Techniques and the Film Industry (FDATIC) and the Algerian Agency for Cultural Influence (AARC), plays a key role in the promotion of national production. Between 2007 and 2013, FDATIC subsidised 98 films
5058:
of consumption. This means they use just under 4.5 times as much biocapacity as Algeria contains. As a result, Algeria is running a biocapacity deficit. In April 2022, diplomats from Italy and Spain held talks after Rome's move to secure large volume of Algerian gas stoked concerns in Madrid. Under
4938:
Algeria has struggled to develop industries outside hydrocarbons in part because of high costs and an inert state bureaucracy. The government's efforts to diversify the economy by attracting foreign and domestic investment outside the energy sector have done little to reduce high youth unemployment
3407:
is around 1% of the total land area, equivalent to 1,949,000 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, up from 1,667,000 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 1,439,000 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 510,000 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest 0% was
2705:
wrote on the French conquest of Algeria: "By 1875, the French conquest was complete. The war had killed approximately 825,000 indigenous Algerians since 1830." French losses from 1831 to 1851 were 92,329 dead in the hospital and only 3,336 killed in action. In 1872, The Algerian population stood at
1664:
political, military and cultural revival. Furthermore, during the rule of the Romans, Byzantines, Vandals, Carthaginians, and Ottomans the Berber people were the only or one of the few in North Africa who remained independent. The Berber people were so resistant that even during the Muslim conquest
6799:
The Algerian state's interest in film-industry activities can be seen in the annual budget of DZD 200 million (EUR 1.3 million) allocated to production, specific measures and an ambitious programme plan implemented by the Ministry of Culture to promote national production, renovate the cinema
6741:
Currently, a part of Algerian writers tends to be defined in a literature of shocking expression, due to the terrorism that occurred during the 1990s, the other party is defined in a different style of literature who staged an individualistic conception of the human adventure. Among the most noted
1522:
As Carthaginian power grew, its impact on the indigenous population increased dramatically. Berber civilisation was already at a stage in which agriculture, manufacturing, trade, and political organisation supported several states. Trade links between Carthage and the Berbers in the interior grew,
6111:
In 2018, Algeria had the highest numbers of physicians in the Maghreb region (1.72 per 1,000 people), nurses (2.23 per 1,000 people), and dentists (0.31 per 1,000 people). Access to "improved water sources" was around 97.4% of the population in urban areas and 98.7% of the population in the rural
4954:
is extremely low at about 2% of GDP. The economy remains very dependent on hydrocarbon wealth, and, despite high foreign exchange reserves (US$ 178 billion, equivalent to three years of imports), current expenditure growth makes Algeria's budget more vulnerable to the risk of prolonged lower
4934:
In recent years, the Algerian government has halted the privatization of state-owned industries and imposed restrictions on imports and foreign involvement in its economy. These restrictions are just starting to be lifted off recently although questions about Algeria's slowly-diversifying economy
2729:
wrote and never completed an unpublished essay outlining his ideas for how to transform Algeria from an occupied tributary state to a colonial regime, wherein he advocated for a mixed system of "total domination and total colonization" whereby French military would wage total war against civilian
1728:
Large numbers of the indigenous Berber people converted to Islam. Christians, Berber and Latin speakers remained in the great majority in Tunisia until the end of the 9th century and Muslims only became a vast majority some time in the 10th. After the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate, numerous local
5038:
Income from oil and gas rose in 2011 as a result of continuing high oil prices, though the trend in production volume is downward. Production from the oil and gas sector in terms of volume continues to decline, dropping from 43.2 million tonnes to 32 million tonnes between 2007 and 2011.
2558:
was in effect a constitutional autocrat. The dey was elected for a life term, but in the 159 years (1671–1830) that the system was in place, fourteen of the twenty-nine deys were assassinated. Despite usurpation, military coups and occasional mob rule, the day-to-day operation of the Deylikal
6877:
Algerian cuisine is rich and diverse as a result of interactions and exchanges with other cultures and nations over the centuries. It is based on both land and sea products. Conquests or demographic movement towards the Algerian territory were two of the main factors of exchanges between the
3830:
Total military personnel include 147,000 active, 150,000 reserve, and 187,000 paramilitary staff (2008 estimate). Service in the military is compulsory for men aged 19–30, for a total of 12 months. The military expenditure was 4.3% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in 2012. Algeria has the
2763:
Between 1825 and 1847, 50,000 French people emigrated to Algeria. These settlers benefited from the French government's confiscation of communal land from tribal peoples, and the application of modern agricultural techniques that increased the amount of arable land. Many Europeans settled in
5034:
Non-hydrocarbon growth for 2011 was projected at 5%. To cope with social demands, the authorities raised expenditure, especially on basic food support, employment creation, support for SMEs, and higher salaries. High hydrocarbon prices have improved the current account and the already large
2559:
government was remarkably orderly. Although the regency patronised the tribal chieftains, it never had the unanimous allegiance of the countryside, where heavy taxation frequently provoked unrest. Autonomous tribal states were tolerated, and the regency's authority was seldom applied in the
6386:
2068:
was established. The Rustamid realm stretched from Tafilalt in Morocco to the Nafusa mountains in Libya including south, central and western Tunisia therefore including territory in all of the modern day Maghreb countries, in the south the Rustamid realm expanded to the modern borders of
2439:. They also did a brisk business in ransoming some of the captives. According to Robert Davis, from the 16th to 19th century, pirates captured 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans as slaves. They often made raids on European coastal towns to capture Christian slaves to sell at
5963:
Although French has no official status in Algeria, it has one of the largest Francophone populations in the world, and French is widely used in government, media (newspapers, radio, local television), and both the education system (from primary school onwards) and academia due to
3597:
Elected politicians have relatively little sway over Algeria. Instead, a group of unelected civilian and military "décideurs" ("deciders"), known as "le pouvoir" ("the power"), de facto rule the country, even deciding who should be president. The most powerful man might have been
4939:
rates or to address housing shortages. The country is facing a number of short-term and medium-term problems, including the need to diversify the economy, strengthen political, economic and financial reforms, improve the business climate and reduce inequalities among regions.
3087:
after campaigning on a programme of national reconciliation. The programme comprised economic, institutional, political and social reform to modernise the country, raise living standards, and tackle the causes of alienation. It also included a second amnesty initiative, the
5053:
in Algeria is lower than world average. In 2016, Algeria had 0.53 global hectares of biocapacity per person within its territory, much less than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person. In 2016, Algeria used 2.4 global hectares of biocapacity per person – their
3894:
Independent and autonomous trade unions face routine harassment from the government, with many leaders imprisoned and protests suppressed. In 2016, a number of unions, many of which were involved in the 2010–2012 Algerian Protests, have been deregistered by the government.
4973:
Turkish direct investments have accelerated in Algeria, with total value reaching $ 5 billion. As of 2022, the number of Turkish companies present in Algeria has reached 1,400. In 2020, despite the pandemic, more than 130 Turkish companies were created in Algeria.
141:
3891:; expression; and right to peaceful demonstration, protest and assembly as well as intensified censorship of the media and websites. Due to the fact that the journalists and activists criticise the ruling government, some media organisations' licenses are cancelled.
1545:. They succeeded in obtaining control of much of Carthage's North African territory, and they minted coins bearing the name Libyan, used in Greek to describe natives of North Africa. The Carthaginian state declined because of successive defeats by the Romans in the
3076:, under which many political prisoners were pardoned, and several thousand members of armed groups were granted exemption from prosecution under a limited amnesty, in force until 13 January 2000. The AIS disbanded and levels of insurgent violence fell rapidly. The
14208:
Partly due to the strong association between Islam and Arab identity, there is a fair amount of social pressure in Algeria to identify with Arab ancestry. In fact, roughly 85% of the nation identifies much more strongly with their Arab heritage than their Berber
7684:
Partly due to the strong association between Islam and Arab identity, there is a fair amount of social pressure in Algeria to identify with Arab ancestry. In fact, roughly 85% of the nation identifies much more strongly with their Arab heritage than their Berber
5955:
substratum, and Arabic loanwords represent 35% of the total Kabyle vocabulary. In February 2016, the Algerian constitution passed a resolution that made Berber an official language alongside Arabic. Algeria emerged as a bilingual state after 1962. Colloquial
140:
3641:, an independent candidate, was elected as president after the election eventually took place on 12 December 2019. Protestors refused to recognise Tebboune as president, citing demands for comprehensive reform of the political system. Algeria has universal
139:
6188:, founded in 1879, is the oldest, it offers education in various disciplines (law, medicine, science and letters). Twenty-five of these universities and almost all of the institutions of higher education were founded after the independence of the country.
138:
137:
136:
9041:
13380:
8230:
3979:
The administrative divisions have changed several times since independence. When introducing new provinces, the numbers of old provinces are kept, hence the non-alphabetical order. With their official numbers, currently (since 1983) they are:
2243:
and taking control over Morocco in 1147, they pushed into Algeria in 1152, taking control over Tlemcen, Oran, and Algiers, wrestling control from the Hilian Arabs, and by the same year they defeated Hammadids who controlled Eastern Algeria.
5104:
The development of the tourism sector in Algeria had previously been hampered by a lack of facilities, but since 2004 a broad tourism development strategy has been implemented resulting in many hotels of a high modern standard being built.
5972:
of Algeria. In 2008, 11.2 million Algerians could read and write in French. In 2013, it was estimated that 60% of the population could speak or understand French. In 2022, it was estimated that 33% of the population was Francophone.
8862:
Henn, Brenna M.; Botigué, Laura R.; Gravel, Simon; Wang, Wei; Brisbin, Abra; Byrnes, Jake K.; Fadhlaoui-Zid, Karima; Zalloua, Pierre A.; Moreno-Estrada, Andres; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Bustamante, Carlos D.; Comas, David (12 January 2012).
2286:
encompassing the Algerian territories of the Hafsids would occasionally be independent from central Tunisian control. At their peak the Zayyanid kingdom included all of Morocco as its vassal to the west and in the east reached as far as
2414:. Discontent among the ojaq rose in the mid-1600s because they were not paid regularly, and they repeatedly revolted against the pasha. As a result, the agha charged the pasha with corruption and incompetence and seized power in 1659.
2306:. Following their decisive victories over the Algerians in the western-coastal areas of Algeria, the Spanish decided to get bolder, and invaded more Algerian cities. In 1510, they led a series of sieges and attacks, taking over Bejaia
2718:
declared "Our first duty is to take care of the happiness of the three million Arabs, whom the fate of arms has brought under our domination." During this time, only Kabylia resisted, the Kabylians were not colonized until after the
2366:
with help from the locals who saw them as liberators from the Christians, but the brothers eventually assassinated the local noble Salim al-Tumi and took control over the city and the surrounding regions. Their state is known as the
14720:
10811:
8175:
6172:
Education is officially compulsory for children between the ages of six and 15. In 2008, the illiteracy rate for people over 10 was 22.3%, 15.6% for men and 29.0% for women. The province with the lowest rate of illiteracy was
5200:
The Algerian road network is the densest in Africa; its length is estimated at 180,000 km (110,000 mi) of highways, with more than 3,756 structures and a paving rate of 85%. This network will be complemented by the
3412:(consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 6% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For the year 2015, 80% of the forest area was reported to be under
3000:. Economic recession caused by the crash in world oil prices resulted in Algerian social unrest during the 1980s; by the end of the decade, Bendjedid introduced a multi-party system. Political parties developed, such as the
7169:
1556:
was destroyed. As Carthaginian power waned, the influence of Berber leaders in the hinterland grew. By the 2nd century BC, several large but loosely administered Berber kingdoms had emerged. Two of them were established in
3307:
In this region, midday desert temperatures can be hot year round. After sunset, however, the clear, dry air permits rapid loss of heat, and the nights are cool to chilly. Enormous daily ranges in temperature are recorded.
6424:, appeared on the scene of Algerian painting, abandoning figurative classical painting to find new pictorial ways, to adapt Algerian paintings to the new realities of the country through its struggle and its aspirations.
5046:, which plays a key role in all aspects of the oil and natural gas sectors in Algeria. All foreign operators must work in partnership with Sonatrach, which usually has majority ownership in production-sharing agreements.
1946:
historically consisted of several tribes. The two main branches were the Botr and Barnès tribes, who were divided into tribes, and again into sub-tribes. Each region of the Maghreb contained several tribes (for example,
13485:
12763:
6365:
is varied in terms of genre, exploring a wider range of themes and issues. There has been a transition from cinema which focused on the war of independence to films more concerned with the everyday lives of Algerians.
3901:
is illegal in Algeria. Public homosexual behavior is punishable by up to two years in prison. Despite this, about 26% of Algerians think that homosexuality should be accepted, according to the survey conducted by the
1902:
tribes, however, remained largely independent, and depending on tribe, location and time controlled varying parts of the Maghreb, at times unifying it (as under the Fatimids). The Fatimid Islamic state, also known as
3691:, no political association may be formed if it is "based on differences in religion, language, race, gender, profession, or region". In addition, political campaigns must be exempt from the aforementioned subjects.
11830:
19956:
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moved into North Africa in 429, and by 435 controlled coastal Numidia. They did not make any significant settlement on the land, as they were harassed by local tribes. In fact, by the time the Byzantines arrived
9037:
2846:
Gradually, dissatisfaction among the Muslim population, which lacked political and economic status under the colonial system, gave rise to demands for greater political autonomy and eventually independence from
134:
14754:
19978:
5261:. At the outset of the 20th century, its population was approximately four million. About 90% of Algerians live in the northern, coastal area; the inhabitants of the Sahara desert are mainly concentrated in
13372:
1631:
become the new master of North Africa. They built more than 500 cities. Like the rest of North Africa, Algeria was one of the breadbaskets of the empire, exporting cereals and other agricultural products.
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17626:
13005:
6807:
According to the European Audiovisual Observatory's LUMIERE database, 41 Algerian films were distributed in Europe between 1996 and 2013; 21 films in this repertoire were Algerian-French co-productions.
3199:, further south, two parallel sets of reliefs in approaching eastbound, and between which are inserted vast plains and highlands. Both Atlas tend to merge in eastern Algeria. The vast mountain ranges of
15385:
13892:
4926:, which joins the select club of upper-middle-income countries. This economic rise, the result of an ambitious development strategy, places the country in the same category as emerging powers such as
12848:
10381:
Historia vicisitudes y política tradicional de España respecto de sus posesiones en las costas de África desde la monarquía gótica y en los tiempos posteriores á la restauración hasta el último siglo
9925:
Roudh El-Kartas: Histoire des souverains du Maghreb (Espagne et Maroc) et annales de la ville de Fès Abū al-Ḥasan ʻAlī b. ʻAbd Allāh Ibn Abī Zarʻ, ʿAlī Ibn-ʿAbdallāh Ibn-Abī-Zarʿ Imprimerie Imperiale
14946:
11926:
19983:
1939:. Caliphates from Northern Africa traded with the other empires of their time, as well as forming part of a confederated support and trade network with other Islamic states during the Islamic Era.
15709:
6718:
In the aftermath of the independence, several new authors emerged on the Algerian literary scene, they will attempt through their works to expose a number of social problems, among them there are
6404:, attempted to revive the prestigious Algerian past prior to French colonisation, at the same time that they have contributed to the preservation of the authentic values of Algeria. In this line,
13605:
Lin, David; Hanscom, Laurel; Murthy, Adeline; Galli, Alessandro; Evans, Mikel; Neill, Evan; Mancini, MariaSerena; Martindill, Jon; Medouar, FatimeZahra; Huang, Shiyu; Wackernagel, Mathis (2018).
12982:
9731:
2993:
in Algerian society and public life. Teachers of Arabic, brought in from other Muslim countries, spread conventional Islamic thought in schools and sowed the seeds of a return to Orthodox Islam.
3311:
Rainfall is fairly plentiful along the coastal part of the Tell Atlas, ranging from 400 to 670 mm (15.7 to 26.4 in) annually, the amount of precipitation increasing from west to east.
1453:(animal domestication and agriculture) developed in the Saharan and Mediterranean Maghreb perhaps as early as 11,000 BC or as late as between 6000 and 2000 BC. This life, richly depicted in the
20305:
19973:
4922:(DZD). The economy remains dominated by the state, a legacy of the country's socialist post-independence development model. On June, 2024 The World Bank's 2024 report marks a turning point for
13646:
19951:
6901:
remain at its core. Most of the Algerian dishes are centered around bread, meats (lamb, beef or poultry), olive oil, vegetables, and fresh herbs. Vegetables are often used for salads, soups,
7512:
Arab 75%, Berber 24%, European and Jewish 1%. The population is predominantly Arab, under 30 years of age and urban; some 24% are Berber. More than 85% speak Arabic and 99% are Sunni Muslim.
6195:
like areas of law and the economy, most of the other sectors such as science and medicine continue to be provided in French and English. Among the most important universities, there are the
1612:
After Masinissa's death in 148 BC, the Berber kingdoms were divided and reunited several times. Masinissa's line survived until 24 AD, when the remaining Berber territory was annexed to the
14599:
2263:. Warring with the Almohad forces attempting to restore control over Algeria for 13 years, they defeated the Almohads in 1248 after killing their Caliph in a successful ambush near Oujda.
19966:
19961:
11993:
3257:), also known as the Hoggar, are a highland region in central Sahara, southern Algeria. They are located about 1,500 km (932 mi) south of the capital, Algiers, and just east of
133:
2420:
had repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa. Algiers lost between 30,000 and 50,000 inhabitants to the plague in 1620–21, and had high fatalities in 1654–57, 1665, 1691 and 1740–42.
17236:
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14985:
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had also raided in Iceland. Some of the slaves brought to Algiers were later ransomed back to Iceland, but some chose to stay in Algeria. In 1629, pirate ships from Algeria raided the
8183:
6412:
have also returned through this art, scenes from the history of the country, the habits and customs of the past and the country life. Other new artistic currents including the one of
5980:, though limited in comparison to the previously mentioned languages, has increased due to globalization. In 2022 it was announced that English would be taught in elementary schools.
3832:
14518:
12533:
20330:
13930:
2394:. With the aid of this force and native Algerians, Hayreddin conquered the whole area between Constantine and Oran (although the city of Oran remained in Spanish hands until 1792).
392:
1457:
paintings, predominated in Algeria until the classical period. The mixture of peoples of North Africa coalesced eventually into a distinct native population that came to be called
17619:
12705:
11878:
7851:
2166:, his troops were defeated and the Arabs remained masters of the battlefield. The Arabs usually did not take control over the cities, instead looting them and destroying them.
952:
19911:
13477:
12753:
2435:
preyed on Christian and other non-Islamic shipping in the western Mediterranean Sea. The pirates often took the passengers and crew on the ships and sold them or used them as
15490:
19916:
19896:
19886:
19350:
6804:(feature films, documentaries and short films). In mid-2013, AARC had already supported a total of 78 films, including 42 feature films, 6 short films and 30 documentaries.
3879:
as "not free" since it began publishing such ratings in 1972, with the exception of 1989, 1990, and 1991, when the country was labelled "partly free." In December 2016, the
15108:
6653:
Today Algeria contains, in its literary landscape, big names having not only marked the Algerian literature, but also the universal literary heritage in Arabic and French.
135:
19921:
19906:
19901:
19891:
19881:
19371:
18838:
16674:
11834:
7547:
The combined Arab-Berber people comprise more than 99 percent of the population (Arabs approximately 80 percent; Berbers 20 percent), with Europeans less than one percent.
2046:
captured and held important regions such as Ouargla, Constantine, Sfax, Susa, Algiers, Tripoli and Fez establishing their rule in every country in the Maghreb region. The
17612:
15086:
13085:
6656:
As a first step, Algerian literature was marked by works whose main concern was the assertion of the Algerian national entity, there is the publication of novels as the
14401:
13175:
14742:
14459:
13455:
7972:
5830:
since the seventh century shifted the demographic scope in Algeria. Estimates vary based on different sources. The majority of the population of Algeria is ethnically
2970:
and authoritarian; Boumédienne continued this trend. However, he relied much more on the army for his support, and reduced the sole legal party to a symbolic role. He
12023:
9454:
3637:
erupted on 22 February against the president's decision to participate in the election, which resulted in President Bouteflika announcing his resignation on 3 April.
2096:, a Berber dynasty originating from Algeria and which at one point was a dominant power in the Maghreb ruling over much of Morocco and western Algeria including Fez,
20335:
11700:
9572:
8326:
3774:, nominally established in 1989, but which has carried little practical weight. On 24 August 2021, Algeria announced the break of diplomatic relations with Morocco.
2836:
2311:
377:
11244:
11125:
10347:
10255:
8976:
2602:. Over 20,000 cannonballs were fired, but all these military campaigns were doomed and Spain had to ask for peace in 1786 and paid 1 million pesos to the Dey.
19385:
15516:
15402:
15265:
14859:
9539:
3103:
was amended following a vote in Parliament, removing the two-term limit on Presidential incumbents. This change enabled Bouteflika to stand for re-election in the
564:
15679:
12114:
12053:
6139:
Health records have been maintained in Algeria since 1882 and began adding Muslims living in the south to their vital record database in 1905 during French rule.
2706:
about 2.9 million. French policy was predicated on "civilising" the country. The slave trade and piracy in Algeria ceased following the French conquest. The
17229:
13986:
13507:
13421:
6196:
5039:
Nevertheless, the sector accounted for 98% of the total volume of exports in 2011, against 48% in 1962, and 70% of budgetary receipts, or US$ 71.4 billion.
3654:
13063:
13013:
8205:
5897:(Darja) is the language used by the majority of the population. Colloquial Algerian Arabic has some Berber loanwords which represent 8% to 9% of its vocabulary.
19157:
18776:
9334:
8065:
18843:
18183:
15377:
13900:
13221:
9897:
Histoire de l'Afrique septentrionale (Berbérie) dupuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à la conquête française (1830), Volumes 1–2 Ernest Mercier E. Leroux,
13676:
13204:
12840:
9796:
5059:
the deal between Algeria's Sonatrach and Italy's Eni, Algeria will send an additional 9 billion cubic metres of gas to Italy by next year and in 2024.
19595:
14954:
14626:
13037:
11930:
2143:
vizier decided to destroy what he could not control, and broke a deal with the chiefs of these Bedouin tribes. The Fatimids even gave them money to leave.
1112:
7899:
3322:, or sand dunes, between mountains. Among these, in the summer time when winds are heavy and gusty, temperatures can go up to 43.3 °C (110 °F).
3077:
20345:
15701:
12806:
12258:
6184:
Algeria has 26 universities and 67 institutions of higher education, which must accommodate a million Algerians and 80,000 foreign students in 2008. The
14150:
In Algeria, on the other hand, Berberists supported by France ask to expand the use of Tamazight even on Arabs who represent 80% of Algerian population.
12974:
12727:
12287:
10586:
10560:
9727:
7626:
In Algeria, on the other hand, Berberists supported by France ask to expand the use of Tamazight even on Arabs who represent 80% of Algerian population.
20100:
20095:
19946:
19137:
19060:
18978:
18894:
18889:
18155:
18106:
17222:
13583:
6672:
novel which is often regarded as a monumental and major work. Other known writers will contribute to the emergence of Algerian literature whom include
11963:
9476:
2627:
In the 19th century, Algerian pirates forged affiliations with Caribbean powers, paying a "license tax" in exchange for safe harbor of their vessels.
1317:
in early 16th century. This period saw the installation of a political and administrative organization which participated in the establishment of the
20085:
20080:
20075:
20070:
20065:
20060:
20055:
20050:
19853:
19343:
19096:
19045:
13638:
10274:
9937:
9622:
3687:, has 144 members serving six-year terms, of which 96 members are chosen by local assemblies and 48 are appointed by the president. According to the
3093:
2092:
the Zirid ruler decided to end this recognition and declared his independence. The Zirids also fought against other Zenata Kingdoms, for example the
13350:
9502:
9410:
3053:, and the national armed forces, in which more than 100,000 people are thought to have died. The Islamist militants conducted a violent campaign of
3041:. Fearing the election of an Islamist government, the authorities intervened on 11 January 1992, cancelling the elections. Bendjedid resigned and a
18771:
13247:
10031:
9909:
8497:
8385:
5002:
1100:
1027:
550:
14561:
14038:
6995:
and have won medals in various events. Many sports clubs and organizations exist in Algeria to promote and develop sports among young people. The
3835:
in North Africa with the largest defence budget in Africa ($ 10 billion). Most of Algeria's weapons are imported from Russia, with whom they
3423:
Many of the creatures constituting the Algerian wildlife live in close proximity to civilisation. The most commonly seen animals include the wild
3057:. At several points in the conflict, the situation in Algeria became a point of international concern, most notably during the crisis surrounding
19132:
15619:
13534:
10217:
5217:, which is now completely paved. This road is supported by the Algerian government to increase trade between the six countries crossed: Algeria,
3054:
3022:
2876:
1523:
but territorial expansion also resulted in the enslavement or military recruitment of some Berbers and in the extraction of tribute from others.
820:
15299:
11989:
11422:
6565:
152:
18624:
17949:
16036:
7278:
14642:"The booming wave of English in the linguistic landscape in Algeria: Timeline of the presence of English language in Algerian bottom-up signs"
12201:
11853:
2605:
In 1792, Algiers took back Oran and Mers el Kébir, the two last Spanish strongholds in Algeria. In the same year, they conquered the Moroccan
2278:
The Zayyanids retained their control over Algeria for 3 centuries. Much of the eastern territories of Algeria were under the authority of the
18940:
18111:
16665:
15460:
15243:
14977:
13863:
13123:
12792:
10077:
9777:
7852:
https://www.elmoudjahid.dz/fr/economie/l-esperance-de-vie-moyenne-des-algeriens-est-de-79-6-ans-une-qualite-de-vie-nettement-meilleure-220929
3089:
2848:
672:
5288:, who are well integrated and have not asked for assistance from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). In 2009, 35,000
20340:
19336:
18983:
17044:
14888:
14522:
13261:
12621:
12525:
11592:
10617:
10343:
Historia General de España ... con la continuacion de Miniana; completada ... por E. Chao. Enriquecida con notas historicas y criticas, etc
7939:
7304:
5838:
who make up between 15% and 20% to 24% of the population are divided into many groups with varying languages. The largest of these are the
2902:
722:
13922:
13781:; Zerjal, Tatiana; Dahmani, M. Fathallah; Makrelouf, Mohamed; Vincenzo, L. Pascali; Novelletto, Andrea; Tyler-Smith, Chris (7 June 2004).
12645:
9250:
20320:
19237:
18963:
18884:
18879:
18138:
15056:
14379:
11795:
11332:
11268:
10998:
10292:
9755:
9372:
9315:
9212:
9173:
9146:
9015:
2639:
20236:
15837:
14797:
14436:
14314:
14079:
12701:
12587:
12223:
11661:
10861:
10834:
10540:
9824:
9704:
9665:
9391:
9353:
9291:
7583:
6025:
is the predominant religion in Algeria, with its adherents, mostly Sunnis, accounting for 99% of the population according to a 2021 CIA
3329:
has wide-reaching effects on the country. Algeria was not a significant contributor to climate change, but, like other countries in the
19926:
19841:
18993:
13896:
11904:
10760:
8269:
1108:
1092:
1007:
529:
13402:
11875:
11392:
5205:, a major infrastructure project currently under construction. It is a three-way, 1,216-kilometre-long (756 mi) highway, linking
4034:
2050:
which was created and established by the Kutama Berbers conquered all of North Africa as well as Sicily and parts of the Middle East.
20325:
18917:
18659:
18629:
14484:
13287:
12874:
12386:
10736:
10005:
8224:
7049:
3906:-Arab Barometer in 2019. Algeria showed the highest LGBT acceptance compared to other Arab countries where the survey was conducted.
2730:
populations while a colonial administration would provide rule of law and property rights to settlers within French occupied cities.
620:
15430:
12951:
8035:
6624:, among many others. The Middle Ages have known many Arabic writers who revolutionised the Arab world literature, with authors like
18593:
16109:
16021:
15482:
13320:
7331:
5028:
5006:
1096:
12313:"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material"
12285:
Crocodiles in the Sahara Desert: An Update of Distribution, Habitats and Population Status for Conservation Planning in Mauritania
2653:
to stop similar attacks on European fishermen. These efforts proved successful, although Algerian piracy would continue until the
2080:
Once extending their control over all of the Maghreb, part of Spain and briefly over Sicily, originating from modern Algeria, the
20350:
19180:
18988:
18699:
17762:
17345:
16980:
16143:
15161:"Taux d'Analphabétisme et taux d'Alphabétisation de la population âgée de 10 ans et plus selon le sexe et la wilaya de résidence"
15112:
14924:
13149:
8754:
3823:(Armée de Libération Nationale or ALN), the armed wing of the nationalist National Liberation Front which fought French colonial
3073:
1023:
12416:
7475:
The population was estimated at 32,277,942 in July 2002, of which 75% were Arabs, 24% Berbers, and 1% others (mostly Europeans).
2855:. Tensions between the two population groups came to a head in 1954, when the first violent events of what was later called the
2710:
by the French took some time and resulted in considerable bloodshed. A combination of violence and disease epidemics caused the
2239:'s tribe, the Koumïa, were the main supporters of the throne and the most important body of the empire. Defeating the weakening
20355:
20027:
19127:
18833:
15014:
14340:
12679:
8662:
7395:
3703:
1761:. The Christians left in three waves: after the initial conquest, in the 10th century and the 11th. The last were evacuated to
16082:
15078:
14016:
11028:
8813:
8635:
7281:. El-mouradia.dz. language: France and Arabic (government language); people of Algeria speak Arabic and Berber. Archived from
18950:
18932:
18796:
18759:
18276:
17932:
17030:
16166:
15945:
15926:
15907:
15888:
15869:
15861:
15815:
15786:
15767:
15748:
15595:
15050:
14583:
14430:
14405:
14373:
14281:
14232:
14173:
14143:
14112:
13171:
12800:
11789:
11737:
11655:
11522:
11468:
11326:
11238:
11204:
11171:
11119:
11092:
11059:
10921:
10844:
10805:
10672:
10639:
10506:
10474:
10161:
10105:
10059:
9965:
9882:
9852:
9434:
9079:
9009:
8970:
8931:
8846:
8672:
8645:
8606:
8579:
8552:
8525:
8464:
8437:
8410:
7773:
7649:
7619:
7577:
7505:
7468:
7431:
3736:
exchange handshakes at the Windsor Hotel Toya Resort and Spa in Tōyako Town, Abuta District, Hokkaidō in 2008. With them are
3466:
A variety of bird species makes the country an attraction for bird watchers. The forests are inhabited by boars and jackals.
3315:
is heaviest in the northern part of eastern Algeria, where it reaches as much as 1,000 mm (39.4 in) in some years.
2423:
2111:
As the Fatimid state was at the time too weak to attempt a direct invasion, they found another means of revenge. Between the
1352:
14468:
14258:
14118:
13451:
12563:
11474:
10939:
10236:
10198:
10179:
8937:
7961:
2748:
of the nation. One of France's longest-held overseas territories, Algeria became a destination for hundreds of thousands of
2475:. The introduction of broad-sail ships from the beginning of the 17th century allowed them to branch out into the Atlantic.
177:
19162:
19151:
18912:
18598:
18064:
16359:
13960:
12904:
12015:
11622:
11285:
9446:
7968:
7053:
3760:
officials and activists believe that this is a good first step and hope that this move would encourage broader reparation.
3104:
3084:
3065:
2298:
sponsored by the Zayyanid sultans, Spain decided to invade Algeria and defeat the native Kingdom of Tlemcen. In 1505, they
16045:
10783:
8318:
8114:
3664:
3618:, and secured constitutional amendments that made him re-electable indefinitely, until he was brought down in 2019 during
3183:
Since the 2011 breakup of Sudan, and the creation of South Sudan, Algeria has been the largest country in Africa, and the
3137:
detractors that he was expelled from the Government in August 2017 at the instigation of oligarchs languishing in prison.
1313:
Algeria took its name from the Regency of Algeria or Regency of Algiers, when Ottoman rule was established in the central
19359:
19247:
19242:
18973:
18968:
18801:
15167:
15138:
13698:
10713:
10690:
10396:
8777:
4967:
3699:
3630:
3133:
3038:
2868:
2808:
2647:
2146:
Whole tribes set off with women, children, elders, animals and camping equipment. Some stopped on the way, especially in
1124:
17435:
16017:
15512:
15399:
15273:
14851:
14545:
13729:
8481:
8427:
8369:
5295:
The largest concentration of Algerian migrants outside Algeria is in France, which has reportedly over 1.7 million
3916:
as an excuse to prevent pro-democracy movements and protests in the country, leading to the arrest of youths as part of
2567:
in western Kabylia. Many cities in the northern parts of the Algerian desert paid taxes to Algiers or one of its Beys.
18806:
18178:
18133:
16344:
16181:
15671:
15192:
13867:
12045:
11497:
10894:
8263:
4951:
3820:
3695:
2914:
2886:
The war led to the death of hundreds of thousands of Algerians and hundreds of thousands of injuries. Historians, like
987:
that displaced the local population, which was reduced by up to one-third due to warfare, disease, and starvation. The
653:
15649:
14690:
13982:
13511:
13429:
9564:
Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale Par Ibn Khaldūn, William MacGuckin Slane
9531:
Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale Par Ibn Khaldūn, William MacGuckin Slane
8005:
6518:
6208:
6054:
denominations, which have seen increased pressure from the government in recent years including many forced closures.
2925:
who fled Algeria totaled more than 900,000 between 1962 and 1964. The exodus to mainland France accelerated after the
2299:
1022:
and mountainous north, where most of the population is concentrated. With a population of 44 million, Algeria is the
19785:
18641:
18150:
16658:
16605:
16256:
16122:
15964:
15237:
14832:
14810:
14777:
14308:
14073:
13834:
13552:
13059:
12082:
11762:
11694:
11569:
11548:
11365:
10423:
9698:
9659:
9632:
9605:
9244:
9206:
9140:
7175:
7024:
6537:
5010:
2875:
mobs in Algeria. The FLN used hit and run attacks in Algeria and France as part of its war, and the French conducted
2643:
1011:
873:
12502:
12472:
10878:
10252:
9955:
6490:
6475:
3072:. He worked to restore political stability to the country and announced a "Civil Concord" initiative, approved in a
3061:, a hijacking perpetrated by the Armed Islamic Group. The Armed Islamic Group declared a ceasefire in October 1997.
2880:
2744:
From 1848 until independence, France administered the whole Mediterranean region of Algeria as an integral part and
20280:
19142:
19075:
19065:
19001:
18861:
18398:
18173:
17569:
17383:
17360:
17355:
16991:
16749:
15321:
9872:
9842:
8057:
7818:
7745:
6968:, known as the Desert Foxes, has a strong fan base and has achieved success both domestically and internationally.
6927:
3562:
3354:
2996:
The Algerian economy became increasingly dependent on oil, leading to hardship when the price collapsed during the
2697:
in 1830. According to several historians, the methods used by the French to establish control over Algeria reached
13755:
13607:"Ecological Footprint Accounting for Countries: Updates and Results of the National Footprint Accounts, 2012–2018"
3300:
2897:
The war against French rule concluded in 1962, when Algeria gained complete independence following the March 1962
2590:. For the attack in 1784, the Spanish fleet was to be joined by ships from such traditional enemies of Algiers as
19217:
18636:
18614:
18349:
18165:
18145:
16196:
13668:
13197:
10177:
Les états de l'Occident musulman aux XIIIe, XIVe et XVe siècles: institutions gouvernementales et administratives
9793:
7569:
Changing Female Literacy Practices in Algeria: Empirical Study on Cultural Construction of Gender and Empowerment
7531:
6161:
6152:
3650:
3619:
3603:
3122:
3042:
2398:
2303:
16176:
15989:
13027:
12926:
7356:
7114:
The percentages provided in this infobox are estimates and can vary based on different sources. Ethnically, the
7056:, which is responsible for promoting Berber "in view of cementing, in the future, its official language status".
5927:, the predominant Berber language, is taught and is partially co-official (with a few restrictions) in parts of
2959:
2851:. In May 1945, the uprising against the occupying French forces was suppressed through what is now known as the
1327:, country of Algiers) and the definition of its borders with its neighboring entities on the east and west. The
1107:, the national oil company, is the largest company in Africa and a major supplier of natural gas to Europe. The
20315:
19765:
19070:
18788:
16238:
12262:
10151:
7913:
6965:
6932:
6835:
6497:
6471:
6003:
5827:
5801:
refugees are also present in the population of Algiers and other cities. Moreover, Spanish was spoken by these
3816:
3050:
2860:
1042:
is used in media, education, and certain administrative matters. The vast majority of the population speak the
940:
936:
601:
12786:
10582:
10556:
9331:
7840:
7118:
population in Algeria is generally reported to constitute between 75% and 80% to 85% of the population, while
6086:
5735:
4165:
19294:
19122:
19110:
18853:
18765:
18588:
18193:
16433:
16349:
16243:
10911:
9803:
les négociations d'Evian dans les archives diplomatiques françaises (15 janvier 1961-29 juin 1962). Bruylant,
5202:
3793:
3763:
3753:
3707:
3680:
3669:
3606:. In recent years, many of these generals have died, retired, or been imprisoned. After the death of General
2650:
2620:
2587:
2583:
2440:
2248:
1383:
805:
442:
16895:
13579:
13478:"Exportations hors hydrocarbures: une recette de près de 3 mds de dollars durant les huit 1ers mois de 2021"
11591:. West Point, NY: Department of Military Art and Engineering, United States Military Academy. pp. 4–5.
10497:
Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800
8693:"1.9-million- and 2.4-million-year-old artifacts and stone tool–cutmarked bones from Ain Boucherit, Algeria"
6866:
3080:(GSPC), a splinter group of the Armed Islamic Group, continued a terrorist campaign against the Government.
2231:
originating from modern day Morocco, although founded by a man originating from modern day Algeria known as
20360:
19209:
19172:
19147:
18958:
18811:
18716:
18226:
16651:
16400:
16322:
16271:
16102:
12284:
11967:
10956:
Mackie, Erin Skye (1 January 2005). "Welcome the Outlaw: Pirates, Maroons, and Caribbean Countercultures".
10640:"When Europeans were slaves: Research suggests white slavery was much more common than previously believed"
10368:
Sánchez Doncel, Gregorio. 1991. Presencia de España en Orán, 1509–1792. Estudio Teológico de San Ildefonso.
9480:
6996:
6046:). Most of the Christian settlers left to France after the country's independence. Today, estimates of the
5257:
Algeria has a population of an estimated 44 million, of which the majority, 75% to 85% are ethnically
4963:
4525:
3836:
3719:
3330:
2383:
786:
781:
771:
14607:(in French) (2022 ed.). Éditions Gallimard. p. 35. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024
14009:"Algeria: Provinces & Major Cities – Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information"
11584:
10271:
2852:
988:
20285:
19185:
18922:
18821:
18692:
18359:
18344:
18321:
18188:
16579:
16462:
16223:
16011:
15775:
The Making of Contemporary Algeria – Colonial Upheavals and Post-Independence Development, 1830–1987
13342:
12439:
9506:
9407:
8778:"The Site of Ain Hanech Revisited: New Investigations at this Lower Pleistocene Site in Northern Algeria"
7909:
7878:
7805:
7732:
7103:
6816:
6504:
4705:
3312:
2694:
1541:, Berber soldiers rebelled from 241 to 238 BC after being unpaid following the defeat of Carthage in the
968:
14221:
Tschudin, Alain; Moffat, Craig; Buchanan-Clarke, Stephen; Russell, Susan; Coutts, Lloyd (18 June 2019).
12152:. TerraGreen 13 International Conference 2013 – Advancements in Renewable Energy and Clean Environment.
10026:
9906:
6157:
3110:
A continuing series of protests throughout the country started on 28 December 2010, inspired by similar
1898:, however, were ultimately defeated ushering in an adoption of Arab customs and culture. The indigenous
1537:
By the early 4th century BC, Berbers formed the single largest element of the Carthaginian army. In the
20290:
20020:
19232:
19037:
18744:
18619:
18354:
18334:
18329:
18128:
18116:
16499:
16423:
16339:
15778:
14045:
9981:
8176:"La standardisation de la transcription n'est pas tranchée : Quelle graphie pour tamazight ?"
7254:
7091:
7052:
officialized Berber as Algeria's second "official" language. The revised constitution also created the
6897:
Algerian cuisine offers a variety of dishes depending on the region and the season, but vegetables and
5116:
4983:
3207:
occupy the entire northeastern Algeria and are delineated by the Tunisian border. The highest point is
2978:
facilities were nationalised. This was especially beneficial to the leadership after the international
2707:
2654:
2575:
2570:
Barbary raids in the Mediterranean continued to attack Spanish merchant shipping, and as a result, the
1039:
996:
976:
889:
849:
749:
334:
15611:
13538:
10946:– Mohamed El Mansour Middle East & North African Studies Press, 1990 – Morocco – 248 pages: Pg 104
10214:
6822:
recorded the highest number of admissions in the European Union, 3,172,612 and 474,722, respectively.
5685:
4661:
3068:, considered biased by international observers and most opposition groups which were won by President
2929:, in which hundreds of militants entered European sections of the city and began attacking civilians.
1115:
on the continent and among the highest in the world (ranks 22nd globally). Algeria is a member of the
19190:
18269:
18216:
18121:
17925:
17604:
16369:
16266:
16228:
15295:
11414:
9934:
8132:
6809:
6647:
5346:
5330:
5252:
4947:
3963:
3937:
3804:
3658:
3334:
3326:
2362:, moved their base of operations to Algiers. They succeeded in conquering Jijel and Algiers from the
901:
362:
15350:
15109:"Ecoles privées, Tamazight, enseignement du Français, syndicats ... – Les vérités de Benbouzid"
10095:
7282:
6486:
19836:
19730:
19227:
18871:
18729:
18311:
18211:
17644:
16734:
16484:
16138:
16068:
15937:
15918:
12731:
12193:
11849:
10525:
7070:
6909:, and sauce-based dishes. Of all the Algerian traditional dishes available, the most famous one is
6555:
6467:
6456:
6261:
6061:
in 2018–2019, the vast majority of Algerians (99.1%) continue to identify as Muslim. The June 2019
5905:
5753:
4735:
3349:
access challenges are expected to get worse. As early as 2014, scientists were attributing extreme
2307:
2064:
Following the Berber revolt numerous independent states emerged across the Maghreb. In Algeria the
1379:
1182:
1062:
1035:
865:
857:
220:
20:
15452:
15219:
13115:
13032:
12239:
10074:
9774:
9597:
Saladin, the Almohads and the Banū Ghāniya: The Contest for North Africa (12th and 13th centuries)
9067:
5872:. Almost all of this population left during the war of independence or immediately after its end.
3724:
2879:. In addition, the French destroyed over 8,000 villages and relocated over 2 million Algerians to
2539:
from power, and placed one of its own in power. The new leader received the title of "Agha" then "
2326:
where although they were not able to conquer the city, they were able to force a tribute on them.
20295:
19299:
19289:
19027:
18339:
16474:
16443:
16327:
16307:
16151:
16095:
12613:
11084:
10609:
7829:
7308:
6992:
6988:
6792:
6599:
6460:
6216:
6047:
5859:
5246:
5178:
4121:
3870:
3688:
3034:
3001:
2975:
2411:
1854:, boasting a secular inner government, as well as a powerful army and navy, made up primarily of
1709:
1640:
1573:
to the Atlantic Ocean. The high point of Berber civilisation, unequalled until the coming of the
1477:
1088:
980:
700:
578:
537:
321:
278:
14884:
11586:
11196:
11163:
9095:
Mattingly, D.J. (1983). "The Laguatan: A Libyan Tribal Confederation in the late Roman Empire".
7935:
2966:, his former ally and defence minister. Under Ben Bella, the government had become increasingly
19725:
19317:
19284:
19195:
18904:
18749:
18685:
18243:
18221:
17662:
16557:
16332:
16073:
15587:
12649:
10530:
10127:(Vol. 4) (eds. K.A. Berney, Trudy Ring & Noelle Watson: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1996), pp. 36–39.
9234:
7231:
7194:
7066:
6200:
5965:
5886:
5364:
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3898:
3808:
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of Algiers; and the Reis or the company of corsair captains rebelled, they removed the Ottoman
2372:
2251:
in 1212 the Almohads began collapsing, and in 1235 the governor of modern-day Western Algeria,
2089:
2088:
by the 11th century. The Zirids recognized nominal suzerainty of the Fatimid caliphs of Cairo.
1593:
1356:
1278:, "the islands"), referring to four small islands off its coast, a truncated form of the older
1171:
1031:
628:
572:
215:
17151:
15040:
14363:
14192:
11779:
11729:
11723:
11684:
11539:
11316:
11266:
11076:
10992:
10464:
9752:
9562:
9369:
9312:
9196:
9169:
9130:
8999:
8087:
7763:
7668:
7421:
6703:
5094:
2784:
2192:), as they had done in Kairouan a few decades ago. From there they gradually gained the upper
79:
20013:
19050:
19022:
18583:
17794:
16754:
16354:
16312:
16077:
14794:
14420:
14298:
14222:
14163:
14063:
12591:
11900:
11645:
11355:
11228:
11159:
11111:
Phases of Terrorism in the Age of Globalization: From Christopher Columbus to Osama bin Laden
11109:
10662:
10379:
10341:
10318:
9821:
9688:
9649:
9595:
9388:
9350:
9287:
9272:
8960:
8836:
8253:
7639:
7567:
7495:
7458:
6980:
6848:
6289:
6185:
5281:
5194:
3684:
3230:. Most of the coastal area is hilly, sometimes even mountainous, and there are a few natural
3100:
2926:
2726:
1245:
755:
427:
412:
19328:
17214:
16001:
14133:
13406:
13222:"Banque mondiale : 6 pays d'Afrique dont 2 du maghreb à revenu intermédiaire supérieur"
10807:
General Index to Papers and Annual Reports of the American Historical Association, 1884–1914
10757:
9529:
7609:
6042:
Prior to independence, Algeria was home to more than 1.3 million Christians (mostly of
5923:
has been recognised as a "national language" by the constitutional amendment of 8 May 2002.
5758:
5730:
4465:
4195:
3846:
SMT and 6 MiG-29UBT at an estimated cost of $ 1.9 billion. Russia is also building two
3629:, who is elected for a five-year term. The president is limited to two five-year terms. The
2714:
Algerian population to decline by nearly one-third from 1830 to 1872. On 17 September 1860,
20310:
19847:
19800:
19677:
19017:
18506:
18301:
18262:
18236:
18231:
18076:
17918:
16504:
16489:
16479:
16448:
16364:
16317:
16261:
16233:
16211:
14180:
Most Algerians, approximately 85 percent of the population, today claim an Arab background.
13926:
12900:
12758:
12754:"Algeria stops gas supplies to Spain via Morocco, as diplomatic row with Rabat intensifies"
12324:
12157:
11382:
10205:
Hédi Slim, Ammar Mahjoubi, Khaled Belkhodja, Hichem Djaït, Abdelmajid Ennabli Sud éditions,
8834:
8704:
7795:
7722:
7656:
Most Algerians, approximately 85 percent of the population, today claim an Arab background.
7078:
6972:
6429:
6413:
6347:
6148:
6082:
6050:
range from 20,000 to 200,000. Algerian citizens who are Christians predominantly belong to
5999:
5881:
5794:
5565:
5481:
5476:
5422:
5351:
5335:
5214:
5168:
5112:
5055:
5024:
4751:
4331:
4181:
4006:
3989:
3953:
3943:
3933:
3929:
3888:
3847:
3729:
3683:, has 462 members who are directly elected for five-year terms, while the upper house, the
3638:
3626:
3611:
3590:
3568:
Camels are used extensively; the desert also abounds with venomous and nonvenomous snakes,
3266:
3146:
3129:
3069:
2816:, Algeria kept its individual skills and a relatively human-capital intensive agriculture.
2448:
2376:
2355:
2344:
2252:
2181:
2162:
ruler tried to stop this rising tide, but with each encounter, the last under the walls of
2150:, where they are still one of the essential elements of the settlement but most arrived in
1883:
1827:
1669:
1601:
1066:
915:, Algeria has been at the crossroads of numerous cultures and civilizations, including the
516:
353:
347:
14496:
13280:
12943:
12870:
12378:
10733:
9997:
9313:
The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live InHugh Kennedy
4555:
2623:
by the Anglo-Dutch fleet, to support the ultimatum to release European slaves, August 1816
2283:
2155:
1846:. These "Fatimids" went on to found a long lasting dynasty stretching across the Maghreb,
65:
8:
19375:
17785:
17012:
16995:
16569:
16547:
16542:
16428:
16290:
16276:
16248:
15422:
14750:
10863:
Recueil des notices et mémoires de la Société Archéologique de la Province de Constantine
10272:
Recueil des notices et mémoires de la Société archéologique du département de Constantine
8027:
6984:
6961:
6551:
6409:
6212:
6012:
5989:
5948:
5701:
5285:
5189:
5152:
4885:
4811:
4781:
4451:
4375:
4285:
3824:
3783:
3702:
lost 44 of its seats, but remained the largest party with 164 seats, the military-backed
3581:
3367:
3219:
3215:
3184:
3026:
2800:
2772:, and by the early 20th century they formed a majority of the population in both cities.
2676:
2599:
2595:
1787:
1677:
1597:
1404:
1340:
1076:
328:
18091:
16044:(Map). United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). April 2007. Archived from
14492:
13312:
12328:
12161:
8708:
5408:
4910:
4361:
3586:
2053:
2042:
ruled land in what is now Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Libya, Spain, Malta and Italy. The
1359:
regarded the regency as the "first Algerian state" and the "Algerian Ottoman republic".
20300:
19602:
19268:
19221:
18471:
18021:
17775:
17485:
17430:
16598:
16519:
16438:
16383:
16302:
16186:
16156:
16130:
16006:
15956:
15827:
15540:"Algeria and the FIFA World Cup: between political legitimization and regional rivalry"
14620:
13807:
13782:
13343:"KUNA : Algeria officially joins AU free trade agreement – Economics – 16/12/2019"
12355:
12312:
11189:
11152:
10973:
9784:
journal des travaux de la Société historique algérienne, Volumes 105–106 Kraus Reprint,
9112:
8891:
8864:
8746:
8491:
8379:
7904:
7800:
7727:
7029:
6951:
6767:
6707:
6613:
6315:
6277:
6242:
6228:
6204:
5977:
5156:
5089:
4905:
4841:
4795:
4345:
4105:
3909:
3858:
3812:
3771:
3290:
3227:
3115:
3013:
2971:
2711:
2635:
2491:
2487:
2368:
2335:
2271:
2256:
1987:
1908:
1891:
1632:
1491:
expanded and established small settlements along the North African coast; by 600 BC, a
1454:
1416:
1368:
1344:
1303:
1136:
1006:
Spanning 2,381,741 square kilometres (919,595 sq mi), Algeria is the world's
1000:
956:
475:
449:
16643:
14910:
13145:
11077:"Genocide and Mass Violence in the 'Heart of Darkness': Africa in the Colonial Period"
8692:
8596:
8542:
8515:
8319:"les origines d'alger, conference faite le 16 juin 1941, comite du vieil alger; venis"
7870:
6939:
5667:
4946:
Thanks to strong hydrocarbon revenues, Algeria has a cushion of $ 173 billion in
4301:
4241:
3599:
2509:
967:. After nearly three centuries as a major power in the Mediterranean, the country was
19055:
18754:
17636:
17425:
17197:
16770:
16532:
16494:
16418:
16413:
15960:
15951:
Sidaoui, Riadh (2009). "Islamic Politics and the Military – Algeria 1962–2008".
15941:
15922:
15903:
15884:
15865:
15857:
15811:
15782:
15763:
15744:
15591:
15561:
15233:
15046:
14828:
14806:
14773:
14663:
14579:
14426:
14369:
14304:
14277:
14228:
14169:
14139:
14108:
14069:
13812:
13778:
12796:
12408:
12360:
12342:
12175:
12078:
11785:
11758:
11733:
11690:
11651:
11565:
11544:
11518:
11493:
11464:
11361:
11322:
11234:
11200:
11167:
11115:
11088:
11055:
10977:
10917:
10840:
10668:
10502:
10470:
10310:
10157:
10101:
10055:
9961:
9878:
9848:
9694:
9655:
9628:
9601:
9430:
9240:
9202:
9136:
9116:
9075:
9005:
8966:
8927:
8896:
8842:
8738:
8730:
8668:
8641:
8602:
8575:
8548:
8521:
8460:
8433:
8406:
8259:
7769:
7645:
7615:
7573:
7501:
7464:
7427:
6976:
6910:
6783:
6621:
6511:
6215:
Hadj Lakhdar occupy the 26th and 45th row in Africa. Algeria was ranked 119th in the
6106:
5869:
4855:
4765:
4645:
4585:
4225:
4091:
3917:
3913:
3280:
The Babor mountains and the Jijel Coast. The Erraguene lake can be seen on the right.
3234:. The area from the coast to the Tell Atlas is fertile. South of the Tell Atlas is a
3223:
2936:
2631:
2591:
2240:
2228:
2140:
2058:
2047:
1991:
1904:
1887:
1867:
1807:
1722:
1681:
1291:
897:
85:
20005:
15007:
12671:
12146:"Climate Change in Algeria: Vulnerability and Strategy of Mitigation and Adaptation"
10664:
Encountering Islam: Joseph Pitts: An English Slave in 17th-century Algiers and Mecca
8750:
7387:
6008:
5797:, and French have contributed to the history and culture of Algeria. Descendants of
5680:
5651:
5417:
5374:
4601:
4571:
4495:
1445:
region). This industry appears to have spread throughout the coastal regions of the
20275:
20120:
20115:
20110:
20105:
18734:
17982:
16614:
16574:
16564:
16552:
16527:
16509:
16191:
16026:
15740:
15583:
15551:
15225:
14653:
14008:
13802:
13794:
13618:
12350:
12332:
12165:
11585:
United States Military Academy. Department of Military Art and Engineering (1947).
11191:
Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur
11154:
Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur
11020:
10965:
10300:
9104:
8886:
8876:
8809:
8720:
8712:
7137:
6922:
6861:
6719:
6617:
6375:
6257:
6253:
6174:
5995:
5913:
5813:
5806:
5786:
5633:
5599:
5463:
5427:
5392:
5289:
4871:
4481:
4391:
4315:
4255:
4045:
3737:
3417:
3246:
3160:
2986:
2898:
2820:
2792:
2532:
2513:
2468:
2417:
2407:
2260:
2236:
2232:
2189:
2185:
2173:
2065:
2043:
2011:
1823:
1464:
1232:
928:
680:
398:
298:
247:
15556:
15539:
13783:"A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa"
10896:
Bulletin du comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques: section de géographie
10647:
10495:
10293:"Defensa a la antigua y a la moderna en el Reino de Valencia durante el siglo XVI"
8544:
History of North Africa: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco. From the Arab Conquest to 1830
8121:, Journal officiel de la republique algerienne, 1st year, 1st issue, 1962, páge 5.
6246:
5177:
The main highway connecting the Moroccan to the Tunisian border was a part of the
2108:, most of the Sous and Draa and reaching as far as M'sila and the Zab in Algeria.
20090:
19735:
18367:
18009:
17889:
17770:
17480:
17254:
17190:
17099:
16686:
16537:
16395:
16201:
15993:
15880:
15702:"Ministère de la Jeunesse et des Sports (Algeria) (Ministry of Youth and Sports)"
15406:
14801:
14252:
14102:
12555:
12291:
12170:
12145:
11882:
11458:
11272:
10943:
10936:
10787:
10764:
10740:
10717:
10694:
10278:
10259:
10240:
10233:
10221:
10202:
10195:
10183:
10176:
10081:
10049:
10035:
9941:
9913:
9828:
9800:
9781:
9759:
9414:
9395:
9376:
9357:
9338:
9319:
8923:
8915:
8881:
8454:
8400:
8352:
8206:"Aseɣnew n GPRA ila iswi n useddukkel n Tegrawla akked usegrew n umɣiwan aɣelnaw"
8118:
7222:
7206:
7185:
7074:
6887:
6689:
6673:
6579:
6425:
6417:
6362:
6343:
6178:
6078:
5957:
5936:
5924:
5920:
5894:
5890:
5719:
5617:
5531:
5515:
5497:
5140:
4825:
4721:
4691:
4631:
4511:
4421:
4405:
4211:
4135:
3467:
3460:
3448:
3444:
3413:
3381:
3250:
3176:
3164:
2979:
2951:
2947:
2932:
2832:
2788:
2564:
2548:
2432:
2295:
2235:
would soon take control over the Maghreb. During the time of the Almohad Dynasty
1542:
1307:
1199:
1162:
1147:
1043:
960:
243:
233:
71:
43:
13952:
12896:
11614:
11293:
10305:
3295:
1978:
dynasties emerged during the Middle Ages in the Maghreb and other nearby lands.
1806:, North Africa was home to many great scholars, saints and sovereigns including
19805:
18739:
18724:
18664:
17899:
17884:
17799:
17552:
17458:
17420:
17405:
17389:
17136:
17120:
16630:
16619:
16405:
16161:
15845:
14915:
12337:
10780:
10450:
Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1
8111:
7016:
6955:
6891:
6883:
6759:
6751:
6723:
6685:
6608:
6397:
6389:
6311:
6285:
6094:
6062:
6058:
6031:
estimate, and 97.9% according to Pew Research in 2020. There are about 290,000
6027:
5952:
5944:
5790:
5583:
5578:
5549:
5277:
5273:
5080:
Despite a decline in total unemployment, youth and women unemployment is high.
4919:
4541:
4271:
4151:
4061:
4022:
3767:
3749:
3733:
3607:
3471:
3409:
3353:
to climate change in Algeria. Algeria was ranked 46th of countries in the 2020
3346:
3319:
3018:
2997:
2887:
2720:
2666:
2571:
2525:
2444:
2380:
2279:
1819:
1566:
1438:
1132:
1080:
1019:
972:
964:
932:
885:
733:
488:
368:
302:
15160:
15134:
14658:
14641:
13702:
12728:"Bin Ali calls for reactivating Arab Maghreb Union, Tunisia-Maghreb, Politics"
10710:
10687:
9108:
8784:
8456:
Recherches sur l'Algérie à l'époque ottomane II.: La course, mythes et réalité
6612:, the only Latin novel to survive in its entirety. This period had also known
5858:
of North Algeria. During the colonial period, there was a large (10% in 1960)
5173:
3887:
in Algeria. It clarified that the Algerian government imposed restrictions on
3857:
Algeria is the 90th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024
3549:
is indigenous to the coast. In the Sahara region, some oases have palm trees.
3045:
was installed to act as the Presidency. It banned the FIS, triggering a civil
1982:
provides a table summarising the Amazigh dynasties of the Maghreb region, the
20269:
20251:
20238:
19790:
19485:
18708:
17864:
17831:
17584:
17202:
16810:
15832:
15822:
15565:
15483:"Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia 4 volumes 0313376263, 9780313376269"
14667:
14552:
13725:
13623:
13606:
12975:"Algeria must stop crushing dissent by imprisoning journalists and activists"
12346:
12225:
Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194
12179:
12115:"Heatwaves are on the rise in Algeria due to climate change, says specialist"
10535:
10314:
8734:
8601:. Internet Archive. Bloomington : Indiana University Press. p. 16.
6840:
6828:
6677:
6625:
6421:
6405:
6401:
6303:
6125:
6090:
6051:
5969:
5851:
5847:
5839:
5447:
4435:
4075:
3884:
3876:
3646:
3526:
3239:
3196:
2943:
2796:
2690:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2340:
2039:
1983:
1975:
1943:
1899:
1780:
1538:
1488:
1458:
1328:
1116:
798:
383:
192:
179:
18382:
15841:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 642–653.
15196:
14911:"The Arab world in seven charts: Are Arabs turning their backs on religion?"
13859:
10544:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 383–384.
8716:
2180:
The invasion kept going, and in 1057 the Arabs spread on the high plains of
1665:
of North Africa they still had control and possession over their mountains.
1095:, due mostly to its large petroleum and natural gas reserves, which are the
19662:
19622:
19612:
19435:
18481:
18049:
17894:
17879:
17874:
17854:
17839:
17539:
17246:
16920:
16910:
16714:
16171:
15853:
15799:
15641:
14682:
13816:
13699:"Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Algerian Program (English Version)"
12364:
9763:
8900:
8742:
8569:
7997:
7841:
https://elwatan-dz.com/demographie-plus-de-47-millions-dalgeriens-dici-2025
6879:
6735:
6731:
6727:
6697:
6693:
6681:
6669:
6661:
6643:
6633:
6585:
6307:
6293:
6281:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6113:
6074:
5778:
5136:
4943:
will cost US$ 286 billion, 40% of which will go to human development.
3973:
3741:
3602:, the head of military intelligence, before he was brought down during the
3483:
3452:
3404:
3258:
2891:
2856:
2824:
2715:
2670:
2579:
2483:
2479:
1689:
1653:
1636:
1613:
1605:
1504:
1469:
1084:
992:
920:
845:
501:
254:
13830:
13559:
12672:"IPU PARLINE database: ALGERIA (Al-Majlis Al-Chaabi Al-Watani), Full text"
12086:
10969:
10419:
8835:
Eric Delson; Ian Tattersall; John Van Couvering; Alison S. Brooks (2004).
6646:
was an Algerian-born French Pied-Noir author. In 1957, he was awarded the
6260:
and French, has been strongly influenced by the country's recent history.
2638:, which ended the attacks on U.S. ships in 1815. A year later, a combined
2531:
In 1659, the Janissaries stationed in Algiers, also known commonly as the
2459:, almost the entire population. In 1551, the Ottoman governor of Algiers,
1810:, the first grammarian to mention Semitic and Berber languages, the great
991:
in 1945 catalysed local resistance that culminated in the outbreak of the
20036:
19795:
19510:
19400:
18654:
18563:
18285:
17941:
17849:
17517:
17504:
17094:
16925:
16815:
15986:
15899:
15807:
15378:"Algerian novelist Ahlem Mosteghanemi designated UNESCO artist for peace"
14978:"Arabs Are Getting More Religious. Why Isn't Western Media Reporting It?"
12494:
12464:
11515:
A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962 (New York Review Books Classics)
11147:
9038:"Algeria's Roman Heritage – Roundtrips and Cultural Tours Penguin Travel"
8429:
Islam and the Métropole: A Case Study of Religion and Rhetoric in Algeria
7765:
Reference World Atlas: Everything You Need to Know About Our Planet Today
7423:
Reference World Atlas: Everything You Need to Know About Our Planet Today
6788:
6327:
5774:
5560:
5050:
3842:
In 2007, the Algerian Air Force signed a deal with Russia to purchase 49
3518:
3393:
3208:
3111:
2990:
2780:
2702:
2681:
2520:
2460:
2402:
2391:
2217:
2209:
2136:
2132:
1979:
1879:
1803:
1427:
1153:
1120:
944:
916:
912:
436:
421:
15325:
15229:
13751:
13086:"Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death"
8725:
7596:
Ethnically the population is made up of about 80% Arabic and 20% Berber.
5284:, in the western Algerian Sahara desert. There are also more than 4,000
4988:
3096:. It offered amnesty to most guerrillas and Government security forces.
1058:
is the official religion and practised by 99 percent of the population.
19672:
19642:
19570:
19560:
19530:
19520:
19475:
19425:
19415:
19263:
18456:
18372:
18028:
17869:
17859:
17844:
17722:
17001:
16905:
16870:
16855:
16840:
16795:
16729:
12144:
Sahnoune, F.; Belhamel, M.; Zelmat, M.; Kerbachi, R. (1 January 2013).
11777:
10004:. Foundation for Science Technology and Civilization. 8 December 2004.
9874:
Fortunes of Africa: A 5,000 Year History of Wealth, Greed and Endeavour
9690:
African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century
8865:"Genomic Ancestry of North Africans Supports Back-to-Africa Migrations"
8480:
Studies, American University (Washington, D. C. ) Foreign Area (1979).
8368:
Studies, American University (Washington, D. C. ) Foreign Area (1979).
7998:"Algeria | Flag, Capital, Population, Map, & Language | Britannica"
6711:
6637:
6629:
6323:
5798:
5696:
3903:
3851:
3565:
mean score of 5.22/10, ranking it 106th globally out of 172 countries.
3546:
3534:
3487:
3456:
3377:
3192:
3046:
2775:
2472:
2323:
2266:
2221:
2128:
2074:
1875:
1815:
1777:
1758:
1750:
1578:
1562:
1561:, behind the coastal areas controlled by Carthage. West of Numidia lay
1546:
1419:
1408:
1331:
who settled in Algeria referred both to themselves and the peoples as "
881:
17634:
17078:
13198:"Wildfire Management Policies in Algeria: Present and Future Needs1,2"
13006:"Algérie : Dissolution du Snateg, le secrétaire général conteste"
12827:"Loi 14-06 relative au service national", JORADP 48, August, 10th 2014
11286:"Algeria (Djazaïria) historical demographic data of the whole country"
10529:
8637:
The Berber Identity Movement and the Challenge to North African States
6284:
is widely translated. Among the important novelists of the 1980s were
5900:
5403:
5128:
5013:
reported that in 2005, Algeria had 4.5 trillion cubic metres (160
3276:
3204:
2908:
1431:
1393:
20211:
20206:
20166:
20141:
19495:
18547:
18036:
17806:
17490:
17370:
16860:
15978:
15896:
The Battlefield – Algeria, 1988–2002. Studies in a Broken Polity
15759:
15417:
15415:
14336:
13923:"Western Sahara: Lack of Donor Funds Threatens Humanitarian Projects"
13028:"Le Snategs dénonce et décide de porter plainte | Le Matin d'Algérie"
6335:
6133:
6117:
6043:
5864:
5817:
5296:
5043:
3968:
3676:
3615:
3542:
3514:
3479:
3350:
2967:
2921:
2758:
2387:
2315:
2147:
2097:
1995:
1968:
1795:
1746:
1734:
1730:
1656:
was abandoned and the Msellata region was occupied by the indigenous
1582:
1530:
1500:
1492:
1450:
1348:
1332:
1295:
1104:
984:
14947:"Young Arabs are Changing their Beliefs and Perceptions: New Survey"
14220:
13669:"Italy looks to demote Russia and make Algeria its top gas supplier"
12379:"What's happening in Algeria… is it the "Arab spring"? (فراس صليبا)"
11686:
The Algerian Novel and Colonial Discourse: Witnessing to a Différend
9812:
The Zīrids of Granada Andrew Handler University of Miami Press, 1974
9360:
Britannica Educational Publishing Britannica Educational Publishing
8520:. Internet Archive. Lanham, Md. : Scarecrow Press. p. 11.
8133:"ⵜⵉⵔⵣⵉ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴻⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴻⴱⴱⵓⵏ ⵖⴻⵔ ⴽⵓⵡⴰⵢⵜ : ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⵛⵔⵉⴽⵜ"
6445:
5662:
3474:, and numerous other reptiles can be found living among an array of
2989:, introduced some liberal economic reforms. He promoted a policy of
2630:
Attacks by Algerian pirates on American merchantmen resulted in the
1422:
techniques. Tools of this era, starting about 30,000 BC, are called
20216:
20186:
19745:
19637:
19590:
19550:
19545:
19460:
19445:
18421:
17732:
17445:
16960:
16935:
16785:
16780:
16759:
16724:
16709:
16087:
16030:
15572:
14919:
13798:
12296:
10243:, Volumes 52–53 Société archéologique du département de Constantine
10224:, Volumes 52–53 Société archéologique du département de Constantine
10125:
Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places
9370:
Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places
6947:
6906:
6870:
6603:
6571:
6355:
6351:
6297:
6066:
6036:
5855:
5820:
5809:
5120:
4950:
and a large hydrocarbon stabilisation fund. In addition, Algeria's
3642:
3569:
3455:, inhabits the dense humid forests in the north-eastern areas. The
3171:
3114:. On 24 February 2011, the government lifted Algeria's 19-year-old
2955:
2872:
2813:
2698:
2201:
2163:
2151:
2093:
2085:
2027:
2019:
2015:
1999:
1948:
1839:
1831:
1754:
1738:
1697:
1648:
1624:
1574:
1553:
1519:). These settlements served as market towns as well as anchorages.
1512:
1484:
1336:
1235:
793:
737:
122:
15412:
13639:"Italy and Spain Hold Talks to Head Off Tension Over Algerian Gas"
12556:"Algeria election: Fresh protests as Tebboune replaces Bouteflika"
12108:
12106:
12104:
10051:
Encyclopaedia of the World Muslims: Tribes, Castes and Communities
9569:
History of the Berbers and the Muslim dynasties of northern Africa
9536:
History of the Berbers and the Muslim dynasties of northern Africa
6800:
stock and remedy the weak links in distribution and exploitation.
6795:, one of the most prominent figures in contemporary Arabic cinema.
5646:
3958:
3222:(a small area is north of 37°N and south of 19°N), and longitudes
2471:. The threat was so severe that residents abandoned the island of
2406:
assisted by an autonomous janissary unit, known in Algeria as the
2200:
plains. Some of these territories were forcibly taken back by the
1693:
20201:
20196:
20176:
19652:
19627:
19617:
19580:
19565:
19535:
19455:
19420:
19405:
18537:
18527:
18501:
18486:
18461:
18446:
18416:
18411:
18004:
17957:
17818:
17747:
17727:
17702:
17667:
17652:
17527:
17453:
17415:
17379:
17335:
17309:
17167:
17146:
17115:
17073:
16945:
16915:
16900:
16885:
16875:
16865:
16830:
16825:
16775:
16744:
16719:
15375:
12702:"France offers compensation to victims sickened by nuclear tests"
12526:"Algeria's president Abdelaziz Bouteflika resigns after 20 years"
11990:"Algeria parliament to meet on Tuesday to name interim president"
8913:
7119:
6942:, people played several games such as El Kherba or El khergueba (
6878:
different peoples and cultures. The Algerian cuisine is a mix of
6595:
6385:
6339:
6319:
6238:
6129:
6121:
5928:
5843:
5835:
5782:
5770:
5628:
5594:
5458:
5387:
5369:
5234:
5226:
5210:
3522:
3498:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3389:
3338:
3318:
Farther inland, the rainfall is less plentiful. Algeria also has
3231:
3151:
3132:
became Algeria's president, after winning the first round of the
2942:
Algeria's first president was the Front de Libération Nationale (
2769:
2563:, although in 1730 the Regency was able to take control over the
2560:
2536:
2455:, taking 4,000 prisoners, and enslaved some 9,000 inhabitants of
2436:
2359:
2205:
2193:
2120:
2116:
2035:
2007:
2003:
1960:
1928:
1916:
1843:
1766:
1715:
1685:
1661:
1657:
1644:
1588:
1570:
1558:
1446:
1423:
1314:
1299:
1263:
1051:
948:
924:
905:
893:
853:
841:
462:
316:
272:
171:
18677:
15531:
15382:
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
14551:. Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. Archived from
14104:
El español hablado en Túnez por los moriscos (siglos XVII-XVIII)
12228:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2023.
8664:
Muslims and Citizens: Islam, Politics, and the French Revolution
8574:. Internet Archive. Chicago : Childrens Press. p. 33.
3972:). Each province, district, and municipality is named after its
3482:
regions of Algeria. Many animals are now extinct, including the
2478:
In July 1627 two pirate ships from Algiers under the command of
1619:
1526:
20191:
20146:
19740:
19667:
19657:
19525:
19515:
19490:
19480:
19440:
18532:
18441:
18436:
18071:
18059:
17999:
17994:
17989:
17962:
17752:
17717:
17692:
17687:
17682:
17672:
16970:
16955:
16950:
16890:
16845:
16805:
16699:
16678:
14772:. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 105.
14705:
14239:
The majority of Algerians are Arab, but around 20% are Berbers.
13983:"Fiches thématiques – Population immigrée – Immigrés 2012"
13405:. Embassy of the United States Algiers, Algeria. Archived from
13262:"Algeria reclassification to upper middle income by World Bank"
12101:
9935:
Les Berbers dans l'histoire: De la Kahina à l'occupation Turque
8775:
7253:
The transcription of Tamazight in the Tifinagh alphabet is not
6902:
6898:
6192:
5932:
5909:
5802:
5714:
5612:
5526:
5510:
5492:
5432:
5269:
or partly nomadic. 28.1% of Algerians are under the age of 15.
5206:
5148:
5132:
5124:
5109:
5098:
4962:, despite several years of negotiations but is a member of the
3948:
3843:
3558:
3550:
3510:
3475:
3428:
3397:
3372:
3342:
3270:
3235:
3188:
3156:
3121:
On 2 April 2019, Bouteflika resigned from the presidency after
2733:
2456:
2452:
2124:
2101:
2081:
2023:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1912:
1871:
1859:
1851:
1835:
1811:
1762:
1742:
1673:
1639:(modern-day Annaba, Algeria), located in the Roman province of
1516:
1508:
1496:
1473:
1412:
1070:
1015:
20306:
Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language
18254:
17910:
15826:
15756:
Algeria in Transition – Reforms and Development Prospects
15739:. Translated from French and edited by Michael Brett. London:
12143:
10688:"Vísindavefurinn: Hverjir stóðu raunverulega að Tyrkjaráninu?"
9074:. Vol. 14. Cambridge University Press. pp. 124–126.
8838:
Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory: Second Edition
7830:
https://www.ons.dz/IMG/pdf/Demographie_Algerienne2020_2023.pdf
7152:
6938:
Various games have existed in Algeria since antiquity. In the
3451:
population, but these are seldom seen. A species of deer, the
2740:, Algerian leader insurgent against French colonial rule, 1865
2314:. They also besieged Tlemcen. In 1511, they took control over
2169:
1581:
more than a millennium later, was reached during the reign of
1415:. Algeria was the site of the highest state of development of
20181:
20161:
20156:
20151:
19698:
19682:
19632:
19607:
19575:
19540:
19470:
19465:
19430:
19358:
19080:
18542:
18511:
18496:
18491:
18476:
18451:
18426:
18081:
18054:
18044:
17967:
17814:
17742:
17737:
17712:
17707:
17697:
17677:
17531:
17512:
17500:
17472:
17468:
17410:
17397:
17322:
17296:
17283:
17244:
17141:
16930:
16880:
16835:
16820:
16800:
16790:
16764:
16704:
15915:
Modern Algeria – The Origins and Development of a Nation
15877:
A Retrospective Study of the Algerian Iron and Steel Industry
14135:
Algerian Languages in Education: Conflicts and Reconciliation
14065:
Modern Algeria – The Origins and Development of a Nation
12584:
Articles: 85, 87, 77, 78 and 79 of the Algerian constitution
11850:"That Was Then, This Is Now: The Battle of Algiers and After"
11384:
La démographie figurée de l'Algérie: étude statistique des...
10860:
Constantine, Société Archéologique de la Province de (1868).
10123:
Jeff Huebner, "Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad (M'sila, Algeria)" in
8598:
Modern Algeria : the origins and development of a nation
8150:
7611:
Algerian Languages in Education: Conflicts and Reconciliation
7115:
6943:
6331:
6032:
6022:
5940:
5834:, constituting between 75% and 80% to 85% of the population.
5831:
5766:
5544:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5222:
5144:
3554:
3538:
3530:
3502:
3200:
2864:
2610:
2544:
2363:
2319:
2288:
2213:
2159:
2105:
2031:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1895:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1791:
1718:
1193:
1055:
1047:
869:
861:
266:
19372:
Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
15079:"Le taux d'analphabétisme en Algérie réduit à 7,94% en 2021"
14713:"Algeria expands English lessons to primary school students"
14633:
13776:
13172:"During Pandemic, Algeria Tightens Vise on Protest Movement"
7122:
are estimated to constitute between 15% and 20% to 24%. See
5960:
is spoken by about 83% of the population and Berber by 27%.
4996:
Algeria, whose economy is reliant on petroleum, has been an
4970:, and has an association agreement with the European Union.
3788:
3517:. The mountain regions contain large forests of evergreens (
3337:. Because a large part of the country is in already hot and
2974:
agriculture and launched a massive industrialisation drive.
2863:. Historians have estimated that between 30,000 and 150,000
2038:
established their rule in all of the Maghreb countries. The
1971:). All these tribes made independent territorial decisions.
20171:
19647:
19585:
19555:
19505:
19500:
19450:
18466:
18431:
18016:
17977:
17972:
16940:
16850:
16739:
7780:
Ethnic groups: Arab 75%, Berber 24%, European and Jewish 1%
7438:
Ethnic groups: Arab 75%, Berber 24%, European and Jewish 1%
7158:
7155:
6233:
6016:
5442:
5379:
5230:
5218:
4997:
3424:
3400:-like regions which all support a wide range of wildlife.
3262:
2765:
2464:
2351:
2197:
2112:
2070:
1907:
made an Islamic empire that included North Africa, Sicily,
1680:. It was succeeded by another Kingdom based in Altava, the
1442:
1388:
1351:
independence, despite still being nominally subject to the
1128:
877:
15953:
Religion and Politics – Islam and Muslim Civilisation
15794:
Muslim Law Courts and the French Colonial State in Algeria
14254:
The sands of Tamanrasset: the story of Charles de Foucauld
10913:
The Merchants of Oran: A Jewish Port at the Dawn of Empire
7238:
al-Jumhūriyah al-Jazāʾiriyah ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyah ash‑Shaʿbiyah
7149:
5185:
Two trans-African automobile routes pass through Algeria:
5062:
3187:. Its southern part includes a significant portion of the
2463:, enslaved the entire population of the Maltese island of
1894:
and many other Arab knights in a string of victories. The
1772:
1220:
al-Jumhūriyah al-Jazāʾiriyah ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyah ash‑Shaʿbiyah
52:
al-Jumhūriyatu l-Jazāʾiriyatu d-Dīmuqrāṭiyatu sh‑Shaʿbiyah
15634:
15354:
14419:
Baldauf, Richard B.; Kaplan, Robert B. (1 January 2007).
14296:
11562:
A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present
7408:
More than three-fourths of the country is ethnically Arab
7140:
6594:
The historic roots of Algerian literature go back to the
4959:
3875:
Algeria has been categorised by the US government funded
3506:
2606:
2555:
2540:
2216:
in areas where agriculture had previously been dominant.
1882:
against them. The resultant war is recounted in the epic
1783:
dynasty that ruled much of North Africa, c. 960–1100
1437:
The earliest blade industries in North Africa are called
813:
20331:
Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
15737:
Modern Algeria – A History from 1830 to the Present
14329:
12897:"Venezuela's Chavez To Finalise Russian Submarines Deal"
12309:
11437:
10781:"Vísindavefurinn: Voru Tyrkjarán framin í öðrum löndum?"
8958:
7561:
7559:
7557:
7555:
6136:. The poor generally receive healthcare free of charge.
2139:
since the nomads would often loot their farms. The then
1592:
The lands which make up modern-day Algeria were part of
1302:
in 950. It was employed by medieval geographers such as
1249:
1239:
16673:
15664:
14879:
14877:
14827:. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. p. 97.
14132:
Bouherar, Salim; Ghafsi, Abderrezzaq (3 January 2022).
11781:
Memory and Violence in the Middle East and North Africa
11318:
Modern Algeria: The Origins And Development of a Nation
9332:
Gibraltar: Croisée de mondes : d'Hercule à Boabdil
7608:
Bouherar, Salim; Ghafsi, Abderrezzaq (3 January 2022).
6197:
University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene
6177:
at 11.6%, while the province with the highest rate was
1347:
of Algeria as a state possessing all the attributes of
1018:
desert dominating most of the territory except for its
908:, located in the far north on the Mediterranean coast.
19:
This article is about the country. For other uses, see
11876:
98 Die in One of Algerian Civil War's Worst Massacres
8399:
Peaslee, Amos Jenkins; Xydis, Dorothy Peaslee (1974).
7460:
A Political and Economic Dictionary of the Middle East
6950:
and chess games are part of Algerian culture. Racing (
6350:
in colonial times, are widely noted. The Latin author
3007:
2208:
tribes was a major factor in the linguistic, cultural
2204:
in the second half of the 12th century. The influx of
1672:
led to the establishment of a native Kingdom based in
1290:, "islands of Bani Mazghanna"). The name was given by
1087:
in global affairs. The country has the second-highest
20035:
15376:
Honorary and Goodwill Ambassadors (20 January 2017).
14485:"Algérie: Situation géographique et démolinguistique"
14250:
13604:
13313:"Members of the GAFTA – Greater Arab Free Trade Area"
12016:"Algeria: Who is new president Abdelmadjid Tebboune?"
10466:
E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936
10186:
Atallah Dhina Office des Publications Universitaires,
10153:
Morocco, Algeria & Tunisia: A Travel Survival Kit
9954:
Fage, John; Tordoff, with William (23 October 2013).
9907:
In Barbary: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and the Sahara
9379:
Trudy Ring, Noelle Watson, Paul Schellinger Routledge
8997:
8861:
7552:
7176:
3645:
at 18 years of age. The President is the head of the
2291:
which they captured during the reign of Abu Tashfin.
2274:
of Tlemcen in the fifteenth century and its neighbors
1688:
its territory extended from the region of modern-day
1461:, who are the indigenous peoples of northern Africa.
14874:
14519:"La mondialisation, une chance pour la francophonie"
13060:"Algérie : Les droits des travailleurs bafoués"
12409:"Algeria – Country Profile – Nations Online Project"
10610:"The Mysteries and Majesties of the Aeolian Islands"
10297:
Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie VII, Historia del Arte
8828:
8547:. Internet Archive. New York, Praeger. p. 284.
7236:
7199:
7143:
7006:
2379:
succeeded him as military commander of Algiers. The
2135:
for example, who regularly disrupted farmers in the
1769:
and the few remaining died out in the 14th century.
1343:
in the regency, the Ottoman Turks shaped the modern
1218:
1176:
50:
15538:Amara, Mahfoud; Bouandel, Youcef (3 October 2022).
15475:
14061:
13752:"Algérie a atteint 40,4 millions d'habitants (ONS)"
13558:. Energy Information Administration. Archived from
13508:"Country Comparison: Natural Gas – Proved Reserves"
13248:"Algeria reclassified to upper middle income by WB"
12835:
12833:
12303:
12244:
Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
12085:. United States Library of Congress. Archived from
11314:
9065:
8783:. Journal of Archaeological Science. Archived from
8615:
7717:
7715:
7713:
7146:
7077:used by the vast majority of the population. Other
6971:Algeria has a long history in other sports such as
5151:of Algiers, an important citadel. The only natural
3827:during the Algerian War of Independence (1954–62).
3179:
makes up more than 90% of the country's total area.
2909:
The first three decades of independence (1962–1991)
2689:Under the pretext of a slight to their consul, the
2427:
Map of the Regency of Algiers in early 19th century
1874:seceded. To punish them the Fatimids sent the Arab
15825:; Cana, Frank Richardson; Girault, Arthur (1911).
15135:"Le taux d'analphabétisme en Algérie est de 21,3%"
14767:
14467:
14460:"Algeria's Liberation, Terrorism, and Arabization"
14402:"L'Algérie crée une académie de la langue amazigh"
14107:. Universitat de València. pp. 32–38–39–444.
13532:
12730:. ArabicNews.com. 19 February 1999. Archived from
12240:"Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Algeria"
11778:Ussama Samir Makdisi; Paul A. Silverstein (2006).
11682:
11637:
11588:The War in North Africa Part 2—The Allied Invasion
11188:
11151:
10494:
10398:the Spanish Enclaves in Morocco Par Robert Rezette
9429:Jonathan Conant, Staying Roman, 2012, pp. 364–365
7711:
7709:
7707:
7705:
7703:
7701:
7699:
7697:
7695:
7693:
6958:are part of cultural recreation of the Algerians.
6846:, and other awards for the Italian-Algerian movie
6164:literacy rate Algeria population plus 15 1985–2015
5143:, a limestone valley containing a large urbanized
3912:has accused the Algerian authorities of using the
3557:are the predominant flora in the remainder of the
3420:and 2% with ownership listed as other or unknown.
3125:against his candidacy for a fifth term in office.
2660:
1890:asks daily, for duels, to defeat the Hilalan hero
1623:Roman inscription from Agueneb in the province of
1403:Neanderthal tool makers produced hand axes in the
1294:after he established the city on the ruins of the
19854:OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37
19097:Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention
15821:
14576:The Contemporary Francophone African Intellectual
13860:"2013 UNHCR country operations profile – Algeria"
13574:
13572:
13535:"Le temps des crapules – Tout sur l'Algérie"
12871:"The Nuclear Vault: The Algerian Nuclear Problem"
11833:. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Archived from
11643:
11492:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 80.
10994:The Museum of foreign literature, science and art
10660:
10654:
8952:
7900:"Distribution of Family Income – Gini Index"
6688:, Abdelhamid Ben Badis, Mohamed Laïd Al-Khalifa,
5812:descendants deep into the 18th century, and even
3078:Groupe Salafiste pour la Prédication et le Combat
2807:During the late 19th and early 20th century, the
2543:" in 1671, and the right to select passed to the
1862:extending from Algeria to their capital state of
1373:
959:was established in 1516 as a largely independent
528:2,381,741 km (919,595 sq mi) (
20336:Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean
20267:
16635:
15038:
14683:"The Politics of Language in Algerian Education"
14674:
14625:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
14567:
14482:
14271:
13887:
13885:
13854:
13852:
12830:
10990:
10119:
10117:
9866:
9864:
9651:Historical Dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen)
9275:. Virtue. 1 April 1865 – via Google Books.
7565:
7329:
5823:descendants in the small town of Grish El-Oued.
5213:in the far west. Algeria is also crossed by the
3497:In the north, some of the native flora includes
3112:protests across the Middle East and North Africa
2835:, which saw the first large-scale deployment of
1533:(c. 238–148 BC), first king of Numidia
1355:. Algerian nationalist, historian and statesman
1030:in the world. Algeria's official languages are
935:. Its modern identity is rooted in centuries of
19138:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
15582:. Liverpool University Press. 1 December 2017.
15008:"Library of Congress Country Studies – Algeria"
14846:
14844:
14770:Decolonization and the Remaking of Christianity
13426:Econostrum | Economic News in the Mediterranean
13422:"Turkey strengthens its investments in Algeria"
13373:"General presentation of Association Agreement"
12643:
12585:
11841:
11512:
11054:. New York, NY: NYRB Classics. pp. 29–30.
11049:
10758:"Turkish Invasion – Visit Westman Islands .com"
10711:"Vísindavefurinn: Hvað gerðist í Tyrkjaráninu?"
10520:
10518:
10443:
10441:
9620:
7690:
7332:"Algeria's Berbers protest for language rights"
7243:République algérienne démocratique et populaire
3333:, is expected to be among the most affected by
1600:, at its greatest extent since the fall of the
1225:République algérienne démocratique et populaire
14131:
13569:
13062:(in French). Human Rights Watch. 27 May 2014.
12784:
12646:"Algerian constitution الحـقــوق والحــرّيـات"
11537:Albert Habib Hourani, Malise Ruthven (2002). "
11460:France: Monarchy, Republic and Empire, 1814–70
10149:
10138:A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period
10048:Singh, Nagendra Kr; Khan, Abdul Mabud (2001).
8991:
8686:
8684:
8633:
8567:
8509:
8507:
7607:
7452:
7450:
7448:
7446:
7307:. Apn-dz.org. 28 November 1996. Archived from
6964:is the most popular sport in the country. The
2812:colonized countries' path in central Asia and
2255:declared his independence and established the
20021:
19344:
18693:
18270:
17926:
17620:
17230:
16659:
16103:
15754:Aghrout, Ahmed; Bougherira, Redha M. (2004).
15604:
15537:
15324:. Mapping Contemporary Cinema. Archived from
15322:"Short guide to contemporary Algerian cinema"
14768:Greenberg, Udi; A. Foster, Elizabeth (2023).
14753:'s Religion & Public Life Project. 2010.
14418:
14404:. Magharebia.com. 2 June 2006. Archived from
13882:
13864:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
13849:
13770:
12793:International Institute for Strategic Studies
11927:"Algeria Officially Lifts State of Emergency"
11283:
11230:The Making of Contemporary Algeria, 1830–1987
11079:. In Bloxham, Donald; Moses, A. Dirk (eds.).
10208:
10114:
10084:Louis Cibrario Libraire de Guillaumin et C.ie
9861:
9161:
9066:Cameron, Averil; Ward-Perkins, Bryan (2001).
8459:(in French). Editions Bouchène. p. 139.
8357:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 7.
8346:
8344:
8168:
7871:"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024"
7247:
6999:in Algeria manages sport-related activities.
6392:; founder of the Algerian school for painting
5868:. They were primarily of French, Spanish and
3242:; farther south, there is the Sahara desert.
3090:Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation
2494:. Two weeks earlier another pirate ship from
2401:, who assumed the position in 1544. He was a
1714:After negligible resistance from the locals,
1161:Different forms of the name Algeria include:
19874:
19133:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
17045:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
15224:. World Intellectual Property Organization.
15193:"Algeria | Ranking Web of Universities"
15045:. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 347.
14841:
14681:Allah, Abu Bakr Khaled Saad (20 July 2023).
14578:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 9.
14365:The Non-Jewish Origins of the Sephardic Jews
14355:
13146:"Are Arabs turning their backs on religion?"
11647:Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set
10554:
10515:
10492:
10438:
10384:(in Spanish). Impr. y fundición de M. Tello.
10227:
9680:
9560:
9527:
8914:Brett, Michael; Fentress, Elizabeth (1997).
8496:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
8398:
8384:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
8255:The spread of Islam in Sub-Saharan in Africa
6826:
6710:, the most widely read female writer in the
6358:(Mdaourouch), in what later became Algeria.
4977:
1725:conquered Algeria in the early 8th century.
1322:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1206:. The country's full name is officially the
818:
115:
98:
35:
19829:
17590:Disputed between South Sudan and the Sudan.
15694:
14601:La Langue Française Dans le Monde 2019–2022
13275:
13273:
13271:
12440:"Algeria: The Enduring Failure of Politics"
11564:. Cambridge University Press. p. 220.
11559:
11374:
10859:
10803:
10447:
9953:
9425:
9423:
9408:Islam, 01 AH-250 AH: A Chronology of Events
9398:Kenneth J. Perkins Rowman & Littlefield
9170:"Sketches of Algeria During the Kabyle War"
8681:
8504:
7865:
7863:
7861:
7859:
7768:. Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 201.
7566:Laaredj-Campbell, Anne (10 December 2015).
7526:
7524:
7522:
7520:
7443:
7426:. Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 201.
6640:while staying in Algeria, and many others.
6474:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
6338:while staying in Algeria. The works of the
3923:
3706:won 100, and the Muslim Brotherhood-linked
3004:(FIS), a broad coalition of Muslim groups.
1411:styles (43,000 BC) similar to those in the
955:between the eighth and 15th centuries, the
20346:States and territories established in 1962
20028:
20014:
19842:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
19351:
19337:
18941:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
18700:
18686:
18307:
18277:
18263:
17933:
17919:
17627:
17613:
17237:
17223:
16666:
16652:
16110:
16096:
15221:Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition
14687:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
14562:Office national des statistiques d'Algérie
14039:"Diversité et interculturalité en Algérie"
13897:U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants
12642:Article 42 of the Algerian constitution –
12578:
12523:
11966:. African Economic Outlook. Archived from
11578:
11447:, ed. Yusuf Ritter, Tikhanov Library, 2023
11233:. Cambridge University Press. p. 42.
10876:
10608:Povoledo, Elisabetta (26 September 2003).
8965:. Cambridge University Press. p. 91.
8691:Sahnouni; et al. (14 December 2018).
8402:Constitutions of Nations: Volume I, Africa
8341:
8302:
8182:(in French). 22 April 2020. Archived from
7757:
7755:
7753:
7500:. Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 82.
7489:
7487:
7485:
7483:
6252:Modern Algerian literature, split between
6191:Even if some of them offer instruction in
6077:a number of prominent thinkers, including
3694:Parliamentary elections were last held in
3575:
3388:The varied vegetation of Algeria includes
3331:Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region
2371:. When Aruj was killed in 1518 during his
2224:tribes had become completely arid desert.
1700:and the interior of Ifriqiya in the east.
1111:is one of the largest in Africa, with the
158:Location of Algeria (dark green)
151:
18660:Union of Arab National Olympic Committees
17568:Entirely claimed by both Morocco and the
16020:web resources provided by GovPubs at the
15934:Algeria, 1830–2000 – A Short History
15555:
14657:
14639:
14100:
14044:. UNESCO. 2009. p. 9. Archived from
13806:
13622:
13003:
12778:
12354:
12336:
12169:
11898:
11784:. Indiana University Press. p. 160.
11353:
11321:. Indiana University Press. p. 103.
11114:. Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 92–93.
10804:Association, American Historical (1918).
10488:
10486:
10414:
10412:
10410:
10408:
10304:
10291:García, Luis Arciniega (1 January 1999).
10196:Histoire générale de la Tunisie, Volume 2
10140:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 103–104
10047:
9822:The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3
9753:The Puffin History of the World: Volume 1
9719:
9621:Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (2004).
9168:Walmsley, Hugh Mulleneux (1 April 1858).
9094:
9061:
9059:
8890:
8880:
8724:
8640:. University of Texas Press. p. 34.
8223:LLC, Forbidden Fruits (30 January 2013).
7382:
7380:
7378:
7050:Algerian constitutional amendment of 2016
6538:Learn how and when to remove this message
5127:, a Phoenician and later Roman town; and
2302:, and in 1509 after a bloody siege, they
2127:for their disruption and turbulency. The
1886:. In Al-Tāghrībāt the Amazigh Zirid Hero
1870:began to collapse when its governors the
17593:Part of Chad, formerly claimed by Libya.
17578:Portuguese archipelago claimed by Spain.
16022:University of Colorado Boulder Libraries
15850:A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962
15588:10.5949/liverpool/9781786940216.003.0011
14822:
14489:L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde
14476:
14168:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 87.
14068:. Indiana University Press. p. 22.
13553:"Country Analysis Briefs – Algeria"
13268:
13004:Izouaouen, Noreddine (4 December 2017).
12112:
11958:
11956:
11954:
11952:
11950:
11948:
11825:
11823:
11821:
11819:
11817:
11815:
11813:
11226:
11074:
11052:A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962
10909:
10899:(in French). Imprimerie nationale. 1894.
10607:
10548:
10265:
10093:
10028:Populations Crises and Population Cycles
9870:
9647:
9420:
9167:
8690:
8452:
8058:"Africa: largest countries by area 2020"
7856:
7644:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 87.
7517:
6926:
6865:
6787:
6702:
6384:
6300:group in 1993 for his secularist views.
6232:
6156:
6007:
5899:
5757:
5265:, although some 1.5 million remain
5172:
5093:
4987:
4909:
3803:The military of Algeria consists of the
3787:
3770:have been an obstacle to tightening the
3723:
3663:
3585:
3371:
3294:
3284:
3275:
3170:
3150:
3029:claimed responsibility for many of them.
3017:
2931:
2867:and their dependents were killed by the
2774:
2732:
2680:
2615:
2519:
2508:
2422:
2350:In 1516, the Turkish privateer brothers
2339:
2265:
2168:
2052:
1786:
1771:
1618:
1587:
1525:
1483:From their principal center of power at
1463:
1387:
1266:, which in turn derives from the Arabic
1262:Algeria's name derives from the city of
1146:
15979:People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
15728:
15345:
15343:
15071:
14795:Migration and development co-operation.
14640:Maraf, Baya; Osam, Ulker Vanci (2023).
14573:
13833:. Library of Congress Country Studies.
13500:
13281:"Algeria: 2011 Article IV Consultation"
12972:
12785:Hackett, James, ed. (5 February 2008).
12606:
12437:
12259:"National Animals of African Countries"
12073:
12071:
11929:. CNN. 24 February 2011. Archived from
11752:
11517:. New York: NYRB Classics. p. 32.
11456:
11186:
11146:
11081:The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies
10937:Morocco in the Reign of Mawlay Sulayman
10877:algérienne, Société historique (1873).
10839:. Imray, Laurie, Norie and Wilson Ltd.
10462:
10394:
10339:
9983:The Maghreb Review: Majallat Al-Maghrib
9916:Edward Alexander Powell Century Company
9686:
9503:"Qantara – Les Almoravides (1056–1147)"
9001:Western Civilization: Volume A: To 1500
8776:Sahnouni, Mohamed; de Heinzelin, Jean.
8486:. , Department of the Army. p. 23.
8479:
8425:
8367:
8296:
7750:
7480:
7357:"What Languages Are Spoken In Algeria?"
7297:
7271:
7227:الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية
5077:d'Aide à l'Insertion Professionnelle).
5063:Research and alternative energy sources
3883:issued a report regarding violation of
3881:Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor
3614:put loyalists in key posts, notably at
2779:The six historical Leaders of the FLN:
2443:in North Africa and other parts of the
2397:The next beylerbey was Hayreddin's son
2247:Following their decisive defeat in the
1212:الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية
1208:People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
1014:. It has a semi-arid climate, with the
838:People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
37:الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية
32:People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
20268:
15153:
15089:from the original on 12 September 2021
14975:
14757:from the original on 16 December 2013.
14457:
14422:Language Planning and Policy in Africa
14368:. State University of New York Press.
14361:
14300:Migration and Development Co-Operation
14261:from the original on 6 September 2015.
14161:
13732:from the original on 19 September 2011
13444:
11487:
11477:from the original on 6 September 2015.
11389:The figurative demographics of Algeria
11380:
11107:
10955:
10524:
10483:
10405:
10290:
10150:Crowther, Geoff; Finlay, Hugh (1992).
10008:from the original on 23 September 2019
9871:Meredith, Martin (11 September 2014).
9840:
9417:Abu Tariq Hijazi Message Publications,
9194:
9056:
8667:. Yale University Press. p. 127.
8660:
8540:
8513:
8453:Merouche, Lemnouar (15 October 2007).
8374:. , Department of the Army. p. 3.
8305:History of Ibn Khaldun – Volume 6
8284:
8251:
7790:
7788:
7637:
7456:
7375:
7079:Arabic dialects and minority languages
3435:, although it is not uncommon to spot
3214:Algeria lies mostly between latitudes
2358:, who operated successfully under the
999:in 1962. The country descended into a
951:population. Following a succession of
20009:
19332:
19090:Specialised agencies and institutions
18681:
18258:
17914:
17608:
17581:Disputed between Egypt and the Sudan.
17218:
16647:
16634:
16091:
16083:EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Algeria
16074:Key Development Forecasts for Algeria
15463:from the original on 19 December 2023
15059:from the original on 6 September 2015
14927:from the original on 19 November 2020
14885:"Data Analysis Tool – Arab Barometer"
14680:
14317:from the original on 6 September 2015
14265:
14121:from the original on 20 October 2017.
14082:from the original on 6 September 2015
13989:from the original on 20 February 2013
13933:from the original on 12 December 2013
13870:from the original on 13 December 2013
13777:Arredi, Barbara; Poloni, Estella S.;
13458:from the original on 24 December 2013
13174:. Human Rights Watch. 29 April 2020.
13152:from the original on 19 November 2020
13096:from the original on 11 November 2016
12907:from the original on 12 February 2015
12851:from the original on 13 November 2013
12125:from the original on 6 September 2015
12026:from the original on 17 December 2021
11945:
11847:
11810:
11721:
11335:from the original on 6 September 2015
11001:from the original on 6 September 2015
10583:"British Slaves on the Barbary Coast"
10557:"British Slaves on the Barbary Coast"
10253:La dynastie marocaine des Beni Wattâs
10246:
10136:Jamil M. Abun-Nasr (20 August 1987).
10038:, Claire Russell and W. M. S. Russell
9593:
9285:
9132:The Middle East and North Africa 2003
8757:from the original on 22 November 2021
8621:
8594:
8568:Carpenter, Allan; Balow, Tom (1978).
8350:
8272:from the original on 16 December 2018
8112:Proclamación de la República argelina
8008:from the original on 17 November 2017
7954:
7942:from the original on 18 November 2018
7398:from the original on 22 December 2022
7205:
6342:family in pre-colonial times, and of
6035:in the M'zab Valley in the region of
5762:Some of Algeria's traditional clothes
5042:The Algerian national oil company is
4914:GDP per capita development in Algeria
3976:, which is usually the largest city.
3633:was planned to be in April 2019, but
3037:dominated the first of two rounds of
2613:, which they then abandoned in 1795.
2467:. Barbary pirates often attacked the
2312:semi-successful siege against Algiers
1251:Tagduda tazzayrit tamagdayt taɣerfant
1241:ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴻⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ
1091:in continental Africa and one of the
18839:Permanent Representatives' Committee
18594:Arab League–European Union relations
18065:Turkish occupation of northern Syria
17587:located between Egypt and the Sudan.
17575:Spanish exclaves claimed by Morocco.
16117:
15340:
15246:from the original on 22 October 2023
15217:
15173:from the original on 4 February 2013
15166:. Office National des Statistiques.
15141:from the original on 21 October 2012
15042:International Vital Records Handbook
14988:from the original on 3 November 2022
14792:De Azevedo, Raimondo Cagiano (1994)
14735:
14439:from the original on 31 January 2023
14297:De Azevedo; Raimond Cagiano (1994).
13963:from the original on 6 December 2012
13893:"World Refugee Survey 2009: Algeria"
13758:from the original on 5 December 2013
13744:
13488:from the original on 29 January 2022
13383:from the original on 29 January 2022
13353:from the original on 29 January 2022
13323:from the original on 29 January 2022
12985:from the original on 2 February 2017
12954:from the original on 27 January 2013
12766:from the original on 5 November 2021
12708:from the original on 4 November 2016
12566:from the original on 17 January 2020
12419:from the original on 8 November 2019
12113:Benzerga, Mohamed (24 August 2015).
12068:
11907:from the original on 2 February 2014
11901:"Freedom in the World 2013: Algeria"
11753:Windrow, Martin (15 November 1997).
11595:from the original on 3 February 2023
11543:". Harvard University Press. p.323.
11425:from the original on 21 January 2021
11391:]. G. Masson. pp. 260–261.
10832:
10589:from the original on 8 February 2009
10426:from the original on 14 October 2012
10377:
10262:(1420–1544) Auguste Cour P. Geuthner
9844:Africans: The History of a Continent
9725:
9687:Nanjira, Daniel Don (1 April 2010).
9457:from the original on 1 November 2013
9286:Field, Henry Martyn (1 April 1893).
9195:Wysner, Glora M. (30 January 2013).
8634:Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (1 May 2011).
8329:from the original on 16 January 2013
8068:from the original on 9 February 2022
8038:from the original on 16 January 2024
7969:United Nations Development Programme
7054:Algerian Academy of Amazigh Language
7035:
6472:adding citations to reliable sources
6439:
5003:10th-largest reserves of natural gas
3819:. It is the direct successor of the
3764:Tensions between Algeria and Morocco
3713:
3661:who is also the head of government.
3470:are the sole native monkey. Snakes,
3049:between the Front's armed wing, the
3025:of over 50 people in 1997–1998. The
2220:noted that the lands ravaged by the
2212:of the Maghreb and in the spread of
1186:
1139:, of which it is a founding member.
20341:Member states of the United Nations
19360:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
19248:Single African Air Transport Market
19243:African Continental Free Trade Area
14891:from the original on 21 August 2023
14458:Dargin, Justin (19 November 2008).
13953:"Chinese Migrants in Algiers Clash"
13419:
13116:"2010 Human Rights Report: Algeria"
12973:Monitor, Euro-Med (December 2016).
12841:"Algeria buying military equipment"
12505:from the original on 4 January 2013
12475:from the original on 3 January 2013
12438:Ottaway, Marina (13 October 2021).
11615:"French 'Reparation' for Algerians"
10810:. U.S. Government Printing Office.
10661:Paul Auchterlonie (24 March 2012).
9624:Islam: Art and Architecture: Pg 614
9447:"Fatimid Dynasty (Islamic dynasty)"
8962:Army and Society in Ptolemaic Egypt
8595:Ruedy, John (John Douglas) (1992).
8290:al-Idrisi, Muhammad (12th century)
8222:
7785:
7226:
7189:
6770:and the last novel by Assia Djebar
6742:recent works, there is the writer,
6432:have been notable in recent years.
4968:African Continental Free Trade Area
3799:, designed and assembled in Algeria
3341:geographies, including part of the
3254:
3008:Civil War (1991–2002) and aftermath
2859:began after the publication of the
2329:
2294:After several conflicts with local
1830:. It was during this time that the
1476:on the street leading to the local
1323:
1286:
1274:
1228:
1211:
1166:
116:
99:
36:
13:
20321:Member states of the African Union
17596:Disputed between Morocco and Spain
15652:from the original on 12 April 2021
15519:from the original on 28 March 2012
15409:. European Audiovisual Observatory
15195:. Webometrics.info. Archived from
15020:from the original on 19 March 2009
14953:. 31 December 2019. Archived from
14719:. Associated Press. 2 April 2024.
14693:from the original on 18 April 2024
14546:"Le dénombrement des francophones"
14382:from the original on 26 March 2023
14343:from the original on 21 April 2021
14276:. New York: Garland. p. 398.
14274:Europe since 1945: an encyclopedia
13723:
13679:from the original on 14 April 2022
13649:from the original on 14 April 2022
13586:from the original on 8 August 2017
13533:Benchicou, Mohamed (27 May 2013).
13293:from the original on 11 March 2014
13126:from the original on 20 March 2020
13066:from the original on 21 April 2017
13040:from the original on 15 March 2018
12624:from the original on 23 March 2013
12465:"Still waiting for real democracy"
12256:
12046:"Earth from Space: Algerian sands"
11798:from the original on 16 April 2017
11703:from the original on 28 March 2024
11664:from the original on 26 March 2023
11625:from the original on 20 April 2010
11247:from the original on 28 March 2024
11128:from the original on 28 March 2024
10667:. Arabian Publishing. p. 21.
10644:Ohio State Research Communications
10563:from the original on 25 April 2011
10350:from the original on 28 March 2024
9734:from the original on 15 March 2023
9707:from the original on 15 March 2023
9575:from the original on 28 March 2024
9542:from the original on 28 March 2024
9294:from the original on 15 March 2023
9253:from the original on 15 March 2023
9215:from the original on 15 March 2023
9176:from the original on 15 March 2023
9149:from the original on 15 March 2023
9044:from the original on 22 April 2023
9018:from the original on 28 March 2024
8979:from the original on 28 March 2024
8940:from the original on 28 March 2024
8233:from the original on 28 March 2024
8151:"Ministère de l'Énergie | Algérie"
8130:
8088:"Defense Budget by Country (2024)"
7978:from the original on 13 March 2024
7962:"Human Development Report 2023/24"
7936:"GINI index (World Bank estimate)"
7761:
7586:from the original on 26 March 2023
7493:
7419:
7305:"Constitution of Algeria; Art. 11"
7279:"Constitution of Algeria, Art. 11"
7123:
5314:Largest cities or towns in Algeria
5292:migrant workers lived in Algeria.
4033:
3361:
2300:invaded and captured Mers el Kébir
1676:(modern-day Algeria) known as the
1660:who had been busy facilitating an
1426:(after the archaeological site of
652:$ 266.78 billion (2024 est.) (
600:$ 768.52 billion, 2024 est.) (
106:"By the people and for the people"
14:
20372:
20037:Nations in the Group of 15 (G-15)
19786:Economic Cooperation Organization
18707:
17635:Countries and territories of the
15972:
15712:from the original on 2 April 2024
15682:from the original on 2 April 2024
15672:"List Of Sports clubs in Algeria"
15622:from the original on 2 April 2024
15493:from the original on 2 April 2024
15433:from the original on 3 April 2023
15302:from the original on 20 June 2017
15272:. 28 October 2013. Archived from
14862:from the original on 10 June 2020
14856:United States Department of State
14723:from the original on 2 April 2024
14483:Leclerc, Jacques (5 April 2009).
14303:. Council of Europe. p. 25.
14162:Naylor, Phillip C. (7 May 2015).
13837:from the original on 13 June 2011
13537:. Tsa-algerie.com. Archived from
13178:from the original on 23 July 2020
12877:from the original on 2 March 2013
12809:from the original on 25 July 2013
12682:from the original on 2 March 2021
12536:from the original on 2 April 2019
12524:Michaelson, Ruth (3 April 2019).
12389:from the original on 12 July 2021
12204:from the original on 10 June 2020
12056:from the original on 27 June 2023
11996:from the original on 7 April 2019
11856:from the original on 25 July 2013
11284:Lahmeyer, Jan (11 October 2003).
11195:. Yale University Press. p.
11031:from the original on 19 June 2017
10620:from the original on 22 July 2016
10555:Robert Davis (17 February 2011).
9668:from the original on 30 July 2023
9505:. Qantara-med.org. Archived from
9479:. Qantara-med.org. Archived from
9004:. Cengage Learning. p. 156.
8959:Christelle Fischer-Bovet (2014).
8816:from the original on 12 July 2012
8810:"Research at Ain Hanech, Algeria"
8514:Naylor, Phillip Chiviges (2006).
7638:Naylor, Phillip C. (7 May 2015).
7457:Seddon, David (11 January 2013).
7025:Index of Algeria-related articles
6913:, recognized as a national dish.
5035:international reserves position.
5011:Energy Information Administration
5001:export earnings. Algeria has the
3708:Movement of the Society for Peace
3631:most recent presidential election
3593:, President of Algeria since 2019
3083:Bouteflika was re-elected in the
1729:dynasties emerged, including the
975:in 1848, though it was not fully
953:Islamic Arab and Berber dynasties
911:Inhabited by early man since the
20326:Member states of the Arab League
19313:
19312:
19163:African Union–Ethiopia relations
18844:Specialized Technical Committees
18381:
18306:
18297:
18296:
18090:
17361:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
17354:
17328:
17315:
17302:
17289:
17276:
17263:
17196:
17185:
17184:
16992:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
16969:
16750:Democratic Republic of the Congo
16063:
15505:
15445:
15392:
15388:from the original on 7 May 2017.
15369:
15314:
15288:
15258:
15211:
15185:
15127:
15101:
15032:
15000:
14969:
14939:
14903:
14816:
14786:
14761:
14592:
14538:
14511:
14451:
14412:
14394:
14362:Wexler, Paul (1 February 2012).
14290:
14244:
14214:
14185:
14165:Historical Dictionary of Algeria
14155:
14125:
14094:
14055:
14031:
14019:from the original on 17 May 2021
14001:
13975:
13945:
13915:
13823:
13717:
13691:
13661:
13631:
13598:
13545:
13526:
13470:
13413:
13395:
13365:
13335:
13305:
13254:
13240:
13214:
13210:from the original on 4 May 2017.
13190:
13164:
13138:
13108:
13078:
13052:
13020:
12997:
12966:
12936:
12919:
12889:
12863:
12821:
12746:
12720:
12694:
12664:
12636:
12548:
12517:
12487:
12457:
12431:
12401:
12383:Lebanese Forces Official Website
12371:
12277:
12250:
12232:
12216:
12198:Climate Change Performance Index
12186:
12137:
12083:"Algeria : a country study"
12077:
12038:
12008:
11982:
11919:
11892:
11868:
11771:
11746:
11715:
11676:
11607:
11553:
11531:
11506:
11481:
11450:
11407:
11395:from the original on 13 May 2013
11347:
11308:
11292:. populstat.info. Archived from
11277:
11259:
11220:
11180:
11140:
11101:
11068:
11043:
11013:
10984:
10949:
10930:
10910:Schreier, Joshua (16 May 2017).
10903:
10887:
10870:
10853:
10826:
10814:from the original on 18 May 2024
10797:
10774:
10750:
10727:
10704:
10681:
10632:
10601:
10575:
10456:
10388:
10378:Vera, León Galindo y de (1884).
10371:
10362:
10333:
10284:
10189:
10170:
10143:
10130:
10087:
10068:
10041:
10020:
9990:
9974:
9947:
9928:
9919:
9900:
9891:
9648:Ilahiane, Hsain (17 July 2006).
9389:Historical Dictionary of Tunisia
8517:Historical dictionary of Algeria
8303:Abderahman, Abderrahman (1377).
8226:iAfrica – Ancient History UNTOLD
7641:Historical Dictionary of Algeria
7136:
7009:
6578:
6564:
6444:
6310:are noted for their thoughts on
5747:
5426:
5416:
5373:
5363:
5299:of up to the second generation.
5071:
3563:Forest Landscape Integrity Index
3355:Climate Change Performance Index
3085:April 2004 presidential election
2752:immigrants, who became known as
983:until 1903. French rule brought
710:
709:
667:
666:
648:
647:
615:
614:
596:
595:
131:
78:
64:
19996:As the "Turkish Cypriot State".
18284:
17940:
17763:States with limited recognition
15735:Ageron, Charles-Robert (1991).
15111:. Presse-dz.com. Archived from
15085:(in French). 8 September 2021.
11415:"Le rêve arabe de Napoléon III"
10833:Hutt, Graham (1 January 2019).
10448:Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011).
10234:Recueil des Notices et Memoires
10215:Recueil des Notices et Memoires
10100:. Georgetown University Press.
9834:
9815:
9806:
9787:
9768:
9746:
9641:
9614:
9594:Baadj, Amar S. (19 June 2015).
9587:
9571:] (in French). pp. X.
9554:
9538:] (in French). p. XV.
9521:
9495:
9469:
9439:
9401:
9382:
9363:
9344:
9325:
9306:
9279:
9265:
9227:
9188:
9123:
9088:
9030:
8907:
8855:
8802:
8769:
8654:
8627:
8588:
8561:
8534:
8473:
8446:
8419:
8392:
8361:
8311:
8252:Bazina, Abdullah Salem (2010).
8245:
8216:
8198:
8143:
8124:
8105:
8080:
8050:
8020:
7990:
7928:
7892:
7845:
7834:
7823:
7661:
7631:
7601:
7413:
7216:
7129:
7108:
6966:Algerian national football team
6209:University of Abou Bekr Belkaïd
6153:List of universities in Algeria
5862:population who became known as
5854:in the southern desert and the
5816:was spoken at the same time by
5240:
3864:
2661:French colonization (1830–1962)
2390:and a contingent of some 2,000
20351:1962 establishments in Algeria
19766:Moro National Liberation Front
15423:"Culture, Traditions, Cuisine"
14251:Marion Mill Preminger (1961).
13726:"UNESCO World Heritage Centre"
12495:"The president and the police"
11757:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 13.
10156:. Lonely Planet Publications.
9847:. Cambridge University Press.
9351:The History of Northern Africa
8998:Jackson J. Spielvogel (2014).
8541:Julien, Charles André (1970).
7532:"Algeria - History Background"
7349:
7323:
7096:
7084:
7059:
7042:
6933:Algeria national football team
6873:, the national dish of Algeria
6836:Chronicle of the Years of Fire
6004:History of the Jews in Algeria
5828:Arab migrations to the Maghreb
3817:Territorial Air Defence Forces
3545:grow in the warmer areas. The
3211:(3,003 metres or 9,852 feet).
2915:History of Algeria (1962–1999)
2861:Declaration of 1 November 1954
2827:before being liberated by the
2057:Territories controlled by the
1703:
1449:between 15,000 and 10,000 BC.
1374:Prehistory and ancient history
1:
20356:1962 establishments in Africa
19295:United States of Latin Africa
18989:Rural Economy and Agriculture
18766:Organisation of African Unity
18589:Arab League monitors in Syria
17245:Countries and territories of
15796:. Princeton University Press.
15642:"Global Sports Industry Data"
15557:10.1080/14660970.2022.2108241
15298:. French Publishers' Agency.
14224:Extremisms in Africa Volume 2
11540:A history of the Arab peoples
11075:Schaller, Dominik J. (2010).
10916:. Stanford University Press.
10420:"Algeria – Ottoman Rule"
10401:. Nouvelles Editions Latines.
10097:Islam, a Concise Introduction
9998:"The Great Mosque of Tlemcen"
9944:Mouloud Gaïd Editions Mimouni
9841:Iliffe, John (13 July 2017).
9728:"An Atlas of African History"
9072:The Cambridge Ancient History
8661:Coller, Ian (20 March 2020).
8229:. Forbidden Fruit Books LLC.
7536:education.stateuniversity.com
6993:competed in the Olympic Games
6435:
3754:European Neighbourhood Policy
3301:Köppen climate classification
2903:self-determination referendum
2249:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
1384:North Africa during Antiquity
1054:forming a sizeable minority.
563:19/km (49.2/sq mi) (
19152:United States military bases
19148:United States Africa Command
16636:Articles relating to Algeria
15997:Portal of the First Ministry
15987:Portal of the First Ministry
15489:. 10 June 2005. p. 17.
15353:. Khadda.com. Archived from
14805:. Council of Europe. p. 25.
14227:. Jonathan Ball Publishers.
14062:Ruedy, John Douglas (2005).
13582:. Global Footprint Network.
12171:10.1016/j.egypro.2013.07.145
11992:. Al Jazeera. 6 April 2019.
11315:Ruedy, John Douglas (2005).
10614:International Herald Tribune
9726:Fage, J. D. (1 April 1958).
8882:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002397
7497:FT World Desk Reference 2005
7264:
6997:Ministry of Youth and Sports
6772:nowhere in my father's House
6264:of the 20th century include
6142:
5893:are the official languages.
5875:
5846:region east of Algiers, the
5318:According to the 2008 Census
5162:
5023: cu ft) of proven
4964:Greater Arab Free Trade Area
3720:Foreign relations of Algeria
3704:National Rally for Democracy
3529:) and some deciduous trees.
3167:compose the Algerian relief.
3140:
3094:referendum in September 2005
2646:fleet, under the command of
2492:raiding and capturing slaves
1816:Sidi Boumediene (Abu Madyan)
1565:, which extended across the
1257:
1194:
1103:in the world, respectively.
1008:tenth-largest nation by area
7:
18979:HR, Sciences and Technology
18630:Economic and Social Council
16012:Central Intelligence Agency
15982:Official government website
15398:Ali, Sahar (25 March 2014)
14976:Bheria (17 February 2022).
13831:"Algeria – Population"
13403:"Doing Business in Algeria"
13012:(in French). Archived from
11689:. Peter Lang. p. 179.
11683:Abdelkader Aoudjit (2010).
11488:Fisher, Michael H. (2014).
11354:Sowerwine, Charles (2018).
10997:. E. Littell. p. 231.
10306:10.5944/etfvii.12.1999.2343
7910:Central Intelligence Agency
7879:International Monetary Fund
7806:Central Intelligence Agency
7733:Central Intelligence Agency
7330:Kestler-D'Amours, Jillian.
7237:
7200:
7104:English language in Algeria
7065:The official languages are
7002:
6087:Mouloud Kacem Naît Belkacem
5983:
5931:. Kabyle has a significant
5736:Bordj Bou Arréridj Province
5272:Between 90,000 and 165,000
5209:in the extreme east to the
5119:, the first capital of the
4958:Algeria has not joined the
3942:Algeria is divided into 58
3777:
3748:Algeria is included in the
3675:The Algerian parliament is
3443:. Algeria also has a small
3273:are Algeria's main cities.
3105:2009 presidential elections
2952:portions of western Algeria
2158:region, arriving 1051. The
2123:nomad tribes expelled from
1692:in the west to the western
1280:
1268:
1219:
1177:
1093:largest economies in Africa
1024:tenth-most populous country
937:Arab Muslim migration waves
51:
10:
20377:
19233:African Economic Community
19038:Peace and Security Council
18745:African and Malagasy Union
17346:Partially recognized state
16350:People's National Assembly
16167:Nationalism and resistance
16069:Wikimedia Atlas of Algeria
15875:Laouisset, Djamel (2009).
15779:Cambridge University Press
15773:Bennoune, Mahfoud (1988).
14823:F. Nyrop, Richard (1972).
14521:. Senat.fr. Archived from
12845:United Press International
12338:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3
11831:"Country Profile: Algeria"
11644:Kevin Shillington (2013).
11490:Migration: A World History
11463:. Hodder & Stoughton.
11360:. Bloomsbury. p. 37.
11227:Bennoune, Mahfoud (2002).
11021:"Background Note: Algeria"
9236:The Encyclopedia Americana
8351:Nyrop, Richard F. (1972).
7092:French language in Algeria
6920:
6859:
6855:
6781:
6549:
6373:
6288:, later vice-president of
6226:
6222:
6146:
6104:
5993:
5987:
5968:. It can be regarded as a
5966:Algeria's colonial history
5879:
5850:of Northeast Algeria, the
5751:
5415:
5362:
5305:
5250:
5244:
5166:
5087:
5083:
5007:sixth-largest gas exporter
4984:Mining industry of Algeria
4981:
4918:Algeria's currency is the
4903:
4899:
4032:
3927:
3868:
3781:
3717:
3681:People's National Assembly
3670:People's National Assembly
3579:
3365:
3345:, already strong heat and
3288:
3238:landscape ending with the
3144:
3092:, which was approved in a
3011:
2912:
2674:
2664:
2333:
2073:and included territory in
1931:coast of Africa, Tihamah,
1707:
1377:
1366:
1362:
1240:
1063:semi-presidential republic
1044:Algerian dialect of Arabic
1028:32nd-most populous country
896:; and to the north by the
619:$ 16,483 (2024 est.) (
443:People's National Assembly
335:semi-presidential republic
18:
20129:
20043:
19992:
19939:
19867:
19822:
19774:
19754:
19714:
19707:
19691:
19393:
19384:
19367:
19308:
19277:
19256:
19208:
19171:
19158:United States ambassadors
19118:
19109:
19089:
19036:
19010:
18974:Social Affairs and Health
18969:Infrastructure and Energy
18949:
18931:
18903:
18870:
18852:
18829:
18820:
18787:
18715:
18650:
18607:
18576:
18556:
18520:
18397:
18390:
18379:
18320:
18292:
18204:
18164:
18099:
18088:
17948:
17830:
17784:
17761:
17643:
17565:
17548:
17526:
17499:
17467:
17444:
17396:
17378:
17369:
17344:
17253:
17180:
17160:
17129:
17108:
17087:
17066:
17055:
17039:
17023:
17010:
16978:
16967:
16685:
16675:Countries and territories
16641:
16592:
16518:
16470:
16461:
16391:
16382:
16298:
16289:
16219:
16210:
16129:
15804:The Wretched of the Earth
15792:Christelow, Allan (1985)
15612:"Recreations and Leisure"
15266:"Global Innovation Index"
15039:Kemp, Thomas Jay (2009).
14825:Area Handbook for Morocco
14659:10.1017/S026607842200013X
14574:Edwards, Natalie (2013).
14337:"Constitution of Algeria"
14272:Cook, Bernard A. (2001).
14101:De Epalza, Mikel (2011).
13510:. Cia.gov. Archived from
13228:(in French). 24 July 2024
12927:"2024 Global Peace Index"
12788:The Military Balance 2008
12618:Freedom in the World 2013
11650:. Routledge. p. 60.
10991:Littell, Eliakim (1836).
10340:MARIANA, Juan de (1849).
9742:– via Google Books.
9715:– via Google Books.
9676:– via Google Books.
9610:– via Google Books.
9302:– via Google Books.
9261:– via Google Books.
9239:. Grolier. 1 April 1990.
9223:– via Google Books.
9184:– via Google Books.
9157:– via Google Books.
9109:10.1017/S0263718900007810
8841:. Routledge. p. 32.
8812:. Stoneageinstitute.org.
8432:. Peter Lang. p. 2.
8354:Area Handbook for Algeria
8028:"Algeria – Colonial rule"
7463:. Routledge. p. 39.
7073:. Algerian Arabic is the
6991:. Algerian athletes have
6946:variant). Playing cards,
6916:
6827:
6777:
6648:Nobel Prize in literature
6100:
5253:List of cities in Algeria
4978:Oil and natural resources
4948:foreign currency reserves
3938:Municipalities of Algeria
3625:The head of state is the
3327:Climate change in Algeria
3027:Armed Islamic Group (GIA)
2985:Boumédienne's successor,
2869:National Liberation Front
2853:Sétif and Guelma massacre
2184:where they encircled the
1596:(The empire in 555 under
1539:Revolt of the Mercenaries
1154:Civitates Orbis Terrarium
989:Sétif and Guelma massacre
819:
804:
792:
780:
770:
762:
744:
729:
699:
679:
671:$ 5,722 (2024 est.) (
660:
641:
627:
608:
589:
571:
557:
543:
536:
522:
515:
511:
498:
485:
472:
459:
455:
448:
433:
418:
408:
404:
389:
374:
359:
344:
340:
327:
315:
287:
253:
239:
229:
208:
164:
150:
110:
94:
60:
30:
19837:Abuja Declaration (1989)
19731:Central African Republic
18933:African Court of Justice
18730:Decolonisation of Africa
16735:Central African Republic
15938:Cornell University Press
15932:Stora, Benjamin (2001).
15919:Indiana University Press
15802:(1966; 2005 paperback).
15453:"The Cuisine of Algeria"
15218:WIPO (30 October 2023).
14747:Global Religious Futures
14425:. Multilingual Matters.
13624:10.3390/resources7030058
11755:The Algerian War 1954–62
11728:. Viking Press. p.
11722:Horne, Alistair (1978).
11513:Horne, Alistair (2006).
11050:Horne, Alistair (2006).
11025:U.S. Department of State
10883:(in French). La Société.
10756:Etravel Travel service.
10452:. ABC-CLIO. p. 847.
10395:Rézette, Robert (1976).
9794:Vers la paix en Algérie:
9273:"The art journal London"
9068:"Vandal Africa, 429–533"
8483:Algeria, a Country Study
8371:Algeria, a Country Study
8258:(in Arabic). Al Manhal.
8117:28 February 2021 at the
7819:(Archived 2021 edition.)
7746:(Archived 2013 edition.)
7126:for further information.
7071:Standard Algerian Berber
6556:List of Algerian writers
6396:Algerian painters, like
6369:
5906:University of Tizi Ouzou
5754:Ethnic groups in Algeria
5005:in the world and is the
4992:Pipelines across Algeria
3924:Administrative divisions
3821:National Liberation Army
3698:. In the elections, the
3572:, and numerous insects.
2447:. In 1544, for example,
1380:Prehistoric North Africa
1012:largest nation in Africa
985:mass European settlement
100:بِالشَّعْبِ و لِلشَّعْبِ
21:Algeria (disambiguation)
20281:North African countries
19300:East African Federation
19290:United States of Africa
19028:African Investment Bank
16152:Medieval Muslim Algeria
15838:Encyclopædia Britannica
15513:"Sports and recreation"
15427:Encyclopedia Britannica
15405:3 February 2016 at the
14351:– via Wikisource.
14193:"Algeria Ethnic Groups"
11457:Randell, Keith (1986).
11443:Alexis de Tocqueville,
11085:Oxford University Press
10786:6 February 2015 at the
10769:visitwestmanislands.com
10763:6 February 2015 at the
10739:6 February 2015 at the
10734:"Turkish invasion walk"
10716:6 February 2015 at the
10693:6 February 2015 at the
10541:Encyclopædia Britannica
10531:"Barbary Pirates"
10463:Houtsma, M. Th (1993).
10094:Robinson, Neal (1999).
9451:Encyclopædia Britannica
8717:10.1126/science.aau0008
7669:"Algeria Ethnic Groups"
7207:[al.d͡ʒazaːʔir]
6839:(1975), two Oscars for
6793:Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina
6217:Global Innovation Index
5686:Sidi Bel Abbès Province
5247:Demographics of Algeria
5117:Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad
3871:Human rights in Algeria
3833:second-largest military
3679:; the lower house, the
3576:Government and politics
3035:Islamic Salvation Front
3002:Islamic Salvation Front
2958:in 1963. Ben Bella was
2919:The number of European
2701:proportions. Historian
2685:Battle of Somah in 1836
2451:captured the island of
2084:only controlled modern
2034:empires as well as the
2026:dynasties. Both of the
1710:Medieval Muslim Algeria
1585:in the 2nd century BC.
1441:(located mainly in the
1335:". Acting as a central
1250:
1142:
1089:Human Development Index
997:gained its independence
209:Official languages
16:Country in North Africa
19726:Bosnia and Herzegovina
19596:Pakistan-OIC relations
19011:Financial institutions
19002:Cross-Cutting Programs
18905:Pan-African Parliament
18060:North Syria Federation
17663:Bosnia and Herzegovina
15894:Roberts, Hugh (2003).
15083:Algérie presse service
13899:. 2009. Archived from
13754:. ons. 17 April 2013.
13452:"OPEC Bulletin 8-9/12"
13120:US Department of State
12944:"Freedom in the World"
12290:10 August 2018 at the
11108:Jalata, Asafa (2016).
10526:Hannay, David McDowall
10501:. Palgrave Macmillan.
9877:. Simon and Schuster.
9290:. C. Scribner's Sons.
8916:"Berbers in Antiquity"
7494:DK (27 January 2005).
7242:
7211:
7081:are spoken regionally.
7067:Modern Standard Arabic
6935:
6874:
6796:
6756:the oath of barbarians
6715:
6393:
6380:
6249:
6237:Algerian musicians in
6201:University of Mentouri
6165:
6073:Algeria has given the
6019:
5917:
5887:Modern Standard Arabic
5763:
5182:
5101:
4993:
4955:hydrocarbon revenues.
4915:
4038:
3809:Algerian National Navy
3805:People's National Army
3800:
3745:
3672:
3594:
3385:
3335:climate change impacts
3304:
3281:
3180:
3168:
3099:In November 2008, the
3059:Air France Flight 8969
3030:
2939:
2841:North African campaign
2804:
2741:
2686:
2624:
2621:Bombardment of Algiers
2528:
2517:
2428:
2386:gave him the title of
2347:
2275:
2177:
2061:
1799:
1784:
1684:. During the reign of
1627:
1609:
1594:Byzantine North Africa
1552:In 146 BC the city of
1534:
1480:
1451:Neolithic civilization
1396:
1357:Ahmed Tewfik El Madani
1281:Jazāʾir Banī Mazghanna
1224:
1203:
1158:
1151:"Algeria" page in the
1113:highest defence budget
1083:in North Africa and a
840:, is a country in the
104:"Biš-šaʿb wa liš-šaʿb"
20316:Member states of OPEC
19051:African Standby Force
19023:African Monetary Fund
18584:Arab Peace Initiative
18364:Joint Defence Council
17795:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
17788:and other territories
16896:São Tomé and Príncipe
16755:Republic of the Congo
16313:Council of the Nation
16078:International Futures
15992:24 March 2024 at the
15254:– via wipo.int.
14800:29 April 2023 at the
14743:"Religion in Algeria"
12644:Algerian Government.
12586:Algerian government.
12317:Nature Communications
12020:The Africa Report.com
11725:A Savage War of Peace
11381:Ricoux, René (1880).
11290:Population Statistics
11271:20 March 2019 at the
11187:Kiernan, Ben (2007).
11160:Yale University Press
10970:10.1353/cul.2005.0008
10942:26 March 2023 at the
10493:Robert Davis (2003).
10239:26 March 2023 at the
10201:26 March 2023 at the
10182:26 March 2023 at the
10080:26 March 2023 at the
9827:26 March 2023 at the
9758:26 March 2023 at the
9561:Khaldūn, Ibn (1852).
9528:Khaldūn, Ibn (1852).
9394:26 March 2023 at the
9375:26 March 2023 at the
9356:26 March 2023 at the
9318:26 March 2023 at the
8426:Hardman, Ben (2009).
8210:Algeria Press Service
8137:Algeria Press Service
7124:Algeria#Ethnic groups
6930:
6869:
6849:The Battle of Algiers
6791:
6744:the swallows of Kabul
6706:
6388:
6290:Amnesty International
6236:
6186:University of Algiers
6160:
6011:
5903:
5761:
5282:Sahrawi refugee camps
5195:Algiers-Lagos Highway
5176:
5115:in Algeria including
5097:
4991:
4913:
4037:
3791:
3727:
3685:Council of the Nation
3667:
3655:High Security Council
3610:, previous president
3589:
3561:. Algeria had a 2018
3375:
3298:
3285:Climate and hydrology
3279:
3174:
3154:
3134:presidential election
3101:Algerian Constitution
3043:High Council of State
3039:legislative elections
3033:In December 1991 the
3021:
2950:. Morocco's claim to
2935:
2927:Oran massacre of 1962
2823:, Algeria came under
2778:
2736:
2727:Alexis de Tocqueville
2684:
2619:
2582:bombarded Algiers in
2523:
2512:
2426:
2343:
2269:
2172:
2056:
1790:
1776:Fatimid Caliphate, a
1775:
1622:
1591:
1529:
1467:
1391:
1246:Berber Latin alphabet
1150:
1046:. Most Algerians are
428:Council of the Nation
19848:OIC Resolution 10/11
19801:Non-Aligned Movement
19678:United Arab Emirates
19018:African Central Bank
18507:United Arab Emirates
18077:United Arab Emirates
15936:. Ithaca, New York:
15913:Ruedy, John (1992).
15729:General bibliography
15648:. 12 February 2020.
15544:Soccer & Society
14957:on 24 September 2020
14408:on 16 February 2011.
13929:. 5 September 2007.
13484:. 13 November 2021.
13409:on 28 December 2012.
12901:Agence France-Presse
12652:on 14 September 2012
12562:. 13 December 2019.
12200:. 28 November 2019.
12022:. 17 December 2019.
11881:23 June 2017 at the
11837:on 13 December 2010.
11560:Baten, Jörg (2016).
10277:6 April 2023 at the
9940:5 April 2023 at the
9912:9 April 2023 at the
9799:5 April 2023 at the
9780:9 April 2023 at the
9509:on 21 September 2013
9413:3 April 2023 at the
9337:5 April 2023 at the
9172:. Chapman and Hall.
9135:. Psychology Press.
8405:. BRILL. p. 3.
7762:DK (1 August 2016).
7420:DK (1 August 2016).
7388:"Algeria – Drainage"
6468:improve this section
6149:Education in Algeria
6083:Abdelhamid Ben Badis
6048:Christian population
6000:Early African Church
5908:in three languages:
5882:Languages of Algeria
5795:Sub-Saharan Africans
5482:Constantine Province
5286:Palestinian refugees
5215:Trans-Sahara Highway
5169:Transport in Algeria
5159:, a mountain range.
5113:World Heritage Sites
5056:ecological footprint
5029:16th in oil reserves
5025:natural gas reserves
3934:Districts of Algeria
3930:Provinces of Algeria
3889:freedom of the press
3730:Abdelaziz Bouteflika
3651:Council of Ministers
3639:Abdelmadjid Tebboune
3627:President of Algeria
3591:Abdelmadjid Tebboune
3191:. To the north, the
3147:Geography of Algeria
3130:Abdelmadjid Tebboune
3070:Abdelaziz Bouteflika
2449:Hayreddin Barbarossa
2356:Hayreddin Barbarossa
2345:Hayreddin Barbarossa
2253:Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan
2186:Qalaa of Banu Hammad
1670:Western Roman Empire
1668:The collapse of the
1602:Western Roman Empire
1495:presence existed at
848:. It is bordered to
545:• 2024 estimate
354:Abdelmadjid Tebboune
20361:Countries in Africa
20248: /
19927:Arab–Islamic (2023)
19376:Hissein Brahim Taha
17585:Unclaimed territory
17152:Plazas de soberanía
17056:African territories
16996:unclear sovereignty
16981:States with limited
16172:War of Independence
15810:. ASIN B0007FW4AW,
15276:on 2 September 2021
15230:10.34667/tind.46596
15115:on 15 November 2012
14751:Pew Research Center
14558:on 12 October 2013.
14138:. Springer Nature.
13420:Dubessy, Frédéric.
13226:La Nouvelle Tribune
13090:The Washington Post
12762:. 2 November 2021.
12734:on 25 November 2001
12329:2020NatCo..11.5978G
12300:. 25 February 2011.
12265:on 25 February 2014
12162:2013EnPro..36.1286S
11621:. 6 December 2007.
10422:. Country Studies.
10321:on 14 November 2022
10299:(in Spanish) (12).
10258:26 May 2023 at the
10220:18 May 2023 at the
10034:27 May 2013 at the
9957:A History of Africa
9654:. Scarecrow Press.
9341:Zakya Daoud Séguier
9288:"The Barbary Coast"
8709:2018Sci...362.1297S
8703:(6420): 1297–1301.
8092:globalfirepower.com
7614:. Springer Nature.
6764:memory of the flesh
6552:Algerian literature
6410:Abdelkhader Houamel
6213:University of Batna
6013:Hassan Pasha Mosque
5990:Religion in Algeria
5702:Mostaganem Province
5190:Cairo-Dakar Highway
5179:Cairo–Dakar Highway
5153:World Heritage Site
3784:Military of Algeria
3766:in relation to the
3635:widespread protests
3582:Politics of Algeria
3368:Wildlife of Algeria
3185:Mediterranean Basin
3051:Armed Islamic Group
2881:concentration camps
2785:Mostefa Ben Boulaïd
2708:conquest of Algeria
2677:French North Africa
2636:Second Barbary Wars
2410:who were led by an
2373:invasion of Tlemcen
1678:Mauro-Roman Kingdom
1598:Justinian the Great
1341:political authority
1026:in Africa, and the
1003:from 1992 to 2002.
943:and the subsequent
941:the seventh century
230:National vernacular
189: /
20286:Maghrebi countries
19269:African Border Day
18984:Trade and Industry
18959:Peace and Security
18951:ECOSOCC Committees
18885:Deputy Chairperson
18184:Metropolitan areas
17486:Wadi Halfa Salient
17436:Vélez de la Gomera
17060:non-African states
16434:Telecommunications
16051:on 9 December 2016
16007:The World Factbook
15957:Ashgate Publishing
15429:. 12 August 1998.
15199:on 8 February 2014
15137:. Algerie-dz.com.
14982:The Muslim Skeptic
14525:on 1 December 2008
14499:on 24 January 2010
14464:The New York Times
14257:. Hawthorn Books.
13779:Paracchini, Silvia
13705:on 1 November 2016
13033:Le Matin d'Algérie
12979:Euro-Mediterranean
12089:on 15 January 2013
12079:Metz, Helen Chapin
11887:The New York Times
11848:Prochaska, David.
11445:Travels in Algeria
10002:MuslimHeritage.com
9201:. Read Books Ltd.
7905:The World Factbook
7801:The World Factbook
7728:The World Factbook
7030:Outline of Algeria
6936:
6875:
6797:
6768:Ahlam Mosteghanemi
6716:
6708:Ahlam Mosteghanemi
6614:Augustine of Hippo
6394:
6316:Augustine of Hippo
6278:Ahlam Mosteghanemi
6250:
6243:Regency of Algiers
6229:Culture of Algeria
6205:University of Oran
6166:
6020:
5978:English in Algeria
5918:
5842:, who live in the
5764:
5731:Bordj Bou Arréridj
5183:
5108:There are several
5102:
5090:Tourism in Algeria
4994:
4916:
4906:Economy of Algeria
4706:Bordj Baji Mokhtar
4166:Bordj Bou Arréridj
4039:
3910:Human Rights Watch
3859:Global Peace Index
3813:Algerian Air Force
3801:
3772:Arab Maghreb Union
3746:
3673:
3657:. He appoints the
3595:
3386:
3305:
3291:Climate of Algeria
3282:
3181:
3169:
3128:In December 2019,
3116:state of emergency
3055:civilian massacres
3031:
3014:Algerian Civil War
2960:overthrown in 1965
2940:
2901:and the July 1962
2805:
2742:
2687:
2625:
2529:
2518:
2429:
2369:Regency of Algiers
2348:
2336:Regency of Algiers
2276:
2257:Kingdom of Tlemcen
2178:
2062:
1892:Ābu Zayd al-Hilalī
1800:
1785:
1635:was the bishop of
1628:
1610:
1535:
1481:
1417:Middle Paleolithic
1397:
1369:History of Algeria
1345:political identity
1304:Muhammad al-Idrisi
1159:
1137:Arab Maghreb Union
957:Regency of Algiers
900:. The capital and
637:2024 estimate
585:2024 estimate
476:Regency of Algiers
393:Assembly President
255:Ethnic groups
20291:Saharan countries
20231:
20230:
20225:
20224:
20003:
20002:
19935:
19934:
19863:
19862:
19818:
19817:
19814:
19813:
19326:
19325:
19204:
19203:
19128:Foreign relations
19105:
19104:
19056:Panel of the Wise
18964:Political Affairs
18834:Executive Council
18777:Secretary General
18755:Sirte Declaration
18675:
18674:
18599:Foreign relations
18572:
18571:
18252:
18251:
17908:
17907:
17637:Mediterranean Sea
17602:
17601:
17561:
17560:
17212:
17211:
17176:
17175:
17051:
17050:
16771:Equatorial Guinea
16628:
16627:
16588:
16587:
16495:List of Algerians
16457:
16456:
16378:
16377:
16360:Political parties
16323:Foreign relations
16285:
16284:
16144:Classical period
16038:Algeria Atlas Map
15946:978-0-8014-3715-1
15927:978-0-253-34998-9
15908:978-1-85984-684-1
15889:978-1-61761-190-2
15879:. New York City:
15870:978-1-59017-218-6
15862:978-0-670-61964-1
15816:978-0-8021-4132-3
15787:978-0-521-30150-3
15768:978-0-415-34848-5
15749:978-0-86543-266-6
15678:. 15 March 2024.
15597:978-1-78694-021-6
15351:"Mohammed Khadda"
15052:978-0-8063-1793-9
14585:978-1-4438-5121-3
14432:978-1-84769-011-1
14375:978-1-4384-2393-7
14283:978-0-8153-4057-7
14234:978-0-6399928-3-9
14175:978-0-8108-7919-5
14145:978-3-030-89324-8
14114:978-84-370-8415-2
14013:citypopulation.de
13959:. 4 August 2009.
13903:on 12 August 2014
13787:Am. J. Hum. Genet
13675:. 11 April 2022.
13645:. 12 April 2022.
13541:on 11 March 2014.
13016:on 15 March 2018.
12802:978-1-85743-461-3
12620:. Freedom House.
12413:nationsonline.org
12385:. 12 April 2019.
11903:. Freedom House.
11889:. 30 August 1997.
11791:978-0-253-34655-1
11739:978-0-670-61964-1
11657:978-1-135-45670-2
11524:978-1-59017-218-6
11470:978-0-340-51805-2
11357:France since 1870
11328:978-0-253-21782-0
11240:978-0-521-52432-2
11206:978-0-300-10098-3
11173:978-0-300-10098-3
11121:978-1-137-55234-1
11094:978-0-19-923211-6
11061:978-1-59017-218-6
10958:Cultural Critique
10923:978-1-5036-0216-8
10846:978-1-84623-883-3
10674:978-0-9571060-8-6
10508:978-0-333-71966-4
10476:978-90-04-09790-2
10163:978-0-86442-126-5
10107:978-0-87840-224-3
10061:978-81-87746-05-8
10054:. Global Vision.
9967:978-1-317-79727-2
9884:978-1-4711-3546-0
9854:978-1-107-19832-6
9483:on 9 October 2013
9435:978-0-521-19697-0
9198:The Kabyle People
9081:978-0-521-32591-2
9011:978-1-285-98299-1
8972:978-1-107-00775-8
8933:978-0-631-20767-2
8848:978-1-135-58228-9
8674:978-0-300-24953-8
8647:978-0-292-74505-6
8608:978-0-253-34998-9
8581:978-0-516-04551-1
8554:978-0-7100-6614-5
8527:978-0-8108-5340-9
8466:978-2-35676-055-5
8439:978-1-4331-0271-4
8412:978-90-247-1681-4
8292:Nuzhat al-Mushtaq
8155:www.energy.gov.dz
7971:. 13 March 2024.
7804:(2024 ed.).
7775:978-0-241-28679-1
7731:(2024 ed.).
7651:978-0-8108-7919-5
7621:978-3-030-89324-8
7579:978-3-658-11633-0
7507:978-1-4053-6726-4
7470:978-1-135-35561-6
7433:978-0-241-28679-1
7235:
7198:
7069:and, since 2016,
7036:Explanatory notes
6987:and the study of
6784:Cinema of Algeria
6622:Martianus Capella
6548:
6547:
6540:
6522:
6430:M'hamed Issiakhem
6414:M'hamed Issiakhem
6330:, though born in
6296:, murdered by an
6203:Constantine, and
6107:Health in Algeria
6057:According to the
6044:European ancestry
5744:
5743:
5203:East-West Highway
4897:
4896:
3918:social distancing
3914:COVID-19 pandemic
3714:Foreign relations
3418:private ownership
3066:elections in 1999
2964:Houari Boumédiène
2937:Houari Boumediene
2651:bombarded Algiers
2486:sailed as far as
2284:Emirate of Bejaia
1905:Fatimid Caliphate
1888:Khālīfā Al-Zānatī
1868:Fatimid caliphate
1808:Judah Ibn Quraysh
1723:Umayyad Caliphate
1682:Kingdom of Altava
1292:Buluggin ibn Ziri
1217:
1192:
1175:
1109:Algerian military
995:in 1954. Algeria
969:invaded by France
913:Pleistocene Epoch
898:Mediterranean Sea
836:, officially the
831:
830:
662:• Per capita
610:• Per capita
378:Council President
240:Foreign languages
142:
20368:
20263:
20262:
20260:
20259:
20258:
20253:
20249:
20246:
20245:
20244:
20241:
20030:
20023:
20016:
20007:
20006:
19872:
19871:
19827:
19826:
19712:
19711:
19391:
19390:
19353:
19346:
19339:
19330:
19329:
19316:
19315:
19228:Development Bank
19116:
19115:
18998:Women and Gender
18994:Economic Affairs
18923:Gallagher Estate
18827:
18826:
18735:Casablanca Group
18702:
18695:
18688:
18679:
18678:
18395:
18394:
18385:
18310:
18309:
18300:
18299:
18279:
18272:
18265:
18256:
18255:
18139:Modern conflicts
18094:
17935:
17928:
17921:
17912:
17911:
17823:
17811:
17803:
17645:Sovereign states
17629:
17622:
17615:
17606:
17605:
17481:Hala'ib Triangle
17376:
17375:
17359:
17358:
17334:
17332:
17331:
17321:
17319:
17318:
17308:
17306:
17305:
17295:
17293:
17292:
17282:
17280:
17279:
17269:
17267:
17266:
17255:Sovereign states
17239:
17232:
17225:
17216:
17215:
17200:
17188:
17187:
17064:
17063:
17021:
17020:
16973:
16767:(partly in Asia)
16687:Sovereign states
16668:
16661:
16654:
16645:
16644:
16632:
16631:
16608:
16601:
16468:
16467:
16409:
16389:
16388:
16296:
16295:
16252:
16217:
16216:
16177:1965 coup d'état
16147:
16112:
16105:
16098:
16089:
16088:
16067:
16066:
16060:
16058:
16056:
16050:
16043:
15842:
15830:
15722:
15721:
15719:
15717:
15698:
15692:
15691:
15689:
15687:
15668:
15662:
15661:
15659:
15657:
15638:
15632:
15631:
15629:
15627:
15608:
15602:
15601:
15576:
15570:
15569:
15559:
15535:
15529:
15528:
15526:
15524:
15509:
15503:
15502:
15500:
15498:
15479:
15473:
15472:
15470:
15468:
15459:. 13 June 2019.
15449:
15443:
15442:
15440:
15438:
15419:
15410:
15396:
15390:
15389:
15373:
15367:
15366:
15364:
15362:
15347:
15338:
15337:
15335:
15333:
15328:on 11 March 2014
15318:
15312:
15311:
15309:
15307:
15292:
15286:
15285:
15283:
15281:
15270:INSEAD Knowledge
15262:
15256:
15255:
15253:
15251:
15215:
15209:
15208:
15206:
15204:
15189:
15183:
15182:
15180:
15178:
15172:
15165:
15157:
15151:
15150:
15148:
15146:
15131:
15125:
15124:
15122:
15120:
15105:
15099:
15098:
15096:
15094:
15075:
15069:
15068:
15066:
15064:
15036:
15030:
15029:
15027:
15025:
15019:
15012:
15004:
14998:
14997:
14995:
14993:
14973:
14967:
14966:
14964:
14962:
14943:
14937:
14936:
14934:
14932:
14923:. 23 June 2019.
14907:
14901:
14900:
14898:
14896:
14881:
14872:
14871:
14869:
14867:
14848:
14839:
14838:
14820:
14814:
14790:
14784:
14783:
14765:
14759:
14758:
14739:
14733:
14732:
14730:
14728:
14709:
14703:
14702:
14700:
14698:
14678:
14672:
14671:
14661:
14637:
14631:
14630:
14624:
14616:
14614:
14612:
14606:
14596:
14590:
14589:
14571:
14565:
14559:
14557:
14550:
14542:
14536:
14534:
14532:
14530:
14515:
14509:
14508:
14506:
14504:
14495:. Archived from
14493:Université Laval
14480:
14474:
14473:
14471:
14466:. Archived from
14455:
14449:
14448:
14446:
14444:
14416:
14410:
14409:
14398:
14392:
14391:
14389:
14387:
14359:
14353:
14352:
14350:
14348:
14333:
14327:
14326:
14324:
14322:
14294:
14288:
14287:
14269:
14263:
14262:
14248:
14242:
14241:
14218:
14212:
14211:
14205:
14203:
14189:
14183:
14182:
14159:
14153:
14152:
14129:
14123:
14122:
14098:
14092:
14091:
14089:
14087:
14059:
14053:
14052:
14051:on 25 July 2013.
14050:
14043:
14035:
14029:
14028:
14026:
14024:
14005:
13999:
13998:
13996:
13994:
13979:
13973:
13972:
13970:
13968:
13949:
13943:
13942:
13940:
13938:
13919:
13913:
13912:
13910:
13908:
13889:
13880:
13879:
13877:
13875:
13856:
13847:
13846:
13844:
13842:
13827:
13821:
13820:
13810:
13774:
13768:
13767:
13765:
13763:
13748:
13742:
13741:
13739:
13737:
13721:
13715:
13714:
13712:
13710:
13701:. Archived from
13695:
13689:
13688:
13686:
13684:
13665:
13659:
13658:
13656:
13654:
13635:
13629:
13628:
13626:
13602:
13596:
13595:
13593:
13591:
13580:"Country Trends"
13576:
13567:
13566:
13564:
13557:
13549:
13543:
13542:
13530:
13524:
13523:
13521:
13519:
13504:
13498:
13497:
13495:
13493:
13474:
13468:
13467:
13465:
13463:
13448:
13442:
13441:
13439:
13437:
13432:on 23 April 2022
13428:. Archived from
13417:
13411:
13410:
13399:
13393:
13392:
13390:
13388:
13369:
13363:
13362:
13360:
13358:
13339:
13333:
13332:
13330:
13328:
13309:
13303:
13302:
13300:
13298:
13292:
13285:
13277:
13266:
13265:
13258:
13252:
13251:
13244:
13238:
13237:
13235:
13233:
13218:
13212:
13211:
13209:
13202:
13194:
13188:
13187:
13185:
13183:
13168:
13162:
13161:
13159:
13157:
13148:. 24 June 2019.
13142:
13136:
13135:
13133:
13131:
13112:
13106:
13105:
13103:
13101:
13092:. 16 June 2016.
13082:
13076:
13075:
13073:
13071:
13056:
13050:
13049:
13047:
13045:
13024:
13018:
13017:
13010:Maghreb Emergent
13001:
12995:
12994:
12992:
12990:
12970:
12964:
12963:
12961:
12959:
12940:
12934:
12933:
12931:
12923:
12917:
12916:
12914:
12912:
12903:. 14 June 2007.
12893:
12887:
12886:
12884:
12882:
12867:
12861:
12860:
12858:
12856:
12837:
12828:
12825:
12819:
12818:
12816:
12814:
12782:
12776:
12775:
12773:
12771:
12750:
12744:
12743:
12741:
12739:
12724:
12718:
12717:
12715:
12713:
12698:
12692:
12691:
12689:
12687:
12668:
12662:
12661:
12659:
12657:
12648:. Archived from
12640:
12634:
12633:
12631:
12629:
12610:
12604:
12603:
12601:
12599:
12594:on 22 April 2012
12590:. Archived from
12582:
12576:
12575:
12573:
12571:
12552:
12546:
12545:
12543:
12541:
12521:
12515:
12514:
12512:
12510:
12491:
12485:
12484:
12482:
12480:
12461:
12455:
12454:
12452:
12450:
12435:
12429:
12428:
12426:
12424:
12405:
12399:
12398:
12396:
12394:
12375:
12369:
12368:
12358:
12340:
12307:
12301:
12281:
12275:
12274:
12272:
12270:
12261:. Archived from
12254:
12248:
12247:
12236:
12230:
12229:
12220:
12214:
12213:
12211:
12209:
12190:
12184:
12183:
12173:
12141:
12135:
12134:
12132:
12130:
12110:
12099:
12098:
12096:
12094:
12075:
12066:
12065:
12063:
12061:
12042:
12036:
12035:
12033:
12031:
12012:
12006:
12005:
12003:
12001:
11986:
11980:
11979:
11977:
11975:
11970:on 26 March 2013
11960:
11943:
11942:
11940:
11938:
11923:
11917:
11916:
11914:
11912:
11896:
11890:
11872:
11866:
11865:
11863:
11861:
11845:
11839:
11838:
11827:
11808:
11807:
11805:
11803:
11775:
11769:
11768:
11750:
11744:
11743:
11719:
11713:
11712:
11710:
11708:
11680:
11674:
11673:
11671:
11669:
11641:
11635:
11634:
11632:
11630:
11611:
11605:
11604:
11602:
11600:
11582:
11576:
11575:
11557:
11551:
11535:
11529:
11528:
11510:
11504:
11503:
11485:
11479:
11478:
11454:
11448:
11441:
11435:
11434:
11432:
11430:
11411:
11405:
11404:
11402:
11400:
11378:
11372:
11371:
11351:
11345:
11344:
11342:
11340:
11312:
11306:
11305:
11303:
11301:
11281:
11275:
11263:
11257:
11256:
11254:
11252:
11224:
11218:
11217:
11215:
11213:
11194:
11184:
11178:
11177:
11157:
11144:
11138:
11137:
11135:
11133:
11105:
11099:
11098:
11072:
11066:
11065:
11047:
11041:
11040:
11038:
11036:
11017:
11011:
11010:
11008:
11006:
10988:
10982:
10981:
10953:
10947:
10934:
10928:
10927:
10907:
10901:
10900:
10891:
10885:
10884:
10874:
10868:
10867:
10857:
10851:
10850:
10830:
10824:
10823:
10821:
10819:
10801:
10795:
10778:
10772:
10754:
10748:
10731:
10725:
10708:
10702:
10685:
10679:
10678:
10658:
10652:
10651:
10650:on 25 July 2011.
10646:. Archived from
10636:
10630:
10629:
10627:
10625:
10605:
10599:
10598:
10596:
10594:
10579:
10573:
10572:
10570:
10568:
10552:
10546:
10545:
10533:
10522:
10513:
10512:
10500:
10490:
10481:
10480:
10460:
10454:
10453:
10445:
10436:
10435:
10433:
10431:
10416:
10403:
10402:
10392:
10386:
10385:
10375:
10369:
10366:
10360:
10359:
10357:
10355:
10337:
10331:
10330:
10328:
10326:
10317:. Archived from
10308:
10288:
10282:
10269:
10263:
10250:
10244:
10231:
10225:
10212:
10206:
10193:
10187:
10174:
10168:
10167:
10147:
10141:
10134:
10128:
10121:
10112:
10111:
10091:
10085:
10072:
10066:
10065:
10045:
10039:
10024:
10018:
10017:
10015:
10013:
9994:
9988:
9987:
9978:
9972:
9971:
9951:
9945:
9932:
9926:
9923:
9917:
9904:
9898:
9895:
9889:
9888:
9868:
9859:
9858:
9838:
9832:
9819:
9813:
9810:
9804:
9791:
9785:
9775:Revue africaine:
9772:
9766:
9750:
9744:
9743:
9741:
9739:
9723:
9717:
9716:
9714:
9712:
9684:
9678:
9677:
9675:
9673:
9645:
9639:
9638:
9618:
9612:
9611:
9591:
9585:
9584:
9582:
9580:
9558:
9552:
9551:
9549:
9547:
9525:
9519:
9518:
9516:
9514:
9499:
9493:
9492:
9490:
9488:
9473:
9467:
9466:
9464:
9462:
9443:
9437:
9427:
9418:
9405:
9399:
9386:
9380:
9367:
9361:
9348:
9342:
9329:
9323:
9310:
9304:
9303:
9301:
9299:
9283:
9277:
9276:
9269:
9263:
9262:
9260:
9258:
9231:
9225:
9224:
9222:
9220:
9192:
9186:
9185:
9183:
9181:
9165:
9159:
9158:
9156:
9154:
9127:
9121:
9120:
9092:
9086:
9085:
9063:
9054:
9053:
9051:
9049:
9034:
9028:
9027:
9025:
9023:
8995:
8989:
8988:
8986:
8984:
8956:
8950:
8949:
8947:
8945:
8911:
8905:
8904:
8894:
8884:
8859:
8853:
8852:
8832:
8826:
8825:
8823:
8821:
8806:
8800:
8799:
8797:
8795:
8789:
8782:
8773:
8767:
8766:
8764:
8762:
8728:
8688:
8679:
8678:
8658:
8652:
8651:
8631:
8625:
8619:
8613:
8612:
8592:
8586:
8585:
8565:
8559:
8558:
8538:
8532:
8531:
8511:
8502:
8501:
8495:
8487:
8477:
8471:
8470:
8450:
8444:
8443:
8423:
8417:
8416:
8396:
8390:
8389:
8383:
8375:
8365:
8359:
8358:
8348:
8339:
8338:
8336:
8334:
8315:
8309:
8308:
8300:
8294:
8288:
8282:
8281:
8279:
8277:
8249:
8243:
8242:
8240:
8238:
8220:
8214:
8213:
8202:
8196:
8195:
8193:
8191:
8186:on 14 March 2021
8172:
8166:
8165:
8163:
8161:
8147:
8141:
8140:
8128:
8122:
8109:
8103:
8102:
8100:
8098:
8084:
8078:
8077:
8075:
8073:
8054:
8048:
8047:
8045:
8043:
8024:
8018:
8017:
8015:
8013:
7994:
7988:
7987:
7985:
7983:
7977:
7966:
7958:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7947:
7932:
7926:
7925:
7923:
7921:
7912:. Archived from
7896:
7890:
7889:
7887:
7885:
7867:
7854:
7849:
7843:
7838:
7832:
7827:
7821:
7816:
7814:
7812:
7792:
7783:
7782:
7759:
7748:
7743:
7741:
7739:
7719:
7688:
7687:
7681:
7679:
7665:
7659:
7658:
7635:
7629:
7628:
7605:
7599:
7598:
7593:
7591:
7563:
7550:
7549:
7544:
7542:
7528:
7515:
7514:
7491:
7478:
7477:
7454:
7441:
7440:
7417:
7411:
7410:
7405:
7403:
7384:
7373:
7372:
7370:
7368:
7353:
7347:
7346:
7344:
7342:
7327:
7321:
7320:
7318:
7316:
7301:
7295:
7294:
7292:
7290:
7275:
7258:
7251:
7245:
7240:
7230:
7228:
7220:
7214:
7209:
7203:
7193:
7191:
7180:
7174:
7173:
7172:
7171:
7164:
7161:
7160:
7157:
7154:
7151:
7148:
7145:
7142:
7133:
7127:
7112:
7106:
7100:
7094:
7088:
7082:
7063:
7057:
7046:
7019:
7014:
7013:
7012:
6923:Sport in Algeria
6862:Algerian cuisine
6832:
6831:
6825:Algeria won the
6720:Rachid Boudjedra
6658:Algerian trilogy
6636:, who wrote the
6618:Nonius Marcellus
6582:
6568:
6543:
6536:
6532:
6529:
6523:
6521:
6480:
6448:
6440:
6376:Media of Algeria
6262:Famous novelists
6175:Algiers Province
5996:Islam in Algeria
5787:Byzantine Greeks
5634:Ouargla Province
5600:Tlemcen Province
5464:El Oued Province
5430:
5420:
5409:Tébessa Province
5393:Algiers Province
5377:
5367:
5315:
5303:
5302:
5027:. It also ranks
5019:
5018:
3983:
3982:
3837:are a close ally
3815:(QJJ), plus the
3738:Dmitriy Medvedev
3468:Barbary macaques
3414:public ownership
3256:
3247:Hoggar Mountains
3161:Hoggar Mountains
2987:Chadli Bendjedid
2899:Evian agreements
2877:severe reprisals
2821:Second World War
2801:Larbi Ben M'Hidi
2793:Mohammed Boudiaf
2695:captured Algiers
2600:Knights of Malta
2576:invasion in 1775
2516:, Dey of Algiers
2514:Baba Ali Chaouch
2469:Balearic Islands
2330:Early modern era
2310:, and leading a
2308:in a large siege
2272:Zayyanid kingdom
2261:Zayyanid dynasty
2241:Almoravid Empire
2190:Hammadid Emirate
2188:(capital of the
2174:Mansourah Mosque
2066:Rustamid Kingdom
1822:, and the Emirs
1326:
1325:
1319:Watan el djazâïr
1289:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1253:
1243:
1242:
1230:
1222:
1216:romanized:
1215:
1213:
1197:
1191:romanized:
1190:
1188:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1001:bloody civil war
973:formally annexed
929:Byzantine Greeks
824:
823:
753:
720:
719:
713:
712:
706:
695:
694:
686:
670:
669:
651:
650:
634:
618:
617:
599:
598:
582:
549:46,700,000 (
399:Ibrahim Boughali
204:
203:
201:
200:
199:
194:
193:36.700°N 3.217°E
190:
187:
186:
185:
182:
167:and largest city
155:
144:
143:
119:
118:
102:
101:
82:
68:
55:
54:
47:
39:
38:
28:
27:
20376:
20375:
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20365:
20266:
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20239:
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20234:
20232:
20227:
20226:
20221:
20125:
20039:
20034:
20004:
19999:
19988:
19931:
19859:
19810:
19779:
19777:
19770:
19759:
19757:
19750:
19736:Northern Cyprus
19719:
19718:and territories
19717:
19703:
19687:
19380:
19363:
19357:
19327:
19322:
19304:
19273:
19252:
19200:
19167:
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19085:
19032:
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18783:
18711:
18706:
18676:
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18646:
18603:
18568:
18552:
18516:
18386:
18377:
18316:
18288:
18283:
18253:
18248:
18200:
18160:
18095:
18086:
18011:Northern Cyprus
17983:Iraqi Kurdistan
17944:
17939:
17909:
17904:
17890:Sea of Sardinia
17826:
17821:
17809:
17797:
17780:
17771:Northern Cyprus
17757:
17639:
17633:
17603:
17598:
17557:
17544:
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17463:
17440:
17392:
17365:
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17264:
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17213:
17208:
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17156:
17125:
17104:
17100:Pelagie Islands
17083:
17059:
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17047:
17035:
17017:
17014:
17006:
16985:
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16974:
16965:
16681:
16672:
16637:
16629:
16624:
16611:
16604:
16597:
16584:
16514:
16500:Public holidays
16453:
16407:
16396:Bank of Algeria
16374:
16340:Law enforcement
16281:
16250:
16249:Municipalities
16206:
16145:
16125:
16116:
16064:
16054:
16052:
16048:
16041:
16035:
16027:Algeria profile
15994:Wayback Machine
15975:
15970:
15917:. Bloomington:
15881:Nova Publishers
15846:Horne, Alistair
15828:"Algeria"
15731:
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15407:Wayback Machine
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14802:Wayback Machine
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14472:on 10 May 2013.
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13632:
13603:
13599:
13589:
13587:
13578:
13577:
13570:
13565:on 31 May 2013.
13562:
13555:
13551:
13550:
13546:
13531:
13527:
13517:
13515:
13514:on 7 March 2017
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12767:
12752:
12751:
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12735:
12726:
12725:
12721:
12711:
12709:
12700:
12699:
12695:
12685:
12683:
12676:archive.ipu.org
12670:
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12539:
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12522:
12518:
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12493:
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12488:
12478:
12476:
12471:. 12 May 2012.
12463:
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12292:Wayback Machine
12282:
12278:
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12238:
12237:
12233:
12222:
12221:
12217:
12207:
12205:
12192:
12191:
12187:
12150:Energy Procedia
12142:
12138:
12128:
12126:
12111:
12102:
12092:
12090:
12076:
12069:
12059:
12057:
12044:
12043:
12039:
12029:
12027:
12014:
12013:
12009:
11999:
11997:
11988:
11987:
11983:
11973:
11971:
11962:
11961:
11946:
11936:
11934:
11933:on 1 March 2011
11925:
11924:
11920:
11910:
11908:
11899:Freedom House.
11897:
11893:
11883:Wayback Machine
11873:
11869:
11859:
11857:
11852:. p. 141.
11846:
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11438:
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11396:
11379:
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11348:
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11329:
11313:
11309:
11299:
11297:
11296:on 18 July 2012
11282:
11278:
11273:Wayback Machine
11264:
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11102:
11095:
11087:. p. 356.
11073:
11069:
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11004:
11002:
10989:
10985:
10954:
10950:
10944:Wayback Machine
10935:
10931:
10924:
10908:
10904:
10893:
10892:
10888:
10880:Revue africaine
10875:
10871:
10858:
10854:
10847:
10831:
10827:
10817:
10815:
10802:
10798:
10792:Vísindavefurinn
10788:Wayback Machine
10779:
10775:
10765:Wayback Machine
10755:
10751:
10741:Wayback Machine
10732:
10728:
10722:Vísindavefurinn
10718:Wayback Machine
10709:
10705:
10699:Vísindavefurinn
10695:Wayback Machine
10686:
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10289:
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10279:Wayback Machine
10270:
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10260:Wayback Machine
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10232:
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9829:Wayback Machine
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9782:Wayback Machine
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9387:
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9377:Wayback Machine
9368:
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9330:
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9320:Wayback Machine
9311:
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8957:
8953:
8943:
8941:
8934:
8924:Wiley-Blackwell
8912:
8908:
8875:(1): e1002397.
8860:
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8440:
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8119:Wayback Machine
8110:
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8026:
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8021:
8011:
8009:
7996:
7995:
7991:
7981:
7979:
7975:
7964:
7960:
7959:
7955:
7945:
7943:
7934:
7933:
7929:
7919:
7917:
7916:on 13 June 2007
7898:
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7869:
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7846:
7839:
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7508:
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7418:
7414:
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7376:
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7364:
7355:
7354:
7350:
7340:
7338:
7328:
7324:
7314:
7312:
7311:on 25 July 2013
7303:
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7298:
7288:
7286:
7285:on 18 July 2012
7277:
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7217:
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7166:
7139:
7135:
7134:
7130:
7113:
7109:
7101:
7097:
7089:
7085:
7075:spoken language
7064:
7060:
7047:
7043:
7038:
7015:
7010:
7008:
7005:
6925:
6919:
6864:
6858:
6818:Outside the Law
6786:
6780:
6690:Mouloud Mammeri
6674:Mouloud Feraoun
6592:
6591:
6590:
6589:
6588:
6583:
6575:
6574:
6569:
6558:
6550:Main articles:
6544:
6533:
6527:
6524:
6481:
6479:
6465:
6449:
6438:
6426:Mohammed Khadda
6418:Mohammed Khadda
6383:
6378:
6372:
6363:Algerian cinema
6344:Emir Abdelkader
6231:
6225:
6211:in Tlemcen and
6179:Djelfa Province
6155:
6147:Main articles:
6145:
6109:
6103:
6079:Emir Abdelkader
6006:
5992:
5986:
5958:Algerian Arabic
5895:Algerian Arabic
5884:
5878:
5769:and indigenous
5756:
5750:
5745:
5720:Biskra Province
5668:Béchar Province
5618:Djelfa Province
5566:Béjaïa Province
5532:Tiaret Province
5516:Annaba Province
5498:Skikda Province
5431:
5425:
5421:
5378:
5372:
5368:
5320:
5319:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5255:
5249:
5243:
5171:
5165:
5157:Tassili n'Ajjer
5092:
5086:
5074:
5065:
5016:
5014:
4986:
4980:
4908:
4902:
3940:
3928:Main articles:
3926:
3904:BBC News Arabic
3873:
3867:
3811:(MRA), and the
3797:-class corvette
3786:
3780:
3722:
3716:
3600:Mohamed Mediène
3584:
3578:
3478:throughout the
3472:monitor lizards
3461:national animal
3449:Saharan cheetah
3445:African leopard
3408:reported to be
3382:national animal
3370:
3364:
3362:Fauna and flora
3359:
3358:
3299:Algeria map of
3293:
3287:
3195:forms with the
3177:Algerian Desert
3165:Atlas Mountains
3149:
3143:
3016:
3010:
2980:1973 oil crisis
2948:Ahmed Ben Bella
2917:
2911:
2837:American troops
2833:Operation Torch
2789:Mourad Didouche
2738:Emir Abdelkader
2679:
2673:
2665:Main articles:
2663:
2655:French conquest
2565:Kingdom of Kuku
2549:Beylik of Tunis
2433:Barbary pirates
2338:
2332:
2322:, and attacked
2296:Barbary pirates
2282:, although the
1834:or children of
1712:
1706:
1643:. The Germanic
1633:Saint Augustine
1543:First Punic War
1455:Tassili n'Ajjer
1392:Roman ruins at
1386:
1378:Main articles:
1376:
1371:
1365:
1308:Yaqut al-Hamawi
1287:جزائر بني مزغنة
1260:
1183:Algerian Arabic
1145:
961:tributary state
827:
748:
717:
716:
715:
704:
692:
691:
690:
684:
663:
644:
632:
611:
592:
576:
560:
546:
525:
504:
491:
478:
465:
439:
424:
395:
380:
365:
350:
311:
291:
283:
259:
246:
234:Algerian Arabic
225:
197:
195:
191:
188:
183:
180:
178:
176:
175:
174:
168:
160:
159:
146:
145:
132:
128:
126:
120:
105:
103:
90:
89:
88:
83:
75:
74:
69:
56:
49:
48:
41:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
20374:
20364:
20363:
20358:
20353:
20348:
20343:
20338:
20333:
20328:
20323:
20318:
20313:
20308:
20303:
20298:
20296:Arab republics
20293:
20288:
20283:
20278:
20229:
20228:
20223:
20222:
20220:
20219:
20214:
20209:
20204:
20199:
20194:
20189:
20184:
20179:
20174:
20169:
20164:
20159:
20154:
20149:
20144:
20139:
20133:
20131:
20127:
20126:
20124:
20123:
20118:
20113:
20108:
20103:
20098:
20093:
20088:
20083:
20078:
20073:
20068:
20063:
20058:
20053:
20047:
20045:
20041:
20040:
20033:
20032:
20025:
20018:
20010:
20001:
20000:
19998:
19997:
19993:
19990:
19989:
19987:
19986:
19981:
19979:Largest cities
19976:
19971:
19970:
19969:
19964:
19959:
19957:GDP per capita
19954:
19943:
19941:
19937:
19936:
19933:
19932:
19930:
19929:
19924:
19919:
19914:
19909:
19904:
19899:
19894:
19889:
19884:
19878:
19876:
19869:
19865:
19864:
19861:
19860:
19858:
19857:
19851:
19845:
19839:
19833:
19831:
19824:
19820:
19819:
19816:
19815:
19812:
19811:
19809:
19808:
19806:United Nations
19803:
19798:
19793:
19788:
19782:
19780:
19775:
19772:
19771:
19769:
19768:
19762:
19760:
19755:
19752:
19751:
19749:
19748:
19743:
19738:
19733:
19728:
19722:
19720:
19715:
19709:
19705:
19704:
19702:
19701:
19695:
19693:
19689:
19688:
19686:
19685:
19680:
19675:
19670:
19665:
19660:
19655:
19650:
19645:
19640:
19635:
19630:
19625:
19620:
19615:
19610:
19605:
19600:
19599:
19598:
19588:
19583:
19578:
19573:
19568:
19563:
19558:
19553:
19548:
19543:
19538:
19533:
19528:
19523:
19518:
19513:
19508:
19503:
19498:
19493:
19488:
19483:
19478:
19473:
19468:
19463:
19458:
19453:
19448:
19443:
19438:
19433:
19428:
19423:
19418:
19413:
19408:
19403:
19397:
19395:
19388:
19382:
19381:
19379:
19378:
19368:
19365:
19364:
19356:
19355:
19348:
19341:
19333:
19324:
19323:
19321:
19320:
19309:
19306:
19305:
19303:
19302:
19297:
19292:
19287:
19281:
19279:
19275:
19274:
19272:
19271:
19266:
19260:
19258:
19254:
19253:
19251:
19250:
19245:
19240:
19235:
19230:
19225:
19214:
19212:
19206:
19205:
19202:
19201:
19199:
19198:
19193:
19188:
19183:
19177:
19175:
19169:
19168:
19166:
19165:
19160:
19155:
19145:
19140:
19135:
19130:
19125:
19119:
19113:
19107:
19106:
19103:
19102:
19100:
19099:
19093:
19091:
19087:
19086:
19084:
19083:
19078:
19073:
19068:
19063:
19058:
19053:
19048:
19042:
19040:
19034:
19033:
19031:
19030:
19025:
19020:
19014:
19012:
19008:
19007:
19005:
19004:
18999:
18996:
18991:
18986:
18981:
18976:
18971:
18966:
18961:
18955:
18953:
18947:
18946:
18944:
18943:
18937:
18935:
18929:
18928:
18926:
18925:
18920:
18915:
18909:
18907:
18901:
18900:
18898:
18897:
18892:
18887:
18882:
18876:
18874:
18868:
18867:
18865:
18864:
18858:
18856:
18850:
18849:
18847:
18846:
18841:
18836:
18830:
18824:
18818:
18817:
18815:
18814:
18809:
18804:
18802:Extreme points
18799:
18793:
18791:
18785:
18784:
18782:
18781:
18780:
18779:
18774:
18762:
18757:
18752:
18747:
18742:
18740:Monrovia Group
18737:
18732:
18727:
18725:Pan-Africanism
18721:
18719:
18713:
18712:
18705:
18704:
18697:
18690:
18682:
18673:
18672:
18670:
18669:
18668:
18667:
18665:Pan Arab Games
18657:
18651:
18648:
18647:
18645:
18644:
18639:
18634:
18633:
18632:
18627:
18617:
18611:
18609:
18605:
18604:
18602:
18601:
18596:
18591:
18586:
18580:
18578:
18574:
18573:
18570:
18569:
18567:
18566:
18560:
18558:
18554:
18553:
18551:
18550:
18545:
18540:
18535:
18530:
18524:
18522:
18518:
18517:
18515:
18514:
18509:
18504:
18499:
18494:
18489:
18484:
18479:
18474:
18469:
18464:
18459:
18454:
18449:
18444:
18439:
18434:
18429:
18424:
18419:
18414:
18409:
18403:
18401:
18392:
18388:
18387:
18380:
18378:
18376:
18375:
18370:
18365:
18362:
18357:
18352:
18347:
18342:
18337:
18332:
18326:
18324:
18318:
18317:
18315:
18314:
18304:
18293:
18290:
18289:
18282:
18281:
18274:
18267:
18259:
18250:
18249:
18247:
18246:
18241:
18240:
18239:
18229:
18224:
18219:
18214:
18208:
18206:
18202:
18201:
18199:
18198:
18197:
18196:
18186:
18181:
18176:
18170:
18168:
18162:
18161:
18159:
18158:
18156:Water conflict
18153:
18151:Water politics
18148:
18143:
18142:
18141:
18136:
18126:
18125:
18124:
18114:
18109:
18107:Climate change
18103:
18101:
18097:
18096:
18089:
18087:
18085:
18084:
18079:
18074:
18069:
18068:
18067:
18062:
18052:
18047:
18042:
18041:
18040:
18033:
18019:
18014:
18007:
18002:
17997:
17992:
17987:
17986:
17985:
17975:
17970:
17965:
17960:
17954:
17952:
17946:
17945:
17938:
17937:
17930:
17923:
17915:
17906:
17905:
17903:
17902:
17900:Tyrrhenian Sea
17897:
17892:
17887:
17885:Sea of Marmara
17882:
17877:
17872:
17867:
17862:
17857:
17852:
17847:
17842:
17836:
17834:
17828:
17827:
17825:
17824:
17812:
17804:
17791:
17789:
17782:
17781:
17779:
17778:
17773:
17767:
17765:
17759:
17758:
17756:
17755:
17750:
17745:
17740:
17735:
17730:
17725:
17720:
17715:
17710:
17705:
17700:
17695:
17690:
17685:
17680:
17675:
17670:
17665:
17660:
17655:
17649:
17647:
17641:
17640:
17632:
17631:
17624:
17617:
17609:
17600:
17599:
17566:
17563:
17562:
17559:
17558:
17556:
17555:
17549:
17546:
17545:
17543:
17542:
17536:
17534:
17524:
17523:
17521:
17520:
17515:
17509:
17507:
17497:
17496:
17494:
17493:
17488:
17483:
17477:
17475:
17465:
17464:
17462:
17461:
17459:Savage Islands
17456:
17450:
17448:
17442:
17441:
17439:
17438:
17433:
17428:
17423:
17418:
17413:
17408:
17406:Canary Islands
17402:
17400:
17394:
17393:
17390:Western Sahara
17388:
17386:
17373:
17367:
17366:
17364:
17363:
17350:
17348:
17342:
17341:
17339:
17338:
17325:
17312:
17299:
17286:
17273:
17259:
17257:
17251:
17250:
17242:
17241:
17234:
17227:
17219:
17210:
17209:
17207:
17206:
17194:
17181:
17178:
17177:
17174:
17173:
17171:
17170:
17164:
17162:
17158:
17157:
17155:
17154:
17149:
17144:
17139:
17137:Canary Islands
17133:
17131:
17127:
17126:
17124:
17123:
17121:Savage Islands
17118:
17112:
17110:
17106:
17105:
17103:
17102:
17097:
17091:
17089:
17085:
17084:
17082:
17081:
17076:
17070:
17068:
17061:
17053:
17052:
17049:
17048:
17043:
17041:
17040:United Kingdom
17037:
17036:
17034:
17033:
17027:
17025:
17018:
17011:
17008:
17007:
17005:
17004:
16999:
16988:
16986:
16979:
16976:
16975:
16968:
16966:
16964:
16963:
16958:
16953:
16948:
16943:
16938:
16933:
16928:
16923:
16918:
16913:
16908:
16903:
16898:
16893:
16888:
16883:
16878:
16873:
16868:
16863:
16858:
16853:
16848:
16843:
16838:
16833:
16828:
16823:
16818:
16813:
16808:
16803:
16798:
16793:
16788:
16783:
16778:
16773:
16768:
16762:
16757:
16752:
16747:
16742:
16737:
16732:
16727:
16722:
16717:
16712:
16707:
16702:
16697:
16691:
16689:
16683:
16682:
16671:
16670:
16663:
16656:
16648:
16642:
16639:
16638:
16626:
16625:
16623:
16622:
16617:
16610:
16609:
16602:
16594:
16593:
16590:
16589:
16586:
16585:
16583:
16582:
16577:
16572:
16567:
16562:
16561:
16560:
16550:
16545:
16540:
16535:
16530:
16524:
16522:
16516:
16515:
16513:
16512:
16507:
16502:
16497:
16492:
16487:
16482:
16477:
16471:
16465:
16459:
16458:
16455:
16454:
16452:
16451:
16446:
16441:
16436:
16431:
16426:
16421:
16416:
16411:
16403:
16398:
16392:
16386:
16380:
16379:
16376:
16375:
16373:
16372:
16370:Prime Minister
16367:
16362:
16357:
16352:
16347:
16342:
16337:
16336:
16335:
16325:
16320:
16315:
16310:
16305:
16299:
16293:
16287:
16286:
16283:
16282:
16280:
16279:
16274:
16269:
16264:
16259:
16257:National parks
16254:
16246:
16241:
16236:
16231:
16226:
16220:
16214:
16208:
16207:
16205:
16204:
16202:Hirak Movement
16199:
16194:
16189:
16184:
16179:
16174:
16169:
16164:
16159:
16154:
16149:
16141:
16135:
16133:
16127:
16126:
16115:
16114:
16107:
16100:
16092:
16086:
16085:
16080:
16071:
16061:
16033:
16024:
16015:
15999:
15984:
15974:
15973:External links
15971:
15969:
15968:
15949:
15930:
15911:
15892:
15873:
15872:(2006 reprint)
15843:
15833:Chisholm, Hugh
15823:Gibson, Walcot
15819:
15797:
15790:
15771:
15752:
15732:
15730:
15727:
15724:
15723:
15693:
15663:
15646:Verlete Sports
15633:
15603:
15596:
15571:
15550:(7): 735–746.
15530:
15504:
15474:
15444:
15411:
15391:
15368:
15339:
15313:
15296:"Tahar Djaout"
15287:
15257:
15238:
15210:
15184:
15152:
15126:
15100:
15070:
15051:
15031:
14999:
14968:
14938:
14916:Arab Barometer
14902:
14873:
14840:
14833:
14815:
14785:
14778:
14760:
14734:
14704:
14673:
14652:(4): 307–314.
14632:
14591:
14584:
14566:
14537:
14510:
14475:
14450:
14431:
14411:
14393:
14374:
14354:
14328:
14309:
14289:
14282:
14264:
14243:
14233:
14213:
14184:
14174:
14154:
14144:
14124:
14113:
14093:
14074:
14054:
14030:
14000:
13974:
13944:
13914:
13881:
13848:
13822:
13799:10.1086/423147
13769:
13743:
13716:
13690:
13660:
13630:
13597:
13568:
13544:
13525:
13499:
13469:
13454:. p. 15.
13443:
13412:
13394:
13364:
13334:
13317:Worlddata.info
13304:
13267:
13253:
13239:
13213:
13189:
13163:
13137:
13107:
13077:
13051:
13019:
12996:
12965:
12935:
12918:
12888:
12862:
12829:
12820:
12801:
12777:
12745:
12719:
12693:
12663:
12635:
12605:
12588:"Constitution"
12577:
12547:
12516:
12501:. 4 May 2010.
12486:
12456:
12430:
12400:
12370:
12302:
12276:
12249:
12231:
12215:
12185:
12136:
12100:
12067:
12037:
12007:
11981:
11944:
11918:
11891:
11867:
11840:
11809:
11790:
11770:
11763:
11745:
11738:
11714:
11695:
11675:
11656:
11636:
11606:
11577:
11570:
11552:
11530:
11523:
11505:
11499:978-0199764341
11498:
11480:
11469:
11449:
11436:
11406:
11373:
11366:
11346:
11327:
11307:
11276:
11258:
11239:
11219:
11205:
11179:
11172:
11139:
11120:
11100:
11093:
11067:
11060:
11042:
11012:
10983:
10948:
10929:
10922:
10902:
10886:
10869:
10852:
10845:
10825:
10796:
10773:
10749:
10726:
10703:
10680:
10673:
10653:
10631:
10600:
10574:
10547:
10536:Chisholm, Hugh
10514:
10507:
10482:
10475:
10455:
10437:
10404:
10387:
10370:
10361:
10346:(in Spanish).
10332:
10283:
10264:
10245:
10226:
10207:
10188:
10169:
10162:
10142:
10129:
10113:
10106:
10086:
10067:
10060:
10040:
10019:
9989:
9973:
9966:
9946:
9927:
9918:
9899:
9890:
9883:
9860:
9853:
9833:
9814:
9805:
9786:
9767:
9745:
9718:
9699:
9679:
9660:
9640:
9633:
9613:
9606:
9586:
9553:
9520:
9494:
9468:
9438:
9419:
9400:
9381:
9362:
9343:
9324:
9305:
9278:
9264:
9245:
9226:
9207:
9187:
9160:
9141:
9122:
9097:Libyan Studies
9087:
9080:
9055:
9029:
9010:
8990:
8971:
8951:
8932:
8906:
8854:
8847:
8827:
8801:
8790:on 10 May 2013
8768:
8680:
8673:
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8626:
8614:
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8560:
8553:
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8526:
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8472:
8465:
8445:
8438:
8418:
8411:
8391:
8360:
8340:
8310:
8295:
8283:
8265:978-9796500024
8264:
8244:
8215:
8197:
8167:
8142:
8123:
8104:
8079:
8049:
8019:
8004:. 9 May 2024.
8002:britannica.com
7989:
7953:
7938:. World Bank.
7927:
7891:
7855:
7844:
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7822:
7784:
7774:
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7600:
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7506:
7479:
7469:
7442:
7432:
7412:
7374:
7363:. 13 June 2019
7348:
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7034:
7033:
7032:
7027:
7021:
7020:
7017:Algeria portal
7004:
7001:
6956:rifle shooting
6921:Main article:
6918:
6915:
6860:Main article:
6857:
6854:
6782:Main article:
6779:
6776:
6760:Boualem Sansal
6752:Yasmina Khadra
6724:Rachid Mimouni
6686:Moufdi Zakaria
6609:The Golden Ass
6584:
6577:
6576:
6570:
6563:
6562:
6561:
6560:
6559:
6546:
6545:
6528:September 2024
6452:
6450:
6443:
6437:
6434:
6398:Mohammed Racim
6390:Mohammed Racim
6382:
6379:
6374:Main article:
6371:
6368:
6312:decolonization
6286:Rachid Mimouni
6227:Main article:
6224:
6221:
6207:Es-Senia. The
6144:
6141:
6105:Main article:
6102:
6099:
6095:Mohamed Arkoun
6063:Arab Barometer
6059:Arab Barometer
6028:World Factbook
5988:Main article:
5985:
5982:
5880:Main article:
5877:
5874:
5870:Italian origin
5752:Main article:
5749:
5746:
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5708:
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5699:
5694:
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5688:
5683:
5681:Sidi Bel Abbès
5678:
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5660:
5657:
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5652:Sétif Province
5649:
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5589:
5586:
5584:Batna Province
5581:
5576:
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5571:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5555:
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5550:Blida Province
5547:
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5278:Western Sahara
5245:Main article:
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4662:Sidi Bel Abbès
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4122:Oum El Bouaghi
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3964:municipalities
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3869:Main article:
3866:
3863:
3795:Djebel Chenoua
3782:Main article:
3779:
3776:
3768:Western Sahara
3750:European Union
3734:George W. Bush
3718:Main article:
3715:
3712:
3659:Prime Minister
3608:Larbi Belkheir
3580:Main article:
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3541:, and various
3410:primary forest
3366:Main article:
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3347:water resource
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3289:Main article:
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3139:
3012:Main article:
3009:
3006:
2998:1980s oil glut
2976:Oil extraction
2913:Main article:
2910:
2907:
2888:Alistair Horne
2809:European share
2756:and later, as
2721:Mokrani Revolt
2667:French Algeria
2662:
2659:
2572:Spanish Empire
2526:Niels Simonsen
2445:Ottoman Empire
2334:Main article:
2331:
2328:
2304:conquered Oran
2280:Hafsid dynasty
1967:, Awarba, and
1842:, came to the
1838:, daughter of
1820:Sidi El Houari
1708:Main article:
1705:
1702:
1569:in modern-day
1567:Moulouya River
1478:Arch of Trajan
1439:Iberomaurusian
1375:
1372:
1367:Main article:
1364:
1361:
1353:Ottoman sultan
1259:
1256:
1144:
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1133:United Nations
1081:regional power
1077:1,541 communes
965:Ottoman Empire
886:Western Sahara
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742:
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734:Algerian dinar
731:
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693:low inequality
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489:French Algeria
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369:Nadir Larbaoui
366:
363:Prime Minister
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108:
107:
92:
91:
84:
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34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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19985:
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19968:
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19945:
19944:
19942:
19938:
19928:
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19913:
19910:
19908:
19905:
19903:
19900:
19898:
19895:
19893:
19890:
19888:
19885:
19883:
19880:
19879:
19877:
19875:Extraordinary
19873:
19870:
19866:
19855:
19852:
19849:
19846:
19843:
19840:
19838:
19835:
19834:
19832:
19828:
19825:
19821:
19807:
19804:
19802:
19799:
19797:
19794:
19792:
19791:African Union
19789:
19787:
19784:
19783:
19781:
19778:organizations
19776:International
19773:
19767:
19764:
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19721:
19713:
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19706:
19700:
19697:
19696:
19694:
19690:
19684:
19681:
19679:
19676:
19674:
19671:
19669:
19666:
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19649:
19646:
19644:
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19609:
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19597:
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19512:
19509:
19507:
19504:
19502:
19499:
19497:
19494:
19492:
19489:
19487:
19486:Guinea-Bissau
19484:
19482:
19479:
19477:
19474:
19472:
19469:
19467:
19464:
19462:
19459:
19457:
19454:
19452:
19449:
19447:
19444:
19442:
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19409:
19407:
19404:
19402:
19399:
19398:
19396:
19392:
19389:
19387:
19386:Member states
19383:
19377:
19373:
19370:
19369:
19366:
19361:
19354:
19349:
19347:
19342:
19340:
19335:
19334:
19331:
19319:
19311:
19310:
19307:
19301:
19298:
19296:
19293:
19291:
19288:
19286:
19283:
19282:
19280:
19276:
19270:
19267:
19265:
19262:
19261:
19259:
19255:
19249:
19246:
19244:
19241:
19239:
19236:
19234:
19231:
19229:
19226:
19223:
19222:Gold standard
19219:
19216:
19215:
19213:
19211:
19207:
19197:
19194:
19192:
19189:
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19184:
19182:
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19134:
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19129:
19126:
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19035:
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19015:
19013:
19009:
19003:
19000:
18997:
18995:
18992:
18990:
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18952:
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18939:
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18930:
18924:
18921:
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18916:
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18910:
18908:
18906:
18902:
18896:
18895:2025 election
18893:
18891:
18888:
18886:
18883:
18881:
18878:
18877:
18875:
18873:
18869:
18863:
18860:
18859:
18857:
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18842:
18840:
18837:
18835:
18832:
18831:
18828:
18825:
18823:
18819:
18813:
18810:
18808:
18807:Member states
18805:
18803:
18800:
18798:
18795:
18794:
18792:
18790:
18786:
18778:
18775:
18773:
18770:
18769:
18768:
18767:
18763:
18761:
18758:
18756:
18753:
18751:
18748:
18746:
18743:
18741:
18738:
18736:
18733:
18731:
18728:
18726:
18723:
18722:
18720:
18718:
18714:
18710:
18709:African Union
18703:
18698:
18696:
18691:
18689:
18684:
18683:
18680:
18666:
18663:
18662:
18661:
18658:
18656:
18653:
18652:
18649:
18643:
18640:
18638:
18635:
18631:
18628:
18626:
18623:
18622:
18621:
18618:
18616:
18613:
18612:
18610:
18606:
18600:
18597:
18595:
18592:
18590:
18587:
18585:
18582:
18581:
18579:
18575:
18565:
18562:
18561:
18559:
18555:
18549:
18546:
18544:
18541:
18539:
18536:
18534:
18531:
18529:
18526:
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18519:
18513:
18510:
18508:
18505:
18503:
18500:
18498:
18495:
18493:
18490:
18488:
18485:
18483:
18480:
18478:
18475:
18473:
18470:
18468:
18465:
18463:
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18458:
18455:
18453:
18450:
18448:
18445:
18443:
18440:
18438:
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18433:
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18425:
18423:
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18413:
18410:
18408:
18405:
18404:
18402:
18400:
18396:
18393:
18389:
18384:
18374:
18371:
18369:
18366:
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18361:
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18356:
18353:
18351:
18348:
18346:
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18336:
18333:
18331:
18328:
18327:
18325:
18323:
18319:
18313:
18305:
18303:
18295:
18294:
18291:
18287:
18280:
18275:
18273:
18268:
18266:
18261:
18260:
18257:
18245:
18242:
18238:
18235:
18234:
18233:
18230:
18228:
18225:
18223:
18220:
18218:
18215:
18213:
18210:
18209:
18207:
18203:
18195:
18192:
18191:
18190:
18187:
18185:
18182:
18180:
18177:
18175:
18174:Ethnic groups
18172:
18171:
18169:
18167:
18163:
18157:
18154:
18152:
18149:
18147:
18144:
18140:
18137:
18135:
18132:
18131:
18130:
18127:
18123:
18120:
18119:
18118:
18115:
18113:
18110:
18108:
18105:
18104:
18102:
18098:
18093:
18083:
18080:
18078:
18075:
18073:
18070:
18066:
18063:
18061:
18058:
18057:
18056:
18053:
18051:
18048:
18046:
18043:
18039:
18038:
18034:
18032:
18031:
18027:
18026:
18025:
18024:
18020:
18018:
18015:
18013:
18012:
18008:
18006:
18003:
18001:
17998:
17996:
17993:
17991:
17988:
17984:
17981:
17980:
17979:
17976:
17974:
17971:
17969:
17966:
17964:
17961:
17959:
17956:
17955:
17953:
17951:
17947:
17943:
17936:
17931:
17929:
17924:
17922:
17917:
17916:
17913:
17901:
17898:
17896:
17893:
17891:
17888:
17886:
17883:
17881:
17878:
17876:
17873:
17871:
17868:
17866:
17865:Levantine Sea
17863:
17861:
17858:
17856:
17853:
17851:
17848:
17846:
17843:
17841:
17838:
17837:
17835:
17833:
17832:Marginal seas
17829:
17820:
17816:
17813:
17808:
17805:
17801:
17796:
17793:
17792:
17790:
17787:
17783:
17777:
17774:
17772:
17769:
17768:
17766:
17764:
17760:
17754:
17751:
17749:
17746:
17744:
17741:
17739:
17736:
17734:
17731:
17729:
17726:
17724:
17721:
17719:
17716:
17714:
17711:
17709:
17706:
17704:
17701:
17699:
17696:
17694:
17691:
17689:
17686:
17684:
17681:
17679:
17676:
17674:
17671:
17669:
17666:
17664:
17661:
17659:
17656:
17654:
17651:
17650:
17648:
17646:
17642:
17638:
17630:
17625:
17623:
17618:
17616:
17611:
17610:
17607:
17597:
17594:
17591:
17588:
17586:
17582:
17579:
17576:
17573:
17571:
17564:
17554:
17551:
17550:
17547:
17541:
17538:
17537:
17535:
17533:
17529:
17525:
17519:
17516:
17514:
17511:
17510:
17508:
17506:
17502:
17498:
17492:
17489:
17487:
17484:
17482:
17479:
17478:
17476:
17474:
17470:
17466:
17460:
17457:
17455:
17452:
17451:
17449:
17447:
17443:
17437:
17434:
17432:
17429:
17427:
17424:
17422:
17419:
17417:
17414:
17412:
17409:
17407:
17404:
17403:
17401:
17399:
17395:
17391:
17387:
17385:
17381:
17377:
17374:
17372:
17368:
17362:
17357:
17352:
17351:
17349:
17347:
17343:
17337:
17326:
17324:
17313:
17311:
17300:
17298:
17287:
17285:
17274:
17272:
17261:
17260:
17258:
17256:
17252:
17248:
17240:
17235:
17233:
17228:
17226:
17221:
17220:
17217:
17205:
17204:
17203:Africa portal
17199:
17195:
17193:
17192:
17183:
17182:
17179:
17169:
17166:
17165:
17163:
17159:
17153:
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17145:
17143:
17140:
17138:
17135:
17134:
17132:
17128:
17122:
17119:
17117:
17114:
17113:
17111:
17107:
17101:
17098:
17096:
17093:
17092:
17090:
17086:
17080:
17077:
17075:
17072:
17071:
17069:
17065:
17062:
17058:fully part of
17054:
17046:
17042:
17038:
17032:
17029:
17028:
17026:
17022:
17019:
17016:
17009:
17003:
17000:
16997:
16993:
16990:
16989:
16987:
16984:
16977:
16972:
16962:
16959:
16957:
16954:
16952:
16949:
16947:
16944:
16942:
16939:
16937:
16934:
16932:
16929:
16927:
16924:
16922:
16919:
16917:
16914:
16912:
16909:
16907:
16904:
16902:
16899:
16897:
16894:
16892:
16889:
16887:
16884:
16882:
16879:
16877:
16874:
16872:
16869:
16867:
16864:
16862:
16859:
16857:
16854:
16852:
16849:
16847:
16844:
16842:
16839:
16837:
16834:
16832:
16829:
16827:
16824:
16822:
16819:
16817:
16814:
16812:
16811:Guinea-Bissau
16809:
16807:
16804:
16802:
16799:
16797:
16794:
16792:
16789:
16787:
16784:
16782:
16779:
16777:
16774:
16772:
16769:
16766:
16763:
16761:
16758:
16756:
16753:
16751:
16748:
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16731:
16728:
16726:
16723:
16721:
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16711:
16708:
16706:
16703:
16701:
16698:
16696:
16693:
16692:
16690:
16688:
16684:
16680:
16676:
16669:
16664:
16662:
16657:
16655:
16650:
16649:
16646:
16640:
16633:
16621:
16618:
16616:
16613:
16612:
16607:
16603:
16600:
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16578:
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16571:
16568:
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16563:
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16541:
16539:
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16534:
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16529:
16526:
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16523:
16521:
16517:
16511:
16508:
16506:
16503:
16501:
16498:
16496:
16493:
16491:
16488:
16486:
16485:Ethnic groups
16483:
16481:
16478:
16476:
16473:
16472:
16469:
16466:
16464:
16460:
16450:
16447:
16445:
16442:
16440:
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16435:
16432:
16430:
16427:
16425:
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16420:
16417:
16415:
16412:
16410:
16404:
16402:
16399:
16397:
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16393:
16390:
16387:
16385:
16381:
16371:
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16361:
16358:
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16348:
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16341:
16338:
16334:
16331:
16330:
16329:
16326:
16324:
16321:
16319:
16316:
16314:
16311:
16309:
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16304:
16301:
16300:
16297:
16294:
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16288:
16278:
16275:
16273:
16270:
16268:
16265:
16263:
16260:
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16247:
16245:
16242:
16240:
16237:
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16225:
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16218:
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16213:
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16142:
16140:
16137:
16136:
16134:
16132:
16128:
16124:
16120:
16113:
16108:
16106:
16101:
16099:
16094:
16093:
16090:
16084:
16081:
16079:
16075:
16072:
16070:
16062:
16047:
16040:
16039:
16034:
16032:
16028:
16025:
16023:
16019:
16016:
16013:
16009:
16008:
16003:
16000:
15998:
15995:
15991:
15988:
15985:
15983:
15980:
15977:
15976:
15966:
15965:0-7546-7418-5
15962:
15958:
15954:
15950:
15947:
15943:
15939:
15935:
15931:
15928:
15924:
15920:
15916:
15912:
15909:
15905:
15901:
15897:
15893:
15890:
15886:
15882:
15878:
15874:
15871:
15867:
15863:
15859:
15855:
15851:
15847:
15844:
15840:
15839:
15834:
15829:
15824:
15820:
15817:
15813:
15809:
15805:
15801:
15800:Fanon, Frantz
15798:
15795:
15791:
15788:
15784:
15780:
15777:. Cambridge:
15776:
15772:
15769:
15765:
15761:
15757:
15753:
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15733:
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15707:
15703:
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15667:
15651:
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15643:
15637:
15621:
15617:
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15607:
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15593:
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15581:
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15567:
15563:
15558:
15553:
15549:
15545:
15541:
15534:
15518:
15514:
15508:
15492:
15488:
15484:
15478:
15462:
15458:
15454:
15448:
15432:
15428:
15424:
15418:
15416:
15408:
15404:
15401:
15395:
15387:
15383:
15379:
15372:
15356:
15352:
15346:
15344:
15327:
15323:
15317:
15301:
15297:
15291:
15275:
15271:
15267:
15261:
15245:
15241:
15239:9789280534320
15235:
15231:
15227:
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15222:
15214:
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15088:
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15080:
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14972:
14956:
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14912:
14906:
14890:
14886:
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14878:
14861:
14857:
14853:
14847:
14845:
14836:
14834:9780810884939
14830:
14826:
14819:
14812:
14811:92-871-2611-9
14808:
14804:
14803:
14799:
14796:
14789:
14781:
14779:9781512824971
14775:
14771:
14764:
14756:
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14708:
14692:
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14655:
14651:
14647:
14646:English Today
14643:
14636:
14628:
14622:
14603:
14602:
14595:
14587:
14581:
14577:
14570:
14563:
14554:
14547:
14541:
14524:
14520:
14514:
14498:
14494:
14491:(in French).
14490:
14486:
14479:
14470:
14465:
14461:
14454:
14438:
14434:
14428:
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14310:9789287126115
14306:
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14081:
14077:
14075:9780253217820
14071:
14067:
14066:
14058:
14047:
14040:
14034:
14018:
14014:
14010:
14004:
13988:
13984:
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13962:
13958:
13954:
13948:
13932:
13928:
13924:
13918:
13902:
13898:
13894:
13888:
13886:
13869:
13865:
13861:
13855:
13853:
13836:
13832:
13826:
13818:
13814:
13809:
13804:
13800:
13796:
13793:(2): 338–45.
13792:
13788:
13784:
13780:
13773:
13757:
13753:
13747:
13731:
13727:
13720:
13704:
13700:
13694:
13678:
13674:
13670:
13664:
13648:
13644:
13643:Bloomberg.com
13640:
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13447:
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13408:
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13322:
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13125:
13121:
13117:
13111:
13095:
13091:
13087:
13081:
13065:
13061:
13055:
13039:
13036:(in French).
13035:
13034:
13029:
13023:
13015:
13011:
13007:
13000:
12984:
12980:
12976:
12969:
12953:
12949:
12948:Freedom House
12945:
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12589:
12581:
12565:
12561:
12557:
12551:
12535:
12531:
12527:
12520:
12504:
12500:
12499:The Economist
12496:
12490:
12474:
12470:
12469:The Economist
12466:
12460:
12445:
12444:Wilson Center
12441:
12434:
12418:
12414:
12410:
12404:
12388:
12384:
12380:
12374:
12366:
12362:
12357:
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12330:
12326:
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12318:
12314:
12306:
12299:
12298:
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12289:
12286:
12280:
12264:
12260:
12253:
12245:
12241:
12235:
12227:
12226:
12219:
12203:
12199:
12195:
12189:
12181:
12177:
12172:
12167:
12163:
12159:
12156:: 1286–1294.
12155:
12151:
12147:
12140:
12124:
12120:
12116:
12109:
12107:
12105:
12088:
12084:
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12021:
12017:
12011:
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11991:
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11932:
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11871:
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11822:
11820:
11818:
11816:
11814:
11797:
11793:
11787:
11783:
11782:
11774:
11766:
11764:1-85532-658-2
11760:
11756:
11749:
11741:
11735:
11731:
11727:
11726:
11718:
11702:
11698:
11696:9781433110740
11692:
11688:
11687:
11679:
11663:
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11649:
11648:
11640:
11624:
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11594:
11590:
11589:
11581:
11573:
11571:9781107507180
11567:
11563:
11556:
11550:
11549:0-674-01017-5
11546:
11542:
11541:
11534:
11526:
11520:
11516:
11509:
11501:
11495:
11491:
11484:
11476:
11472:
11466:
11462:
11461:
11453:
11446:
11440:
11424:
11421:(in French).
11420:
11416:
11410:
11394:
11390:
11386:
11385:
11377:
11369:
11367:9781137406118
11363:
11359:
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11113:
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11104:
11096:
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10959:
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10906:
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10882:
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10873:
10865:
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10856:
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10842:
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10809:
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10793:
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10782:
10777:
10770:
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10762:
10759:
10753:
10746:
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10738:
10735:
10730:
10723:
10719:
10715:
10712:
10707:
10700:
10696:
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10030:
10029:
10023:
10007:
10003:
9999:
9993:
9985:
9984:
9977:
9969:
9963:
9960:. Routledge.
9959:
9958:
9950:
9943:
9939:
9936:
9931:
9922:
9915:
9911:
9908:
9903:
9894:
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9867:
9865:
9856:
9850:
9846:
9845:
9837:
9830:
9826:
9823:
9818:
9809:
9802:
9798:
9795:
9790:
9783:
9779:
9776:
9771:
9765:
9761:
9757:
9754:
9749:
9733:
9730:. E. Arnold.
9729:
9722:
9706:
9702:
9700:9780313379826
9696:
9692:
9691:
9683:
9667:
9663:
9661:9780810864900
9657:
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9634:9783833111785
9630:
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9603:
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9246:9780717201211
9242:
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9230:
9214:
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9208:9781447483526
9204:
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8874:
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8869:PLOS Genetics
8866:
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8639:
8638:
8630:
8624:, p. 15.
8623:
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6851:
6850:
6845:
6843:
6838:
6837:
6830:
6823:
6821:
6819:
6814:
6812:
6811:Days of Glory
6805:
6801:
6794:
6790:
6785:
6775:
6773:
6769:
6765:
6761:
6757:
6753:
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6725:
6721:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6699:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6678:Malek Bennabi
6675:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6659:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6626:Ahmad al-Buni
6623:
6619:
6615:
6611:
6610:
6605:
6601:
6600:Roman African
6597:
6587:
6581:
6573:
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6517:
6513:
6510:
6506:
6503:
6499:
6496:
6492:
6489: –
6488:
6484:
6483:Find sources:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6463:
6462:
6458:
6453:This section
6451:
6447:
6442:
6441:
6433:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6422:Bachir Yelles
6419:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6406:Mohamed Temam
6403:
6399:
6391:
6387:
6377:
6367:
6364:
6361:Contemporary
6359:
6357:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6304:Malek Bennabi
6301:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6259:
6255:
6248:
6247:Bachir Yellès
6244:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6220:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6189:
6187:
6182:
6180:
6176:
6170:
6163:
6159:
6154:
6150:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6126:typhoid fever
6123:
6119:
6115:
6108:
6098:
6096:
6092:
6091:Malek Bennabi
6088:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6071:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6055:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6040:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6029:
6024:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5991:
5981:
5979:
5974:
5971:
5970:lingua franca
5967:
5961:
5959:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5904:Signs in the
5902:
5898:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5883:
5873:
5871:
5867:
5866:
5861:
5857:
5856:Shenwa people
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5826:Centuries of
5824:
5822:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5760:
5755:
5748:Ethnic groups
5739:
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5726:
5723:
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5716:
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5710:
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5514:
5512:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5448:Oran Province
5446:
5444:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
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5142:
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5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5111:
5106:
5100:
5096:
5091:
5081:
5078:
5072:Labour market
5069:
5060:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5045:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5012:
5008:
5004:
4999:
4990:
4985:
4975:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4956:
4953:
4952:external debt
4949:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4933:
4929:
4928:China, Brazil
4925:
4921:
4912:
4907:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
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4862:
4859:
4857:
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4851:
4848:
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4807:
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4802:
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4785:
4783:
4780:
4777:
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4772:
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4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
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4742:
4739:
4737:
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4731:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4676:Ouled Djellal
4674:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4638:
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4627:
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4611:
4608:
4605:
4603:
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4502:
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4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4401:
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4379:
4377:
4374:
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4363:
4360:
4357:
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4335:
4333:
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4319:
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4314:
4311:
4308:
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4300:
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4278:
4275:
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4270:
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4210:
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4180:
4177:
4176:
4172:
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4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4036:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3905:
3900:
3899:Homosexuality
3896:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3885:media freedom
3882:
3878:
3877:Freedom House
3872:
3862:
3860:
3855:
3854:for Algeria.
3853:
3849:
3845:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3798:
3796:
3790:
3785:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3692:
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19613:Saudi Arabia
19436:Burkina Faso
19410:
18764:
18750:Abuja Treaty
18637:Institutions
18615:Demographics
18482:Saudi Arabia
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18350:Headquarters
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18146:Human rights
18050:Saudi Arabia
18035:
18029:
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17875:Ligurian Sea
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17840:Adriatic Sea
17786:Dependencies
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17540:Aouzou Strip
17270:
17247:North Africa
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17031:Îles Éparses
16921:South Africa
16911:Sierra Leone
16715:Burkina Faso
16694:
16475:Demographics
16444:Trade unions
16328:Human rights
16308:Constitution
16157:Ottoman rule
16118:
16053:. Retrieved
16046:the original
16037:
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11294:the original
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10012:23 September
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9693:. ABC-CLIO.
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8516:
8482:
8475:
8455:
8448:
8428:
8421:
8401:
8394:
8370:
8363:
8353:
8331:. Retrieved
8323:alger-roi.fr
8322:
8313:
8304:
8298:
8291:
8286:
8274:. Retrieved
8254:
8247:
8235:. Retrieved
8225:
8218:
8209:
8200:
8188:. Retrieved
8184:the original
8179:
8170:
8158:. Retrieved
8154:
8145:
8136:
8126:
8107:
8095:. Retrieved
8091:
8082:
8070:. Retrieved
8061:
8052:
8040:. Retrieved
8031:
8022:
8010:. Retrieved
8001:
7992:
7980:. Retrieved
7956:
7944:. Retrieved
7930:
7918:. Retrieved
7914:the original
7903:
7894:
7882:. Retrieved
7874:
7847:
7836:
7825:
7809:. Retrieved
7799:
7779:
7764:
7736:. Retrieved
7726:
7683:
7676:. Retrieved
7672:
7663:
7655:
7640:
7633:
7625:
7610:
7603:
7595:
7588:. Retrieved
7572:. Springer.
7568:
7546:
7539:. Retrieved
7535:
7511:
7496:
7474:
7459:
7437:
7422:
7415:
7407:
7400:. Retrieved
7391:
7365:. Retrieved
7360:
7351:
7341:17 September
7339:. Retrieved
7335:
7325:
7313:. Retrieved
7309:the original
7299:
7287:. Retrieved
7283:the original
7273:
7249:
7218:
7131:
7110:
7098:
7086:
7061:
7044:
6989:martial arts
6970:
6960:
6937:
6896:
6876:
6847:
6841:
6834:
6824:
6817:
6810:
6806:
6802:
6798:
6771:
6763:
6755:
6747:
6743:
6740:
6736:Tahir Wattar
6732:Tahar Djaout
6728:Leila Sebbar
6717:
6698:Assia Djebar
6694:Frantz Fanon
6682:Malek Haddad
6670:Kateb Yacine
6665:
6662:Mohammed Dib
6657:
6655:
6652:
6644:Albert Camus
6642:
6634:Ibn Khaldoun
6607:
6593:
6586:Kateb Yacine
6534:
6525:
6515:
6508:
6501:
6494:
6482:
6466:Please help
6454:
6395:
6360:
6354:was born in
6334:, wrote the
6322:(modern-day
6318:was born in
6308:Frantz Fanon
6302:
6294:Tahar Djaout
6282:Assia Djebar
6274:Kateb Yacine
6270:Albert Camus
6266:Mohammed Dib
6251:
6190:
6183:
6171:
6167:
6138:
6114:tuberculosis
6110:
6075:Muslim world
6072:
6056:
6041:
6026:
6021:
5975:
5962:
5919:
5916:, and French
5885:
5863:
5825:
5765:
5294:
5280:live in the
5271:
5256:
5241:Demographics
5199:
5184:
5141:M'Zab Valley
5107:
5103:
5079:
5075:
5066:
5048:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5020:
4995:
4972:
4957:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4917:
3978:
3967:
3962:) and 1,541
3957:
3947:
3941:
3908:
3897:
3893:
3880:
3874:
3865:Human rights
3856:
3841:
3829:
3802:
3794:
3762:
3758:
3747:
3742:Yasuo Fukuda
3740:, left, and
3693:
3689:constitution
3674:
3624:
3596:
3567:
3496:
3465:
3463:of Algeria.
3453:Barbary stag
3422:
3405:forest cover
3402:
3387:
3317:
3310:
3306:
3259:Tamanghasset
3244:
3213:
3182:
3127:
3120:
3109:
3098:
3082:
3063:
3032:
2995:
2984:
2941:
2920:
2918:
2896:
2892:Raymond Aron
2885:
2871:(FLN) or by
2857:Algerian War
2845:
2818:
2806:
2757:
2753:
2745:
2743:
2725:
2716:Napoleon III
2693:invaded and
2688:
2671:Algerian War
2648:Lord Exmouth
2629:
2626:
2604:
2580:Spanish Navy
2574:launched an
2569:
2553:
2530:
2524:Algiers, by
2484:Jan Janszoon
2477:
2430:
2416:
2396:
2349:
2293:
2277:
2246:
2226:
2179:
2145:
2119:were living
2110:
2079:
2063:
1973:
1941:
1801:
1794:memorial in
1727:
1713:
1667:
1654:Leptis Magna
1637:Hippo Regius
1629:
1614:Roman Empire
1611:
1551:
1536:
1521:
1505:Hippo Regius
1482:
1436:
1405:Levalloisian
1402:
1398:
1318:
1312:
1261:
1207:
1160:
1152:
1085:middle power
1071:
1067:58 provinces
1065:composed of
1060:
1005:
993:Algerian War
971:in 1830 and
910:
902:largest city
846:North Africa
837:
833:
832:
806:Internet TLD
782:Calling code
643:• Total
591:• Total
524:• Total
502:Independence
121:
111:
96:Motto:
95:
25:
20311:G15 nations
20255: /
19796:Arab League
19758:communities
19511:Ivory Coast
19401:Afghanistan
19143:Enlargement
18918:Secretariat
18880:Chairperson
18862:Chairperson
18772:Chairperson
18760:Lome Summit
18655:Pan-Arabism
18564:South Sudan
18302:Arab League
18286:Arab League
18212:Archaeology
17942:Middle East
17850:Alboran Sea
17518:Kafia Kingi
17505:South Sudan
17371:Territories
17095:Pantelleria
17015:territories
16983:recognition
16926:South Sudan
16816:Ivory Coast
16239:Earthquakes
16197:Arab Spring
16162:French rule
16146:(Antiquity)
15955:. Farnham:
15900:Verso Books
15808:Grove Press
15467:19 December
15280:2 September
13762:24 December
13347:kuna.net.kw
12873:. Gwu.edu.
12855:24 December
12686:10 February
12570:10 February
12449:9 September
12323:(1): 5978.
12269:19 February
12257:Hodges, K.
12030:17 December
11937:27 February
11707:22 November
11668:17 February
11629:16 November
11399:14 February
11162:. pp.
11132:12 December
10624:14 February
10593:7 September
10567:7 September
10281:L. Arnolet,
9831:– J.D. Fage
8920:The Berbers
8761:22 November
8276:25 November
8042:19 December
7946:24 February
7920:1 September
7738:24 December
7402:25 December
6346:and Sheikh
6328:Ibn Khaldun
5976:The use of
5775:Phoenicians
5773:as well as
5477:Constantine
5423:Constantine
5051:biocapacity
5009:. The U.S.
4752:Constantine
4332:Tamanrasset
4014:Population
3807:(ANP), the
3519:Aleppo pine
3503:olive trees
3488:Atlas bears
3403:In Algeria
3396:and grassy
3394:mountainous
3267:Constantine
3261:. Algiers,
3209:Mount Tahat
2991:Arabisation
2954:led to the
2819:During the
2781:Rabah Bitat
2746:département
2703:Ben Kiernan
2578:, then the
2461:Turgut Reis
2392:janissaries
2218:Ibn Khaldun
2210:Arabization
2182:Constantine
2137:Nile Valley
2133:Banu Sulaym
1980:Ibn Khaldun
1880:Banu Sulaym
1828:Yāghmūrasen
1804:Middle Ages
1802:During the
1704:Middle Ages
1430:, south of
1428:Bir el Ater
1324:وطن الجزائر
1121:Arab League
1056:Sunni Islam
945:Arabization
917:Phoenicians
763:Date format
714: 0.745
507:5 July 1962
494:5 July 1830
437:Lower house
422:Upper house
409:Legislature
299:Sunni Islam
196: /
127:"We Pledge"
20270:Categories
19974:Population
19673:Uzbekistan
19643:Tajikistan
19571:Mozambique
19561:Mauritania
19531:Kyrgyzstan
19521:Kazakhstan
19426:Bangladesh
19416:Azerbaijan
19264:Africa Day
19218:Currencies
18872:Commission
18557:Candidates
18457:Mauritania
18391:Membership
18373:Arab Union
18368:Parliament
18194:Irreligion
17870:Libyan Sea
17860:Ionian Sea
17845:Aegean Sea
17723:Montenegro
17431:Chafarinas
17002:Somaliland
16906:Seychelles
16871:Mozambique
16856:Mauritania
16841:Madagascar
16796:The Gambia
16730:Cape Verde
16548:Literature
16408:(currency)
16355:Parliament
16251:(communes)
16244:Ecoregions
16139:Prehistory
16055:9 December
15898:. London:
15523:9 December
15457:WorldAtlas
15361:18 January
15306:17 January
15250:30 October
15203:18 January
15145:18 January
15119:18 January
14992:3 November
14895:2 November
14529:17 January
14023:27 January
13993:18 January
13967:17 January
13937:9 December
13907:9 December
13874:9 December
13841:17 January
13709:31 October
13518:17 January
13492:30 January
13387:29 January
13357:29 January
13327:29 January
12958:19 January
12795:. Europa.
12770:5 November
12712:3 November
12509:16 January
12479:16 January
11911:22 January
11429:15 January
9103:: 96–108.
8820:14 January
8794:14 January
8622:Nyrop 1972
8237:8 November
8072:9 February
8032:Britannica
7392:Britannica
7361:WorldAtlas
7336:Al Jazeera
7315:17 January
7289:17 January
7241:; French:
7210:; French:
7201:al-Jazāʾir
6981:volleyball
6829:Palme d'Or
6748:the attack
6712:Arab world
6664:, or even
6638:Muqaddimah
6630:Ibn Manzur
6602:era, when
6498:newspapers
6436:Literature
6324:Souk Ahras
6181:at 35.5%.
6052:Protestant
5994:See also:
5949:Phoenician
5865:Pied-Noirs
5807:Castillian
5793:, various
5697:Mostaganem
5251:See also:
5147:; and the
5049:Access to
4982:See also:
4886:In Guezzam
4812:Mostaganem
4736:Béni Abbès
4616:El M'Ghair
4579:1,496,150
4519:1,223,223
4489:2,947,461
4459:1,119,646
4452:Tizi Ouzou
4376:Souk Ahras
4286:Tissemsilt
4279:1,009,892
4159:1,128,030
4083:1,584,607
4069:1,013,718
3997:Population
3969:baladiyahs
3852:submarines
3825:occupation
3728:President
3612:Bouteflika
3553:with wild
3547:grape vine
3543:palm trees
3535:eucalyptus
3513:and other
3492:crocodiles
3457:fennec fox
3384:of Algeria
3378:fennec fox
3351:heat waves
3193:Tell Atlas
3074:referendum
3047:insurgency
2922:Pied-Noirs
2759:Pied-Noirs
2712:indigenous
2675:See also:
2473:Formentera
2403:Kouloughli
2324:Mostaganem
2222:Banu Hilal
2129:Banu Hilal
2075:Mauritania
2012:Abdalwadid
1876:Banu Hilal
1860:Levantines
1751:Almoravids
1696:and later
1579:Almoravids
1563:Mauretania
1547:Punic Wars
1499:, east of
1493:Phoenician
1420:Flake tool
1409:Mousterian
1296:Phoenician
1269:al-Jazāʾir
1223:; French:
1178:al-Jazāʾir
1135:, and the
1079:. It is a
1010:, and the
882:Mauritania
844:region of
766:dd/mm/yyyy
538:Population
413:Parliament
329:Government
317:Demonym(s)
20301:Republics
20212:Venezuela
20207:Sri Lanka
20167:Indonesia
20142:Argentina
19984:Education
19716:Countries
19708:Observers
19692:Suspended
19603:Palestine
19496:Indonesia
18789:Geography
18577:Diplomacy
18548:Venezuela
18521:Observers
18472:Palestine
18345:Geography
18227:Etiquette
18112:Democracy
18037:West Bank
18023:Palestine
17950:Countries
17807:Gibraltar
17776:Palestine
17491:Bir Tawil
17426:Alhucemas
17013:Dependent
16861:Mauritius
16505:Squatting
16490:Languages
16480:Education
16449:Transport
16401:Companies
16365:President
16318:Elections
16272:Volcanoes
16262:Provinces
16234:Districts
16212:Geography
16187:Civil War
16182:1962–1999
16029:from the
15760:Routledge
15566:1466-0970
15332:1 January
15177:7 January
14852:"Algeria"
14668:0266-0784
14621:cite book
14503:8 January
14443:1 January
14386:1 January
14209:heritage.
14202:18 August
14197:study.com
13985:. Insee.
13617:(3): 58.
13611:Resources
13462:6 January
13297:6 January
12911:31 August
12614:"Algeria"
12347:2041-1723
12194:"Algeria"
12180:1876-6102
11974:6 January
11964:"Algeria"
11802:12 August
10978:145628873
10469:. BRILL.
10430:4 January
10315:2340-1478
9600:. BRILL.
9579:22 August
9546:22 August
9477:"Qantara"
9461:29 August
9117:164294564
9022:6 January
8983:6 January
8944:22 August
8735:0036-8075
8492:cite book
8380:cite book
8160:17 August
7796:"Algeria"
7723:"Algeria"
7685:heritage.
7678:18 August
7673:study.com
7590:1 January
7541:18 August
7265:Citations
7232:romanized
7195:romanized
6973:athletics
6487:"Algeria"
6455:does not
6348:Ben Badis
6336:Muqaddima
6258:Tamazight
6219:in 2023.
6143:Education
6134:dysentery
6118:hepatitis
5876:Languages
5803:Aragonese
5397:2,364,230
5297:Algerians
5163:Transport
5044:Sonatrach
4796:Touggourt
4466:Ain Defla
4346:Khenchela
4196:Boumerdes
4106:El Bayadh
4011:Area (km)
3994:Area (km)
3954:districts
3944:provinces
3677:bicameral
3616:Sonatrach
3570:scorpions
3480:semi arid
3255:جبال هقار
3141:Geography
3023:Massacres
2968:socialist
2946:) leader
2723:in 1871.
2699:genocidal
2657:in 1830.
2388:beylerbey
2377:Hayreddin
2364:Spaniards
2316:Cherchell
2176:, Tlemcen
2148:Cyrenaica
2098:Sijilmasa
2090:El Mu'izz
2044:Hammadids
1996:Almoravid
1969:Berghwata
1909:Palestine
1884:Tāghribāt
1798:, Algeria
1796:Khenchela
1759:Zayyanids
1747:Hammadids
1735:Aghlabids
1731:Rustamids
1698:Kairaouan
1608:in pink))
1583:Masinissa
1531:Masinissa
1501:Cherchell
1472:ruins of
1349:sovereign
1333:Algerians
1258:Etymology
1210:(Arabic:
1204:l'Algérie
1172:romanized
1105:Sonatrach
1097:sixteenth
1036:Tamazight
977:conquered
772:Drives on
745:Time zone
633:(nominal)
450:Formation
348:President
288:Religion
20252:28°N 2°E
20217:Zimbabwe
20187:Malaysia
19868:Sessions
19746:Thailand
19638:Suriname
19591:Pakistan
19551:Maldives
19546:Malaysia
19461:Djibouti
19446:Cameroon
19318:Category
19196:Passport
19111:Politics
18854:Assembly
18422:Djibouti
18360:Military
18322:Politics
18189:Religion
18179:Genetics
18134:Timeline
17733:Slovenia
17446:Portugal
17191:Category
17109:Portugal
16961:Zimbabwe
16936:Tanzania
16786:Ethiopia
16781:Eswatini
16760:Djibouti
16725:Cameroon
16710:Botswana
16615:Category
16570:Religion
16543:Football
16429:Taxation
16345:Military
16291:Politics
16277:Wildlife
16123:articles
16031:BBC News
15990:Archived
15848:(1977).
15710:Archived
15680:Archived
15650:Archived
15620:Archived
15517:Archived
15491:Archived
15487:ebin.pub
15461:Archived
15431:Archived
15403:Archived
15386:Archived
15300:Archived
15244:Archived
15168:Archived
15139:Archived
15087:Archived
15057:Archived
15015:Archived
14986:Archived
14925:Archived
14920:BBC News
14889:Archived
14860:Archived
14798:Archived
14755:Archived
14721:Archived
14691:Archived
14611:30 March
14437:Archived
14380:Archived
14347:21 April
14341:Archived
14315:Archived
14259:Archived
14119:Archived
14080:Archived
14017:Archived
13987:Archived
13961:Archived
13957:BBC News
13931:Archived
13868:Archived
13866:. 2013.
13835:Archived
13817:15202071
13756:Archived
13730:Archived
13724:UNESCO.
13683:14 April
13677:Archived
13673:POLITICO
13653:14 April
13647:Archived
13584:Archived
13486:Archived
13456:Archived
13436:22 April
13381:Archived
13351:Archived
13321:Archived
13288:Archived
13205:Archived
13182:29 April
13176:Archived
13150:Archived
13124:Archived
13094:Archived
13070:15 March
13064:Archived
13044:15 March
13038:Archived
12983:Archived
12952:Archived
12905:Archived
12881:14 March
12875:Archived
12849:Archived
12807:Archived
12764:Archived
12759:Upstream
12706:Archived
12680:Archived
12622:Archived
12564:Archived
12560:BBC News
12534:Archived
12503:Archived
12473:Archived
12417:Archived
12387:Archived
12365:33293507
12297:PLOS ONE
12288:Archived
12202:Archived
12123:Archived
12054:Archived
12024:Archived
11994:Archived
11905:Archived
11879:Archived
11860:10 March
11854:Archived
11796:Archived
11701:Archived
11662:Archived
11623:Archived
11619:BBC News
11599:18 March
11593:Archived
11475:Archived
11423:Archived
11393:Archived
11333:Archived
11269:Archived
11245:Archived
11150:(2007).
11126:Archived
11029:Archived
10999:Archived
10940:Archived
10818:4 August
10812:Archived
10784:Archived
10761:Archived
10737:Archived
10714:Archived
10691:Archived
10618:Archived
10587:Archived
10561:Archived
10528:(1911).
10424:Archived
10354:4 August
10348:Archived
10275:Archived
10256:Archived
10237:Archived
10218:Archived
10199:Archived
10180:Archived
10078:Archived
10032:Archived
10006:Archived
9938:Archived
9910:Archived
9825:Archived
9797:Archived
9778:Archived
9756:Archived
9738:16 April
9732:Archived
9711:16 April
9705:Archived
9672:16 April
9666:Archived
9573:Archived
9540:Archived
9455:Archived
9411:Archived
9392:Archived
9373:Archived
9354:Archived
9335:Archived
9316:Archived
9298:16 April
9292:Archived
9257:16 April
9251:Archived
9219:16 April
9213:Archived
9180:16 April
9174:Archived
9153:16 April
9147:Archived
9048:22 April
9042:Archived
9016:Archived
8977:Archived
8938:Archived
8901:22253600
8814:Archived
8755:Archived
8751:54166305
8743:30498166
8333:27 April
8327:Archived
8270:Archived
8231:Archived
8190:14 March
8180:El Watan
8131:Aps-dz.
8115:Archived
8097:2 August
8066:Archived
8062:Statista
8036:Archived
8006:Archived
7982:13 March
7973:Archived
7940:Archived
7884:16 April
7811:20 March
7584:Archived
7396:Archived
7255:codified
7003:See also
6985:handball
6962:Football
6952:fantasia
6948:checkers
6911:couscous
6907:couscous
6871:Couscous
6604:Apuleius
6596:Numidian
6572:Apuleius
6356:Madaurus
6352:Apuleius
6298:Islamist
6067:BBC News
6037:Ghardaia
5984:Religion
5860:European
5799:Andalusi
5740:158,812
5706:162,885
5672:165,241
5638:169,928
5604:173,531
5570:176,139
5536:178,915
5502:182,903
5468:186,525
5413:194,461
5352:Province
5336:Province
5274:Sahrawis
5123:empire;
5121:Hammadid
4935:remain.
4879:780,959
4856:In Salah
4849:991,846
4819:746,947
4803:247,221
4789:830,943
4773:122,019
4766:Timimoun
4759:943,112
4729:482,261
4699:640,050
4683:174,219
4669:603,369
4646:El Menia
4639:904,195
4623:162,267
4609:328,685
4593:733,060
4586:Relizane
4563:375,988
4556:Ghardaia
4549:634,412
4533:384,565
4503:209,470
4473:771,890
4443:768,419
4429:842,060
4413:617,661
4399:945,525
4383:440,299
4369:657,227
4353:384,268
4339:198,691
4323:673,934
4309:694,750
4293:296,366
4263:159,000
4249:274,866
4233:411,783
4226:El Taref
4219:730,262
4203:795,019
4189:915,835
4173:634,396
4129:644,364
4113:262,187
4099:477,328
4092:Laghouat
4053:552,539
4030:439,700
3848:636-type
3778:Military
3744:, right.
3710:won 33.
3696:May 2017
3653:and the
3643:suffrage
3620:protests
3515:conifers
3433:gazelles
3232:harbours
3205:Nememcha
3163:and the
2956:Sand War
2814:Caucasus
2750:European
2598:and the
2596:Portugal
2259:and the
2229:Almohads
2214:nomadism
2202:Almohads
2164:Kairouan
2152:Ifriqiya
2131:and the
2115:and the
2094:Maghrawa
2086:Ifriqiya
2059:Maghrawa
2048:Fatimids
2036:Fatimids
2028:Hammadid
2020:Meknassa
2016:Wattasid
2000:Hammadid
1992:Maghrawa
1974:Several
1961:Masmouda
1949:Sanhadja
1850:and the
1840:Muhammad
1832:Fatimids
1814:masters
1757:and the
1755:Almohads
1739:Fatimids
1658:Laguatan
1649:Geiseric
1625:Laghouat
1575:Almohads
1554:Carthage
1515:(modern
1513:Rusicade
1507:(modern
1485:Carthage
1468:Ancient
1337:military
1298:city of
1236:Tifinagh
981:pacified
890:the west
858:the east
821:.الجزائر
730:Currency
333:Unitary
322:Algerian
303:official
20276:Algeria
20202:Senegal
20197:Nigeria
20177:Jamaica
20137:Algeria
20130:Members
20044:Summits
19967:Imports
19962:Exports
19947:Economy
19912:Seventh
19823:History
19653:Tunisia
19628:Somalia
19618:Senegal
19581:Nigeria
19566:Morocco
19536:Lebanon
19456:Comoros
19421:Bahrain
19411:Algeria
19406:Albania
19394:Members
19257:Culture
19210:Economy
19173:Symbols
18812:Regions
18797:Borders
18717:History
18620:Economy
18538:Eritrea
18528:Armenia
18502:Tunisia
18487:Somalia
18462:Morocco
18447:Lebanon
18417:Comoros
18412:Bahrain
18407:Algeria
18399:Members
18355:History
18335:Council
18330:Charter
18244:Studies
18222:Cuisine
18205:Culture
18129:History
18117:Economy
18100:Society
18005:Lebanon
17958:Bahrain
17822:(Spain)
17819:Melilla
17748:Tunisia
17728:Morocco
17703:Lebanon
17668:Croatia
17658:Algeria
17653:Albania
17553:Perejil
17528:Morocco
17454:Madeira
17421:Alboran
17416:Melilla
17380:Morocco
17336:Tunisia
17310:Morocco
17271:Algeria
17168:Socotra
17147:Melilla
17116:Madeira
17079:Réunion
17074:Mayotte
16946:Tunisia
16916:Somalia
16901:Senegal
16886:Nigeria
16876:Namibia
16866:Morocco
16831:Liberia
16826:Lesotho
16776:Eritrea
16745:Comoros
16720:Burundi
16695:Algeria
16599:Outline
16580:Symbols
16528:Cuisine
16520:Culture
16463:Society
16439:Tourism
16384:Economy
16303:Cabinet
16224:Borders
16131:History
16119:Algeria
16018:Algeria
16002:Algeria
15835:(ed.).
15716:2 April
15686:2 April
15656:2 April
15626:2 April
15616:Algeria
15580:Algeria
15497:2 April
15437:2 April
15400:ALGÉRIE
15063:20 June
14961:17 July
14931:17 July
14866:6 April
14727:2 April
14697:2 April
14321:20 June
14086:20 June
13808:1216069
13590:23 June
13377:caci.dz
13286:. IMF.
13232:30 July
13156:17 July
13130:24 June
12813:16 July
12738:4 April
12628:8 March
12540:5 April
12423:12 July
12393:12 July
12356:7723057
12325:Bibcode
12158:Bibcode
12060:16 June
12050:esa.int
12000:7 April
11339:20 June
11035:24 June
11005:20 June
10559:. BBC.
10538:(ed.).
10325:19 June
9986:. 1979.
8892:3257290
8705:Bibcode
8697:Science
8571:Algeria
7875:IMF.org
7234::
7212:Algérie
7197::
7190:الجزائر
7120:Berbers
6903:tajines
6899:cereals
6894:roots.
6888:Turkish
6856:Cuisine
6512:scholar
6476:removed
6461:sources
6326:); and
6320:Tagaste
6239:Tlemcen
6223:Culture
6130:cholera
6122:measles
5929:Kabylie
5852:Tuaregs
5844:Kabylie
5840:Kabyles
5836:Berbers
5821:Morisco
5818:Catalan
5814:Catalan
5810:Morisco
5783:Vandals
5771:Berbers
5724:204,661
5690:210,146
5656:252,127
5629:Ouargla
5622:265,833
5595:Tlemcen
5588:289,504
5554:331,779
5520:342,703
5486:448,028
5459:El Oued
5452:803,329
5404:Tébessa
5388:Algiers
5370:Algiers
5290:Chinese
5267:nomadic
5235:Tunisia
5227:Nigeria
5211:Tlemcen
5181:project
5155:is the
5139:ruins;
5135:, both
5129:Djémila
5084:Tourism
4924:Algeria
4900:Economy
4893:11,202
4872:Mascara
4863:50,392
4860:131,220
4833:17,618
4743:50,163
4740:101,350
4713:16,437
4710:120,026
4653:57,276
4482:Algiers
4392:Tlemcen
4362:Tébessa
4336:556,200
4316:El Oued
4256:Tindouf
4246:161,400
4143:54,490
4140:285,000
4050:211,980
4046:Ouargla
4027:402,197
3952:), 553
3949:wilayas
3850:diesel
3551:Acacias
3523:juniper
3501:scrub,
3499:Macchia
3476:rodents
3459:is the
3441:jerboas
3437:fennecs
3429:jackals
3390:coastal
3380:is the
2839:in the
2770:Algiers
2561:Kabylia
2537:viceroy
2500:Morocco
2488:Iceland
2482:pirate
2381:Ottoman
2360:Hafsids
2206:Bedouin
2194:Algiers
2154:by the
2141:Fatimid
2121:Bedouin
2117:Red Sea
2008:Merinid
2004:Almohad
1988:Ifranid
1976:Amazigh
1929:Red Sea
1917:Lebanon
1900:Amazigh
1844:Maghreb
1781:Ismaili
1767:Normans
1765:by the
1721:of the
1686:Kusaila
1662:Amazigh
1645:Vandals
1606:vassals
1571:Morocco
1559:Numidia
1459:Berbers
1447:Maghreb
1432:Tebessa
1424:Aterian
1394:Djémila
1363:History
1315:Maghreb
1300:Icosium
1275:الجزائر
1264:Algiers
1174::
1167:الجزائر
1157:of 1575
1072:wilayas
1052:Berbers
1050:, with
1020:fertile
963:of the
947:of the
925:Vandals
906:Algiers
894:Morocco
854:Tunisia
842:Maghreb
834:Algeria
721: (
500:•
487:•
474:•
463:Numidia
461:•
435:•
420:•
391:•
376:•
361:•
346:•
273:Berbers
271:15–24%
265:75–85%
248:English
181:36°42′N
172:Algiers
165:Capital
123:Qasaman
117:قَسَمًا
112:Anthem:
20192:Mexico
20147:Brazil
19917:Eighth
19897:Fourth
19887:Second
19856:(2010)
19850:(2008)
19844:(1990)
19756:Muslim
19741:Russia
19668:Uganda
19658:Turkey
19526:Kuwait
19516:Jordan
19491:Guyana
19481:Guinea
19476:Gambia
19441:Brunei
19278:Theory
19186:Emblem
19181:Anthem
19076:AMISOM
19061:UNAMID
18913:Bureau
18822:Organs
18533:Brazil
18442:Kuwait
18437:Jordan
18217:Cinema
18122:Energy
18072:Turkey
18000:Kuwait
17995:Jordan
17990:Israel
17963:Cyprus
17753:Turkey
17718:Monaco
17693:Israel
17688:Greece
17683:France
17673:Cyprus
17333:
17320:
17307:
17294:
17281:
17268:
17067:France
17024:France
16956:Zambia
16951:Uganda
16891:Rwanda
16846:Malawi
16806:Guinea
16700:Angola
16679:Africa
16620:Portal
16533:Cinema
16424:Mining
16419:Health
16414:Energy
16406:Dinar
16267:Rivers
16229:Cities
16121:
15963:
15944:
15925:
15906:
15887:
15868:
15860:
15814:
15785:
15766:
15747:
15594:
15564:
15236:
15049:
14951:Fanack
14831:
14809:
14776:
14666:
14582:
14429:
14372:
14307:
14280:
14231:
14172:
14142:
14111:
14072:
13815:
13805:
13100:21 May
12989:21 May
12799:
12363:
12353:
12345:
12208:17 May
12178:
12129:17 May
12093:18 May
11788:
11761:
11736:
11693:
11654:
11568:
11547:
11521:
11496:
11467:
11364:
11325:
11300:9 June
11251:22 May
11237:
11212:21 May
11203:
11170:
11118:
11091:
11058:
10976:
10920:
10843:
10671:
10505:
10473:
10313:
10160:
10104:
10058:
9964:
9881:
9851:
9697:
9658:
9631:
9604:
9433:
9243:
9205:
9139:
9115:
9078:
9008:
8969:
8930:
8899:
8889:
8845:
8749:
8741:
8733:
8671:
8644:
8605:
8578:
8551:
8524:
8463:
8436:
8409:
8262:
8012:15 May
7817:
7772:
7744:
7648:
7618:
7576:
7504:
7467:
7430:
7367:7 July
7223:Arabic
7186:Arabic
6977:boxing
6954:) and
6917:Sports
6892:French
6884:Berber
6844:(1969)
6820:(2010)
6813:(2006)
6778:Cinema
6696:, and
6666:Nedjma
6606:wrote
6514:
6507:
6500:
6493:
6485:
6340:Sanusi
6292:, and
6280:while
6254:Arabic
6199:, the
6193:Arabic
6101:Health
6033:Ibadis
6002:, and
5937:French
5933:Arabic
5925:Kabyle
5921:Berber
5914:Berber
5910:Arabic
5891:Berber
5848:Chaoui
5779:Romans
5715:Biskra
5663:Béchar
5613:Djelfa
5561:Béjaïa
5527:Tiaret
5511:Annaba
5493:Skikda
5433:Annaba
5310:
5307:
5233:, and
5207:Annaba
5149:Casbah
5133:Timgad
5125:Tipasa
5110:UNESCO
5099:Djanet
4966:, the
4932:Turkey
4890:88,126
4846:18,718
4842:M'Sila
4830:86,185
4826:Djanet
4800:17,428
4770:65,203
4722:Guelma
4692:Annaba
4680:11,410
4650:62,215
4632:Skikda
4560:86,105
4516:66,415
4512:Djelfa
4500:29,950
4426:20,673
4422:Tiaret
4406:Tipaza
4366:14,227
4320:54,573
4302:Bouïra
4260:58,193
4242:Béchar
4216:20,986
4212:Biskra
4182:Béjaïa
4156:12,192
4136:Illizi
4110:78,870
4096:25,057
4007:Wilaya
3990:Wilaya
3959:daïras
3936:, and
3844:MiG-29
3649:, the
3559:Sahara
3555:olives
3525:, and
3511:cedars
3431:, and
3416:, 18%
3398:desert
3343:Sahara
3271:Annaba
3269:, and
3251:Arabic
3236:steppe
3189:Sahara
3159:, the
3157:Sahara
2865:Harkis
2849:France
2829:Allies
2754:colons
2691:French
2592:Naples
2457:Lipari
2453:Ischia
2437:slaves
2418:Plague
2384:sultan
2125:Arabia
2102:Aghmat
2082:Zirids
2040:Zirids
2024:Hafsid
1965:Kutama
1957:Zenata
1953:Houara
1927:, the
1913:Jordan
1896:Zirids
1872:Zirids
1866:. The
1852:Levant
1836:Fatima
1763:Sicily
1743:Zirids
1716:Muslim
1674:Altava
1641:Africa
1517:Skikda
1511:) and
1509:Annaba
1497:Tipasa
1487:, the
1474:Timgad
1413:Levant
1233:Berber
1231:RADP;
1200:French
1195:dzāyer
1163:Arabic
1131:, the
1123:, the
1119:, the
1075:) and
1040:French
1032:Arabic
1016:Sahara
949:Berber
939:since
931:, and
921:Romans
884:, and
705:(2022)
703:
685:(2011)
683:
631:
575:
468:202 BC
290:(2012)
279:others
258:(2024)
244:French
221:Berber
216:Arabic
184:3°13′E
114:
86:Emblem
44:Arabic
40:
20257:28; 2
20182:Kenya
20162:India
20157:Egypt
20152:Chile
19922:Ninth
19907:Sixth
19902:Fifth
19892:Third
19882:First
19699:Syria
19683:Yemen
19633:Sudan
19608:Qatar
19576:Niger
19541:Libya
19471:Gabon
19466:Egypt
19431:Benin
19362:(OIC)
19238:NEPAD
19081:MISCA
19046:ACIRC
18642:Sport
18543:India
18512:Yemen
18497:Syria
18492:Sudan
18477:Qatar
18452:Libya
18427:Egypt
18312:Lists
18237:Dance
18232:Music
18082:Yemen
18055:Syria
18045:Qatar
17968:Egypt
17815:Ceuta
17743:Syria
17738:Spain
17713:Malta
17708:Libya
17698:Italy
17678:Egypt
17532:Spain
17513:Abyei
17501:Sudan
17473:Egypt
17469:Sudan
17411:Ceuta
17398:Spain
17323:Sudan
17297:Libya
17284:Egypt
17161:Yemen
17142:Ceuta
17130:Spain
17088:Italy
16931:Sudan
16881:Niger
16836:Libya
16821:Kenya
16801:Ghana
16791:Gabon
16765:Egypt
16705:Benin
16606:Index
16575:Sport
16565:Music
16558:films
16553:Media
16510:Women
16192:2000s
16076:from
16049:(PDF)
16042:(PDF)
15831:. In
15741:Hurst
15706:Devex
15171:(PDF)
15164:(PDF)
15018:(PDF)
15011:(PDF)
14605:(PDF)
14556:(PDF)
14549:(PDF)
14049:(PDF)
14042:(PDF)
13563:(PDF)
13556:(PDF)
13291:(PDF)
13284:(PDF)
13208:(PDF)
13201:(PDF)
12930:(PDF)
11387:[
11166:–ff.
10974:S2CID
10534:. In
9762:, By
9567:[
9534:[
9113:S2CID
8788:(PDF)
8781:(PDF)
8747:S2CID
7976:(PDF)
7965:(PDF)
7181:-ee-ə
7165:
6944:chess
6940:Aures
6519:JSTOR
6505:books
6370:Media
6332:Tunis
6245:; by
6023:Islam
5953:Punic
5945:Greek
5941:Latin
5791:Turks
5767:Arabs
5647:Sétif
5579:Batna
5545:Blida
5343:Rank
5340:Pop.
5327:Rank
5276:from
5263:oases
5223:Niger
5145:oasis
5137:Roman
4920:dinar
4876:5,941
4816:2,269
4786:8,866
4782:Médéa
4756:2,187
4726:4,101
4696:1,439
4666:9,150
4636:4,026
4620:8,835
4606:6,764
4602:Saïda
4590:4,870
4576:6,504
4572:Sétif
4546:2,577
4542:Jijel
4530:2,376
4496:Naâma
4470:4,897
4456:3,568
4440:9,375
4410:2,166
4396:9,061
4380:4,541
4350:9,811
4306:4,439
4290:3,152
4276:1,696
4272:Blida
4230:3,339
4200:1,591
4186:3,268
4170:4,115
4152:Batna
4126:6,768
4080:2,114
4066:4,975
4062:Chlef
4023:Adrar
3539:agave
3425:boars
3201:Aures
2873:lynch
2644:Dutch
2640:Anglo
2632:First
2611:Oujda
2545:divan
2533:Odjak
2480:Dutch
2399:Hasan
2320:Jijel
2289:Tunis
2160:Zirid
2156:Gabes
2106:Oujda
2032:Zirid
1984:Zirid
1937:Yemen
1933:Hejaz
1925:Egypt
1921:Syria
1864:Cairo
1856:Arabs
1848:Hejaz
1792:Dihya
1719:Arabs
1694:Aurès
1470:Roman
1229:abbr.
1187:دزاير
1048:Arabs
933:Turks
888:; to
872:; to
870:Niger
864:; to
862:Libya
856:; to
776:right
673:109th
565:171th
517:Area
267:Arabs
20240:28°N
20172:Iran
20121:2012
20116:2010
20111:2006
20106:2004
20101:2001
20096:2000
20091:1999
20086:1998
20081:1997
20076:1996
20071:1995
20066:1994
20061:1992
20056:1991
20051:1990
19648:Togo
19586:Oman
19556:Mali
19506:Iraq
19501:Iran
19451:Chad
19285:Afro
19191:Flag
19123:APRM
19071:AMIS
19066:AMIB
18890:AUCC
18608:Life
18467:Oman
18432:Iraq
18340:Flag
18030:Gaza
18017:Oman
17978:Iraq
17973:Iran
17817:and
17810:(UK)
17570:SADR
17384:SADR
16941:Togo
16851:Mali
16740:Chad
16538:Flag
16333:LGBT
16057:2016
15961:ISBN
15942:ISBN
15923:ISBN
15904:ISBN
15885:ISBN
15866:ISBN
15858:ISBN
15812:ISBN
15783:ISBN
15764:ISBN
15745:ISBN
15718:2024
15688:2024
15658:2024
15628:2024
15592:ISBN
15562:ISSN
15525:2012
15499:2024
15469:2023
15439:2024
15363:2013
15334:2013
15308:2013
15282:2021
15252:2023
15234:ISBN
15205:2013
15179:2013
15147:2013
15121:2013
15095:2021
15065:2015
15047:ISBN
15026:2009
14994:2022
14963:2021
14933:2021
14897:2022
14868:2021
14829:ISBN
14807:ISBN
14774:ISBN
14729:2024
14699:2024
14664:ISSN
14627:link
14613:2024
14580:ISBN
14531:2013
14505:2010
14445:2023
14427:ISBN
14388:2023
14370:ISBN
14349:2021
14323:2015
14305:ISBN
14278:ISBN
14229:ISBN
14204:2024
14170:ISBN
14140:ISBN
14109:ISBN
14088:2015
14070:ISBN
14025:2023
13995:2013
13969:2013
13939:2013
13927:IRIN
13909:2013
13876:2013
13843:2013
13813:PMID
13764:2013
13738:2011
13711:2016
13685:2022
13655:2022
13592:2020
13520:2013
13494:2022
13464:2013
13438:2022
13389:2022
13359:2022
13329:2022
13299:2013
13234:2024
13184:2020
13158:2021
13132:2017
13102:2017
13072:2018
13046:2018
12991:2017
12960:2013
12913:2011
12883:2013
12857:2013
12815:2008
12797:ISBN
12772:2021
12740:2006
12714:2016
12688:2021
12658:2011
12630:2013
12600:2011
12572:2021
12542:2019
12511:2013
12481:2013
12451:2024
12425:2021
12395:2021
12361:PMID
12343:ISSN
12271:2014
12210:2020
12176:ISSN
12131:2020
12095:2013
12062:2023
12032:2021
12002:2019
11976:2013
11939:2011
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