Women in Islam - Knowledge

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Research showed that 85% of Muslim women experienced violence through verbal threats as well as 25% of Muslim women experiencing actual physical violence in public spaces. ISPU also found that most American Muslim women (68%) agree that most people associate negative stereotypes with their faith identity. Among these, more than half (52%) "strongly agree" that being Muslim is correlated with negative stereotypes. Data shows that American Muslim women are actually more likely than Muslim men to fear for their safety from white supremacist groups (47% vs. 31%) and nearly one in five (19%) Muslim women say they have stress and anxiety enough to believe they need the help of a mental health professional as a result of the 2016 presidential elections, compared with only 9% of American Muslim men. Despite this deficit in security and greater likelihood for experienced religious-based discrimination, Muslim women are no more likely than Muslim men to change their appearance to be less identifiable as a Muslim (16% vs. 15%). Additionally, despite many feeling stigmatized, a large majority of Muslim American women (87%) say they are proud to be identified as a member of their faith community.

5978:, with no requirement to show cause; however, in practice there is variance by country as to whether there are any additional legal processes when a husband divorces his wife by this method. For example, the Tunisian Law of Personal Status (1957) makes repudiation by a husband invalid until it has been ratified by a court, and provides for further financial compensation to the wife. Similar laws have been enacted elsewhere, both within an interpretive framework of traditional sharia law, and through the operation of civil codes not based upon the sharia. However, upon talaq, the husband must pay the wife her deferred mahr. Some Muslim-majority countries mandate additional financial contributions to be made to the wife on top of the mahr: for example, the Syrian Law of Personal Status (1953) makes the payment of maintenance to the wife by the husband obligatory for one year after the divorce, which is thus a legal recourse of the wife against the husband. The husband is free to marry again immediately after a divorce, but the woman must observe 4798:

considered a lower court's ruling, and upheld a husband's right to "chastise" his wife and children with physical violence. Article 53 of the United Arab Emirates' penal code acknowledges the right of a "chastisement by a husband to his wife and the chastisement of minor children" so long as the assault does not exceed the limits prescribed by Sharia. In Lebanon, as many as three-quarters of all Lebanese women have suffered physical abuse at the hands of husbands or male relatives at some point in their lives. In Afghanistan, over 85% of women report domestic violence; other nations with very high rates of domestic violence and limited legal rights include Syria, Pakistan, Egypt, Morocco, Iran, Yemen and Saudi Arabia. In some Islamic countries such as Turkey, where legal protections against domestic violence have been enacted, serial domestic violence by husband and other male members of her family is mostly ignored by witnesses and accepted by women without her getting legal help, according to a Government of Turkey report.

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debt. If the debtor is incompetent, weak, or unable to dictate, let their guardian dictate for them with justice. Call upon two of your men to witness. If two men cannot be found, then one man and two women of your choice will witness—so if one of the women forgets the other may remind her. The witnesses must not refuse when they are summoned. You must not be against writing ˹contracts˺ for a fixed period—whether the sum is small or great. This is more just ˹for you˺ in the sight of Allah, and more convenient to establish evidence and remove doubts. However, if you conduct an immediate transaction among yourselves, then there is no need for you to record it, but call upon witnesses when a deal is finalized. Let no harm come to the scribe or witnesses. If you do, then you have gravely exceeded ˹your limits˺. Be mindful of Allah, for Allah ˹is the One Who˺ teaches you. And Allah has ˹perfect˺ knowledge of all things.

3342:(the spoken or acted example attributed to Muhammad) advocate the rights of women and men equally to seek knowledge. The Quran commands all Muslims to exert effort in the pursuit of knowledge, irrespective of their biological sex: it constantly encourages Muslims to read, think, contemplate and learn from the signs of God in nature. Moreover, Muhammad encouraged education for both males and females: he declared that seeking knowledge was a religious duty binding upon every Muslim man and woman. Like her male counterpart, each woman is under a moral and religious obligation to seek knowledge, develop her intellect, broaden her outlook, cultivate her talents and then use her potential to the benefit of her soul and her society. Copyists made it evident that women were entitled to seek an education just as much as any man by stating in the 3704:

illiterate in several Islamic countries, and the proportion reaches 70% among Muslim women. UNESCO estimates that the literacy rate among adult women was about 50% or less in a number of Muslim-majority countries, including Morocco, Yemen, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Niger, Mali, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, and Chad. Egypt had a female literacy rate of 64% in 2010, Iraq of 71% and Indonesia of 90%. Literacy has been improving in Saudi Arabia since the 1970s, the female literacy rate in 2017 for women ages 15–24 was 99.3%, equivalent to the male literacy rate of 99.3%. Western ideals have had an influence over education in Muslim countries due to the increased demand of literacy in males and females. It is evident that more women are making an effort to receive an education by attending primary and secondary school in Muslim countries.

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amended to stipulate that at least one in three candidates on every party's electoral list must be female and parties which do not fulfill this criterion will be barred from contesting the election; Tunisia's mandated electoral lists composed of 50% women in both the 2011 and 2014 legislative elections; and in 2012, Algeria set a minimum parliamentary female membership requirement of 30%. Following the May 2012 legislative elections, women constitute 31.6% of Algerian MPs. In Senegal, 50% of local and national electoral lists have to be female as of 2012. Following the passage of Law No. 46 of 2014, Egypt has required party lists to include a certain number of women; in 2018, Egypt's cabinet had eight female ministers out of a total of 35 (22.86%). Kosovo has had a female quota for its assembly as far back as 2001, when it was

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it necessary). In addition, dowries – one on marriage, and another deferred in case of divorce – must be specified and written down; they should also be of substance. The dowry is the exclusive property of the wife and should not be given away, neither to her family nor her relatives. According to the Quran (at 4:2), the wife may freely choose to give part of their dowry to the husband. Fiqh doctrine says a woman's property, held exclusively in her name cannot be appropriated by her husband, brother or father. For many centuries, this stood in stark contrast with the more limited property rights of women in (Christian) Europe. Accordingly, Muslim women in contemporary America are sometimes shocked to find that, even though they were careful to list their assets as separate, these can be considered joint assets after marriage.

5510:, an idea central in European, American as well as in non-Islamic Asian common law, and the legal basis for the principle of marital property. An Islamic marriage is a contract between a man and a woman. A Muslim man and woman do not merge their legal identity upon marriage, and do not have rights over any shared marital property. The assets of the man before the marriage, and earned by him after the marriage, remain his during marriage and in case of a divorce. A divorce under Islamic law does not require redistribution of property. Rather, each spouse walks away from the marriage with his or her individual property. Divorcing Muslim women who did not work outside their home after marriage do not have a claim on the collective wealth of the couple under Islamic law, except for deferred 3959:

culture marked a movement towards liberation and equality for women, since prior Arab cultures did not enable women to have such freedoms. There is evidence that Muhammad asked women for advice and took their thoughts into account, specifically with regard to the Quran. Women were allowed to pray with men, take part in commercial interactions, and played a role in education. One of Muhammad's wives, Aisha, played a significant role in medicine, history and rhetoric. Women, however, did not hold religious titles, but some held political power with their husbands or on their own. The historic role of women in Islam is connected to societal patriarchal ideals, rather than actual ties to the Quran. The issue of women in Islam is becoming more prevalent in modern society.

4272:"The lady offered to sell the garment to Abu Hanifa for 100 dirhams but Abu Hanifa would not buy it. 'It is worth more than a hundred', he told the surprised woman. 'How much?' he asked her again. She offered to sell it for 200 dirhams and he turned her down. Then she asked for 300, then 400, at which point the exasperated woman scolded him. 'You are mocking me', she declared, and prepared to walk away from the deal to try her luck elsewhere. So they summoned another merchant and he solemnly valued the garment at 500 dirhams. Rather than profit from the woman's ignorance, Abu Hanifa had opted to settle for a fair trade, a principle he would abide by all his life – that the greedy should be regulated from taking advantage of the vulnerable." 2771: 6267: 5164:, the rate of divorce was high. The work of the scholar and historian Al-Sakhawi (1428–1497) on the lives of women show that the marriage pattern of Egyptian and Syrian urban society in the fifteenth century was greatly influenced by easy divorce, and practically untouched by polygamy. Earlier Egyptian documents from the eleventh to thirteenth centuries also showed a similar but more extreme pattern: in a sample of 273 women, 118 (45%) married a second or third time. Edward Lane's careful observation of urban Egypt in the early nineteenth century suggests that the same regime of frequent divorce and rare polygamy was still applicable in these last days of traditional society. In the early 20th century, some villages in western 6736:

are Muslim women of color, as they are always susceptible to Islamophobia, with or without their headscarves. In 2017, English Islamophobic monitoring company Tell Mama reported that there had been a 26% increase in Islamophobia in the UK, overwhelmingly affecting Muslim women more than Muslim men. Additionally, Muslim women disproportionately face the Islamophobic trope that women are seen as inferior in their religion. Research has found that media along with politics, particularly, in European society, perpetuate these stereotypes of Muslim women. Aside from seeing women as experiencing sexism within their religion, other Islamophobic stereotypes of Muslim women include seeing them as, "either oppressed or as dangerous".

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North Africa and Islamic Central Asia. About 1 in 3 of all marriages in Saudi Arabia, Iran and Pakistan are first cousin marriages; while overall consanguineous endogamous marriages exceed 65 to 80% in various Islamic populations of the Middle East, North Africa and Islamic Central Asia. Consanguineous endogamous marriages are common for women in Islam. Consanguineous marriage rates in the Muslim world range from 5–9% in Malaysia to >50% in Saudi Arabia. Over 65% of all marriages in Saudi Arabia and Pakistan are endogamous and consanguineous arranged marriages; more than 40% of all marriages are endogamous and consanguineous in Mauritania, Libya, Sudan, Iraq, Iran, Jordan, Syria, Yemen, Kuwait, UAE and Oman.

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the study demonstrates that among American Muslims 13% of those surveyed said they knew someone in their faith community who was a victim of domestic violence, a number similar to that of Catholics (15%), Protestants (17%), of non-affiliated (14%), and even the general public (15%). Among Americans Muslims who knew of a domestic violence incident in the past year, the percentage of them who said the crime was reported to law enforcement (50%) is comparable to other groups and the general public as well. American Muslim respondents reported that a faith leader was informed of the domestic violence about half the time, a significantly higher rate than any other faith group surveyed in the poll.

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women to pray at a mosque. By the late 1960s, women in urban areas of the Middle East increasingly began praying in the mosque, but men and women generally worship separately. (Muslims explain this by citing the need to avoid distraction during prayer prostrations that raise the buttocks while the forehead touches the ground.) Separation between sexes ranges from men and women on opposite sides of an aisle, to men in front of women (as was the case in the time of Muhammad), to women in second-floor balconies or separate rooms accessible by a door for women only. Women in the state of ritual impurity, such as menstruation, are forbidden from entering the prayer hall of the mosque.

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2011, 75% were women. In the United States, more Hispanic women convert to Islam than Hispanic men, with these women being "mostly educated, young and professional"; the share of overall female converts to Islam in the US rose from 32% in 2000 to 41% in 2011. In Brazil, approximately 70% of converts to Islam are women, most of whom are young and relatively well-educated. Young females constitute an estimated 80% of converts to Islam in Lithuania. According to Susanne Leuenberger of the Institute of Advanced Study in the Humanities and the Social Sciences at the University of Bern, females make up around 60–70% of conversions to Islam in Europe.

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partners agree. All the Islamic schools of law from the tenth to the nineteenth century gave contraception their serious consideration. They dealt principally with coitus interruptus, the most common method, and unanimously agreed that it was licit provided the free wife gave her permission, because she had rights to children and to sexual fulfilment which withdrawal was believed to diminish. From the writings of the jurists it emerges that other methods of birth control – mostly intravaginal tampons – were also used by premodern women and the commonest view was that these should only be employed if the husband also agreed.

4805:, which is known as the Istanbul Convention because it was first opened for signature in Turkey's largest city (on May 11, 2011). In 2021, Turkey became the first and only country to withdraw from the convention, after denouncing it on 20 March 2021. Three other European countries with a significant (≥c.20%) Muslim population – Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro – have also ratified the convention, while Macedonia is a signatory to the document. The aim of the convention is to create a Europe free from violence against women and domestic violence. On December 10, 2014, the Serbian-Turkish pop star 3995:

reports, Islamic nations in the Middle East and North Africa region are increasing their creation of economic and employment opportunities for women; compared, however, to every other region in the world, the Middle East and North African region ranks lowest on economic participation, employment opportunity and the political empowerment of women. Ten countries with the lowest women labour force participation in the world – Jordan, Oman, Morocco, Iran, Turkey, Algeria, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Syria – are Islamic countries, as are the four countries that have no female

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Sina (Avicenna) regarded birth control as a normal part of medicine, and devoted chapters to contraception and abortion in their textbooks (although the permissibility of abortion within Islamic thought varies according to a number of factors; Islam views the family as sacred and children as a gift from God). According to medieval Muslims, birth control was employed to avoid a large number of dependants; to safeguard property; to guarantee the education of a child; to protect a woman from the risks of childbirth, especially if she was young or ill; or simply to preserve her health and beauty.

6046:) sent down by God. Some of these structures are named after women. Although women are not restricted from entering mosques, it is quite uncommon to see women gathering in mosques to pray. When women do travel to mosques, they are usually accompanied by their husband or other women at times of the day where there is not a large population of other men. While prayer is mostly done at home for women when they are attending prayers at public worship places such as a mosque they are to be separated from the other men present. Women must also be dressed appropriately or they may be reprimanded. 4991:

and the coolness of my eye was placed in the ritual prayer". This is enormously significant because in the Islamic faith, Muḥammad is by definition the most perfect human being and the most perfect male: his love for women shows that the perfection of the human state is connected with love for other human beings, not simply with love for God. More specifically, it illustrates that male perfection lies in women and, by implication, female perfection in men. Consequently, the love Muḥammad had for women is obligatory on all men, since he is the model of perfection that must be emulated.

3675: 5782:– has concluded that "the practice has no Islamic foundation whatsoever. It is nothing more than an ancient custom which has been falsely assimilated to the Islamic tradition, and with the passage of time it has been presented and accepted (in some Muslim countries) as an Islamic injunction." Jawad notes that the argument which states that there is an indirect correlation between Islam and female circumcision fails to explain why female circumcision is not practiced in much of the Islamic world, and conversely is practiced in Latin American countries such as Brazil, Mexico and Peru. 6757: 4340:(adult, free, Muslim, and having been married), with some extending this punishment to certain other cases and milder punishment prescribed in other scenarios. The offenders must have acted of their own free will. According to traditional jurisprudence, zina must be proved by testimony of four adult, pious male eyewitnesses to the actual act of penetration, or a confession repeated four times and not retracted later. Any Muslim who accuses another Muslim of zina but fails to produce the required witnesses commits the crime of false accusation (qadhf, القذف). Some contend that this 6704: 6688: 2166: 5070:"The closing chapter of the Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam, that on the Prophet Muhammad, centers around the famous tradition according to which the Prophet was given a love for perfumes and women and joy in prayer. Thus, Ibn 'Arabī could defend the idea that 'love of women belongs to the perfection of the gnostics, for it is inherited from the Prophet and is a divine love' (R 480). Woman reveals, for Ibn Arabī, the secret of the compassionate God. The grammatical fact that the word dhāt, 'essence', is feminine offers Ibn Arabī different methods to discover this feminine element in God." 3797:

overall share of women researchers at universities and science centres in North Africa is above world (22.5%), European (33%) and developed country (26%) averages. In Iran, women account for over 60% of university students. Similarly, in Malaysia, Algeria, and in Saudi Arabia, the majority of university students have been female in recent years, while in 2016 Emirati women constituted 76.8% of people enrolled at universities in the United Arab Emirates. At the University of Jordan, which is Jordan's largest and oldest university, 65% of students were female in 2013.

5807:, the former Sheikh of Al-Azhar in Cairo – one of the most important religious offices in Sunni Islam – also stated that female circumcision has no theological basis: "Islamic legislation provides a general principle, namely that should meticulous and careful examination of certain issues prove that it is definitely harmful or immoral, then it should be legitimately stopped to put an end to this damage or immorality. Therefore, since the harm of excision has been established, excision of the clitoris of females is not a mandatory obligation, nor is it a Sunnah." 3111:, and Islamic schools that require girls to wear a headscarf, have all been cited as examples of mandatory veiling. These policies of forced veiling have been criticized as coercive instruments for gender segregation that deny female autonomy and agency. However, objections to this argument suggest that forced veiling does not constitute gender apartheid and that social constructions of the veil have wrongfully made it a symbol of gender inequality. During the five-year history of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, the Taliban regime interpreted the 3801:

Kuwait, where 41% of females attend university compared with 18% of males; Bahrain, where the ratio of women to men in tertiary education is 2.18:1; Brunei Darussalam, where 33% of women enroll at university vis à vis 18% of men; Tunisia, which has a women to men ratio of 1.62 in higher education; and Kyrgyzstan, where the equivalent ratio is 1.61. Additionally, in Kazakhstan, there were 115 female students for every 100 male students in tertiary education in 1999; according to the World Bank, this ratio had increased to 144:100 by 2008.

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without a plan. It is not possible that He should have created the clitoris in woman's body only in order that it be cut off at an early stage in life. This is a contradiction into which neither true religion nor the Creator could possibly fall. If God has created the clitoris as a sexually sensitive organ, whose sole function seems to be the procurement of sexual pleasure for women, it follows that He also considers such pleasure for women as normal and legitimate, and therefore as an integral part of mental health."

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because of her child, nor should he to whom the child is born (be made to suffer) because of his child. And on the (father's) heir is incumbent the like of that (which was incumbent on the father). If they desire to wean the child by mutual consent and (after) consultation, it is no sin for them; and if ye wish to give your children out to nurse, it is no sin for you, provide that ye pay what is due from you in kindness. Observe your duty to Allah, and know that Allah is Seer of what ye do. (Al-Quran 2:233)

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annual feast dedicated to Sayeda Zainab which celebrates her birth; the celebration features ecstatic mystical whirling inside the shrine, while outside there are fairground attractions such as merry-go-round rides. Historically, the coffee shops around the square and the mosque were places where some of Egypt's most notable writers and journalists met and exchanged ideas. There is a notable silver shrine inside the mosque. According to Sunni Muslim tradition, this mosque houses the tomb of Sayeda Zainab.

6855:, and this phenomenon intensified as the religion transcended its Arabian origins to spread over a wide geographical area: from the Adriatic region, where Catholicism and Eastern Orthodox Christianity took root, to the Hinduism- and Buddhism-dominated land masses of India and South-East Asia, Muslim populations have both influenced and been influenced by the pre-existing spiritual traditions that they encountered. Prominent examples of these processes include the syncretist philosophy of 4048: 4660:, with some making a special note of the striking being specifically of low severity, however, there does exist Islamic thought that suggests a different interpretation also. Even within the Quran itself, the most common use of this word is not with the definition "to beat", but as verb phrases which provide a number of other meanings, including, as argued by some, several which are more plausible within the context of 4:34, such as "to leave ", and "to draw them lovingly towards you . 3964: 3788: 2873: 4580:"وَالْمَرْأَةُ الْعَدْلُ كَالرَّجُلِ فِي الصِّدْقِ وَالْأَمَانَةِ وَالدِّيَانَة إلَّا أَنَّهَا لَمَّا خِيفَ عَلَيْهَا السَّهْوُ وَالنِّسْيَانُ قَوِيَتْ بِمِثْلِهَا وَذَلِكَ قَدْ يَجْعَلُهَا أَقْوَى مِنْ الرَّجُلِ الْوَاحِدِ أَوْ مِثْلَهُ" "The woman is equal to the man in honesty, trust, and piety; otherwise, whenever it is feared that she will forget or misremember, she is strengthened with another like herself. That makes them stronger than a single man or the likes of him." 3663: 3511:. Important female scholars such as Shuhda, Zaynab, Aisha, and Fatimah were trained at a very young age and influenced heavily by family members who were also scholars or immersed in the knowledge. Each had an extensive following and made many contributions to teaching those of various backgrounds. Working women learned religious texts and practical skills primarily from each other, though they also received some instruction together with men in mosques and private homes. 2926:"A woman questioned the Prophet : 'Men go to war and have a great reward for that, so what do women have.' He answered: 'When a woman is pregnant, she has the reward of someone who spends the whole night praying and the whole day fasting; when the contractions strike her, no one knows how much reward God gives her for having to go through this, and when she delivers her child, then for every suck it draws from her, she receives the reward for keeping a soul alive.'" 6445: 26380: 25559: 5140:) that accompany it. In some parts of the Islamic world these may include processions in which the bride gift is put on display; receptions where the bride is seen adorned in elaborate costumes and jewelry; and ceremonial installation of the bride in the new house to which she may be carried in a litter (a type of carriage). The groom may ride through the streets on a horse, followed by his friends and well-wishers, and there is always a feast called the 5653:), he should wait for his wife until she comes to her orgasm likewise; for her climax may well come slowly. If he arouses her desire, and then sits back from her, this will hurt her, and any disparity in their orgasms will certainly produce a sense of estrangement. A simultaneous orgasm will be the most delightful for her, especially since her husband will be distracted by his own orgasm from her, and she will not therefore be afflicted by shyness." 4529:, argue against its reliability and its common understanding. Ghamidi also contends that the narration cannot be used in all general cases because it is related to the Qur'an verse whose subject is related only to financial matters. Another Pakistani religious scholar Ishaq argues that acquiring conclusive evidence is important, regardless of whether it can be obtained from just one man or just one woman. According to Ghamidi, regarding the verse 26390: 5443:

satisfy this aspect of the religious law where it is in force. With deepening globalisation, it has become more common for Muslim women to marry non-Muslim men who remain outside Islam. These marriages meet with varying degrees of social approval, depending on the milieu. However, conversions of non-Muslim men to Islam for the purpose of marriage are still numerous, in part because the procedure for converting to Islam is relatively expeditious.

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Consequently, sport has obvious attractions in Islam: traditions record that Muḥammad raced with his wife 'Ā'ishah, and that he encouraged parents to teach their children swimming, riding and archery. Persian miniatures show Muslim women jointly playing polo with men in the same field. In the twenty-first century, some Muslim sociologists even argue that it should be obligatory for Muslim females to participate in sport of some kind.

2672:) is a religious prescription in Islam: the Quran commands both men and women to dress modestly and not display their bodies, and Muḥammad asserted that modesty is a central character trait in Islam. Traditional dress for Muslim men has typically covered at least the head and the area between the waist and the knees, while women's Islamic dress is to conceal the hair and the body from the ankles to the neck. Some Muslim women also 4187: 6877:, tend to compare and contrast Islam with Christianity; Eaton concluded that Islam, with certain important qualifications, was "essentially patriarchal". Conversely, those coming from an East Asian background tend to emphasize similarities between Islam and religions such as Taoism, which stress complementarity between the sexes: according to the Japanese scholar Sachiko Murata, it was mandatory for her to use the 25548: 5383:, as determined by her nearest male guardian; this age can be, claim these Islamic scholars, less than 10 years, or 12, or another age depending on each girl. Some clerics and conservative elements of Muslim society, in various communities around the world, have insisted that it is their Islamic right to marry girls below age 15. In December 2019, Saudi Arabia changed the law and raised the age of marriage to 18. 693: 3535: 22322: 3279:– the King and Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia – directed the Ministry of the Interior to reverse the ban. The decree noted that "the original Islamic ruling in regards to women driving is to allow it", and that those who opposed this view did so on the basis of "excuses that are baseless and have no predominance of thought (sic)." Full implementation of the decree was scheduled for June 2018. 25: 6724:(ISPU) reported, "though roughly half of women of all backgrounds, including Muslim women, report experiencing some frequency of gender-based discrimination in the past year, Muslim women's more frequent complaints are racial (75%) and religious (69%) discrimination." Most Muslim women (72%) and Muslim men (76%) reject the notion that "most Muslims in America discriminate against women." 4003:

community to organize work for women, so that she can do so in a Muslim cultural atmosphere, where her rights (as set out in the Quran) are respected. Islamic law however, permits women to work in Islamic conditions, such as the work not requiring the woman to violate Islamic law (e.g., serving alcohol), and that she maintain her modesty while she performs any work outside her home.

102: 4035:, the Turkish Industrialists and Businessmen Association, from 2010 to 2013; Bernadette Ruth Irawati Setiady, the CEO of PT Kalbe Farma Tbk., the largest pharmaceutical company in the ASEAN trade bloc; Atiek Nur Wahyuni, the director of Trans TV, a major free-to-air television station in Indonesia; and Elissa Freiha, a founding partner of the UAE-based investment platform WOMENA. 3068:, while women are generally restricted from having multiple husbands and marrying non-Muslim men. Additionally, female inheritances are typically half of their male siblings'. Islamic criminal jurisprudence also relies heavily on witness testimony, and female testimonies alone are often not considered sufficient to convict a murderer, requiring a male testimony for validation. 2754:

However, these countries are both theologically and culturally atypical within the Islamic world: Iran is the world's only Shī'a revolutionary state and in none of the others do the same restrictions on women's clothing in public apply, as the overwhelming majority of Muslim-majority countries have no laws mandating the public wearing of either secular or religious apparel.

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after any bequest you made or debt. And if a man or woman leaves neither ascendants nor descendants but has a brother or a sister, then for each one of them is a sixth. But if they are more than two, they share a third, after any bequest which was made or debt, as long as there is no detriment . an ordinance from Allah, and Allah is Knowing and Forbearing. (Al-Quran 4:12)

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identity: there is no historically practiced process of changing the names of women be they married, divorced or widowed. With the spread of western-style state bureaucracies across the Islamic world from the nineteenth century onwards, this latter convention has come under increasing pressure, and it is now commonplace for Muslim women to change their names upon marriage.

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reputation came from her association with al-Nishtibri, with students traveling far to hear her teachings. She was known as a reliable authority that encompassed different genera of studies. She held mixed classes in al-Madrasa al-Diya’iyyah, a congregational mosque, and her home. Students would come from afar to listen to her teachings. She is also known to travel to

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parents, siblings). If he had children from any of his wives, his wives receive an eighth of the property and the rest is for his surviving children and parents. The wives share as inheritance a part of movable property of her late husband, but they do not share anything from immovable property such as land, real estate, farm or such value. A woman's deferred

5492:, the Quran "gives the man the right of guardianship or superiority over the family structure to prevent dissension and friction between the spouses. The equity of this system lies in the fact that God both favoured the man with the necessary qualities and skills for the 'guardianship' and also charged him with the duty to provide for the structure's upkeep." 4790:, al-Maghribi said: "He prohibited a man from beating his wife and noted that beating was not appropriate for the marital relationship between them". Muḥammad underlined the moral and logical inconsistency in beating one's wife during the day and then praising her at night as a prelude to conjugal relations. The Austrian scholar and translator of the Quran 2657: 3805:

Muslim-majority nations are 60%+ and 47% respectively. Female physicists who studied in Muslim-majority states and then moved to the US for academic positions noted that when they were in their previous locations, "they did not feel they had to suppress their femininity to have their intellect – and not their appearance – be the focus of the interaction."

8593:) for two reasons. Firstly, pants might reflect the contours of limbs that are supposed to remain hidden. Secondly, items of clothing associated with men are off limits, just as men are forbidden to wear women's clothing. According to the Prophet, Allah curses the woman who dresses in clothing meant for men, and the man who wears clothing meant for women. 5002:"He who knows the measure of women and their mystery will not renounce love for them. On the contrary, one of the perfections of the gnostic is love for them, for this is a prophetic heritage and a divine love. For the Prophet said, ' were made lovable to me.' Hence he ascribed his love for them only to God. Ponder this chapter – you will see wonders!" 2823:

Nations Human Rights Committee has publicly condemned these bans, claiming their infringement on rights of women dressing a certain way for religious purposes. Muslim European women, specifically, have noted that their public wearing of Islamic headgear has posed obstacles when it comes to gaining employment. In private, it is common for women to wear

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Muḥammad (570–632) were riding their camels without it being an issue. The author and academic Haifaa Jawad underlined that the royal decree was "not some bold initiative to present a new religious interpretation of the issue. Theologically speaking, the ban has no basis in the Quran or Hadith, and should never have been issued in the first place."

5227:. Among Shia, the number of temporary marriages can be unlimited, recognized with an official temporary marriage certificate, and divorce is unnecessary because the temporary marriage automatically expires on the date and time specified on the certificate. Payment to the woman by the man is mandatory, in every temporary marriage and considered as 5107:, and by the witnessing of the bride's consent to the marriage. A woman has the freedom to propose to a man of her liking, either orally or in writing. Muḥammad himself was the subject of a spoken marriage proposal from a Muslim lady which was worded "I present myself to you", although ultimately Muḥammad solemnized her marriage to another man. 5439:, among others. Ayse Elmali-Karakaya says in her 2020 study, that impact of Muslim women's marriage to non-Muslims men has been found to be positive. Elmali-Karakaya says since Muslim women's feelings of being an ambassador of Islam and Muslims in their inter-religious family, interfaith marriages help expansion of their religious knowledge. 4233: – namely, the financial responsibility for reasonable housing, food and other household expenses for the family, including the spouse, falls entirely on the husband. In traditional Islamic law, a woman is also not responsible for the upkeep of the home and may demand payment for any work she does in the domestic sphere. 2568:, and an opposing army rallied by Muḥammad's wife, Āʿisha. In the aftermath of Alī's victory, Āʿisha withdrew from politics. Traditionalists have used this episode to argue that women should not play an active political role, while modernists have held up Āʿisha's legacy in arguing for gender equity in the Islamic tradition. 6967:: he was also responsible, and therefore both men and women are faced equally with its consequences. This has a number of important implications for the Islamic understanding of womanhood and women's roles in both religious and social life. For one, in Islam, women are not seen as a source of evil as a result of the Fall. 5903:, for example, the birth sex ratio was in the 105 to 108 range, before the collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s. After the collapse, the birth sex ratios in Azerbaijan has sharply climbed to over 115 and remained high for the last 20 years. The persistently observed 115 boys for every 100 girls born suggests 6235:(lit. 'the chaste lady') mausoleum – located in Lahore, Pakistan – named after her contains not just her grave but those of five other ladies from Muḥammad's household. These females were amongst the most important women who brought Islam to South Asia. It is said that these ladies came here after the event of the 4976:(and in common with civilisations such as the Chinese, Indian, and Japanese), the Islamic world has historically generated significant works of erotic literature and technique, and many centuries before such a genre became culturally acceptable in the West: Richard Burton's substantially ersatz 1886 translation of 4688:, the pillar of late medieval Sunni Hadith scholarship, concludes that, contrary to what seems to be an explicit command in the Quran, the hadiths of Muhammad leave no doubt that striking one's wife to discipline her actually falls under the sharia ruling of 'strongly disliked' or 'disliked verging on prohibited. 7056:(2006) found that a number of socioeconomic reasons were more likely to explain the prevalence of polygamy than the religion of the parties involved. This survey also found that a polygamous Hindu was likely to have (as a statistical average) 1.77 wives; a Christian, 2.35; a Muslim, 2.55; and a Buddhist, 3.41. 3255:. Additionally, it is recorded that the Muhammad, encouraged the construction of separate entrances for men and women in mosques. This recommendation aimed to provide convenience and maintain a sense of propriety by allowing men and women to enter and exit the mosque without mingling through the same entrance. 6666:

2017. Kuwait granted its women the right to vote in the first half of the 1980s; this right was later rescinded, and then reintroduced in 2005. Additionally, the United Arab Emirates has allocated 30% of its top government posts to women; as of February 2016, females accounted for 27.5% of the UAE's cabinet.

5700:(minor ritual washing) as sufficient form of religiously required ablution. Muslim men and women must also abstain from sex during a ritual fast, and during all times while on a pilgrimage to Mecca, as sexual act, touching of sexual parts and emission of sexual bodily fluids are considered ritually dirty. 6895:) that creates a rigid East-West dichotomy in which dynamic and positive values are ascribed to Western civilization; by contrast, "Oriental" societies (including but certainly not limited to Islamic ones) are depicted as being "stationary" and in need of "modernizing" through imperial administrations. 16578:

Hamamy, Hanan; Antonarakis, Stylianos E.; Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca; Temtamy, Samia; Romeo, Giovanni; Kate, Leo P. Ten; Bennett, Robin L.; Shaw, Alison; Megarbane, Andre; Van Duijn, Cornelia; Bathija, Heli; Fokstuen, Siv; Engel, Eric; Zlotogora, Joel; Dermitzakis, Emmanouil; Bottani, Armand; Dahoun,

7291:

Conservatives reject the assertion that different laws prescribed for men and women imply that men are more valuable than women. Ali ibn Musa Al-reza reasoned that at the time of marriage a man has to pay something to his prospective bride, and that men are responsible for both their wives' and their

5442:

According to sharia law, it is legal for a Muslim man to marry a Christian or Jewish woman, or a woman of any of the divinely-revealed religions, while sharia law does not allow a Muslim woman to marry outside her religion. A significant number of non-Muslim men have entered into the Islamic faith to

5266:

or path to be followed; out of his thirteen wives, only one – the seventh, Zaynab bint Jahsh, a divorcée said by historians to have been very beautiful – was his cousin. The rest of his wives came from diverse social and even religious backgrounds, with Safiyya bint Huyayy and Rayhana bint Zayd being

5110:

Within the marriage contract itself, the bride has the right to stipulate her own conditions. These conditions usually pertain to such issues as marriage terms (e.g. that her husband may not take another wife), and divorce terms (e.g. that she may dissolve the union at her own initiative if she deems

4797:

In practice, the legal doctrine of many Islamic nations, in deference to sharia law, have refused to include, consider or prosecute cases of domestic violence, limiting legal protections available to Muslim women. In 2010, for example, the highest court of United Arab Emirates (Federal Supreme Court)

4666:

gives the wider scholarly tendency when it comes to the verse: The vast majority of the ulama across the Sunni schools of law inherited Muhammad's unease over domestic violence and placed further restrictions on the evident meaning of the 'Wife Beating Verse'. A leading Meccan scholar from the second

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value of men's and women's testimony. It is argued that even though Ibn al-Qayyim believed that women were more prone to making errors, instead of concluding a general discrimination from this, women's testimony was to be treated on an individual basis. This is because Ibn al-Qayyim contended that in

4161:

According to verse 4:32 of the Quran, both men and women have an independent economic position: 'For men is a portion of what they earn, and for women is a portion of what they earn. Ask God for His grace. God has knowledge of all things.' Women therefore are at liberty to buy, sell, mortgage, lease,

2914:

With the coming of the Quranic revelation, the family replaced the tribe as the basic unit of Arab society, and today the family is still the primary means of social organization in the Islamic world. As in many other traditional societies, the family in Muslim-majority countries is not restricted to

2687:

All orthodox schools of sharia law prescribe covering the body in public: specifically, to the neck, the ankles, and below the elbow. However, none of the traditional legal systems actually stipulate that women must wear a veil: it is only the wives of Muḥammad who are instructed to wear this article

7380:

laws. In 2006, Marina Mahathir, daughter of Malaysia's former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, criticized unequal treatment of Malaysia's Muslim women in an editorial in the Malaysia Star. She highlighted legal disparities like polygamy's legality and biased child custody arrangements, which favored

6970:

Moreover, the Biblical statement that Eve was created from Adam's rib (the famous 'third rib') finds no echo in the Quranic account: both male and female were created 'from one soul' (Sūrah 4:1). Similarly, the concept that (as per Genesis 3:16) the pains of childbirth are a punishment for Eve's sin

6791:

At the same time, many Muslim women experience significant barriers to sports participation. These barriers include bans on the Islamic headscarf, commonly known as the hijab, cultural and familial barriers, and the lack of appropriate sports programs and facilities. Many Muslim female athletes have

6735:

NGO, In addition to enhanced prevalence of Islamophobia among Muslim American women, Muslim European women also experienced heightened Islamophobia—especially, when they wear headscarves. Islamophobia researcher and convert to Islam Linda Hyokki points out that at an even higher risk of Islamophobia

6278:

According to a saying attributed to Muhammad in the hadith Sahih Bukhari, women are allowed to go to mosques. However, as Islam spread, Muslim authorities stressed the fears of unchastity from interaction between sexes outside their home, including the mosque. By pre-modern period it was unusual for

6152:

According to legend, Hala Sultan died after falling off her mule and breaking her neck during the first Arab incursions into Cyprus around 647 A.D. The same night, a divine power supposedly placed three giant stones where she lay. In 1760, Hala Sultan's grave was discovered by Sheikh Hasan; he began

5526:

In case of husband's death, a portion of his property is inherited by his wives according to a combination of sharia laws. If the man did not leave any children, his wives receive a quarter of the property and the remaining three-quarters is shared by the blood relatives of the husband (for example,

5521:

And for you is half of what your wives leave if they have no child. But if they have a child, for you is one fourth of what they leave, after any bequest they made or debt. And for the wives is one fourth if you leave no child. But if you leave a child, then for them is an eighth of what you leave,

4820:

In the United States, a recent 2017 study done by the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding found that, "Domestic violence occurs in the Muslim community as often as it does in Christian and non- affiliated communities, but Muslim victims are more likely to involve faith leaders.". Data from

4496:

O believers! When you contract a loan for a fixed period of time, commit it to writing. Let the scribe maintain justice between the parties. The scribe should not refuse to write as Allah has taught them to write. They will write what the debtor dictates, bearing Allah in mind and not defrauding the

4369:

movements and governments employed polemics against public immorality. After sharia-based criminal laws were widely replaced by European-inspired statutes in the modern era, in recent decades several countries passed legal reforms that incorporated elements of hudud laws into their legal codes. Iran

4038:

In the United States, the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding found that, "Instead of hiding, Muslim women responded to a Trump win with greater giving." Nearly 30% of Muslim women vs. 19% of Muslim men have increased their donations to an organization associated with their faith community

3800:

In a number of OIC member states, the ratio of women to men in tertiary education is exceptionally high. Qatar leads the world in this respect, having 6.66 females in higher education for every male as of 2015. Other Muslim-majority states with notably more women university students than men include

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The fashion media sector within the Muslim world for both Western and Islamic fashion has grown tremendously from the 1990s onwards. Local editions of magazines from Marie Claire to Cosmopolitan are now published in a wide range of OIC member states, including Turkey, the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia

2863:

has posited that the term "ḥijāb" does not have any connection with the noun or concept of "headscarf": "The expression hijab in the Koran means 'the veil hiding God'. In other words, one can never see and get to know God, because our intellect is too weak ." Other analysts have pointed out that the

2593:

The emphasis which Islam places upon the feminine/masculine polarity (and therefore complementarity) results in a separation of social functions. In general, a woman's sphere of operation is the home in which she is the dominant figure – and a man's corresponding sphere is the outside

2584:

Verily, the Muslims: men and women, the believers: men and women, the Qanit: men and the women, the men and women who are truthful, the men and the women who are patient, the Khashi`: men and the women, the men and the women who give Sadaqat, the men and the women who fast, the men and the women who

6000:

Divorced women remain in waiting for three periods, and it is not lawful for them to conceal what Allah has created in their wombs if they believe in Allah and the Last Day. And their husbands have more right to take them back in this if they want reconciliation. And due to the wives is similar to

5835:– the then Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation – urged countries to abolish female genital mutilation (FGM), saying the practice was against Islam and human rights: "This practice is a ritual that has survived over centuries and must be stopped as Islam does not support it." 5278:

marriages, where the bride and the groom share a biological grandparent or other near ancestor. The most common observed marriages are first cousin marriages, followed by second cousin marriages. Consanguineous endogamous marriages are most common for women in Muslim communities in the Middle East,

4990:

Particularly within the context of religion – a domain which is often associated with sexual asceticism – Muḥammad is notable for emphasising the importance of loving women. According to a famous ḥadīth, Muḥammad stated: "Three things of this world of yours were made lovable to me: women, perfume –

4683:

as well as a leading early scholar in Iran, collected all the Hadiths showing Muhammad's disapproval of beating in a chapter entitled 'The Prohibition on Striking Women'. A thirteenth-century scholar from Granada, Ibn Faras, notes that one camp of ulama had staked out a stance forbidding striking a

4592:

is defined as attestation of knowledge with regard to a right of a second party against a third. It exists alongside other forms of evidence, such as the oath, confession, and circumstantial evidence. In classical sharia criminal law men and women are treated differently with regard to evidence and

4292:

The fornicating woman and the fornicating man, flog each one of them with one hundred stripes. No pity for them should prevail upon you in the matter of Allah's religion, if you really believe in Allah and the Last Day; and a group of believers must witness their punishment. A man who is fornicator

4240:

The Quran grants inheritance rights to wife, daughter, and sisters of the deceased. However, women's inheritance rights to her father's property are unequal to her male siblings, and varies based on number of sisters, stepsisters, stepbrothers, if mother is surviving, and other claimants. The rules

4111:

According to all schools of Islamic law, the injunctions of the sharia of Islam apply to all Muslims, male and female, who have reached the age of maturity – and only to them. The Quran especially emphasizes that its injunctions concern both men and women in several verses where both

4022:

According to the International Business Report (2014) published by global accounting network Grant Thornton, Indonesia – which is the world's largest Muslim country by population – has ≥40% of senior business management positions occupied by women, a greater proportion

3804:

A notable development specific to the study of physics is that women in Muslim-majority countries enjoy significantly greater representation than their counterparts in the United States: in the US, women make up 21% of physics undergraduates and 20% of PhD students, while the equivalent figures for

3143:

and to be accompanied outside their households by male relatives; those who violated these restrictions were punished. Men were forbidden to shave their beards and required to let them grow and keep them long according to the Taliban's principles, and to wear turbans outside their households. Among

2822:

are typically worn in public only. 32% of countries in the European Union have bans on traditional Muslim headgear for women. Bans differ in enforcement, penalty for violation, and details of what type of headgear is considered "publicly acceptable" in countries with these bans in place. The United

2792:

According to all schools of Islamic law, only women are permitted to wear pure silken garments next to the skin, although the schools of law differ about almost every other detail concerning silk (such as the permissibility of men wearing silk mixed with other fibers). In Islamic tradition, silk is

2761:

In today's modern context, the question of why Muslim women wear the hijab is met with a variety of responses by Muslim American women, including the most popular, "piety and to please God" (54%), "so others know they are Muslim" (21%), and "for modesty" (12%). Only 1% said they wore it, "because a

2757:

In a 2018 study done by the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, Muslim American women were, "the most likely" when compared to other domestic religious communities to, "wear "a visible symbol that makes their faith identity known to others."" Of the Muslim women surveyed by ISPU, 46% say

2589:

Islam's basic view of women and men postulates a complementarity of functions: like everything else in the universe, humanity has been created in a pair (Sūrat al-Dhāriyāt, 51:49) – neither can be complete without the other. In Islamic cosmological thinking, the universe is perceived

6665:

Since 2012 Saudi women have been allowed to vote in some elections. The Shura Council of Saudi Arabia now includes female members after a January 2013 decree by the Saudi King that created reserved parliamentary seats for women, while four women were appointed to Qatar's 41-member Shura Council in

6657:

Several Muslim-majority nations have passed laws to incorporate more women in their parliaments and political processes. For example, Indonesia passed a law in 2013 that required political parties to field at least 30% women candidates in elections or pay a financial penalty, a law which was later

6322:

when the usual restrictions imposed on female education were more lenient. After the 16th century, however, female scholars became fewer. In the modern era, while female activists and writers are relatively common, there has not been a significant female jurist in over 200 years. Opportunities for

5970:

is a divorce without cause, by mutual consent. This divorce requires a husband's consent and it must be supported by consideration that passes from the wife to the husband. Often, this consideration almost always consists of the wife relinquishing her claim to the deferred mahr. In actual practice

5868:

Given the era and the fact that both Christian and Jewish tradition outlawed contraception, the attitude of Muslims towards birth control has been characterised as being remarkably pragmatic; they also possessed a sophisticated knowledge of possible birth control methods. Medieval doctors like Ibn

5769:

Notwithstanding these facts, there is a belief amongst some Muslims – particularly though not entirely exclusively in (sub-Saharan) Africa – that female circumcision (specifically the cutting of the prepuce or hood of the clitoris) is religiously vindicated by the existence of a handful of ḥadīths

5456:

argues that such interpretations unfairly presume that women are inherently subordinate to their husbands, which, if true, could result in children being brought up as non-Muslims if their father is non-Muslim. Additionally, the Quranic verse in question mentions unbelievers, but not people of the

5045:

Both the concept and the reality of beauty are important in the Islamic religion: beauty (iḥsān, also translated as "virtue", "excellence", and "making beautiful") is the third element of the canonical definition of Islam after belief (īmān) and practice (islām). At 53:31, the Quran emphasises the

4975:

This emphasis on the sublimity of the conjugal act holds true for both this world and the next: the fact that Islam considers sexual relationships one of the ultimate pleasures of paradise is well-known; moreover, there is no suggestion that this is for the sake of producing children. Accordingly,

4635:

4:34 Men are the caretakers of women, as men have been provisioned by Allah over women and tasked with supporting them financially. And righteous women are devoutly obedient and, when alone, protective of what Allah has entrusted them with. And if you sense ill-conduct from your women, advise them

4236:

Property rights enabled some Muslim women to possess substantial assets and fund charitable endowments. In mid-sixteenth century Istanbul, 36.8% of charitable endowments (awqāf) were founded by women. In eighteenth century Cairo, 126 out of 496 charitable foundations (25.4%) were endowed by women.

4162:

borrow or lend, and sign contracts and legal documents. Additionally, women can donate money, act as trustees and set up a business or company. These rights cannot be altered, irrespective of marital status. When a woman is married, she legally has total control over the dower – the

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because women are still expected to put their role in the family first, which causes men to be seen as more reliable in the long term. In Saudi Arabia, it was illegal for Saudi women to drive until June 2018. It is becoming more common for Saudi Arabian women to procure driving licenses from other

3958:

Islamic faith states that in the eyes of God, men and women should be equal and are allowed to fulfill the same roles. Therefore, they also are required to complete all the duties of a Muslim worshiper, including the completion of religious traditions, specifically the pilgrimage to Mecca. Islamic

3808:

Similarly, the very high (c.50%) female engineering enrolment rates in three diverse OIC member states – Tunisia, Jordan and Malaysia – have prompted the incorporation of Women in Engineering in Predominately Muslim Countries ('WIEPMCS') at three American universities (Washington State, Purdue and

2691:

On the basis of the injunction to be modest, various forms of dress were developed in different parts of the Islamic world, but some forms of dress were carryovers from earlier, pre-Islamic Near Eastern societies: the practice of women covering their hair was the norm in the earlier communities of

6727:

Further data collected by the ISPU has found that "Muslim women are more likely than Muslim men to report experiencing religious discrimination in the last year (68% vs. 55%)". After the bombing of the World Trade Center Muslim women were especially exposed to increased violence in public spaces.

5933:

In Islam, a woman may only divorce her husband under certain conditions. These are many and include neglect, not being supported financially, the husband's impotence, apostasy, madness, dangerous illness or some other defect in the marriage. Divorce by mutual consent has only to be agreed upon by

5864:

From very early times various methods of contraception have been practiced in Islam, and Muslim jurists of the two major sects of Islam, Sunni and Shia, generally agree that contraception and family planning are not forbidden by sharia; the use of contraceptive devices is permitted if the marital

5793:

reasons that the creation of the clitoris per se is a direct Islamic argument against female circumcision: "If religion comes from God, how can it order man to cut off an organ created by Him as long as that organ is not diseased or deformed? God does not create the organs of the body haphazardly

4456:

Rape charges can be brought and a case proven based on the sole testimony of the victim, providing that circumstantial evidence supports the allegations. It is these strict criteria of proof which lead to the frequent observation that where injustice against women does occur, it is not because of

4215:

says that classical Islamic civilization granted free Muslim women relatively more property rights than women in the West, even as it sanctified three basic inequalities between master and slave, man and woman, believer and unbeliever. Even in cases where property rights were granted in the West,

4147:

Other than applicable laws to Muslim women, there is gender-based variation in the process of testimony and acceptable forms of evidence in legal matters. Some Islamic jurists have held that certain types of testimony by women may not be accepted. In other cases, the testimony of two women equals

3835:

When he arrived at the well of Midian, he found a group of people watering ˹their herds˺. Apart from them, he noticed two women holding back ˹their herd˺. He asked ˹them˺, “What is the problem?” They replied, “We cannot water ˹our animals˺ until the ˹other˺ shepherds are done, for our father is a

2943:

A famous hadith of Muḥammad states that "Heaven lies under the feet of mothers", and accordingly – and like all traditional systems – Islam has honored the work of homemaker and mother as being of the highest value. While there is nothing in Islamic teachings that precludes women from working and

7303:

is one of the most dynamic movements within Islam in the 20th and 21st centuries. The experience of women in Islamist states has been varied. The progression of Muslim women's rights has been inhibited by religious extremist groups that use the disempowerment of women as a political agenda. When

7205:

Women constitute a significantly larger or growing proportion of individuals who choose to convert to Islam in numerous Western countries. According to researchers based at Swansea University, of the approximately 100,000 people who entered the Muslim faith in the United Kingdom between 2001 and

6787:

In the Islamic conception, every human being has a responsibility towards oneself. Since human life is sacred and initially created by divine rather than human agency, people are responsible for trying to keep their bodies and souls healthy, and not causing themselves spiritual or physical harm.

6349:

where Arab women are restricted and forced to wear encompassing clothing. Hui women point out these restrictions as "low status", and feel better to be Chinese than to be Arab, claiming that it is Chinese women's advanced knowledge of the Quran which enables them to have equality between men and

6110:

The Virgin Mary Mosque in Tartous, Syria. This was officially inaugurated in June 2015 as a symbol of peace and religious tolerance. Antoine Deeb – the representative of the Tartous and Lattakia Patriarchate – stated that naming the mosque after the Virgin Mary 'shows that Islam and Christianity

6033:

while she is menstruating or during postpartum period, because bodily fluids are considered ritually impure in Islam. Some Muslim scholars suggest that the woman should stay in her house, or near her house, during this state. Some Islamic jurists claim that this is an incorrect interpretation of

5785:

The French intellectual, journalist, and translator Renée Saurel observed that female circumcision and FGM more generally directly contradict Islam's sacred text: "The Koran, contrary to Christianity and Judaism, permits and recommends that the woman be given physical and psychological pleasure,

5765:

There is no mention of female circumcision – let alone other forms of female genital mutilation – in the Quran. Furthermore, Muḥammad did not subject any of his daughters to this practice, which is itself of real significance as it does not form part of his spoken or acted example. Moreover, the

5684:

There is disagreement among Islamic scholars on proper interpretation of Islamic law on permissible sex between a husband and wife, with claims that non-vaginal sex within a marriage is disapproved but not forbidden. Anal intercourse and sex during menstruation are prohibited, as is violence and

4880:

In traditional Islamic societies, love between men and women was widely celebrated, and both the popular and classical literature of the Muslim world is replete with works on this theme. Throughout Islamic history, intellectuals, theologians, and mystics have extensively discussed the nature and

4610:

in viewing the relevant scriptural passages as conditioned on the different gender roles and life experiences that prevailed at the time rather than women's innately inferior mental capacities, making the rule not generally applicable in all times and places. According to other explanations, the

4177:

In contrast to many other cultures, a woman in Islam has always been entitled as per sharia law to keep her family name and not take her husband's name. Therefore, a Muslim woman has traditionally always been known by the name of her family as an indication of her individuality and her own legal

3796:

In contrast, UNESCO notes that at 37% the share of female researchers in Arab states compares well with other regions. In Turkey, the proportion of female university researchers is slightly higher (36%) than the average for the 27-member European Union as of 2012 (33%). Comparably, at 36.5%, the

3703:

noted that restricted access to education is among the challenges faced by girls and women in the developing world, including OIC member states. UNICEF notes that out of 24 nations with less than 60% female primary enrollment rates, 17 were Islamic nations; more than half the adult population is

2930:

Mothers shall suckle their children for two whole years; (that is) for those who wish to complete the suckling. The duty of feeding and clothing nursing mothers in a seemly manner is upon the father of the child. No-one should be charged beyond his capacity. A mother should not be made to suffer

6302:

Today, Muslim women do indeed attend mosques. In fact, in the United States, a recent study by the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding found that American Muslim women attend the mosque at extremely similar rates (35%) to those of American Muslim men (45%). ISPU also found that 87% of

6172:

The Sayeda Zainab mosque in Cairo, Egypt. The original structure was built in 1549; the modern mosque dates back to 1884. In 1898, the square in front of the mosque also took her name. The mosque was expanded in 1942 and renovated in 1999 following an earthquake seven years earlier. There is an

5715:

after divorce or widowhood. Homosexual relations and same sex marriages are forbidden to women in Islam. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is acceptable in Islam; but ovum donation along with sperm donation, embryo donation are prohibited by Islam. These marriages meet with varying degrees of social

5551:

In contrast to Christianity – where sex is sanctified through marriage – in the Islamic conception, sexuality in and of itself is sacred and a blessing; as per Ibn 'Arabī's formulation, sex is a sublime act which can draw its practitioners closer to God. Marriage in Islam is a contract drawn up

5298:

gives a list of forbidden marriages. Examples for women include marrying one's stepson, biological son, biological father, biological brother, biological sibling's son, biological uncle, milk son or milk brother she has nursed, husband of her biological daughter, a stepfather who has had sexual

4002:

Women are allowed to work in Islam, subject to certain conditions. For example, an acceptable circumstance is if a woman is in financial need and her employment does not cause her to neglect her important role as a mother and wife. It has been claimed that it is the responsibility of the Muslim

2753:

Conversely, in a handful of states – notably Shia Iran – with modernist fundamentalist regime, dress codes stipulating that women wear exclusively "religious" garments (as opposed to "secular" ones) in public which became mandatory in the latter part of the twentieth century are still in force.

2465:

do not deal with every conceivable situation over time. This led to the development of jurisprudence and religious schools with Islamic scholars that referred to resources such as identifying authentic documents, internal discussions, and establishing a consensus to find the correct religiously

6625:

At one stage in the 1990s, over 300 million Muslims – at that time, between one-third and a quarter of the world's entire Islamic population – were simultaneously ruled by women when elected heads of state Tansu Çiller (the 22nd Prime Minister of Turkey), Khaleda Zia (the 9th Prime Minister of

6243:

in 61 AH (October 10, CE 680). Bibi Pak Daman is the collective name of the six ladies believed to interred at this mausoleum, though it is also (mistakenly) popularly used to refer to the personage of Ruqayyah bint Ali alone. They preached and engaged in missionary activity in the environs of

6080:('Maryam' in Arabic) has a particularly exalted position within the Islamic tradition, extolled as she is for being the mother of Jesus, whom Muslims revere as a prophet. Maryam is the only woman mentioned by name in Islam's sacred text; an entire chapter or sūra of the Quran – the nineteenth, 4691:

In recent years, numerous prominent scholars in the tradition of "orthodox Islam" have issued fatwas (legal opinions) against domestic violence. These include the Shī'ite scholar Mohammed Hussein Fadlallah, who promulgated a fatwa on the occasion of the International Day for the Elimination of

4540:

Al-Qayyim argued that the verse relates to the heavy responsibility of testifying by which an owner of wealth protects his rights, not with the decision of a court; the two are completely different from each other. It is also argued that this command shows that the Qur'an does not want to make

4390:

In 'qazf' when someone accuses a chaste woman without four witnesses then he is to be punished with being flogged with eighty lashes. His testimony will become inadmissible forever unless he repents and improves (24:4–5) However, in 'lian', when the husband accuses the wife of adultery without

3994:

Patterns of women's employment vary throughout the Muslim world: as of 2005, 16% of Pakistani women were "economically active" (either employed, or unemployed but available to furnish labor), whereas 52% of Indonesian women were. According to a 2012 World Economic Forum report and other recent

3633:

from Abd al-Khaliq al-Nishtibri. Her father was not a famous hadith transmitter, and there was no account of his role in her studies. However, it was noted that her uncle, Shams al-Din Muhammad, excelled in the field of transmission and was most likely the one that facilitated her studies. Her

3592:

as well as other genera of knowledge, such as literature and law. Students would undertake long journeys just to hear their teachings. Traveling for knowledge allows women scholars the ability to take part in religious teachings outside of their homes. Through traveling and other venues, women

2801:

Similarly, sharia law posits that only women may wear gold ornaments, such as jewelry. The intention behind this distinction is to help men maintain a state of sobriety, reserve, concentration, and spiritual poverty (the "perfections of the centre"). Conversely, women, who symbolize unfolding,

2749:

and the Yugoslav republics also meant an end to highly restrictive secular apparel legislation. As a result, it is now legal for women in these countries to wear clothes suggesting a (post-) modern Islamic identity – such as the headscarf colloquially known as the ḥijāb – in public, though not

5800:

el Hocine Bencheikh, a diplomat and Rector of the L'institut Musulman at the Grande Mosquée de Paris, pointed to the total lack of Islamic theological justification for female circumcision: "If circumcision for the man (though not compulsory) has an aesthetic and hygienic purpose, there is no

5287:

In the interests of transparency, clandestine marriages are not permitted under Islamic law; weddings must be public – a commitment made before society. The European Council for Fatwa and Research has ruled that a state registration of a marriage between Muslims, if attended by two witnesses,

5118:

A bridal procession accompanied by live music in Lombok, Indonesia. According to the National Statistical Bureau of Indonesia, the mean age of marriage for women was 22.3 years in 2010, an increase on the 1970 average of 19 years; the corresponding figures for men were 25.7 years and 23 years

3282:

In an interview with The Atlantic, Hala Al-Dosari – a Saudi scholar at Harvard University's Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study – posited that the driving ban was not religious or even cultural, but political; she also noted the absurdity of banning females driving when women in the era of

3103:); the practice of mandatory veiling is perceived in certain areas as a reflection of gender-related separation. The practice of mandatory veiling is not due to any universal Islamic code; rather, the practice has risen under different contextual circumstances. The dress codes imposed in the 3055:

portrayal of women, there are differing viewpoints on the fairness of its personal status laws and criminal code as they pertain to women. Islam's patriarchal values continue to be a subject of debate, with the understanding that these values exhibit variations within the diverse contexts of

6886:

The historical strength of various Muslim-led polities – which, unlike other comparable non-Western entities such as China and Japan, were adjacent to "Christian" Europe and/or perceived to be in competition with Western powers – meant that the question of women in Islam has not always been

5819:

A 2006 international conference convened by Egypt's Dar al ifta – an influential body which issues legal opinions on Islamic law and jurisprudence – concluded "that the mutilation presently practised in some parts of Egypt, Africa and elsewhere represents a deplorable custom which finds no

4601:

offenses and retaliation, the testimonies of female witnesses are not admitted at all. A number of Muslim-majority countries, particularly in the Arab world, presently treat a woman's testimony as half of a man's in certain cases, mainly in family disputes adjudicated based on Islamic law.

6153:

spreading the word about her healing powers, and a tomb was built there. The complex – comprising a mosque, mausoleum, minaret, cemetery and living quarters for men and women – was constructed in its present form while the island was still under Ottoman rule, and completed in around 1816.

5823:

A November 2006 conference at Al-Azhar University in Cairo held under the auspices of the Grand Mufti of Egypt passed a resolution – with the same legal weight as fatwa – that FGM was to be considered a punishable offence, because it constitutes "an act of aggression and a crime against

5579:

In this context, the Muslim caliph Umar ibn Al-Khattab (584–644) believed that a married woman had the right to sex at least once every four days, while according to the hadith scholar, jurist and mystic Abu Talib al-Makki (d.996), "if knows that needs more, he is obliged to comply".

4655:

The word "strike" in this verse which is understood as "beating" or "hitting" in English – w'aḍribūhunna – is derived from the Arabic root word ḍaraba, which has over fifty derivations and definitions, including "to separate', "to oscillate" and "to play music". The common conservative

2351: – a chapter of Islam's sacred text entitled 'Women' – featuring the Persian, Arabic, and Kufic scripts. Islam views men and women as equal before God, and the Quran underlines that man and woman were "created of a single soul" (4:1, 39:6 and elsewhere). 4139:

remain an integral part of the customary legal processes involving Muslim women. In turn, article 340 of the Jordanian Penal Code, which reduces sentences for killing female relatives over adultery, and is commonly believed to be derived from Islamic law, was in fact borrowed from

4124:

According to Jan Michiel Otto, "nthropological research shows that people in local communities often do not distinguish clearly whether and to what extent their norms and practices are based on local tradition, tribal custom, or religion." In some areas, tribal practices such as

2899:

and Indonesia, while fashion magazines specifically targeted at more overtly religious demographics are flourishing: the Turkish title Âlâ is reportedly outselling both Vogue and Elle within its home market, while Aquila Style has a purported total circulation of 30,000 in three

4269:(700–767) – the founder of the Ḥanafī School of Law, who in his earlier life was a textile merchant in a garrison town – and a woman who came to his store offering to sell Abū Ḥanīfa a silk garment. The author and investment banker Harris Irfan narrates the story as follows: 4121:-based religious laws and religious courts. Those countries that use sharia for legal matters involving women, adopt it mostly for personal law; however, a few Islamic countries such as Saudi Arabia, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Yemen also have sharia-based criminal laws. 3809:

Western Washington). The aim of this project is to 'shed light more generally on how context shapes women's successful participation in STEM in ways that inform our efforts to broaden participation in the US', where female enrolment rates in engineering are typically 15–20%.

3791:

A scene from a female-majority class at the Psychology Department of Uludağ University in Bursa, Turkey. In Turkey, 47.5% of staff at the top five universities are female, a higher proportion than for their equivalents in the United States (35.9%), Denmark (31%) and Japan

2597:

However, this separation is not, in practice, as rigid as it appears. There are many examples – both in the early history of Islam and in the contemporary world – of Muslim women who have played prominent roles in public life, including being

2679:

In the specific context of women, the Quran at 24:31 speaks of covering women's "ornaments" from strangers outside the family. This type of behaviour is commonly seen by Islamic scholars and the broader Muslim public alike as emblematic of a state of spiritual ignorance

6180:

in the city of Sayeda Zainab, a southern suburb of Damascus, Syria. According to Shia Muslim tradition, it is in fact this mosque which contains the tomb of Muḥammad's granddaughter. It has been a destination of mass pilgrimage for Muslims since the 1980s. The dome is

3556:. This newfound movement allowed for greater mobilization on the role of women in the passage of knowledge. The expansion of women's religious involvement helped challenge the role of women in the domestic sector and paved the way for a greater expansion of knowledge. 11818:

Wife should seek her husband's permission for going out of home, if it is against his rights or else obtaining his permission is not required. So in this case, she can go out for learning and teaching, doing social and political activities and visiting parent and

6987:, the nineteenth sura) is named after her, and she is the only woman mentioned by name in the Quran; Maryām is mentioned more times in the Quran than in the New Testament. Furthermore, the miraculous birth of Christ from a virgin mother is recognised in the Quran. 5427:. In the United States, for example, about one in ten Muslim women are married to non-Muslim men, including about one in six Muslim women under 40 and about one in five, or 20% of, Muslim women who describe themselves as less devoutly religious. The tradition of 5206:

altogether, so one does not even come near the chance of committing the forbidden deed of dealing unjustly between the wives. The practice of polygamy is allowed, but not recommended. In some countries, polygamy is restricted by new family codes, for example the

3274:

A 1990 fatwa commissioned by the Saudi Arabian Ministry of the Interior formally enacted a ban on women driving. This prohibition was unique to Saudi Arabia and became a source of international ridicule. On September 26, 2017, a royal decree personally signed by

5531:

and the dead husband's outstanding debts are paid before any inheritance is applied. Sharia mandates that inheritance include male relatives of the dead person, that a daughter receive half the inheritance as a son, and a widow receives less than her daughters.

4794:(Leopold Weiss) said: It is evident from many authentic traditions that the Prophet himself intensely detested the idea of beating one's wife...According to another tradition, he forbade the beating of any woman with the words, "Never beat God's handmaidens."' 14695: 2851:

From the 1920s to the 1970s, the use of what is often referred to as the "veil" – this term could mean anything from a face veil to a shawl loosely draped over the head – declined until only a minority of Muslim women outside the conservative societies of the

5249:

Polyandry, the practice of a woman having more than one husband (even temporarily, after payment of a sum of money to the man or the man's family), by contrast, is not permitted. However, during the pre-Islamic period, women were able to practice polyandry.

4761:; literal translation: "beat them, a beating without severity") When asked by Ibn Abbas the cousin and companion of Muhammd Ibn Abbas replied back: "I asked Ibn Abbas: 'What is the hitting that is Ghayr Al-Mubarrih (Without Severity) ?' He replied the 6673:

by women. Until recently most Muslim nations were non-democratic, but most today allow their citizens to have some level of voting and control over their government. However, some Muslim countries gave women suffrage in the early 20th century. For example,

4225:(dower) which she then owns. Furthermore, any earnings that a woman receives through employment or business, after marriage, is hers to keep and need not contribute towards family expenses. This is because, once the marriage is consummated, in exchange for 2793:

strongly associated with Heaven. The Quran speaks in several places of the sumptuous fabrics to be enjoyed by the virtuous in Paradise: their garments will be made of silk (22:23 and 35:33), and they will recline on carpets lined with rich brocade (55:54).

7213:, according to an article in the British Muslims Monthly Survey, the majority of new Muslim converts were women. According to The Huffington Post, "observers estimate that as many as 20,000 Americans convert to Islam annually.", most of them are women and 4470:

Rape laws in a number of Muslim-majority countries have been a subject of controversy. In some of these countries, such as Morocco, the penal code is neither based on Islamic law nor significantly influenced by it, while in other cases, such as Pakistan's

4569:"فَمَا كَانَ مِنْ الشَّهَادَاتِ لَا يُخَافُ فِيهِ الضَّلَالُ فِي الْعَادَةِ لَمْ تَكُنْ فِيهِ عَلَى نِصْفِ رَجُلٍ" "Whatever there is among the testimonies of women, which there is no fear of habitual error, then they are not considered as half of a man." 2696:

women; Catholic women would not go to church without covering their heads until well into the twentieth century. The covering of the hair was taken by women to be a natural part of life as a sign of modesty and especially as a sign of respect before God.

4461:

In the case of rape, the adult male perpetrator (i.e. rapist) of such an act is to receive the ḥadd zinā, but the non-consenting or invalidly consenting female (i.e. rape victim) is to be regarded as innocent of zinā and relieved of the ḥadd punishment.

4293:

will not marry but a woman who is a fornicator or a polytheist; and a woman who is a fornicator will not marry but a man who is a fornicator or a polytheist. And this (i.e. marrying such spouses) has been prohibited for the believers. (Al-Quran 24:2–3)

19523:... Among the women who brought Islam to the subcontinent are the Bibi Pak Daman, or the Pur Women ... Upon arrival in Lahore, they engaged in missionary activity ... Data Ganj Bakhsh Hujwiri ... was a devotee of the shrines of the Bibi Pak Daman ... 5786:

pleasure found by both partners during the act of love. Forcibly split, torn, and severed tissues are neither conducive to sensuality nor to the blessed feeling given and shared when participating in the quest for pleasure and the escape from pain."

5766:

origins of female circumcision are not Islamic: it is first thought to have been practiced in ancient Egypt. Alternatively, it has been suggested that the practice may be an old African puberty rite that was passed on to Egypt by cultural diffusion.

6872:

When analysing both Islam in general and the topic of women in Islam in particular, the views of scholars and commentators are profoundly shaped by certain cultural lenses. Those coming from a Western background, such as the Switzerland-born writer

5827:

In 2007 the Cairo-based Al-Azhar Supreme Council of Islamic Research, an entity belonging to what is generally regarded as one of the most significant theological universities in the OIC, ruled that female genital mutilation has no basis in Islamic

5420:

prohibited Muslim women to marry Non-Muslim men in interfaith marriages, in various parts of the world interfaith marriages between Muslim women and Non-Muslim men take place at substantial rates, contravening the traditional Sunni understanding of

3812:

In the United States, a recent study done by the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding found that Muslim American women (73%) are more likely than Muslim American men (57%) to achieve higher education (post-high school education or higher).

5222:

A marriage of pleasure, where a man pays a sum of money to a woman or her family in exchange for a temporary spousal relationship, is found and considered legal among Shia faith, for example in Iran after 1979. Temporary marriages are forbidden in

2265:

Additional influences include pre-Islamic cultural traditions; secular laws, which are fully accepted in Islam so long as they do not directly contradict Islamic precepts; religious authorities, including government-controlled agencies such as the

4829:

Among classical Muslim authors, the notion of love was developed along three conceptual lines, conceived in an ascending hierarchical order: natural love, intellectual love, and divine love. The notion of 'ishq or passionate love is absent in the

3552:. This increase was due to the greater contribution to the education of women and greater encouragement in women's religious participation. Contact with scholars as well as the mosque allowed women to learn and obtain the credentials to teach the 3346:

literature that it is everyone's duty, whether male or female, to seek knowledge. Along with these ideals came with hesitation from some who believed an educated woman who could read and write was described as poisonous. Many women throughout the

4558:

be considered stronger than the uncorroborated testimony of a man. Additionally, Ibn al-Qayyim also regarded the testimony of some exceptional women like those who transmitted the Hadith as doubtlessly greater than a single man of lesser esteem.

4457:

Islamic law. It happens either due to misinterpretation of the intricacies of the sharia laws governing these matters, or cultural traditions; or due to corruption and blatant disregard of the law, or indeed some combination of these phenomena.

16579:

Sophie; Morris, Michael A.; Arsenault, Steve; Aglan, Mona S.; Ajaz, Mubasshir; Alkalamchi, Ayad; Alnaqeb, Dhekra; Alwasiyah, Mohamed K.; Anwer, Nawfal; Awwad, Rawan; Bonnefin, Melissa; Corry, Peter; Gwanmesia, Lorraine; et al. (2011).

14595: 6103:

or wishing wall on which visitors attach their written wishes; because the House of the Virgin Mary is increasingly famous internationally, these messages are composed in English, Italian, Japanese, Chinese, French and Spanish, as well as

4173:

or purification of wealth, encourage women to own, invest, save and distribute their earnings and savings according to their discretion. These also acknowledge and enforce the right of women to participate in various economic activities.

7194:(Princess Salwa Aga Khan), the Australian model and Miss World Australia finalist Emma Maree Edwards, South African model Wendy Jacobs, and Lithuanian model-turned-actress Karolina 'Kerry' Demirci; the Serbian model and fashion designer 5054:

Female beauty is a central theme in Islam, which regards it as "the most direct visible manifestation of God's beauty, gentleness, mercy and forgiveness". This theme is developed most famously in Islamic mysticism or Sufism. In her work

2864:

Quranic verse most cited in defense of the ḥijāb (Sūrat al-Aḥzāb, 33:59) does not mention this article of clothing at all; instead, it references a "long, overflowing gown" which was the traditional dress at the time of this revelation.

5692:(major ritual washing with water, ablutions), and in some Islamic communities xoslay (prayers seeking forgiveness and purification), as sex and menstruation are considered some of the causes that makes men and women religiously impure ( 3316:, the educated daughter of a wealthy merchant – in 859. According to UNESCO, it is the oldest university in the world which is still operational. It was incorporated into Morocco's modern state university system in 1963. 3047:, the educated daughter of a wealthy merchant – in 859. According to UNESCO, it is the oldest university in the world which is still operational. It was incorporated into Morocco's modern state university system in 1963. 4998:

reflected on the above ḥadīth as follows: "...he mentioned women . Do you think that which would take him far from his Lord was made lovable to him? Of course not. That which would bring him near to his Lord was made lovable to him.

6222:

in Cairo, which is named in Rabi'āh's honour, is notable for being the burial site of former Egyptian president Anwar Sadat. The mosque was badly damaged during the 2013 post-military coup unrest in Egypt. It has since been rebuilt.

6034:

sharia, and suggest the Islamic intent was about hygiene, not about religious ritual cleanliness. Some scholars say that it is not permitted for menstruating women to read the Quran. Others say it is possible, in some circumstances.

4318:

disapproved of the promiscuity prevailing in Arabia at the time, and several verses refer to unlawful sexual intercourse, including one that prescribes the punishment of 100 lashes for fornicators. Zina thus belong to the class of

18583: 5552:

according to sharia to legitimise sexual relations and protect the rights of both partners. However, in common with Christianity and Judaism, sexual activity outside of marriage is perceived as a serious sin in the eyes of God.

4364:

Aside from "a few rare and isolated" instances from the pre-modern era and several recent cases, there is no historical record of stoning for zina being legally carried out. Zina became a more pressing issue in modern times, as

26820: 15906:

Ehsanzadeh-Cheemeh, Parvaneh; Sadeque, Abul; Grimes, Richard M.; Essien, E. James (September 2009). "Sociocultural dimensions of HIV/AIDS among Middle Eastern immigrants in the US: bridging culture with HIV/AIDS programmes".

3196:

forced women to "integrate themselves into an antireligious society" resulting in a backlash of "gender apartheid" by Islamic fundamentalists. He notes that other religions also have "witnessed similar historical struggles."

2692:

Jews and Christians. The iconography of the Virgin Mary in Christian art always shows her with her hair covered, and this convention was followed into the modern era by both Georgian and Armenian Christians, in addition to

7186:, Czech model Markéta Kořínková, Canadian solo motorcycle adventurer Rosie Gabrielle, the Belgian model and former Miss Belgium candidate Lindsey van Gele, the Albanian model Rea Beko, Russian model and former Miss Moscow 2502:

are theoretically non-binding, but seriously considered and have often been practiced by most Muslims. The secondary sources classify the lawful and unlawful behaviors of Muslim men and women which typically fall into the

2758:

they wear a visible symbol to mark their faith in public all the time" (this includes the hijab), 19% some of the time, and 35% none of the time. The study did not find there to be any significant age or race difference.

7225:

In the twenty-first century, a number of semi-autobiographical books by Western female converts to Islam have enjoyed a measure of mainstream success. These include former MTV and NBC Europe presenter Kristiane Backer's

6149:, Larnaca, Cyprus is an ancient site revered because it contains the burial place of Muḥammad's paternal aunt Hala Sultan (Umm Haram in Arabic), although other scholars believe that she was in fact Muḥammad's wet nurse. 4452:, the required testimony of four male witnesses having seen the actual penetration applies to illicit sexual relations (i.e. adultery and fornication), not to rape. The requirements for proof of rape are less stringent: 4444:

Rape is considered a serious sexual crime in Islam, and can be defined in Islamic law as: "Forcible illegal sexual intercourse by a man with a woman who is not legally married to him, without her free will and consent".

7073:, a businesswoman who became Muhammad's employer and first wife, was also the first Muslim. There have been a few number of female saints in the Islamic world spanning the highest social classes (a famous example being 4982:, a fifteenth-century sex manual authored by Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Nafzawi, was labelled as being 'for private circulation only' owing to the puritanical mores and corresponding censorship laws of Victorian England. 10597:

In addition, Muhammad is reported to have praised the women of Medina because of their desire for religious knowledge. "How splendid were the women of the ansar; shame did not prevent them from becoming learned in the

6719:

In the United States, Islamophobia, coupled with the 2016 presidential election which heightened anti-Muslim sentiment has particularly impacted on Muslim American women. In their 2018 American Muslim Poll, think tank

6156:

According to the archaeologist Tuncer Bağışkan, during the Ottoman period in Cyprus, Ottoman-flagged ships used to fly their flags at half-mast when off the shores of Larnaca, and salute Hala Sultan with cannon shots.

2736:

In the twenty-first century, there continues to be tremendous variance in how Muslim women dress, not least because the Islamic world is so geographically and culturally diverse. Laws passed in states (such as laïcist

14706: 7364:

within an Islamic context, drawing from both Islamic and global feminist values trying to align both. Some emphasize the adaptable nature of sharia law, suggesting it can safeguard women's rights with political will.

5449:

The majority of Muslim scholars have historically read Surah 60, verse 10, which forbids female converts from returning to their non-Muslim husbands, as an injunction against any Muslim women marrying non-Muslim men.

4802: 18905:

Hundt, Gillian L.; Beckerleg, Susan; Kassem, Fatma; Jafar, Abdel M.A.; Belmaker, I.; Saad., K. Abu; Shoham-Vardi, I. (September 2000). "Women's health custom made: building on the 40 days postpartum for Arab women".

7268:

as evidence. Where conservatives have seen evidence that existing gender asymmetries are divinely ordained, feminists have seen more egalitarian ideals in early Islam. Still others have argued that this discourse is

5374:

Some Islamic scholars suggest that it is not the calendar age that matters, rather it is the biological age of the girl that determines when she can be married under Islamic law. According to these Islamic scholars,

6678:

extended voting rights to women in 1918, two years before it became part of Soviet Union. Females in Turkey similarly gained the right to vote in municipal and parliamentary elections in 1930 and 1934 respectively.

4638:

4:35 If you anticipate a split between them, appoint a mediator from his family and another from hers. If they desire reconciliation, Allah will restore harmony between them. Surely Allah is All-Knowing, All-Aware.

8741: 5851:

According to UNICEF (2014), twenty-six of the twenty-nine countries in which female genital mutilation is classified as 'concentrated' are in sub-Saharan Africa: there is no recorded prevalence in any non-African

5461:

identify as suitable partners for Muslim men. The Quran thus does not give any general guidance on whether Muslim women may marry "non-Muslim" men, but rather "discusses specific categories of potential spouses."

6202:, the women of this family were very active in embellishing the Shrine of Fatima Masumeh. In times of war, Safavid royal women found refuge in Qom, and likely compared their situation to that of Fatima Masumeh. 6117:

Medjugorje, Bosnia and Herzegovina. This site is associated with a number of Marian apparitions forecast by a Muslim mystic by the name of Hasan Shushud that were reported in the late twentieth century by local

7375:

In response to growing civil rights for secular women, some Muslim women have advocated for their rights within Islamic societies. Malaysia serves as an example, where dual legal systems exist for secular and

4257:"Nisah" (chapter 4), verses 11, 12 and 176, describe the share of close relatives. The religious inheritance laws for women in Islam are different from inheritance laws for non-Muslim women under common laws. 3251:, Japan and the United States. In accordance with Islamic tradition, there is a practice of creating separate prayer spaces for men and women within mosques, which is derived from Hadith literature, including 8029:

this Qur'anic verse took an unequivocal position: women and men have equal moral and spiritual agency in their quest for the good and righteous life in this world for which they reap identical rewards in the

5576:, married the pious Umar ibn Ubaydilah. On their wedding night he made love to her no fewer than seven times, so that when morning came, she told him: 'You are a perfect Muslim in every way, even in this!'" 4636:˹first˺, ˹if they persist,˺ do not share their beds, ˹but if they still persist,˺ then discipline them ˹gently˺. But if they change their ways, do not be unjust to them. Surely Allah is Most High, All-Great. 3670:

is one of the Islamic world's most high-profile educational campaigners. Her foundation – established in 2013 – is developing a number of education programmes, including online learning platform Edraak.org.

2594:

world. Women are highly respected in many aspects of domestic life such as being praised for their knowledge as ritual specialists, healers, caretakers, and those who arrange marriages in their community.

2572:

Gender roles in Islam are simultaneously colored by two Quranic precepts: (i) spiritual equality between women and men; and (ii) the idea that women are meant to exemplify femininity, and men masculinity.

6513:

This historical record contrasts markedly with that of (predominantly Taoist and Buddhist) Chinese-majority nations, where there were no women rulers in the period between the reign of the fierce empress

4605:

Classical commentators commonly explained the unequal treatment of testimony by asserting that women's nature made them more prone to error than men. Muslim modernists have followed the Egyptian reformer

2614:. Moreover, it is important to recognize that in Islam, home and family are firmly situated at the centre of life in this world and of society: a man's work cannot take precedence over the private realm. 2498:, which are often widely distributed, orally or in writing by Muslim clerics, to the masses, in local language and describe behavior, roles, and rights of women that conforms with religious requirements. 20974: 7118:

for Muslim women and an example of compassion, generosity, and enduring suffering. Her name and her epithets remain popular choices for Muslim girls. Iranians celebrate Fatima's birth anniversary on 20

5231:. The minimum duration of a temporary marriage is debated between scholars, with some saying the minimum duration is as low as 3 days and others saying it is as high as one year. Its practitioners cite 26644: 26549: 5067:– who is generally regarded as the greatest Sufi – on "perceiving the divine through the medium of female beauty and seeing the female as the true revelation of God's mercy and creativity" as follows: 4951:

In Sufism, romantic love is viewed as a metaphysical metaphor for the love of God. However, the importance of love extends beyond the metaphorical. This is evident in the romantic relationship between

4611:

reason behind this inequality is that in a household a portion of the male's share has to go on into caring for the family and providing their needs, meanwhile the female can act freely with her share

22782: 3881:

included women in diverse occupations and economic activities such as farming, construction workers, textile workers, managing slave girls, collecting taxes from prostitutes, as well as presidents of

3180:(concealing the body with clothing). As in much of the world, institutions suppressing women were becoming less powerful until the resurgence of Islamic fundamentalism at the end of the 20th century. 4400:

24:4 Those who accuse chaste women ˹of adultery˺ and fail to produce four witnesses, give them eighty lashes ˹each˺. And do not ever accept any testimony from them—for they are indeed the rebellious—

3578:

One way that Islamic scholars obtained knowledge was through traveling. Traveling for knowledge is highly encouraged not only among men but also among female scholars. Women could travel with their

4216:

they were very limited and covered only upper-class women. Over time, while women's rights have improved elsewhere, those in many Muslim-dominated countries have remained comparatively restricted.

14599: 4208:"For men is a share from what the parents and near relatives leave, and for women is a share from what the parents and near relative leave from less from it or more, a legal share." (Al-Quran 4:7) 4219:

Women's property rights in the Quran are from parents and near relatives. A woman, according to Islamic tradition, does not have to give her pre-marriage possessions to her husband and receive a

2915:

the nuclear model solely consisting of parents and children, but is instead typically made up of a larger extended family network which includes grandparents, uncles, aunts, in-laws and cousins.

25818: 21033:

Ramirez et al. (1997), The changing logic of political citizenship: Cross-national acquisition of women's suffrage rights: 1890 to 1990, American Sociological Review, Vol. 62, No. 5, pp. 735–745

9282: 5838:

In 2016, the OIC Permanent Observer Mission to the United Nations reaffirmed its determination to eliminate FGM/C by 2030, in accordance with a global target set by the UN in the context of the

5770:

which apparently recommend it. However, these ḥadīths are generally regarded as inauthentic, unreliable and weak, and therefore as having no legislative foundation and/or practical application.

27034: 26669: 25658: 19324: 19298: 11493: 6099:("the Doorway to the Virgin") in Turkish. Pilgrims drink water from a spring under her house which is believed to have healing properties. Perhaps the shrine's most distinctive feature is the 6042:

From the earliest centuries of Islam, Muslims have visited shrines and mosques to pray, meditate, ask forgiveness, seek cures for ailments, and seek grace – a blessing or spiritual influence (

21677:"Genesis 3:16 To the woman He said: "I will sharply increase your pain in childbirth; in pain you will bring forth children. Your desire will be for your husband, and he will rule over you."" 13760:

Kelly, S. (2010), Recent gains and new opportunities for women's rights in the Gulf Arab states, Women's Rights in the Middle East and North Africa: Gulf Edition; Editors: Kelly and Breslin;

23651: 6339:(congregational prayers). Generally, women are not allowed to lead mixed prayers. However, some argue that Muhammad gave permission to Ume Warqa to lead a mixed prayer at the mosque of Dar. 2590:

as an equilibrium built on harmonious polar relationships between the pairs that make up all things. Moreover, all outward phenomena are reflections of inward noumena and ultimately of God.

22943: 9740: 9668:

Elmali-Karakaya, Ayse (2020). "Being Married to a Non-Muslim Husband: Religious Identity in Muslim Women's Interfaith Marriages". In Hood, Ralph W.; Cheruvallil-Contractor, Sariya (eds.).

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existing religious Islamic text of value to be considered in favour of female excision, as proven by the fact that this practice is totally non-existent in most of the Islamic countries."

2745:) with twentieth century Westernization campaigns – which mandated that women wear "modern", Western-style clothing – have been relaxed in recent years; similarly, the end of communism in 2210:

is a shared factor that affects their lives to a varying degree and gives them a common identity that may serve to bridge the wide cultural, social, and economic differences between them.

26649: 25678: 7040:, polygamy is actually more widespread amongst other religious communities: the 1961 census found that the incidence of polygamy was the least amongst Muslims (5.7%), with Hindus (5.8%), 23127: 18580: 11728:

Ziba Mir-Hosseini (2009), Towards Gender Equality: Muslim Family Laws and the Shari'ah, Wanted: Equality and Justice in the Muslim Family (Editor: Zainah Anwar), Musawah, Kuala Lumpur,

6072:

in Ephesus, Turkey. Pilgrims' most frequent wishes include those for good health, peace and happiness. This devotional site is one of many that is sacred to both Christians and Muslims.

4786:

The Lebanese educator and journalist 'Abd al-Qadir al-Maghribi argued that perpetrating acts of domestic violence goes against Muḥammad's own example and injunction. In his 1928 essay,

3382:. Because Islam recognizes that women are in principle wives and mothers, the acquisition of knowledge in fields which are complementary to these social roles was specially emphasized. 7372:, international attention was focused on the condition of women in the Muslim world. Some critics noted gender inequality and criticized Muslim societies for condoning this treatment. 4757:

as recorded in al-Tabari's History, and in a Sahih Hadith collected by Abu Dawud he instructed husbands to beat their wives, without severity (فَاضْرِبُوهُنَّ ضَرْبًا غَيْرَ مُبَرِّحٍ

7499: 7429: 6469: 6465: 863: 20349: 19176: 5685:

force against a partner's will. However, these are the only restrictions; as the Quran says at 2:223 (Sūratu l-Baqarah): 'Your women are your fields; go to your women as you wish'.

5446:

Additionally, according to Islamic law, if a Muslim man wishes to marry a Christian or Jewish woman, he must get to know her parents and ask for permission to marry their daughter.

4115:

Most Muslim-majority countries, and some countries with a considerable population of Muslim minorities, follow a mixed legal system, with positive laws and state courts, as well as

12412: 6646:, Indonesia's Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (2014–2019) who is also a successful seafood and transportation entrepreneur who has been profiled in the Financial Times; 26539: 5820:

justification in the authoritative sources of Islam, the Quran and the practice of the Prophet Muḥammad...all measures must be taken to put a halt to this unacceptable tradition."

16933: 14136: 27039: 26810: 18608: 7154:

is one of the Arab world's most popular singers, and an artist who is known for her international collaborations. After studying the religion, Haddad converted to Islam in 1999.

5152:

In contrast to the Western and Orient world where divorce was relatively uncommon until modern times, divorce was a more common occurrence in certain parts of the late medieval

3354:

Muhammad's teachings were widely sought by both sexes, and accordingly at the time of his death it was reported that there were many female scholars of Islam. Additionally, the

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24:6 And those who accuse their wives ˹of adultery˺ but have no witness except themselves, the accuser must testify, swearing four times by Allah that he is telling the truth,

26639: 16667:

Shaw, A. (2001), Kinship, cultural preference and immigration: consanguineous marriage among British Pakistanis, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 7(2), 315–334

5011:

connected women with the female attributes of the Divine: "She is the radiance of God, she is not your beloved. She is the Creator – you could say that she is not created."

2906:

The 2014–15 Thomson Reuters State of the Global Islamic Economy Report forecasted that expenditure on clothing in OIC member states would reach US$ 484 billion by 2019.

26604: 25929: 8614: 3464:

and could even have the responsibility of being a supervisor of a madrasa administration if they had familial ties to a founder. According to the 12th-century Sunni scholar

6869:

Court in India; the crypto-Christianity of Kosovo, a belief system that created a tradition of joint Catholic-Muslim households which persisted into the twentieth century.

6001:

what is expected of them, according to what is reasonable. But the men have a degree over them . And Allah is Exalted in Might and Wise. (Al-Quran 2:228) >>>>

5984:, that is wait for 3 lunar months before she can remarry after divorce, to establish paternity, in case she discovers she is pregnant. In case of death of her husband, the 3560:

transmission also allowed women to gain status by putting them in a pedigree that connected them to the time of Muhammad. Women who participated in the transmission of the

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and for a period of time after childbirth. Majority of mosques worldwide have dedicated ladies-only prayer spaces. These include mosques in Muslim-majority countries like

14081:

John C. Raines & Daniel C. Maguire (Ed), Farid Esack, What Men Owe to Women: Men's Voices from World Religions, State University of New York (2001), see pages 201–203

7107:. She is revered in Islam as the only woman named in the Quran, which refers to her seventy times and explicitly identifies her as the greatest woman to have ever lived. 6642:, the head of Algeria's Workers' Party and the first woman to be a presidential candidate in an Arab country (2004; Hanoune also ran for the same post in 2009 and 2014); 5005:

Ibn 'Arabī held that witnessing God in the female human form is the most perfect mode of witnessing: if Muḥammad was made to love women, it is because women reflect God.

27009: 26918: 25976: 25972: 23228: 22517: 6168:

The granddaughter of Muḥammad is the patron saint of Cairo, the Arab world's largest city and a regional cultural hub. She also has the following mosques named for her:

2416:, marriage was generally contracted in accordance with the larger needs of the tribe and was based on the need to form alliances within the tribe and with other tribes. 11519: 5336:, which was once a globally accepted phenomenon, has come to be discouraged in most countries, but it persists to some extent in some select parts of the Muslim world. 3418:

While it was not common for women to enroll as students in formal religious schools, it was common for women to attend informal lectures and study sessions at mosques,

26928: 19098: 19026: 14196: 13987: 7029:

permit a man to marry women provided that the first wife agree to marry him. Despite its existence, it was most usually practiced by men of higher status. Traditional

18981: 6314:

estimates 15 percent of medieval hadith scholars were women. Women, during early history of Islam, primarily obtained their knowledge through community study groups,

27029: 26984: 26659: 23385: 17868: 7314:

in public, not allowed to work, not allowed to be educated after the age of eight, and faced public flogging and execution for violations of the Taliban's laws. The

11960:

Woman's Record: Or, Sketches of All Distinguished Women, from "The Beginning Till A.D. 1850, Arranged in Four Eras, with Selections from Female Writers of Every Age

5288:

fulfills the minimum requirements for a religious marriage under the sharia because it demonstrates (a) mutual consent; and (b) a public declaration of commitment.

27024: 27004: 26654: 25733: 25308: 20918: 18202: 5723:

Islam requires both husband and wife/wives to meet their conjugal duties. Religious qadis (judges) have admonished the man or women who fail to meet these duties.

5099:

Marriage is the central institution of family life and society, and therefore the central institution of Islam. On a technical level, it is accomplished through a

3522:; educating women was viewed as a prelude to social chaos, a threat to the moral order, and man's world was viewed as a source of Muslim identity. Muslim women in 21004: 19150: 3170:"singles out women's status and her relations to society as the supreme test of the authenticity of the Islamic order." This is symbolized by the institutions of 26664: 25968: 25638: 25190: 24064: 24059: 20545: 15803: 9776: 6107:

The Virgin Mary Monastery in the province of Giresun, Turkey. This is one of the oldest monasteries in the area and has been active since the fourth century A.D.

5480:

Islamic law and practice recognize gender disparity, in part, by assigning separate rights and obligations to a woman in married life. A woman's space is in the

4374:. In Nigeria local courts have passed several stoning sentences, all of which were overturned on appeal or left unenforced. While the harsher punishments of the 3526:, nevertheless, pressed for their rights independently of men; by the 1930s, 2.5 million girls had entered schools, of which 0.5 million were Muslims. 2585:

guard their chastity and the men and the women who remember Allah much with their hearts and tongues, Allah has prepared for them forgiveness and a great reward.

21300:

Dagkas, Symeon; Benn, Tansin; Jawad, Haifaa (March 1, 2011). "Multiple voices: improving participation of Muslim girls in physical education and school sport".

20982: 15957: 11019: 4166:

or bridal gift, usually financial in nature, which the groom pays to the bride upon marriage – and retains this control in the event of divorce.

3499:, giving information on 1,075 of them. Women of prominent urban families were commonly educated in private settings and many of them received and later issued 26544: 26454: 24558: 20596: 16658:

Akrami & Osati (2007), Is consanguineous marriage religiously encouraged? Islamic and Iranian considerations, Journal of Biosocial Science, 39(02), 313–316

10367: 6248:, considered a great Sufi saint of the South Asia, was himself a devotee of the Bibi Pak Daman shrine and received holy knowledge from this auspicious shrine. 807: 4817:

highlighted the link between alcohol consumption and domestic abuse. The film's release date was timed to coincide with the United Nations' Human Rights Day.

4704:, the president of the Turkish Women's Cultural Association (TÜRKKAD), who has stated that men who engage in domestic violence "in a sense commit polytheism ( 26629: 26624: 26619: 26474: 25793: 25718: 25653: 22790: 22626: 16945:

Bunting, A. (2005), Stages of development: marriage of girls and teens as an international human rights issue, Social & Legal Studies, 14(1), pages 17–38

15542: 5303:, Malikis, Shafi'is and Hanabalis schools of Sunni Islamic jurisprudence on whether and which such marriages are irregular but not void if already in place ( 26609: 25959: 21779: 16448:

R. Hussain (1999), Community perceptions of reasons for preference for consanguineous marriages in Pakistan, Journal of Biosocial Science, 31, pages 449–461

5488:. Women must primarily fulfill marital and maternal responsibilities, whereas men are financial and administrative stewards of their families. According to 4625: 4478:

In Afghanistan and Dubai, some women who made accusations of rape have been charged with fornication or adultery. This law was amended in Pakistan in 2006.

26614: 26529: 13241: 12518: 6792:

overcome these obstacles and used sports to empower themselves and others, such as through education, health and wellbeing, and a push for women's rights.

6669:

According to Sheikh Zoubir Bouchikhi, Imam of the Islamic Society of Greater Houston's Southeast Mosque, nothing in Islam specifically allows or disallows

2424:

states that all of Muhammad's marriages had the political aspect of strengthening friendly relationships and were based on the pre-Islamic Arabian custom.

24100: 19124: 16748: 9867: 6011:

to prevent illegal custody of divorcing husband's child by a woman, specifies that each gender has divorce rights, and that men are a degree above women.

5907:

of females in Azerbaijan in the last 20 years. Other Muslim-majority countries with high birth sex ratio, implying female sex-selective abortion, include

26579: 26484: 26459: 25683: 25648: 25633: 25175: 22486: 12248: 7069:

Women have played an integral part in the development and spiritual life of Islam since the inception of Islamic civilisation in the seventh century AD.

3851:

Traditional interpretations of Islam require a woman to have her husband's permission to leave the house and take up employment, though scholars such as

3831:, Muhammad's first wife, a merchant before and after converting to Islam, as indications that Muslim women may undertake employment outside their homes. 19541: 18500: 14613: 14578: 14263: 7381:

fathers for Muslims compared to shared-custody norms among non-Muslim parents. Women's groups in Malaysia began campaigning in the 1990s to have female

27044: 26594: 26589: 26519: 26499: 25955: 25946: 25937: 25753: 23281: 21128: 5560:

Female sexual satisfaction is given significant prominence in the Islamic faith and its classical literature. As recorded by the British Muslim writer

4112:

are addressed clearly and in a distinct manner, such as in Sūrat al-Aḥzāb at 33:35 ('Verily, men who surrender unto God, and women who surrender...').

2712: 2152: 22461: 15886: 14287: 4967:

posited also that for a man, sex with a woman is the occasion for experiencing God's 'greatest self-disclosure' (the position is similar vice versa):

25813: 25728: 22730: 15592: 14880: 13132:

Cheema, M. H.; Mustafa, A. R. (2008). "From the Hudood Ordinances to the Protection of Women Act: Islamic Critiques of the Hudood Laws of Pakistan".

5974:

In contrast to the comparatively limited methods of divorce available to a woman, Islam allows a Muslim husband to unilaterally divorce his wife, as

4352:

legal school also allows an unmarried woman's pregnancy to be used as evidence, but the punishment can be averted by a number of legal "semblances" (

2213:

Among the influences which have played an important role in defining the social, legal, spiritual, and cosmological status of women in the course of

24070:

Mehmood, Maryyum. May 18, 2021. Mapping Muslim Moral Provinces: Framing Feminized Piety of Pakistani Diaspora. Religions 12: 356; Volume 2 issue 5.

23640: 22297: 20630: 18324: 14275: 13663: 11402: 8795: 5677: 4514:

The prophet said, "Isn't the witness of a woman equal to half of that of a man?" The women said, "Yes". He said, " This is deficiency of her mind".

3060:. Generally, however, male and female rights differ according to Islamic personal status laws. Some Islamic legal traditions allow men to engage in 26923: 26903: 26584: 25933: 25713: 25274: 24106: 14643: 12766:

Naila Kabeer (1999), Resources, agency, achievements: Reflections on the measurement of women's empowerment. Development and change, 30(3): 435–464

6436: 5778:

In answering the question of how "Islamic" female circumcision is, Haifaa A. Jawad – an academic specialising in Islamic thought and the author of

23031: 22954: 20470: 20411: 20062: 19269: 14412:

Critelli, Filomena M. "Women's rights= Human rights: Pakistani women against gender violence." J. Soc. & Soc. Welfare 37 (2010), pages 135–142

14178: 12601:

Donna E. Arzt, The Application of International Human Rights Law in Islamic States, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 2 (May 1990), pp. 202–230

12438: 9732: 8639: 8379: 7943: 7921: 5746:('FGM') in Christian-majority Uganda. In the African states of Tanzania, Nigeria and Niger, FGM is more prevalent amongst Christians than Muslims. 25863: 19207: 14247:

Following verses of Quran and Hadiths are most cited by secondary and tertiary sources on permissibility of domestic violence under Islamic law:

12495: 10105: 3286:

Additionally, some analysts have contended that the US$ 3.5 billion investment in the car-sharing app Uber by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's

22651: 20189: 14377:

Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn; Bardsley-Sirois, Lois (1990). "Obedience (Ta'a) in Muslim Marriage: Religious Interpretation and Applied Law in Egypt".

12090: 9364: 8768: 7130:

Today, some notable personalities of the Islamic world include the Turkish Sufi teacher Cemalnur Sargut – a disciple of the novelist and mystic

6662:

part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; the Muslim-majority (95.6%) Balkan republic guarantees women 30% of parliamentary seats as of 2016.

5132:

prayer (the opening chapter of the Quran). Normally, marriages are not contracted in mosques but in private homes or at the offices of a judge (

23117: 21753: 20519: 13818:

Percentage of women aged 15–49 who think that a husband/partner is justified in hitting or beating his wife/partner under certain circumstances

11088: 6650:, a veteran Turkish conservative nationalist politician who is the founder and leader of the İyi Party (2017–); and mezzo-soprano opera singer 5899:

In some Islamic populations, sex-selective female infanticide is of concern because of abnormally high boy to girl ratios at birth. In Islamic

5367:, his third wife, when she was six and consummated the marriage when she reached the age of nine or ten. This version of events is rejected by 5046:

importance of avoiding ugly actions, while at 10:26 it states: "Those who do what is beautiful will receive the most beautiful and increase ."

3108: 2971: 23065: 16391: 13101:

Sidahmed, A. S. (2001). "Problems in contemporary applications of Islamic criminal sanctions: The penalty for adultery in relation to women",

12355: 11453: 9199: 7198:

stated her intention to become a Muslim in 2014 after she read the Quran in English. The Turkish actress, author and model (Miss Turkey 2001)

6218:('Intimacy with God'). Her mystical sayings are noted for their pith and clarity; some have become proverbs throughout the Islamic world. The 4893:

refers to an irresistible desire to obtain possession of the beloved, expressing a deficiency that the lover must remedy to reach perfection.

26707: 26426: 25903: 25673: 23095: 22865: 22678: 16909: 10341: 6721: 4729:

Some scholars claim Islamic law, such as verse 4:34 of Quran, allows and encourages domestic violence against women, when a husband suspects

4684:

wife altogether, declaring it contrary to Muhammad's example and denying the authenticity of any Hadiths that seemed to permit beating. Even

1619: 21188: 20949: 18863:

Sherif-Trask, B. A. H. I. R. A. (2004). Muslim families in the United States. The Handbook of Contemporary Families, pp. 394–408.

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No one can object to a sensible and adult woman's legal right to engage in work that is lawful or to her right to be financially independent

7114:

holds a revered place in Islamic history. Muhammad is said to have regarded her as the preeminent woman. She is often viewed as an ultimate

5971:

and outside of Islamic judicial theory, a woman's right to divorce is often extremely limited compared with that of men in the Middle East.

4006:

In some cases, when women have the right to work and are educated, women's job opportunities may in practice be unequal to those of men. In

20168: 19840: 19184: 17099: 16955: 13183: 11320: 9115: 8862: 6133:(2017) that to this day, the women of Oran "still climb up to the church the settlers built...in 1959, at Santa Cruz, to light candles to 5755: 4199: 3896:

claimed that women were equal to men in all respects and possessed equal capacities to shine, citing examples of female warriors among the

15310: 15252: 9140: 4726:

Rumi says a man who is wise and fine-spirited is understanding and compassionate towards a woman, and never wants to hurt or injure her."

26883: 26345: 25205: 20714: 20212: 13114:

Esmaeili, H., & Gans, J. (1999). "Islamic law across cultural borders: the involvement of western nationals in Saudi murder trials",

5211:

in Morocco. Iran allow Shia men to enter into additional temporary marriages, beyond the four allowed marriages, such as the practice of

1654: 20002: 12067: 8267: 8244: 5032:

Another well-known ḥadīth explicitly states that loving conduct towards one's wife is synonymous with advanced religious understanding:

22051:

Annemarie Schimmel, Deciphering the Signs of God: A Phenomenological Approach to Islam, State University of New York Press, 1994, p.199

20851: 14301: 9065: 7419: 7399: 7134:(1905–1993), Amatul Rahman Omar, the first woman to translate the Qur'an into English, and Shaykha Fariha al Jerrahi, the guide of the 5632:

Classical Islamic scholars have written extensively about the art and desirability of husband and wife attaining simultaneous orgasms;

5471: 2402:. These interpretations and their application were shaped by the historical context of the Muslim world at the time they were written. 1020: 858: 23515: 22573: 13015: 7894: 7096:) and Fāṭima of Cordoba (who deeply influenced the young Ibn 'Arabī) have been pivotal to the conceptualisation of Islamic mysticism. 5624:): "This should include not only the cheeks and lips; and then he should caress the breasts and nipples, and every part of her body." 3507:

studies, calligraphy, and recitation of poetry. There was a period of time where women scholars were vital to the transmission of the

2564:

A fifteenth-century Persian miniature depicting the Battle of the Camel, a decisive encounter between the troops of the fourth caliph

26674: 25279: 25195: 24089: 21155: 19775: 9638: 8692: 7343: 5815:

In the twenty-first century, a number of high-ranking religious offices within the OIC have urged the cessation of all forms of FGM:

5428: 5136:). The format and content of the ceremony (if there is one) is often defined by national or tribal customs, as are the celebrations ( 4554:

cases where a woman and man share all the Islamic good qualities of a witness, a woman's testimony corroborated by another woman may

3716:

annual gender gap study finds the 17 out of 18 worst performing nations, out of a total of 135 nations, are the following members of

2651: 23257:

Deniz Kandiyoti, "Women, Islam and the State", Middle East Report, No. 173, Gender and Politics. (November–December 1991), pp. 9–14.

20374: 18673: 16088: 12299: 12203:

Sebastian Maisel and John A. Shoup (2009), Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Arab States Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Arab States,

11622: 11548: 10212: 5568:: "the early Muslims regarded sexual prowess and the ability to satisfy a woman as being an essential part of manhood. The niece of 2948:, "Islamic society has never thought that working in an office is of a higher order of importance than bringing up one's children." 25296: 18955: 16712:

A.A. Ali, Child Marriage in Islamic Law, The Institute of Islamic Studies, McGill University (Canada), August 2000; see pages 16–18

13603: 6528:, an Islamic institute that advises Egypt's ministry of justice, had said women can both be rulers and judges in an Islamic state. 4395:

unless she too takes oaths in similar way to support her case, her oaths are upheld over his and she will not be punished(24:6–9).

14542: 11428: 8606: 6362:, meaning following a spiritual path in daily living habits. To support followers of this concept, separate institutions for men ( 4265:

The Islamic teaching of going out of one's way to treat women equitably in financial dealings is exemplified by a story featuring

1192: 26855: 26294: 25259: 25180: 21942: 20683: 9618: 6396:

There are a number of prominent female Islamic scholars. They generally focus on questioning gender-based interpretations of the

4585: 4487: 4106: 3440:. Historically, some Muslim women played an important role in the foundation of many religious educational institutions, such as 1011: 476: 20084: 19624: 19558: 5666:(…) "If he likes he may (have intercourse) being on the back or in front of her, but it should be through one opening (vagina)." 5198:

where a Muslim man can be married to four wives at the same time, under restricted conditions, but it is not widespread. As the

25595: 25200: 24148: 23176: 22357: 20287: 19646: 19580: 18264: 14090:

Jackson, Nicky Ali, ed. Encyclopedia of domestic violence. CRC Press, 2007. (see chapter on Quranic perspectives on wife abuse)

14017:

Hajjar, Lisa (2004). "Religion, state power, and domestic violence in Muslim societies: A framework for comparative analysis".

11279: 10278: 7474: 4978: 4692:

Violence Against Women in 2007, which states that Islam forbids men from exercising any form of violence against women; Shakyh

4391:

witnesses, he have to swear five times each to support his case. If he takes oaths she is to be punished with 100 flogging and

3989: 3976: 3931:

or hospitals included female staff as female nurses. Muslim hospitals were also the first to employ female physicians, such as

3287: 2900: 2145: 2079: 1115: 868: 22525: 21384: 20736: 19475: 12115: 4742:

There are a number of translations of this verse from the Arabic original, and all vary to some extent. Some Muslims, such as

4356:), such as existence of an invalid marriage contract. These requirements made zina virtually impossible to prove in practice. 25210: 25167: 24048: 23756: 23356: 23014: 21736: 21711: 21660: 21624: 21543: 21518: 21493: 21223: 20892: 20332: 19949: 19907: 19882: 19516: 18889: 18633: 18485: 18406: 18153: 18125: 18074: 18049: 18024: 17996: 17971: 17707: 17672: 17551: 17403: 17378: 17348: 17315: 17287: 17146: 16726: 16681: 16462: 16272: 16038: 15979: 15844: 15728: 15655: 15520: 15486: 15461: 15402: 15377: 15349: 15294: 15236: 15205: 15174: 15143: 15112: 15079: 15051: 15023: 14993: 14968: 14943: 14914: 14846: 14669: 14614:"Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention)" 14563: 14361: 14336: 13995: 13970: 13903: 13839: 13765: 13462: 13412: 13385: 13360: 13332: 13254: 13028: 12982: 12960: 12900: 12698: 12655: 12620: 12583: 12531: 12471: 12208: 11769: 11753: 11733: 11333: 11115: 10788: 10717: 10627: 10552: 10527: 10496: 10450: 10425: 10397: 9828:

Rasekh, Zohra; Heidi Bauer; Michele Manos; Vincent Iacopino (August 1998). "Women's Health and Human Rights in Afghanistan".

9697: 9521: 9496: 9465: 9435: 9401: 9239: 9003: 8582: 8553: 8487: 8453: 8415: 8330: 8302: 7982: 7839: 7788: 7679: 7652: 6482:, and Samra Binte Wahaib took part in political activities. Ash-Shifa would later on become the head of Health and Safety in 5962:, she cannot divorce. If a tafriq is granted, the marriage is dissolved and the husband is obligated to pay her the deferred 5638: 2647: 1272: 831: 363: 21270: 19053: 18760: 18555: 15807: 14207: 14179:"CCI supports the Continuous Call to Eradicate Domestic Violence and calls to dedicate Dec 09 Friday sermons to the subject" 13640: 11069: 4900:

was arguably more widely known amongst Muslims than that of Romeo and Juliet in (Northern) Europe, while the Persian author

3312:(Université Al Quaraouiyine) in the Moroccan city of Fes was founded as a mosque complex by a Muslim woman – 3043:(Université Al Quaraouiyine) in the Moroccan city of Fes was founded as a mosque complex by a Muslim woman – 26999: 26355: 26019: 23584: 20788: 20235: 18989: 18294: 14618:

Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention)

13478: 8893: 5018:, there are several other ḥadīths on the same theme which underline Muḥammad's teaching on the importance of loving women: 2935:

Muḥammad also stated that if a woman dies in childbirth, she is counted as a martyr; the reward for martyrdom is Paradise.

1304: 27075: 23392: 21053: 19433: 19407: 19376: 19350: 18213: 17797:

Serour, G. I. (2005). "Religious perspectives of ethical issues in ART 1. Islamic perspectives of ethical issues in ART".

15567:

Himawan, Karel Karsten (October 23, 2017). "Modernization and singlehood in Indonesia: Psychological and social impacts".

11350: 9334: 6808:

member countries can compete, regardless of their religious affiliation. The female International Athlete Ambassadors for

6345:

women are self-aware of their relative freedom as Chinese women in contrast to the status of Arab women in countries like

26599: 23551: 22347:

Karen Armstrong, From MTV to Mecca: How Islam Inspired My Life, Arcadia Books Ltd and Awakening Publications, 2012, p.135

21042:

Kandiyoti & Kandiyoti (1987), Emancipated but unliberated? Reflections on the Turkish case, Feminist studies, 317–338

18908: 16222: 16144:

Williams, Juliet A. (Spring 2009). "Temporary marriage and the state in Iran: an Islamic discourse on female sexuality".

14731: 13935: 12750:

Joseph and Naǧmābādī, Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures: Family, Law and Politics, Brill Academic, pp. 299–305,

12734:

Joseph and Naǧmābādī, Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures: Family, Law and Politics, Brill Academic, pp. 137–138,

11229: 11206:

Nepal, a South Asian nation, is not OIC member; provided here for completeness and accuracy of list per the cited source.

11107: 7550: 6805: 6231:

Ruqayyah bint Ali was the daughter-in-law of Muḥammad's cousin and son-in-law 'Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib. Legend has it that the

5853: 4930:. The theme of romantic love continues to be developed in the modern and even postmodern fiction from the Islamic world: 4332:

Although stoning for zina is not mentioned in the Quran, all schools of traditional jurisprudence agreed on the basis of

3717: 3700: 3679: 1371: 23478: 20926: 18301:. Organization of Islamic Cooperation Permanent Observer Mission to the United Nations. February 8, 2016. Archived from 17236:

Hajjar, Lisa, "Religion, state power, and domestic violence in Muslim societies: A framework for comparative analysis."

17172:

Hessini, L., 1994, "Wearing the Hijab in Contemporary Morocco: Choice and Identity," in Göçek, F. M. & Balaghi, S.,

14696:"The Istanbul Convention and the CEDAW framework: A comparison of measures to prevent and combat violence against women" 14422:

Oweis, Arwa; et al. (2009). "Violence Against Women Unveiling the Suffering of Women with a Low Income in Jordan".

14126: 13498: 12839: 10920:"Women Political Participation in the Era of Prophet Muhammad: Study on the Hadith Transmitters of the Women Companions" 10476: 10237: 3642:

to teach her works. In her later years, she continued to thrive as a teacher. She also repeated her cycle by giving out

24120: 22166: 21905: 21012: 19968: 16065: 14517: 13537: 12925: 12755: 12739: 11903: 11045: 11020:"Google.org Announces Grant to the Queen Rania Foundation towards the Creation of a K-12 Arab Online Learning Platform" 10780: 8407: 8132: 6983:(Maryām) is considered by the Quran to hold the most exalted spiritual position amongst women. A chapter of the Quran ( 4940:

is a nominal detective story with extensive meditations on mysticism and obsessive love, while another Turkish writer,

13055:

Peters, R. (2012). "Zinā or Zināʾ". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.).

12916:

Zilfi, Madeline C. (1997). "Women and Waqf Revisited: The Case of Aleppo 1770–1840 (Author: Margaret L. Meriwether)".

9766: 5499:. This said, the Quran also permits men to first admonish, then lightly tap or push and even beat her, if he suspects 5202:

demands that polygamous men treat all wives equally, classical Islamic scholars opined that it is preferable to avoid

4671:, counseled a husband not to beat his wife even if she ignored him but rather to express his anger in some other way. 3654:. Furthermore, she acts as the last connection to the work of famous scholars that might have passed during her time. 3210: 26700: 26419: 26269: 25062: 25016: 24676: 24670: 24026: 24008: 23987: 23916: 23868: 23843: 23819: 23793: 23722: 22259: 22110: 22022: 21878: 21845: 21591: 20261: 19850: 19671: 19660: 19632: 19605: 19594: 19566: 18741: 17048: 17004: 16220:

Hassouneh-Phillips, Dena (November 2001). "Polygamy and wife abuse: A qualitative study of Muslim women in America".

15869: 15787: 15692: 15630: 14812: 14670:"Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence CETS No.: 210" 13550: 13224: 12722: 12273: 11942: 11846: 11264: 11165: 10985: 10960: 10902: 10818: 10686: 10661: 10590: 10052: 10025: 9969: 9801:

Mojab, Shahrzad (December 1998). "'Muslim' Women and 'Western' Feminists: The Debate on Particulars and Universals".

8146: 7882: 7862: 7715: 7339: 6190:

Fātimah al-Ma'sūmah was the sister of the eighth Imam and the daughter of the seventh Imam in 'Twelver' Shī'ism. Her

2286:, have themselves produced texts that have elucidated the metaphysical symbolism of the feminine principle in Islam. 2138: 2074: 541: 20604: 12190:

Assaad, R., 2003, Gender & Employment: Egypt in Comparative Perspective, in Doumato, E.A. & Posusney, M.P.,

11852:

Maya Shatzmiller (1997), "Women and Wage Labour in the Medieval Islamic West: Legal Issues in an Economic Context",

24933: 24789: 24324: 24220: 23422: 16054:

Haeri, Shahla (Spring 1992). "Temporary marriage and the state in Iran: an Islamic discourse on female sexuality".

15974:

Elizabeth Fernea (1985), Women and the Family in the Middle East: New Voices of Change, University of Texas Press,

12780: 11764:

Elizabeth Fernea (1985), Women and the Family in the Middle East: New Voices of Change, University of Texas Press,

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women are opposed to these infringements on their rights they are often subjected to abuse, violence, and shunned.

6177: 4971:

The most intense and perfect contemplation of God is through women, and the most intense union is the conjugal act.

4102: 3437: 2770: 821: 771: 141: 23150: 21414: 21243: 16700:, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 13, No. 2 (1950), pp. 357–366 16457:

Khlat, M. (1997). Endogamy in the Arab world. OXFORD MONOGRAPHS ON MEDICAL GENETICS, 30, Oxford University Press,

13474: 6699:(2007–2012) of OIC member state Albania was the highest judicial authority in the country's criminal legal system. 4023:

than the United States (22%) and Denmark (14%). Prominent female business executives in the Islamic world include

3130: 26489: 26314: 25417: 25233: 22382: 18422: 14403:

Maghraoui, Abdeslam. "Political authority in crisis: Mohammed VI's Morocco."Middle East Report 218 (2001): 12–17.

10315: 10131: 9598:"Interfaith Marriage in Islam: An Examination of the Legal Theory Behind the Traditional and Reformist Positions" 6732: 5738: 5343:

for women varies with country. Traditionally, Islam has permitted marriage of girls below the age often, because

3134: 2466:

approved course of action for Muslims. These formed the secondary sources of influence for women. Among them are

2275: 1624: 1544: 1366: 1161: 723: 22704: 19232: 14770:

Arkoun, M. (1997). "ʿIs̲h̲ḳ". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.).

12329: 7273:

and ahistorical, and have urged that Islamic doctrine not be the only framework within which discussion occurs.

6370:) were created. Initiates to these groups pursued a progression of seven stages of spiritual discipline, called 6266: 5496: 4716:

Rumi says love for women is because of witnessing Allah as reflected in the mirror of their being. According to

4382:

reported that over 200,000 zina cases against women were underway at various levels in Pakistan's legal system.

25482: 25040: 24938: 23894: 22154: 20709: 20434: 20114: 18786: 18727: 16634: 11527:

An Overview of Women's Work and Employment in Kazakhstan: Decisions for Life MDG3 Project Country Report No. 10

6842: 6635: 6294:, India; entry of women to the sanctum of the shrine was restricted starting 2012 until an intervention by the 4402:

24:5 except those who repent afterwards and mend their ways, then surely Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.

3822: 3390: 3290:– together with other projected economic gains – was instrumental in the reversal of the ban on women driving. 2453:

derives from the numerous references to women throughout the chapter, including verses 4:34 and 4:127 – 4:130.

1081: 917: 668: 22494: 22409: 19557:(Rosemary Skinner Keller, Rosemary Radford Ruether, and Marie Cantlon, ed.). Indiana University Press (2006), 18568: 16860: 16119: 14585:

Jansen, Uner, Kardam, et al.; Turkish Republic Prime Minister Directorate General Office (2009); see Chapter 6

10080: 8000:

Haddad and Esposito, (1998), Islam, Gender, and Social Change, Oxford University Press, pp. xii–xx.

4783:

and chastise them. The relationship between Islam and domestic violence is disputed by some Islamic scholars.

3975:

tourism trade fair. The proportion of senior business roles held by women in Indonesia is 46%, the highest in

3947:

of male and female patients in Islamic hospitals. Later in the 15th century, female surgeons were employed at

2720: 2546:(forbidden). There is considerable controversy, change over time, and conflict between the secondary sources. 2256:

or prophetic custom are applied to situations not explicitly covered by these two sources of legislation; and

26898: 24850: 24609: 24344: 17073: 15909: 14621: 14575: 7053: 6809: 6618:, 2010) have been led by women; Mauritius, which has a significant Muslim minority, elected a female Muslim ( 6160:

This tekke is also notable for being the burial place of the grandmother of the late King Hussein of Jordan.

5839: 5595:" 'Not one of you should fall upon his wife like an animal; but let there first be a messenger between you.' 5244: 5235:

law as permitting the practise. Women's rights groups have condemned it as a form of legalized prostitution.

5181: 5094: 4912:

in the Quran – is a seminal text in the Persian, Urdu, and Bengali literary canons. The growth of affection (

4448:

Sharia law makes a distinction between adultery and rape and applies different rules. According to Professor

3309: 3040: 2446: 1824: 1391: 412: 18850:

Syed, J. (2010). "An historical perspective on Islamic modesty and its implications for female employment".

5934:

both parties to become effective. If a Muslim woman wishes to divorce her husband she has two options under

3075:

doesn't explicitly require Muslim women to cover their faces or heads, the observance of sexual modesty and

26693: 26554: 26412: 25402: 25379: 24999: 24855: 24845: 24751: 24462: 23608: 22917: 16848: 13777:

Mohammad Fadel (1997). "Two Women, One Man: Knowledge, Power, and Gender in Medieval Sunni Legal Thought".

10161: 8918: 7459: 7454: 7135: 6883:

as a means of " Islamic teachings on the feminine principle without doing violence to the original texts."

6751: 6696: 6257: 5541: 5392: 4932: 3944: 3593:

hadiths were able to contribute a tremendous amount to the transmission of knowledge in the Islamic world.

3216: 2957: 2485: 2059: 1294: 1212: 1187: 1120: 444: 11376: 26848: 25504: 25369: 25185: 24953: 24746: 24181: 22812: 22434: 21805: 20907:

Olimat (2009), Women and Politics in Kuwait, Journal of International Women's Studies, 11(2), pp. 199–212

16155: 14596:"Turkey ratifies the Convention on preventing and combating violence and domestic violence against women" 13694: 13575: 12417:

Getting to Know Womena: The Middle East's First Women-Only Angel Investor Group and the Duo Behind It All

7424: 7202:

converted from Islam to Eastern Orthodox Christianity in 2005, and then converted back to Islam in 2008.

6638:

have attained exceptional levels of notability within the OIC in the twenty-first century. These include

6323:

women's religious education exist, but cultural barriers often keep women from pursuing such a vocation.

6306:

Female religious scholars were relatively common from early Islamic history throughout the 16th century.

5514:– an amount of money or property the man agrees to pay her before the woman signs the marriage contract. 5475: 4747: 4620: 3948: 3868: 1289: 927: 491: 318: 22222: 21129:"Interview with Islamophobia researcher Linda Hyokki: "Europe has a problem with religion" – Qantara.de" 10783:, Oxford University Press, pages 18–21; Francis Robinson (1982), Atlas of the Islamic World Since 1500, 10186: 6887:

approached objectively by those professing expertise in the subject. This can be viewed as part of the "

4039:

since the 2016 US presidential election, demonstrating a level of financial independence and influence.

26559: 26104: 25588: 25264: 25147: 24664: 24141: 24097: – a peer reviewed publication that frequently covers topics relating to women in Islam. 23737:"Female Sufi Saints and Disciples: Women in the life of Jalāl al-din Rumi", Orientalia Suecana, vol. 57 23203:"'The simplest things opened my eyes to Islam': Writer shares experience of being Spanish Muslim woman" 23039: 21439: 20141: 19808: 15680: 15618: 13243:

Sharia and National Law in Muslim Countries: Tensions and Opportunities for Dutch and EU Foreign Policy

12520:

Sharia and National Law in Muslim Countries: Tensions and Opportunities for Dutch and EU Foreign Policy

12446: 11293: 10653: 10578: 8647: 8383: 7951: 7929: 7589: 7323: 7305: 6932: 6544: 6303:

Muslim American women say that they "see their faith identity as a source of happiness in their life."

4735:(disobedience, disloyalty, rebellion, ill conduct) in his wife. Other scholars claim wife beating, for 4237:

Between 1770 and 1840, 241 out of 468 or 51% of charitable endowments in Aleppo were founded by women.

3539: 3449: 3415:

were praiseworthy because shame did not prevent them from asking detailed questions about Islamic law.

3009: 2617:

The Quran dedicates numerous verses and surahs to Muslim women, their role, duties and rights, such as

2084: 1674: 531: 19709:

Abou-Bakr, Omaima (2010). "Articulating Gender: Muslim Women Intellectuals in the Pre-Modern Period".

12503: 8821: 7315: 5988:

period is 4 lunar months and 10 days before she can start conjugal relations with another Muslim man.

4408:

24:8 For her to be spared the punishment, she must swear four times by Allah that he is telling a lie,

3979:

and well above the level of countries such as Brazil (19%), Germany (18%), India (17%) and Japan (7%).

3712:

Some scholars contend that Islamic nations have the world's highest gender gap in education. The 2012

26989: 26961: 26350: 25344: 25045: 24874: 24570: 24350: 24313: 22980: 22183: 20185: 16056: 11973: 8009:

Stowasser, B. F. (1994). Women in the Qur'an, Traditions, and Interpretation. Oxford University Press

7877:

Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence, Cambridge: Islamic Text Society, 1991.

7489: 6836: 6712: 6626:

Bangladesh) and Benazir Bhutto (the 11th Prime Minister of Pakistan) led their respective countries.

5832: 5751: 5743: 5431:

permits marriage between Muslim women and Non-Muslim men; Islamic scholars opining this view include

5413: 5291:

Some marriages are forbidden between Muslim women and Muslim men, according to sharia. In the Quran,

5100: 4594: 3940: 3856: 1462: 792: 626: 338: 22139: 19652:(Rosemary Skinner Keller, Rosemary Radford Ruether, and Marie Cantlon, ed.) Indiana University Press 19586:(Rosemary Skinner Keller, Rosemary Radford Ruether, and Marie Cantlon, ed.) Indiana University Press 18448: 17857:

Nilüfer Göle, Snapshots of Islamic Modernities, Daedalus, Vol. 129, No. 1 (Winter, 2000), pp. 91–117

16195:"Women's rights in matrimonial jurisprudence under Islamic family law in Nigeria: a need for reform" 14465: 11085: 6125:

at Oran, Algeria. The chapel's tower contains a large statue of the Virgin Mary, which is styled as

4310:, zina can include adultery (of married parties), fornication (of unmarried parties), prostitution, 27070: 26724: 26309: 26214: 26036: 26012: 25499: 25228: 25052: 24825: 24363: 23061: 21575: 18238: 17127:(Expanded & revised ed.). London. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-78074-853-5. OCLC 934433002. 16960: 16388: 14182: 12831: 12794: 12363: 12181:

JAMAL NASIR, THE STATUS OF WOMEN UNDER ISLAMIC LAW AND MODERN ISLAMIC LEGISLATION, 3d edition, 2009

12166: 11912: 11461: 10745: 7326:, is more complex. Iranian Islamists are ideologically in favour of allowing female legislators in 6801: 6555:

became the first Muslim-majority state with an elected female head of government (1988). Currently

6525: 6092: 6069: 6020: 5416:, whereas Muslim men have been permitted to marry Christian or Jewish women. Although historically 5157: 4492:

In Quran, surah 2:282 equates two women as substitute for one man, in matters requiring witnesses.

4016: 3635: 3304: 3035: 2267: 1914: 1608: 937: 902: 558: 358: 23087: 21703: 20461: 20402: 20053: 19260: 18956:"Menstruation: Proofs for the Impermissibility of Women Touching the Quran or Entering the Mashaf" 18517:"The mystery of missing female children in the Caucasus: an analysis of sex ratios by birth order" 16873: 16774: 15684: 15622: 13429: 12000:"First illustrations of female "Neurosurgeons" in the fifteenth century by Serefeddin Sabuncuoglu" 9090: 5036:"The most perfect in faith amongst believers is he who is best in manner and kindest to his wife." 4876:

and the Quran. Scholars have suggested that the Taj Mahal complex is a representation of paradise.

3401:

James E. Lindsay states that Islam encouraged religious education of Muslim women. According to a

25985: 25362: 24236: 22100: 20821: 19826: 19736: 19208:"National Mosque Open Day: Public welcomed inside Melbourne mosque to quash Islam misconceptions" 18733: 18299:

Organisation of Islamic Cooperation: Permanent Observer Mission to the United Nations in New York

17025:"Being Married to a Non-Muslim Husband: Religious Identity in Muslim Women's Interfaith Marriage" 16581:"Consanguineous marriages, pearls and perils: Geneva International Consanguinity Workshop Report" 16206: 15992:

Ghori, Safiya (2008). "The application of religious law in North American courts: a case study of

13191: 9961: 9283:"As Muslim women, we actually ask you not to wear the hijab in the name of interfaith solidarity" 8024: 8019:

Asma Afsaruddin (2020). "Women and the Qur'an". In Mustafa Shah and Muhammad Abdel Haleem (ed.).

7504: 7191: 7070: 6219: 4541:

difficulties for women. Ibn Taymiyya also reasoned the deficiency of using Qur'an 2:282 to prove

3489: 3269: 2641: 2421: 750: 153: 51: 24390: 22891: 21870: 20165: 18528: 17024: 15779: 15773: 12439:"Translations of the Qur'an, Surah 33: AL-AHZAB (THE CLANS, THE COALITION, THE COMBINED FORCES)" 9151: 8870: 6827:

The next edition of the Islamic Solidarity Games (2021) is scheduled to take place in Istanbul.

6400:, the traditions of Muhammad and early Islamic history. Some notable Muslim women scholars are: 6095:

near Selçuk, Turkey. This is a shrine frequented by both Christians and Muslims. It is known as

5324: 4872:, and completed in 1648. It is studded with numerous inscriptions, almost all of which are from 3878: 3629:) throughout her life, especially in her early years. At the age of one, she received her first 26841: 26815: 26716: 26435: 26319: 25514: 25443: 25412: 25352: 24334: 24329: 24247: 21652: 21646: 19812: 19683: 17340: 15748: 15318: 15260: 15197: 15191: 15166: 15160: 15135: 15129: 15104: 14328: 11869: 10619: 9992: 9488: 9482: 9427: 9421: 8479: 8473: 8445: 8435: 8350: 6852: 5904: 5561: 4629:

Acceptance of domestic violence by women in some Islamic countries, according to UNICEF (2013).

4573: 3917: 3909: 3828: 3276: 3167: 1267: 952: 942: 878: 607: 373: 35: 23500: 23492: 21895: 21835: 21563: 20546:"DAP lawmaker moots 30pc quota for women in politics as Malaysia trails Indonesia's democracy" 20209: 19976: 18480:. Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography. pp. 73–89. 15836: 15830: 13402: 13296:

Noor, Azman Mohd (January 1, 2010). "Rape: A Problem of Crime Classification in Islamic Law".

13082:

Her Honor: An Islamic Critique of the Rape Laws of Pakistan from a Woman-Sensitive Perspective

12573: 10582: 10572: 10044: 8957: 8102: 6570:

In the past several decades, a number of countries in which Muslims are a majority, including

6210:

One of the most famous saints in Islam, Rabi'āh al-'Adawiyyah ('Rabi'āh') extolled the way of

5966:

in their marriage contract. The second method, by far more common in wife-initiated divorces,

5612:–1111) stated that "Sex should begin with gentle words and kissing", while the Indian scholar 3827:

Some scholars refer to verse 28:23 in the Quran regarding Moses and two working women, and to

3144:

other things, the Taliban also forbade both male and female participation in sport, including

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teachers predominate, her reputation helped pave the way for more female transmitters of the

2742: 2555: 2262:, non-binding published opinions or decisions regarding religious doctrine or points of law. 2104: 2049: 1979: 1959: 1944: 1814: 1336: 1299: 1207: 1071: 907: 602: 427: 211: 166: 21695: 20884: 20878: 20492: 18723: 17332: 15672: 15610: 15096: 14320: 13898:. Washington, DC: World Organization for Resource Development and Education. pp. 9–12. 12461: 11699: 10737: 10611: 10016:, "Gender Apartheid, Cultural Relativism, and Women's Human Rights in Muslim Societies," in 7642: 6703: 5696:). Some Islamic jurists suggest touching and foreplay, without any penetration, may qualify 4597:. The testimony of a man has twice the strength of that of a woman. However, with regard to 3588:

literature. Furthermore, women scholars also took journeys to different cities to teach the

2376:(Islamic jurisprudence), as well as in accordance with the interpretations derived from the 2343: 2165: 26908: 26634: 26494: 26154: 26149: 26044: 25848: 25738: 25668: 25127: 25034: 24979: 23526: 23520: 22548:"Canadian solo traveller Rosie Gabrielle converts to Islam after spending time in Pakistan" 21571: 20838: 18212:. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH. July 2009. Archived from 16996: 16580: 11782: 11587: 9614: 8168:

Agrama, H. A. (2010). "Ethics, tradition, authority: Toward an anthropology of the fatwa".

7902: 7414: 7369: 6776: 6708: 6654:, the Chairwoman of the Kazakhstan Senate and one of her country's wealthiest individuals. 6531: 6307: 5185: 4922: 4801:

Turkey was the first country in Europe to ratify (on March 14, 2012) the Council of Europe

4680: 3996: 3713: 3609: 3518:, until the early 20th century, there was a gender struggle among Muslims living under the 3244: 3145: 2923:

Pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding are processes for which women are rewarded by God:

2832: 2738: 2319:

are secondary. Additional or supplementary sources differ between various Muslim sects and

2206:) vary widely between and within different societies. At the same time, their adherence to 1989: 1984: 1929: 1879: 1864: 1749: 1639: 1589: 1469: 1030: 991: 826: 816: 802: 21967: 20324: 20318: 19924:"Authors of 'The Holy Qur'an, English Translation' – First English Translation by a Woman" 19772: 18516: 18398: 18392: 16921: 15720: 15714: 14838: 14832: 12249:"The Countries With the Highest Number of Female Executives Are Not the Ones You'd Expect" 9597: 9231: 9225: 6687: 6087:

Accordingly, the Virgin Mary is synonymous with numerous holy sites in the Islamic faith:

5128:

When agreement to the marriage has been expressed and witnessed, those present recite the

4525:, that is used to prove the half-testimony status, Ghamidi and members of his foundation, 3686:. Between 2009 and 2015, Albania saw consistent and substantial improvements in all three 8: 26798: 26334: 26274: 26249: 26164: 26144: 26094: 26064: 26054: 26005: 25908: 25828: 25778: 25763: 25357: 25238: 25132: 24948: 24445: 24242: 23766: 23704: 23646: 23465: 23440: 21696: 20350:"Louisa Hanoune, First female candidate to stand for the Algerian presidential elections" 19804: 19768: 17702:

Martin et al. (2003), Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World, Macmillan Reference,

17650:

Janet L. Bauer, "Sexuality and the Moral 'Construction' of Women in an Islamic Society",

16527:

Tadmouri, G. O.; Nair, P.; Obeid, T.; Al Ali, M. T.; Al Khaja, N.; Hamamy, H. A. (2009).

16326:

Tadmouri, G. O.; Nair, P.; Obeid, T.; Al Ali, M. T.; Al Khaja, N.; Hamamy, H. A. (2009).

16194: 15744: 15673: 15611: 14131: 12307: 10738: 9771: 9736: 9605: 8746: 8138: 7695: 7598: 7469: 7254:

have used Islamic doctrine as the basis for discussion of women's rights, drawing on the

6804:

is a large multi-sport event held every four years in which all qualifying athletes from

5397: 5083: 4886: 4663: 4434: 4141: 3065: 2406: 2094: 2024: 1954: 1829: 1804: 1784: 1764: 1644: 1519: 1509: 1386: 1217: 1139: 1132: 1127: 1042: 947: 932: 892: 853: 716: 612: 246: 146: 59: 47: 23516:"Saudi-Islamic Feminist Movement: A Struggle for Male Allies and the Right Female Voice" 13834:. Washington, DC: World Organization for Resource Development and Education. p. 6. 11591: 8995: 8989: 7857:

Motahhari, Morteza (1983). Jurisprudence and Its Principles, translator:Salman Tawhidi,

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faced treatment condemned by the international community. Women were forced to wear the

6543:

was the first elected female head of state in a Muslim-majority country, serving as the

4410:

24:9 and a fifth oath that Allah may be displeased with her if he is telling the truth.

3859:

have said that women do not require a husband's permission to leave the house and work.

3761: 26878: 26787: 26732: 26504: 26360: 26239: 26234: 26114: 25783: 25519: 25433: 25284: 25220: 25028: 25004: 24681: 24659: 24619: 24509: 24422: 24373: 24339: 24230: 24109: – numerous entries dealing with the role of women in Islamic societies. 24018: 23959: 23855: 23782: 23709: 22127: 21863: 21597: 21325: 21110: 21102: 21083:"Invisible Violence: Gender, Islamophobia, and the Hidden Assault on U.S. Muslim Women" 20029: 18937: 18917: 18819: 17779: 17598: 17054: 16610: 16555: 16528: 16504: 16479: 16426: 16409: 16354: 16327: 16278: 16243: 16231: 16175: 16167: 16069: 16028: 16005: 15938: 15891: 14447: 14100: 14061: 13786: 13686: 10870: 9912: 9711: 9630: 8519: 7620: 7519: 7444: 6651: 6560: 6499: 6453: 6421: 6261: 5883:

When the female (infant), buried alive, is questioned – For what crime she was killed;

5401: 5060: 4905: 4379: 4371: 4024: 3469: 3395: 2967: 2637: 2410: 2218: 2109: 2004: 1964: 1834: 1729: 1694: 1504: 1494: 1419: 1361: 1346: 1197: 1177: 1154: 1006: 986: 765: 636: 593: 563: 546: 521: 466: 422: 134: 55: 41: 24090:

George Mason University Archive, Islam – Women in World History, Roy Rosenzweig Center

20763: 18210:

International Network to Analyze, Communicate and Transform the Campaign against FGM/C

17585: 17568: 16480:"Consanguineous marriages: Preconception consultation in primary health care settings" 11494:"Here are the 19 countries with the highest ratio of women to men in higher education" 7805: 7409: 7171: 6812:– the most recent edition of the games – included Tunisian Olympic medallist wrestler 6629: 4028: 3247:, as well as mosques in countries where Muslims are a minority group, like Singapore, 3215:

There are location-variations for women within mosques and congregations. Within some

3021:), upper gallery plateau part of Bosnian mosques reserved only for women (except when 26893: 26777: 26767: 26752: 26514: 26389: 26304: 26254: 26209: 26189: 26179: 26079: 25883: 25858: 25708: 25703: 25494: 25489: 25394: 25384: 25374: 25057: 24943: 24895: 24738: 24649: 24410: 24400: 24395: 24385: 24380: 24213: 24116: 24044: 24022: 24004: 23983: 23934: 23912: 23890: 23882: 23864: 23839: 23833: 23815: 23789: 23752: 23744: 23718: 23496: 23010: 22599: 22255: 22162: 22106: 22018: 21901: 21874: 21841: 21732: 21707: 21656: 21620: 21587: 21539: 21514: 21489: 21366: 21329: 21317: 21219: 21163: 21114: 20888: 20802: 20328: 20092: 19945: 19903: 19878: 19846: 19667: 19656: 19628: 19601: 19590: 19562: 19512: 18941: 18929: 18885: 18823: 18737: 18629: 18524: 18481: 18402: 18149: 18121: 18090: 18070: 18045: 18020: 17992: 17967: 17829: 17771: 17736: 17703: 17668: 17590: 17547: 17399: 17374: 17344: 17333: 17311: 17283: 17152: 17142: 17058: 17044: 17000: 16984: 16722: 16677: 16602: 16560: 16509: 16458: 16431: 16359: 16268: 16179: 16034: 15975: 15930: 15865: 15840: 15783: 15724: 15688: 15651: 15626: 15516: 15482: 15457: 15398: 15373: 15345: 15290: 15232: 15201: 15170: 15139: 15108: 15097: 15075: 15047: 15019: 14989: 14964: 14939: 14910: 14842: 14808: 14559: 14439: 14357: 14332: 14321: 14065: 13966: 13899: 13835: 13761: 13690: 13533: 13458: 13408: 13381: 13356: 13328: 13250: 13220: 13064: 13024: 12978: 12956: 12921: 12896: 12835: 12798: 12751: 12735: 12718: 12694: 12651: 12616: 12579: 12527: 12467: 12204: 12042: 12024: 11938: 11927: 11842: 11765: 11749: 11729: 11329: 11260: 11161: 11111: 10981: 10956: 10898: 10862: 10814: 10784: 10713: 10682: 10657: 10647: 10623: 10612: 10586: 10548: 10523: 10492: 10446: 10421: 10393: 10048: 10021: 9965: 9845: 9715: 9703: 9693: 9622: 9517: 9492: 9461: 9431: 9397: 9235: 8999: 8578: 8549: 8483: 8449: 8411: 8326: 8298: 8201:

Hosen, N (2004). "Behind the scenes: fatwas of Majelis Ulama Indonesia (1975–1998)".

8142: 7978: 7878: 7858: 7835: 7784: 7711: 7675: 7648: 7624: 7612: 7251: 7214: 7174:, formerly François-Cerrah, award-winning German actress, model and fashion designer 7002:

describes numerous examples of polygamy among devotees to God and historically, some

6913: 6591: 6425: 6295: 6236: 6146: 6137:, the Virgin whose statue still looks benignly over their city from the mountaintop." 5924: 5708: 5616:(1732–1790) added to this exhortation in his commentary on Al-Ghazālī's magnum opus, 5613: 5340: 5203: 5189: 5079: 5022:"You should cherish your woman from the perfume of her hair to the tips of her toes." 4668: 4472: 4375: 3936: 3425: 3355: 2853: 2295: 2029: 1999: 1924: 1904: 1889: 1844: 1809: 1774: 1709: 1649: 1584: 1564: 1559: 1429: 1414: 1341: 1331: 1319: 1229: 1222: 1202: 1086: 1001: 957: 887: 797: 677: 641: 588: 501: 461: 323: 23282:"Promoting Gender Equality in Muslim Contexts – Women's Voices Must Not Be Silenced" 22271: 20295: 18599:

Klasen, S. (1994), "Missing women" reconsidered, World Development, 22(7), 1061–1071

18272: 17783: 17602: 16892: 16749:"The Age of Aisha (ra): Rejecting Historical Revisionism and Modernist Presumptions" 16676:

Leila Ahmed (1993), Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate,

16614: 16247: 15942: 14451: 13515: 12868:

Baer, Gabriel (1983). "Women and Waqf: An Analysis of the Istanbul Tahrîr of 1546".

12019: 9916: 9634: 9025: 6282: 5114: 5028:"The whole world is to be enjoyed, but the best thing in the world is a good woman." 4031:; Ümit Boyner, a non-executive director at Boyner Holding who was the chairwoman of 26943: 26864: 26782: 26757: 26737: 26279: 26194: 26174: 26059: 26049: 25868: 25838: 25823: 25808: 25798: 25788: 25748: 25698: 25643: 25618: 25524: 25509: 25269: 24974: 24696: 24634: 24624: 24614: 24599: 24405: 24308: 24280: 24168: 24071: 21579: 21392: 21356: 21309: 21094: 20656: 20637:. United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women) 20571: 19536: 19483: 18921: 18809: 18801: 18362: 18182: 17939: 17906: 17825: 17763: 17728: 17580: 17036: 16992: 16592: 16550: 16540: 16499: 16491: 16421: 16349: 16339: 16235: 16159: 16009: 15922: 15572: 14431: 14386: 14282: 14258: 14053: 14026: 13921:

Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy

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Haleem, M. A. S. Abdel. The Qur'an. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. Print.

7602: 7449: 7353: 7333: 7199: 7187: 7163: 7041: 6848: 6643: 6487: 6245: 6198:, a city which is one of the most important Shī'ah centres of theology. During the 5790: 5436: 5432: 5376: 5299:

relations with her biological mother and father-in-law. There are disputes between

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Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence

4743: 3968: 3905: 3457: 3057: 2985: 2860: 2746: 2700: 2560: 2278:; and spiritual teachers, which are particularly prominent in Islamic mysticism or 2214: 2114: 2099: 2089: 2069: 2039: 1974: 1949: 1874: 1854: 1849: 1794: 1714: 1679: 1664: 1629: 1614: 1594: 1539: 1524: 1514: 1499: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1424: 1401: 1244: 1239: 1025: 996: 973: 836: 486: 481: 432: 417: 402: 311: 190: 23622: 23352: 23202: 21343:

Dubey, Bipin Kumar; Dubey, Binayak Kumar; Acharya, Jayashree (September 1, 2010).

21277:. Asia-Pacific Centre of Education for International Understanding. Archived from 21098: 16934:

More on child brides: After a political fight, Nigeria will continue allowing them

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Ali, Kecia (2010), Marriage and slavery in early Islam, Harvard University Press,

14644:"Erdoğan insists it's at his discretion to pull Turkey out of İstanbul Convention" 13664:"Two Women, One Man: Knowledge, Power, and Gender in Medieval Sunni Legal Thought" 13532:

Engineer, A. (2008). The rights of women in Islam. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.;

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The mid-14th century saw a rise in women's participation, such as the teaching of

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Sexual ethics and Islam: feminist reflections on Quran, hadith, and jurisprudence

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Sexual ethics and Islam: feminist reflections on Quran, hadith, and jurisprudence

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Joseph, S. E. (2007). Kissing Cousins, Current Anthropology, 48(5), pages 756–764

16146: 15918: 14582: 13644: 13637: 13502: 12615:

Rudolph Peters, Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law, Cambridge University Press,

11999: 11929:

Banking on Baghdad: Inside Iraq's 7,000 Year History of War, Profit, and Conflict

11907: 11092: 11073: 11066: 10733: 10316:"Saudi Arabia Lifting the Driving Ban on Women Has Little to Do With Empowerment" 9814: 7669: 7607: 7584: 7509: 7357: 7296: 7282: 7231: 7190:, the German model Anna-Maria Ferchichi (née Lagerblom), the American supermodel 7124: 7120: 7081: 7078: 6917: 6715:

widely perceived to be anti-Muslim, was a sit-in staged primarily by Muslim women

6682: 6615: 6607: 6461: 6409: 6401: 6381: 6311: 6287: 6199: 5592:

and emotional intimacy in sexual relations, as the following hadith illustrates:

5409: 5380: 5259: 5216: 5169: 4754: 4701: 4550: 4132: 3441: 3313: 3093: 3044: 2828: 2824: 2599: 2462: 2228: 2192: 2177: 2064: 2054: 2044: 2019: 2009: 1939: 1919: 1899: 1839: 1779: 1759: 1744: 1699: 1689: 1669: 1604: 1554: 1549: 1534: 1489: 1434: 1249: 922: 621: 437: 397: 386: 368: 271: 216: 129: 23941:, Cambridge University Press, 2008 (978-0-521-86764-1): Bernadette Andrea: Books 21780:"Idaho Evangelical Christian polygamists use Internet to meet potential spouses" 18302: 17767: 11748:

Doi, A. Rahman, & Bewley, A. (1992). Women in Shari'ah. Ta-Ha, 4th Edition;

11351:"Boris Johnson criticised for suggesting women go to university to find husband" 8064: 6575: 6478:, supported female leadership. In early Islamic history, women including Aisha, 6029:

A Muslim woman may not move in a mosque and is relieved from duty of performing

5274:

is common in some Muslim-majority countries. The observed endogamy is primarily

4813:("I'm not scared") to help raise awareness of domestic violence in the Balkans. 4656:

interpretations translate and understand the word to mean as strike or beat in

2577: 26933: 26913: 26747: 26509: 26365: 26284: 26244: 26219: 26199: 26134: 26109: 26099: 26084: 25853: 25803: 25758: 25743: 25723: 25688: 25628: 25562: 25289: 25142: 24984: 23448: 21344: 20825: 19740: 18758:

The Social Directives of Islam: Distinctive Aspects of Ghamidi's Interpretation

18609:

Abandoned, Aborted, or Left for Dead: These Are the Vanishing Girls of Pakistan

18539: 18187: 18170: 17944: 17927: 17911: 17894: 17542:

Editor: Susan Crocklin (1996). "Religious views regarding gamete donation", in

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Muhammad's statement that a man should not be questioned for beating his wife:

13216:

Islamic Criminal Law in Northern Nigeria: Politics, Religion, Judicial Practice

13168: 12091:"Indonesia has the Highest Senior Business Roles Held by Women in ASEAN at 46%" 11703:. Chapter: The Woman as Member of the Society: When is a woman allowed to work? 10705: 10013: 9342: 7514: 7361: 7327: 7265: 7210: 7183: 7131: 7104: 7085: 7074: 7026: 6821: 6639: 6583: 6540: 6536: 6507: 6326: 6232: 6081: 6005:

This verse not only explains the divorce rights of women in Islam, it sets out

5804: 5481: 5333: 5328: 5161: 4873: 4710:)": "Such people never go on a diet to curb the desires of their ego... In his 4693: 4607: 4011: 3613: 3519: 3465: 3163: 2992: 2622: 2388: 2119: 2034: 2014: 1994: 1969: 1934: 1894: 1869: 1859: 1799: 1769: 1754: 1724: 1719: 1704: 1684: 1634: 1579: 1574: 1529: 1451: 1284: 1144: 1093: 1037: 709: 581: 526: 471: 85: 23732: 23548: 22462:"Former Playboy Bunny Coverts to Islam; Says She Also Considered Christianity" 22064:, General Editor: Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Georgetown University, Washington DC. 21601: 19782:

Themodernreligion.com. Originally published (in a slightly different form) in

18925: 17869:"Girls in UK Sunday schools are victims of FGM – the Church must take a stand" 17141:(Expanded & revised ed.). London: Oneworld Publications. p. 20. 17040: 16495: 16171: 16013: 14739: 14057: 13817: 13682: 12885:"Women, Property and Power in Eighteenth-Century Cairo (Author: Mary Ann Fay)" 10936: 10614:

The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, A Search for Salvation

9908: 9827: 9689: 7052:(15.25%) all more likely to have at least two wives. Similarly, India's third 7017:, a man could have more than one wife. The practice is attested in epics like 6310:, a Sunni religious scholar, has listed 8,000 female jurists, and orientalist 5601:

Islamic luminaries expanded on this theme. The philosopher, mystic and jurist

4856: 4370:

witnessed several highly publicized stonings for zina in the aftermath of the

2876:

Two Malaysian women wearing contrasting styles of clothing: the (post-)modern

27064: 27014: 26966: 26888: 26772: 26479: 26383: 26204: 26169: 26124: 26119: 26028: 25773: 25663: 25465: 25302: 25152: 24691: 24654: 24629: 24514: 23996: 23829: 23807: 23803: 23749:

Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition

22017:

Karen Armstrong, Muhammad: Prophet for Our Time, HarperPress, 2006, pp.37–38

21370: 21321: 21167: 18805: 18719: 18581:

Sex Imbalances at Birth: Current trends, consequences and policy implications

17754:

Husain, Fatima A (2000). "Reproductive issues from the Islamic perspective".

17732: 17156: 15926: 15804:"Opinions of classical Islamic scholars on polygyny | Polygamy in Islam" 14435: 13965:. Washington, DC: World Organization for Resource Development and Education. 13624: 13495: 13309: 12167:

WOMEN IN ISLAMIC SOCIETIES: A SELECTED REVIEW OF SOCIAL SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE

11193:

Donno and Russett (2004), "Islam, authoritarianism, and female empowerment",

10866: 10241: 9707: 9670:

Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion: A Diversity of Paradigms

9626: 8742:"Rise of Bosnian mayor with a head scarf challenging assumptions about Islam" 7616: 7585:"Meanings of modesty and the hijab amongst Muslim women in Glasgow, Scotland" 7484: 7404: 7167: 6999: 6984: 6980: 6948: 6764: 6619: 6595: 6495: 6449: 6417: 6413: 6077: 6055: 5485: 5352: 5320: 5275: 4960: 4909: 4839: 4791: 4706: 4562: 4534: 4530: 4517:(Sahih Bukhari: Book of Witnesses: Chapter witness of women: Hadith no. 2658) 4449: 4212: 4136: 4127: 3523: 3411: 3025:) who climb to it by stairs at side(s) of entrance; White/Nasser's mosque in 2888:

blouse-shirt combination on the other. The kebaya is derived from the Arabic

2626: 2227:, which are traditions relating to the deeds and aphorisms attributed to the 2124: 1909: 1884: 1819: 1789: 1739: 1734: 1659: 1599: 1569: 1444: 1279: 1149: 1110: 1098: 1076: 1058: 873: 646: 551: 511: 23229:"French author Mathilde Loujayne pens a thoughtful book on Islam from Dubai" 22208: 18475: 18366: 12192:

Women and Globalization in the Arab Middle East: Gender, Economy and Society

11900: 7146: 5598:'And what is that messenger?' they asked, and replied: 'Kisses and words.' 4941: 4775:

Some conservative translations suggest Muslim husbands are permitted to use

2244:, which is a scholarly consensus, expressed or tacit, on a question of law; 25552: 25477: 25137: 24989: 24867: 24583: 24487: 24475: 24189: 23967: 21583: 19508:

The female voice in Sufi ritual: devotional practices of Pakistan and India

18933: 17775: 17740: 17594: 17282:. Syracuse, N.Y: Syracuse University Press. pp. 158–159 and footnote. 16849:"How Come You Allow Little Girls to Get Married?" – Child Marriage in Yemen 16824: 16606: 16564: 16545: 16513: 16363: 16344: 16282: 16262: 15934: 14443: 14270: 12830: 12793: 12775: 12028: 10342:"Saudi decree allowing women to drive cars is about politics, not religion" 10036: 9841: 9116:"UN HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE CONDEMNS "BURQA BAN," COUNTERING EUROPEAN COURT" 8508:"Rethinking Public and Private Space: Religion and Women in Muslim Society" 8214: 7389:

legal system in the country, and in 2010 two female judges were appointed.

7270: 7179: 7151: 7014: 6940: 6904: 6519: 6346: 5797: 5704: 5672: 5658: 5356: 5153: 4869: 4545:

discrimination against women. However, both Ibn al-Qayyim and Ibn Taymiyya

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or relatives to other towns to learn and acquire education in the study of

3515: 3433: 3348: 3252: 3240: 3224: 3189: 3181: 2840: 2693: 2669: 2413: 2399: 2395: 1409: 897: 697: 653: 390: 122: 111: 24112: 24060:

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Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender

21440:"ISSF 1st Coordination Meeting for Istanbul 2021 Islamic Solidarity Games" 20435:"Turkey's 'Iron Lady' Meral Aksener Is Getting Ready to Challenge Erdogan" 18515:

Michael, M; King, L; Guo, L; McKee, M; Richardson, E; Stuckler, D (2013),

16435: 14963:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. pp. 186–187. 14250:

Steps recommended to Muslim husband for chastising his Muslim wife: Quran

11600: 11575: 9849: 7084:) and the lowest (such as Lallā Mīmūna in Morocco); some of them, such as 4696:, the Chairman of the Islamic Supreme Council of America, who co-authored 4344:

requirement of four eyewitnesses severely limits a man's ability to prove

26685: 26404: 26393: 25114: 24604: 24543: 24470: 24357: 23944: 23904: 23878: 22944:"The American Mosque 2011: Report Number 1 from the US Mosque Study 2011" 21562:

Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. (1999).

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The Tao of Islam: A Sourcebook on Gender Relationships in Islamic Thought

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Reconstructing Gender in the Middle East: Tradition, Identity & Power

16799: 15958:"EGYPT: 'Some girls have been married 60 times by the time they turn 18'" 15072:

The Tao of Islam: A Sourcebook on Gender Relationships in Islamic Thought

15044:

The Tao of Islam: A Sourcebook on Gender Relationships in Islamic Thought

15016:

The Tao of Islam: A Sourcebook on Gender Relationships in Islamic Thought

14986:

Resonances of the Raj: India in the English Musical Imagination,1897–1947

14961:

The Tao of Islam: A Sourcebook on Gender Relationships in Islamic Thought

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Zina: Transnational Feminism, and the Moral Regulation of Pakistani Women

12918:

Women in the Ottoman Empire: Middle Eastern Women in the Early Modern Era

9309:"Turkish Women's Magazine Searches for Intersection of Islam and Fashion" 8404:

The Tao of Islam: A Sourcebook on Gender Relationships in Islamic Thought

7832:

The Tao of Islam: A Sourcebook on Gender Relationships in Islamic Thought

7640: 7175: 7022: 6936: 6892: 6888: 6857: 6564: 6503: 6405: 5958:

accepts her claims of abuse or abandonment. If a tafriq is denied by the

5950:

is a divorce for certain allowable reasons. This divorce is granted by a

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charges against women, a crime often committed without eyewitnesses. The

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Reconstructing Gender in the Middle East: Tradition, Identity, and Power

23604: 23426: 21676: 18707: 18695: 17513: 16073: 8919:"Morocco Bans Poster Calling on Tourists not to Wear Bikinis in Ramadan" 8523: 8507: 6861:("religion of God"), an amalgam of several religions devised by Emperor 6532:

Female heads of state in Muslim-majority countries during the modern era

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Marriage customs vary in Muslim dominated countries. Islamic law allows

4503: 3844: 3452:. Many royal women were founders of educational institutions, including 25407: 24504: 24479: 22547: 22155:"FATIMA (AL-ZAHRA') BINT MUHAMMAD (CA. 12 BEFORE HIJRA-11/CA. 610-632)" 18837: 18571:, Committee on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men, Council of Europe 18558:

Christophe Z Guilmoto, CEPED, Université Paris-Descartes, France (2012)

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After sex, as well as menstruation, Islam requires men and women to do

5633: 5602: 4865: 4722:, woman is the light of Allah's beauty shed onto this earth. Again in 4648: 4419: 4311: 4266: 3972: 3928: 3485: 3153: 3022: 2872: 1439: 1381: 1376: 454: 23674: 19842:

The history of women's mosques in Chinese Islam: a mosque of their own

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Ahmed, L. (1986). Women and the Advent of Islam. Signs, 11(4), 665–691

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Capital Punishment: A Hazard to a Sustainable Criminal Justice System?

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12222: 11806: 10919: 10139: 7944:"Translations of the Qur'an, Surah 39: AZ-ZUMAR (THE TROOPS, THRONGS)" 6440:

A collage of Muslim women voters in the 2010s from different countries

5414:

Muslim women have been forbidden from marrying Christian or Jewish men

4994:

Prominent figures in Islamic mysticism have elaborated on this theme.

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Women in Islamic biographical collections: from Ibn Saʻd to Who's Who

20631:"UN Women welcomes increased number of women in Algeria's Parliament" 18769: 17280:

Contesting realities the public sphere and morality in southern Yemen

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to evolve a more progressive form of Islam regarding women's status.

7319: 7115: 6955:) to eat the forbidden fruit; instead, they were tempted together by 6874: 6760: 6599: 6518:

at the turn of the eighth century (690–705), and the inauguration of

6515: 6479: 6475: 5711:, during fasting and certain religious activities, disability and in 5507: 5453: 5129: 5064: 5015: 4995: 4964: 4861: 4831: 4672: 4526: 3852: 3566: 3424:

and other public places. For example, the attendance of women at the

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infinitude and manifestation, are not bound by the same constraints.

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Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures: Family, Law and Politics

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11623:"US study into higher rates of female engineers in Muslim countries" 11487: 11485: 11483: 11481: 11479: 10858: 4241:

of inheritance are specified by a number of Quran verses, including

3682:

member state Albania pictured during Code Week 2017 in Burrel, near

2867: 26833: 25455: 24961: 24819: 24771: 24565: 24519: 24483: 24208: 22731:"Emma Maree Edwards, Satu-satunya Hijabers di Miss World Australia" 20807: 20635:

UN Women welcomes increased number of women in Algeria's Parliament

16163: 14620:. Information Platform humanrights.ch. May 20, 2014. Archived from 14030: 13081: 11127: 10279:"A Saudi Woman's 'Mixed Feelings' About Winning the Right to Drive" 10066: 7300: 7286: 7238:(Ediciones Península, 2018); and French author Mathilde Loujayne's 7045: 7018: 7010: 6995: 6692: 6630:

Female legislators in Muslim-majority countries in the 21st century

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from Shia sect of Islam, however, allow third party participation.

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on their wives, and others claim permissibly to strike them with a

4676: 4366: 4186: 3932: 3893: 3886: 3841: 3777: 3468:, there were various opportunities for female education during the 3420: 3232: 3223:

variations for women. Women are not obligated to pray during their

3096: 3061: 2775: 2705: 2231: 2180:, whose works often showed women engaged in educational activities. 841: 663: 631: 345: 279: 25573: 22813:"Ivana Sert: Müslüman olacağım ('Ivana Sert: I will be a Muslim')" 22047: 22045: 21994:"Some Indian men are marrying multiple wives to help beat drought" 19534:"Do not stop Allah's women-slave from going to Allah's Mosques." ( 18787:"The private is political: Women and family in intellectual Islam" 17569:"Women's reproductive health: Monotheistic religious perspectives" 17252:, No. L-00-1391, 2001 WL 1518116 (Ohio Ct. App. November 30, 2001) 15099:

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Bodies in Contact: Rethinking Colonial Encounters in World History

11006:

Achievements of Muslim Women in the Religious and Scholarly Fields

7430:

Female political leaders in Islam and in Muslim-majority countries

7158:

Notable recent female converts to Islam include the German former

6963:). This means that Eve was not the cause of Adam's expulsion from 6466:

Female political leaders in Islam and in Muslim-majority countries

2894:(meaning "clothing") and is the national female dress of Indonesia 2409:, depending upon the differing accounts of who were his wives. In 25470: 25076: 24764: 24644: 24536: 24529: 24524: 24266: 23466:"Iran: Number Of Female University Students Rising Dramatically." 22839:"Erdoğan's toilet isn't golden, eccentric Turkish model confirms" 22652:"Russian beauty queen converts to Islam, marries Malaysia's king" 22247: 20657:"Senegal's President Macky Sall wins national assembly landslide" 19923: 18878:

Al-nihayah: concise description of Islamic law and legal opinions

18874:

al Ṭūsī, Mohammad ibn Hasan ibn Ali Abu Ja'far (Sheikh al-Taifah)

18478:

A Sharp Increase in Sex Ratio at Birth in the Caucasus. Why? How?

18353:

Hasna, F (2003). "Islam, social traditions and family planning".

15372:. Chapel Hill, NC: University North Carolina Press. p. 431. 12413:"Womena: the Middle East's First Women-Only Angel Investor Group" 11476: 9957: 9895:

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9735:. The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. Washington, D.C.: 7349: 7099:

Recognized as one of the most esteemed women in Islamic history,

7049: 6879: 5996:

A verse relating to obligation of women during divorce is 2:228:

5908: 5662:, two primary sources of sharia, Islam permits only vaginal sex. 5405: 5295: 4711: 4645: 4392: 4191: 3757: 3729: 3721: 3185: 2882:

on the one hand (left), and a variant of the traditional Islamic

2618: 2489: 2480: 2348: 2331: 2320: 1396: 1351: 496: 173: 25997: 23856:"Wearing the Hijab in Contemporary Morocco: Choice and Identity" 23835:

Muslim Women in America: The Challenge of Islamic Identity Today

23062:"British Muslims Monthly Survey for June 2000, Vol. VIII, No. 6" 22627:"Libyan leader's unique brand of diplomacy has Italy spellbound" 21564:"Medieval Readings: Muslim, Jewish, and Christian (600–1500 CE)" 20520:"Indonesia Penalizes Parties in Fight for Women: Southeast Asia" 19939: 19897: 18982:"Can a menstruating woman visit the mosque or recite the Quran?" 18542:(2013), "The Implementation of Preferences for Male Offspring", 15832:

The Muslim Next Door: The Qur'an, the Media, and that Veil Thing

13883:. Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: Saheeh International. 1997. p. 105. 13551:"The Woman and the Islamic Law (Part 1/2) – Javed Ahmad Ghamidi" 9993:"US Country Report on Human Rights Practices – Afghanistan 2001" 9545:

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8851:. Amman: The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre. p. 31. 7834:. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 188–202. 7334:

Liberal Islam, Islamic feminism, and other progressive criticism

7245: 6849:

its inception in the Arabian Peninsula during the 7th century CE

6060: 5503:(disobedience, disloyalty, rebellion, ill conduct) in his wife. 4406:

24:7 and a fifth oath that Allah may condemn him if he is lying.

3646:

to her students during their early years. In a field where male

2282:. Many of the latter, including the medieval Muslim philosopher 24994: 24968: 24927: 24888: 24805: 24718: 24639: 24494: 24440: 24435: 24202: 24126: 23710:"The Death Penalty, Mercy, and Islam: A Call for Retrospection" 22953:. Cooperative Congregations Studies Partnership. Archived from 22323:""والدها مسيحي ووالدتها مسلمة".. قصة اعتناق ديانا حداد للإسلام" 22042: 21943:"Muslim women and the surprising facts about polygamy in India" 21156:"Record number of anti-Muslim attacks reported in UK last year" 20789:"In style and politics, Kosovo women see Clinton as role model" 20186:

Pretender to Universalism: Western Culture in a Globalizing Age

20054:"Women of 2015: Tsai Ing-wen, Taiwanese presidential candidate" 20030:"Shajarat (Shaggar, Shagar) al-Durr And her Mausoleum in Cairo" 20003:"Muslim Heritage in the Knowledge-Economy Conference in Jeddah" 15074:. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. p. 185. 15046:. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. p. 186. 15018:. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. p. 183. 11974:"Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts: The Art as a Profession" 10953:

Hadith Literature: Its Origin, Development and Special Features

9677: 9673: 8358: 8110: 7873: 7871: 7524: 7500:

Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries

7386: 7382: 7377: 7260: 7111: 7033:

law allowed polygamy if the first wife could not bear a child.

7030: 6964: 6866: 6670: 6571: 6470:

Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries

6385: 6291: 6271: 5935: 5360: 5344: 5300: 5232: 5199: 4956: 4780: 4769: 4731: 4717: 4522: 4416: 4349: 4341: 4333: 4303: 4117: 4053: 3921: 3901: 3737: 3725: 3683: 3639: 3621: 3580: 3534: 3474: 3363: 3338: 3330: 3236: 3193: 3139: 3119: 3112: 3100: 3088: 3080: 3026: 2996: 2963: 2884: 2815: 2536: 2364: 2303: 2279: 2271: 2252: 2235: 2223: 2185: 912: 516: 506: 295: 263: 255: 240: 234: 118: 23949:

Women and Gender in Islam: Historical roots of a modern debate

23177:"Former German MTV host promotes Islam with new autobiography" 21897:

Religion and Personal law in secular India: A call to judgment

21345:"Participation in sport as an assessment of women empowerment" 20852:"IPU welcomes appointment of four women to Qatar's Parliament" 20027: 19829:, (Bayrut: Dar Ihya' al-Turath al- 'Arabi, n.d.) vol.5, 3:1375 17200:

Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate

16264:

Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate

15395:

Terror's Source: The Ideology of Salafism and Its Consequences

13496:

Rape as Loss of Honor in the Discourse of Moroccan Rape Trials

10368:"How Uber secretly lobbied for women to drive in Saudi Arabia" 9026:

Iman Mohammad Kashi; Uwe Hideki Matzen; Online Quran Project.

8849:

The Muslim 500: The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims, 2016

6683:

Muslim women and Islamophobia in non-Muslim majority countries

3362: – also taught both women and men; many of his 2359:, women are provided a number of guidelines prescribed by the 25243: 25068: 25022: 25010: 24812: 24798: 24757: 24430: 24287: 24273: 24194: 24157: 23770: 23558:

Al-Ahram Weekly Online, issue no. 569 ( January 17–23, 2002).

23351:

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.

22060:

Qur'an 3:42; cited in Stowasser, Barbara Freyer, “Mary”, in:

21513:. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. p. 6. 21005:"US Library of Congress recalls Azerbaijani women's suffrage" 17398:. Cambridge, England: The Islamic Texts Society. p. 63. 15759: 11549:"More Women Study Physics in Muslim Countries, Find Out Why…" 9733:"Roughly one-in-ten married Muslims have a non-Muslim spouse" 9141:"Forgotten women: the impact of Islamophobia on Muslim women" 7479: 7439: 7310: 7255: 7037: 6956: 6924: 6862: 6768: 6634:

As well as elected heads of state, a number of other elected

6491: 6483: 6397: 6335: 6315: 6030: 6007: 5980: 5888: 5717: 5712: 5693: 5689: 5569: 5364: 5292: 4325: 4315: 4010:

for example, women have limited opportunities to work in the

4007: 3882: 3781: 3769: 3745: 3733: 3480: 3409:

variously attributed to Aisha and Muhammad, the women of the

3379: 3359: 3326: 3220: 3206: 3176: 3149: 3072: 2975: 2890: 2878: 2819: 2811: 2779: 2673: 2542: 2530: 2513: 2504: 2494: 2474: 2450: 2384: 2360: 2325: 2299: 2258: 2246: 2207: 2188: 846: 784: 658: 536: 227: 185: 178: 101: 93: 21834:

MacDonell, Arthur Anthony; Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1995).

21447: 20236:"Atifete Jahiaga Elected As Kosovo's First Female President" 19177:"Mosque of Virgin Mary in Tartus plays on 'sectarian nerve'" 18521:

International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health

18265:"OIC chief calls for abolition of female genital mutilation" 17895:"The Jewish and Christian view on female genital mutilation" 16956:"Saudi Arabia moves to ban child marriage with a new ruling" 14376: 14151:

History of Al-Tabari, Vol. IX: The Last Years of the Prophet

12975:

Heaven's Bankers: Inside the Hidden World of Islamic Finance

10712:. Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition). p. 210. 10483:(1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 495–531, 10106:"Ramadan 2022: UAE clarifies COVID-19 rules for worshippers" 10067:"Gender and Sacred Space: Segregation in Indonesian Mosques" 8569:

Marzel, Shoshana-Rose; Stiebel, Guy D. (December 18, 2014).

7868: 7590:

Gender, Place & Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography

4746:

groups, argue that Muslim men use the text as an excuse for

4306:

term referring to unlawful sexual intercourse. According to

3432:) was noted by various historians, including Ibn al-Tuwayr, 3001:

Only in the remembrance of Allah will your hearts find peace

2750:

necessarily in all public institutions or offices of state.

24909: 24881: 24831: 24778: 24723: 24294: 23493:"The Role of Islamic Shari'ah in Protecting Women's Rights" 21189:"Islamophobia is on the rise. This is how we can tackle it" 20737:"For the first time, 8 female ministers in Egypt's Cabinet" 20375:"Only woman in Algeria presidential race 'won't hold back'" 20323:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 18397:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 18325:"The State of the World's Children 2015: Executive Summary" 18295:"US-OIC roundtable at the UN seeks ways to eradicate FGM/C" 17223:

Amherst Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and John L. Esposito (1998),

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The Qur'an Arabic text(with corresponding english meanings)

11716:. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 57–58 11197:, vol. 56, issue 04, July 2004, pp. 582–607 10020:, Marjorie Agosín, Editor, Rutgers University Press, 2001, 9230:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 8894:"LEBANON: Where the Bikini Finds Sisterhood With the Hijab" 8640:"Translations of the Qur'an, Surah 24: AL-NOOR (THE LIGHT)" 7806:"In Turkey, Muslim women gain expanded religious authority" 7064: 6772: 6319: 5963: 5856:

member state outside Yemen (19% prevalence) and Iraq (8%).

5703:

Sexual intercourse is not allowed to a Muslim woman during

5697: 5528: 5511: 5495:

The Quran considers the love between men and women to be a

5423: 5368: 5228: 5165: 5008: 4952: 4901: 4851: 4345: 4307: 4286: 4221: 3908:, examples of notable female Muslims who fought during the 3897: 3773: 3753: 3749: 3741: 3687: 3371: 3157: 3122: 3104: 2918: 2846: 2656: 2517: 2468: 2372: 2311: 2240: 287: 195: 21651:. Cambridge, England: The Islamic Texts Society. pp. 19087:. London, England: Stacey International. pp. 260–261. 18884:]. Translated by Ezzati, Alireza. London: ICAS Press. 17847:. London, England: Stacey International. pp. 357–358. 17100:"Society girl Santa joins the ranks of religious converts" 16410:"Hereditary disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean Region" 15253:"Translations of the Qur'an, Surah 53: AN-NAJM (THE STAR)" 15196:. Cambridge, England: The Islamic Texts Society. pp. 15165:. Cambridge, England: The Islamic Texts Society. pp. 15134:. Cambridge, England: The Islamic Texts Society. pp. 14197:"Fatwa on Honour Killings, Misogyny and Domestic Violence" 13855: 12945:. London, England: Stacey International. pp. 188–189. 12548:

Punishment of Elder's Misdeeds, Afghan Girl Pays the Price

11520:"An Overview of Women's Work and Employment in Kazakhstan" 10811:

Women and the Transmission of Religious Knowledge in Islam

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Islam in Indonesia: A resource of Islam in the archipelago

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Herbert L. Bodman; Nayereh Esfahlani Tohidi, eds. (1998).

7264:, and the lives of prominent women in the early period of 6388:. She upheld the doctrine of "disinterested love of God". 5103:

which is confirmed by the bride's reception of a dowry or

2420:

at the time of marriage was emphasized as a tribal honor.

24115:, Editors: Joseph and Naǧmābādī, Brill, The Netherlands, 21754:"Christian men can marry more than one wife, says cleric" 20839:

Breakthrough in Saudi Arabia: women allowed in parliament

19838: 19261:"A History of Algeria by James McDougall — war and peace" 18904: 18476:

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Afghanistan – Ending Child Marriage and Domestic Violence

12385: 11957: 11294:"North Africa women researcher share among world highest" 10955:. United Kingdom: Islamic Texts Society. pp. 40–43. 9335:"Aquila: Magazine for "Asian Cosmopolitan Muslim Women"?" 9091:"Where are 'burqa bans' in Europe? | DW | August 1, 2019" 8065:"The Meaning of the Glorious Qur'ân,: 4. an-Nisa': Women" 7276: 7236:

Por qué el islam: Mi vida como mujer, europea y musulmana

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groups have practiced and continue to practice polygamy.

6916:

depicting the expulsion of Adam and Eve, observed by the

6329:, however, is disputed by many. A fundamental role of an 6195: 4885:). In its most common intellectual interpretation of the 2836: 2565: 20597:"Tunisia passes landmark election law for November vote" 20210:"Megawati: The Princess Who Settled for the Presidency." 18069:. London, England: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 55, 59. 14314: 14312: 12973:

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10681:. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. p. 69. 9868:"British schools where girls must wear the Islamic veil" 9027: 5846: 4944:, intertwines romantic love and Sufism in her 2010 book 4336:

that it is to be punished by stoning if the offender is

4329:) crimes, which have Quranically specified punishments. 2827:-style clothing. Global fashion retail chains including 2576:

Spiritual equality between women and men is detailed in

23569:"United States Institute of Peace. Islam and Democracy" 23088:"Conversion To Islam One Result Of Post-9/11 Curiosity" 22783:"Lithuanian model and expat stars in Turkish TV series" 21698:

What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam: Second Edition

21488:. London and Basingstoke: Macmillan. pp. 129–134. 20684:"Has Senegal's gender parity law for MPs helped women?" 20462:"Dariga Nazarbayeva: Kazakhstan's understudy president" 19293: 19291: 19289: 19287: 18653: 18651: 18649: 18647: 18645: 17631: 17629: 17627: 17625: 16526: 16325: 15675:

Marriage, Money and Divorce in Medieval Islamic Society

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Marriage, Money and Divorce in Medieval Islamic Society

12882: 11744: 11742: 10522:. London, England: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 20–21. 9663: 9661: 9659: 7977:. London, England: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 85–86. 6486:, Iraq. Other historical Muslim female leaders include 6129:. The historian James McDougall notes in his acclaimed 4739:, is not consistent with modern perspectives of Quran. 4027:, the CEO of the industrial and financial conglomerate 3495:

to female religious scholars between 700 and 1800

3263: 2309:, are considered primary sources, while the other two, 2250:, the principle by which the laws of the Quran and the 23675:"Malaysian groups welcome first Islamic female judges" 22410:"Don't call me "convert" nor "revert" for that matter" 22276:

Fariha Fatima al-Jerrahi | Nur Ashki Jerrahi Community

20572:"Tunisia's Ennahda and Ettakattol women MPs celebrate" 20320:

The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World

20005:. MuslimHeritage.com. February 8, 2008. Archived from 19099:"Virgin Mary's house the place where wishes come true" 19027:"Virgin Mary's house the place where wishes come true" 18611:, Habiba Nosheen and Hilke Schellmann, June 19, 2012, 18394:

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17684:

Brannon Wheeler, "Touching The Penis in Islamic Law",

15968: 15822: 15716:

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The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World

14807:. London, England: BBC Books Limited. pp. 95–96. 14518:"Lebanon: Enact Family Violence Bill to Protect Women" 14303:

Verse in Koran on beating wife gets a new translation.

11429:"UAE women rising in positions of power and influence" 9570:

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9487:. Cambridge, England: Islamic Texts Society. pp. 9426:. Cambridge, England: Islamic Texts Society. pp. 9365:"State of the Global Islamic Economy 2014–2015 Report" 9227:

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9200:"Victoria's Secret opens new stores in Saudi, Bahrain" 7922:"Translations of the Qur'an, Surah 4: AN-NISA (WOMEN)" 7668:

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5465: 4920:) received its most probing and realistic analysis in 4253:"Maidah" (chapter 5), verses 106–108. Three verses in 809:

Gender representation on corporate boards of directors

22866:"Women & Islam: The rise and rise of the convert" 22574:"Former candidate for Miss Belgium converts to Islam" 21837:

Vedic Index of Names and Subjects, Volume 1; Volume 5

21250:. Foundation for Science, Technology and Civilisation 18091:"FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION: INFORMATION PAPER FGM/40" 17665:

Concise Description of Islamic Law and Legal Opinions

17423:. London, England: Stacey International. p. 433. 16315:. Beltsville, MD: amana publications. pp. 38–39. 15311:"Translations of the Qur'an, Surah 10: YUNUS (JONAH)" 14789:. London, England: Stacey International. p. 240. 14309: 14256:

Aisha discusses wife beating with Allah's messenger:

13475:

Afghanistan: Surge in Women Jailed for 'Moral Crimes'

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states such as the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain.

23715:

Religion and the Death Penalty: A Call for Reckoning

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Muhammad hit A'isha on chest which caused her pain:

13988:"Turkish teacher on why she embraces Sufi lifestyle" 11739: 11377:"Algerian women outpace men in academic achievement" 10813:. New York: Cambridge University. pp. 144–169. 10781:

The British Empire and Muslim Identity in South Asia

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own expenses but women have no such responsibility.

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Big Little Steps: A Woman's Guide to Embracing Islam

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19555:

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