210:(religion or path) as not just a collection of high-sounding phrases. He consciously tried to adopt it as a matter of state policy; he declared that "all men are my children" and "whatever exertion I make, I strive only to discharge debt that I owe to all living creatures." It was a completely new ideal of kingship. Ashoka renounced war and conquest by violence and forbade the killing of many animals. Since he wanted to conquer the world through love and faith, he sent many missions to propagate Dharma. Such missions were sent to places like Egypt, Greece, and Sri Lanka. The propagation of Dharma included many measures of people's welfare. Centers of the treatment of men and beasts founded inside and outside of the empire. Shady groves, wells, orchards and rest houses were laid out. Ashoka also prohibited useless sacrifices and certain forms of gatherings which led to waste, indiscipline and superstition. To implement these policies he recruited a new cadre of officers called Dharmamahamattas. Part of this group's duties was to see that people of various sects were treated fairly. They were especially asked to look after the welfare of prisoners.
515:
process has its origin in the 'poor relief' systems, and social norms present in
Christian nations. The example countries are categorized as follows: Catholic – Spain, Italy and France; Lutheran – Denmark, Sweden and Germany; Reformed Protestant – Netherlands, the UK and the USA. The Catholic countries late adoption of welfare benefits and social assistance, the latter being splintered and meagre, is due to several religious and social factors. Alms giving was an important part of catholic society as the wealthy could resolve their sins through participation in the act. As such, begging was allowed and was subject to a greater degree of acceptance. Poverty was seen as being close to grace and there was no onus for change placed onto the poor. These factors coupled with the power of the church meant that state provided benefits did not arise until late in the 20th century. Additionally, social assistance was not done at a comprehensive level, each group in need had their assistance added incrementally. This accounts for the fragmented nature of social assistance in these countries.
5722:
sort. American populism is a little different because it's more detached from that. But it happens roughly at the same time, and people in
America are worried about communism, too – not necessarily very reasonably. But that was always in the background. And people have only begun to study systematically to what extent the threat, real or imagined, of this type of radical regime really influenced policy changes in Western democracies. You don't necessarily even have to go out and kill rich people – if there was some plausible alternative out there, it would arguably have an impact on policy making at home. That's certainly there in the 20s, 30s, 40s, 50s, and 60s. And there's a debate, right, because it becomes clear that the Soviet Union is really not in very good shape, and people don't really like to be there, and all these movements lost their appeal. That's a contributing factor, arguably, that the end of the
4650:
1973–2000 period was around $ 532, while as a percentage of GDP and as a share of the budget, social spending reached 51.6 and 12.6 percent, respectively. In addition, between approximately 50 and 75 percent of the population is covered by the public health and pension social security system. In contrast, the second group of countries, which we call non-welfare states, has welfare-effort indices that range from 37 to 88. Within this second group, social spending per capita averaged $ 96.6, while social spending as a percentage of GDP and as a percentage of the budget averaged 5.2 and 34.7 percent, respectively. In terms of the percentage of the population actually covered, the percentage of the active population covered under some social security scheme does not even reach 10 percent.
4812:
chronic health problems and specific dental issues at private clinics for free. The intentions behind the scheme were to encourage
Singaporeans to use such a card and tap into the private healthcare sector for common or minor chronic illnesses, as well as dental care, to reduce the strain at public community hospitals. Originally, only a blue and orange card existed, depending on their household income. The CHAS scheme was further expanded in 2019 to include a new green card that provides for all Singaporeans no matter their household income. As a result, all Singaporeans became covered for chronic and common illnesses as well as dentistry at privately owned clinics. Subsidies for complex chronic conditions was also increased.
519:
able-bodied to work. These uniform state actions paved the way for comprehensive welfare benefits, as those who worked deserved assistance when in need. When social assistance was delivered for those who had never worked, it was in the context of the uniform welfare provision. The concept of
Predestination is key for understanding welfare assistance in Reformed Protestant states. Poor people were seen as being punished, therefore begging and state assistance was non existent. As such churches and charities filled the void resulting in early social assistance and late welfare benefits. The USA still has minimal welfare benefits today, because of their religious roots, according to Kahl.
4642:
the countries taking into account the historical experience of their welfare systems. The pioneers were
Uruguay, Chile and Argentina, as they started to develop the first welfare programs in the 1920s following a bismarckian model. Other countries such as Costa Rica developed a more universal welfare system (1960s–1970s) with social security programs based on the Beveridge model. Researchers such as Martinez-Franzoni and Barba-Solano have examined and identified several welfare regime models based on the typology of Esping-Andersen. Other scholars such as Riesco and Cruz-Martinez have examined the welfare state development in the region.
4288:, in non-universal welfare states, the state is primarily concerned with directing resources to "the people most in need". This requires tight bureaucratic control in order to determine who is eligible for assistance and who is not. Under universal models such as Sweden, on the other hand, the state distributes welfare to all people who fulfill easily established criteria (e.g. having children, receiving medical treatment, etc.) with as little bureaucratic interference as possible. This, however, requires higher taxation due to the scale of services provided. This model was constructed by the Scandinavian ministers
5695:
provide for the education of their own and other people's children, expecting those children's future taxes to pay in due course for the pensions of their parents' generation. These are devices for shifting income across different stages in life, not for shifting income across classes. Another distinct difference is that social insurance does not aim to transform work and working relations; employers and employees pay taxes at a level they would not have done in the nineteenth century, but owners are not expropriated, profits are not illegitimate, cooperativism does not replace hierarchical management.
5766:. These aspects together are then key determinants in whether or not there is public support for welfare. According to her analysis, survey respondents are more likely to support welfare spending if the mother reliant on welfare is described as white, while a black welfare mother fares significantly less support. It is argued that this is in part because of the idea that the black mother would then have an incentive to have more black babies, but is in general interrelated with the perceived reproductive behavior of the mother, which in this case is affected by the enduring
5134:, has largely supplanted the increasingly retrenched social welfare state, which has been justified by its proponents with the argument that the citizenry must take on personal responsibility. Scholars assert that this transformation of the welfare state to a post-welfare punitive state, along with neoliberal structural adjustment policies and the globalization of the U.S. economy, have created more extreme forms of "destitute poverty" in the U.S. which must be contained and controlled by expanding the criminal justice system into every aspect of the lives of the poor.
22:
5637:, written after the failed revolution of 1848, he warned that measures designed to increase wages, improve working conditions and provide social insurance were merely bribes that would temporarily make the situation of working classes tolerable to weaken the revolutionary consciousness that was needed to achieve a socialist economy. Nevertheless, Marx also proclaimed that the Communists had to support the bourgeoisie wherever it acted as a revolutionary progressive class because "bourgeois liberties had first to be conquered and then criticised".
5469:
5361:
5053:
themselves unaided by the state; and while they are incessantly denouncing "paternalism," by which they mean the claim of the defenceless laborer and artisan to a share in this lavish state protection, they are all the while besieging legislatures for relief from their own incompetency, and "pleading the baby act" through a trained body of lawyers and lobbyists. The dispensing of national pap to this class should rather be called "maternalism," to which a square, open, and dignified paternalism would be infinitely preferable.
5388:
5442:
228:, earliest versions ranging from 200 AD to 500 AD) describe Ashoka engaging in sectarian mass murder throughout his reign, and make no mention of the philanthropic efforts claimed by earlier legends. The interpretation of Ashoka's dharma after conversion is controversial, but in particular, the texts which describe him personally ordering the massacre of Buddhist heretics and Jains have been disputed by many scholars, since these are directly contradictory to his own edicts, and are legendary in nature.
6243:
trading systems. Planning was not a key element in the response to the crisis of capitalism. Instead the character of welfare state intervention can best be described as an 'interventionist drift', reflecting the spontaneous, uncoordinated reactions of the protective response...By the late 1970s, the welfare state and the capitalist economic structure in which it was placed were in a general state of crisis. There had never been a well articulated vision or ideological foundation of the welfare state.
5496:
4277:
whereas in means-tested liberal states there is resentment towards redistribution efforts. That is to say, the lower the percent of GDP spent on welfare, the higher the stigma of the welfare state. Esping-Andersen also argues that welfare states set the stage for post-industrial employment evolution in terms of employment growth, structure, and stratification. He uses
Germany, Sweden, and the United States to provide examples of the differing results of each of the three welfare states.
5253:
5523:
4960:. The Beveridge Report proposed a series of measures to aid those who were in need of help, or in poverty and recommended that the government find ways of tackling what the report called "the five giants": Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor, and Idleness. It urged the government to take steps to provide citizens with adequate income, adequate health care, adequate education, adequate housing, and adequate employment, proposing that "ll people of working age should pay a weekly
4664:
87:, the ruler had an unlimited position of power, which he was to only utilize to the extent necessary for the "welfare" of his subjects. The content of the "welfare" or "good police", which limited the ruler's legitimate exercise of power, was defined by the authorities at their own discretion. This is also referred to as "welfare absolutism". The term welfare state is used in connection with princely absolutism, this is usually in conjunction with attributes such as
5600:, social expenditures in its 34 member countries rose steadily between 1980 and 2007, but the increase in costs was almost completely offset by GDP growth. More money was spent on welfare because more money circulated in the economy and because government revenues increased. In 1980, the OECD averaged social expenditures equal to 16 percent of GDP. In 2007, just before the financial crisis kicked into full gear, they had risen to 19 percent – a manageable increase.
4214:
2517:
4202:
2596:
565:
1581:
5280:
5307:
5226:
5334:
2503:
5199:
2531:
5415:
5550:
11012:
1643:
5626:(1766–1834), opposed every form of social insurance "root and branch". Malthus believed that the poor needed to learn the hard way to practice frugality, self-control and chastity. Traditional conservatives also protested that the effect of social insurance would be to weaken private charity and loosen traditional social bonds of family, friends, religious and non-governmental welfare organisations.
4315:) is the single most important societal-level structural factor affecting the quality of human life, based on the analysis of time serial data across both the industrial democracies and the American States. He maintains that the welfare state improves life for everyone, regardless of social class (as do similar institutions, such as pro-worker labor market regulations and strong labor unions).
245:
Wen was also known for a concern over wasteful spending of tax-payer money. Unlike other Han emperors, he wore simple silk garments. In order to make the state serve the common people better, cruel criminal punishments were lessened and the state bureaucracy was made more meritocratic. This led to officials being selected by examinations for the first time in
Chinese history.
6022:"However, the democratic petty bourgeois want better wages and security for the workers, and hope to achieve this by an extension of state employment and by welfare measures; in short, they hope to bribe the workers with a more or less disguised form of alms and to break their revolutionary strength by temporarily rendering their situation tolerable."
5755:, while the rest of the country struggled to put food on the table. While never stated directly, it was presumed by the public that both characters were, of course, black people, who were lazily exploiting the system and lived lavishly, while the regular hard-working middle-class American, imagined by the public to be white, had to foot the bill.
483:. Later, Paxton writes "All the modern twentieth-century European dictatorships of the right, both fascist and authoritarian, were welfare states… They all provided medical care, pensions, affordable housing, and mass transport as a matter of course, in order to maintain productivity, national unity, and social peace." In Germany,
222:, with nearly 100,000 killed in the war and another 150,000 deported. Some sources (particularly Buddhist oral legends) suggest that his conversion was dramatic and that he dedicated the rest of his life to the pursuit of peace and the common good. However, these sources frequently contradict each other, and a few sources (like
4324:
the household economy. This failure of recognizing unpaid work is due to the fact that welfare states are focused on the male-breadwinner concept. Because Esping-Andersen argued that the welfare state set the stage for employment evolution, the lack of gender analysis creates an unintended emphasis on male employment.
4592:(NSV) by 1939. The agency projected a powerful image of caring and support for those who were seen as full members of the German racial community, but it also inspired fear through its intrusive questioning and the threat of opening investigations on those who did not fulfill the criteria for support.
6242:
The welfare state emerged in the twentieth century as one institutional form of this socially protective response. In the 1930s, the responses of emerging welfare states to the Great
Depression were to the immediate circumstances of massive unemployment, lost output, and collapse of the financial and
5778:
large majority of
Americans agree that government should provide monetary support to those who are unable to support themselves. But the perception of welfare abuse is widespread. Indeed, as the survey evidence … suggests, it would be hard to exaggerate the level of cynicism toward welfare recipients
5137:
Other scholars such as Esping-Andersen argue that the welfare state in the United States has been characterized by private provision because such a state would better reflect the racial and sexual biases within the private sector. The disproportionate number of racial and sexual minorities in private
4649:
Latin
American countries can be unequivocally divided into two groups depending on their 'welfare effort' levels. The first group, which for convenience we may call welfare states, includes Uruguay, Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, and Brazil. Within this group, average social spending per capita in the
4272:
Since the building of the decommodification index is limited and the typology is debatable, these 18 countries could be ranked from most purely social-democratic (Sweden) to the most liberal (the United States). Ireland represents a near-hybrid model whereby two streams of unemployment benefit exist:
454:
The activities of present-day welfare states extend to the provision of both cash welfare benefits (such as old-age pensions or unemployment benefits) and in-kind welfare services (such as health or childcare services). Through these provisions, welfare states can affect the distribution of wellbeing
244:
instituted a variety of measures with resemblances to modern welfare policies. These included pensions, in the form of food and wine, to all over 80 years of age, as well as monetary support, in the form of loans or tax breaks, to widows, orphans, and elderly without children to support them. Emperor
4432:
During the Second World War, the federal government created a welfare state by enacting national schemes for: child endowment in 1941; a widows' pension in 1942; a wife's allowance in 1943; additional allowances for the children of pensioners in 1943; and unemployment, sickness, and special benefits
5694:
The modern welfare state, does not set out to make the poor richer and the rich poorer, which is a central element in socialism, but to help people to provide for themselves in sickness while they enjoy good health, to put money aside to cover unemployment while they are in work, and to have adults
4641:
have been considered as "welfare states in transition", or "emerging welfare states". Welfare states in Latin America have been described as "truncated": generous benefits for formal-sector workers, regressive subsidies and informal barriers for the poor to obtain benefits. Mesa-Lago has classified
5783:
This sentiment was perpetrated by the Reagan administration and he himself addressed the supposed fraud in public programs in his first inaugural address. During his presidency, welfare spending tighetened and the anti-fraud rhetoric was used to justify big cuts to welfare programs. Regarding this
4940:
targeted at low-income families as the alternative to relieving poverty without distorting the labour market. The trade unions and the Labour Party adopted this view. In 1945, family allowances were introduced; minimum wages faded from view. Talk resumed in the 1970s, but in the 1980s the Thatcher
4587:
individuals considered worthy of assistance, excluding "alcoholics, tramps, homosexuals, prostitutes, the 'work-shy' or the 'asocial', habitual criminals, the hereditarily ill (a widely defined category) and members of races other than the Aryan." Nevertheless, even with these limitations, over 17
4323:
Esping-Andersen's welfare typology is often criticized by feminists for being gender blind. According to Keerty Nakray, Esping-Andersen's three types of dimensions (state and market relations, stratification, and social citizenship rights) does not acknowledge unpaid care-work done by women within
518:
Lutheran states were early to provide welfare and late to provide social assistance but this was done uniformly. Poverty was seen as more of an individual affliction of laziness and immorality. Work was viewed as a calling. As such these societies banned begging and created workhouses to force the
495:
individuals considered worthy of assistance, excluding "alcoholics, tramps, homosexuals, prostitutes, the 'work-shy' or the 'asocial', habitual criminals, the hereditarily ill (a widely defined category) and members of races other than the Aryan." Nevertheless, even with these limitations, over 17
4839:
into account, the population of Singaporeans living below the poverty line is virtually non-existent. Singapore also has one of the highest housing ownership rates in the world – over 90 percent – owing to the government's policy of constructing extensive and quality public housing throughout the
4758:
introduced in 1978 has made that unrealistic, and new models have emerged since the 1980s as China has rapidly become richer and more urban. Much discussion is underway regarding China's proposed path toward a welfare state. Chinese policies have been incremental and fragmented in terms of social
4735:
While there are differences among the Nordic countries, they all share a broad commitment to social cohesion, a universal nature of welfare provision in order to safeguard individualism by providing protection for vulnerable individuals and groups in society and maximizing public participation in
4276:
Social stigma varies across the three conceptual welfare states. Particularly, it is highest in liberal states, and lowest in social democratic states. Esping-Andersen proposes that the universalist nature of social democratic states eliminate the duality between beneficiaries and non-recipients,
5721:
That wasn't just a fantasy because it was happening next door. And that, we can show, did trigger steps in the direction of having more welfare programs and a rudimentary safety net in response to fear of communism. Not that they would invade, but that there would be homegrown movements of this
5103:
was very unpopular among many groups – especially farmers, who resented the additional taxes and feared they would never be made good. They lobbied hard for exclusion. Furthermore, the Treasury realized how difficult it would be to set up payroll deduction plans for farmers, for housekeepers who
5052:
The charge of paternalism is chiefly made by the class that enjoys the largest share of government protection. Those who denounce it are those who most frequently and successfully invoke it. Nothing is more obvious today than the single inability of capital and private enterprise to take care of
4811:
In 2012, the Community Health Assist Scheme (CHAS) was introduced. It is a medical card that provides extended subsidies exclusively for Singaporean citizens usually from lower-to-middle income households, as well as the older generations, where they could receive treatment for common illnesses,
4621:
Since 2001, India has developed a strong welfare state with continuous increase in government expenditure on the social sector over the years. The general government's expenditure on social security and welfare which includes health insurances and public hospitals, education, grants for housing,
4268:
Esping-Anderson development of the three subtypes of welfare regimes were categorized under three dimensions: 1) state and market relations or the relationship between the state and market, 2) stratification or social relations and relationships, 3) social citizenship rights or whether or not an
5793:
Martin Gilens argues that economic circumstance is a deciding factor in the public opinion on welfare. He says that during the period of growing economy, people are willing to share their profits with the less fortunate, but this generosity disappears in times of economic turmoil, as people are
5773:
The widespread assumption that welfare recipients are fraudulent and lazy apparently guides public opinion. In "The Crime of Survival" Jullily Kohler-Hausmann defends the position that anti-fraud campaigns as it relates to welfare worsen public perception of welfare recipients and frame them as
5047:
Ward saw social phenomena as amenable to human control. "It is only through the artificial control of natural phenomena that science is made to minister to human needs" he wrote, "and if social laws are really analogous to physical laws, there is no reason why social science should not receive
5006:
Before 1939, most health care had to be paid for through non-government organisations – through a vast network of friendly societies, trade unions, and other insurance companies, which counted the vast majority of the UK working population as members. These organizations provided insurance for
4456:
are funded and administered at all levels of government (with 13 different provincial/territorial systems), and include health and medical care, public education (through graduate school), social housing and social services. Social support is given through programs including Social Assistance,
4332:
stratifications on social provisions, 3) how men and women are dependent on the labor market and the effect of welfare on decommodification for both genders. Reframing the decommodification index with a gendered lens ensures women doing care-work don't get left behind within the welfare state.
514:
A theoretical addition from 2005 is that of Kahl in their article 'The religious roots of modern policy: Catholic, Lutheran and Reformed Protestant traditions compared'. They argue that the welfare state policies of several European countries can be traced back to their religious origins. This
4331:
reframes the three dimensions with a gendered lens. As she reframes, Orloff incorporates gender and expands the decommodification index within three dimensions: 1) focus on families and the welfare states in state and market relations, 2) including the relationship between gender and labor in
5996:, Esping-Andersen's "decommodification index" aggregates both qualitative and quantitative variables for "sets of dimensions" which fluid, and pertain to three very different areas. These characters involve similar limits of the validity of the index and of its potential for replication. Cf.
4396:
Prior to 1900 in Australia, charitable assistance from benevolent societies, sometimes with financial contributions from the authorities, was the primary means of relief for people not able to support themselves. The 1890s economic depression and the rise of the trade unions and the
4370:
at George Mason University and nationally syndicated columnist Veronique de Rugy, as of 2014, the annual cost of a UBI in the US would have been about $ 200 billion cheaper than the US system put in place at that date. By 2020, it would have been nearly a trillion dollars cheaper.
4280:
According to Evelyne Huber and John Stephens, different types of welfare states emerged as a result of prolonged government by different parties. They distinguish between social democratic welfare states, Christian democratic welfare states, and "wage earner" states.
4862:, matured in the universalism of the 1940s and flowered in full bloom in the consensus and affluence of the 1950s and 1960s. By the 1970s it was in decline, like the faded rose of autumn. Both UK and US governments are pursuing in the 1980s monetarist policies
4498:(1899–1902). The French welfare state expanded when it tried to follow some of Bismarck's policies. Poor relief was the starting point. More attention was paid to industrial labour in the 1930s during a short period of socialist political ascendency, with the
4483:
and economic modernization were key goals. While liberalism was individualistic and laissez-faire in Britain and the United States, in France liberalism was based instead on a solidaristic conception of society, following the theme of the French Revolution,
5805:
caused the public opinion to shift toward a negative attitude toward the expansion of the social welfare state, as people who worried for their financial future were in search of a scape-goat for their economic losses, in this case welfare recipients.
4303:
argues that the Nordic experience demonstrates that the modern social democratic model can "promote economic security, expand opportunity, and ensure rising living standards for all ... while facilitating freedom, flexibility and market dynamism."
5104:
employed maids, and for non-profit groups; therefore, they were excluded. State employees were excluded for constitutional reasons (the federal government in the United States cannot tax state governments). Federal employees were also excluded.
4443:
Labor government under the name "Medibank". The Fraser Liberal government made significant changes to it from 1976 leading to its abolition in late 1981. The Hawke government reinstated universal health care in 1984 under the name "Medicare".
4759:
insurance, privatization, and targeting. In the cities, where the rapid economic development has centered, lines of cleavage have developed between state-sector and non-state-sector employees, and between labor-market insiders and outsiders.
5640:
In the 20th century, opponents of the welfare state have expressed apprehension about the creation of a large, possibly self-interested, bureaucracy required to administer it and the tax burden on the wealthier citizens that this entailed.
5111:(as a percent of GDP) is the highest in the world, but it is a complex mix of federal, state, philanthropic, employer and individual funding. The US spent 16% of its GDP on health care in 2008, compared to 11% in France in second place.
421:
of the 1930s, which brought unemployment and misery to millions, were instrumental in the move to the welfare state in many countries. During the Great Depression, the welfare state was seen as a "middle way" between the extremes of
279:(popular assembly). The numbers of those receiving free or subsidized grain expanded to a high of an estimated 320,000 people at one point. In the 3rd century AD, the dole of grain was replaced by bread, probably during the reign of
5685:
pointed out that the modern welfare state stops short of being an "advance in the direction of socialism. ts egalitarian elements are more minimal than either its defenders or its critics think". It does not entail advocacy for
217:
after waging a destructive war. However, the Sri Lankan tradition claims that he had already converted to Buddhism in the 4th year of his reign, although it does not mention the conquest of Kalinga. During this war, according to
5750:
The first version of the welfare queen was a lazy and selfish woman, living off of state benefits and having many children to obtain as much financial support as possible. In another case, it was a man buying T-bone steaks with
5586:
Researchers have found very little correlation between economic performance and social expenditure. They also see little evidence that social expenditures contribute to losses in productivity; economist Peter Lindert of the
414:. Von Taffe used Swiss and German models of social reform, including the Swiss Factory Act of 1877 German laws that insured workers against industrial risks inherent in the workplace to create the 1885 Trade Code Amendment.
8505:
Carlos Barba Solano, Gerardo Ordoñez Barba, and Enrique Valencia LomelĂ (eds.), Más Allá de la pobreza: regĂmenes de bienestar en Europa, Asia y AmĂ©rica. Guadalajara: Universidad de Guadalajara, El Colegio de la Frontera
4723:
of the Nordic countries, which also tie into their labor market policies. The Nordic model of welfare is distinguished from other types of welfare states by its emphasis on maximizing labor force participation, promoting
7727:
5591:
attributes this to policy innovations such as the implementation of "pro-growth" tax policies in real-world welfare states. Social expenses have also not contributed significantly to public debt. Martin Eiermann wrote:
4787:
runs ComCare, a program which provides income support for low-income citizen households through various schemes for short-to-medium term assistance, long-term assistance, child support, and urgent financial needs. The
8385:
4895:
451:); in places where the monarchic state was viewed as a parental steward of the populace, it was easier to shift into a mindset where the industrial state could also serve as a parental steward of the populace.
8782:
4490:("liberty, equality, fraternity"). In the Third Republic, especially between 1895 and 1914 "Solidarité" was the guiding concept of a liberal social policy, whose chief champions were the prime ministers
10626:
5788:
As the economic situation worsened, Ronald Reagan was able to convince many working- and middle-class Americans that the decline in their living standards was attributable to expensive programs for the
5717:
It's a little tricky because the US never really had any strong leftist movement. But if you look at Europe, after 1917 people were really scared about communism in all the Western European countries.
4945:
set a minimum of ÂŁ3.60 per hour, with lower rates for younger workers. It largely affected workers in high-turnover service industries such as fast-food restaurants, and members of ethnic minorities.
5036:
The United States developed a limited welfare state in the 1930s. The earliest and most comprehensive philosophical justification for the welfare state was produced by an American, the sociologist
4936:
for certain low-wage industries and expanded to numerous industries, including farm labour, by 1920. However, by the 1920s, a new perspective was offered by reformers to emphasize the usefulness of
4968:
would provide free health care to all citizens and that a Universal Child Benefit would give benefits to parents, encouraging people to have children by enabling them to feed and support a family.
7872:
4273:
contributory and means-tested. However, payments can begin immediately and are theoretically available to all Irish citizens even if they have never worked, provided they are habitually resident.
7999:
522:
Also from 2005, Jacob Hacker stated that there was "broad agreement" in research on welfare that there had not been welfare state retrenchment. Instead, "social policy frameworks remain secure."
4560:, as well as to reduce emigration to the United States, where wages were higher but welfare did not exist. Bismarck further won the support of both industry and skilled workers through his high-
64:
wherein the administration and delivery of at least some welfare programs occur through private entities. Welfare state services are also provided at varying territorial levels of government.
5726:
coincides roughly with the time when inequality really starts going up again, because elites are much more relaxed about the possibility of credible alternatives or threats being out there.
5604:
A Norwegian study covering the period 1980 to 2003 found welfare state spending correlated negatively with student achievement. However, many of the top-ranking OECD countries on the 2009
439:
to relatively comprehensive "cradle-to-grave" coverage of the population. Other Western European states did not, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, Spain and France. Political scientist
268:, reaching a population approaching one million in the second century AD. The population of the city grew beyond the capacity of the nearby rural areas to meet the food needs of the city.
4548:, and employee health insurance – formed the basis of the modern European welfare state. His paternalistic programs aimed to forestall social unrest and to undercut the appeal of the new
3780:
5014:
Welfare systems continued to develop over the following decades. By the end of the 20th century parts of the welfare system had been restructured, with some provision channelled through
9354:
5758:
In "The Welfare Queen: Race, Gender, Class, and Public Opinion", Carly Hayden Foster analyzes Martin Gilens' writing in "Why Americans Hate Welfare" and argues that race interacts with
10002:
5663:", which is said to undermine people from finding meaningful work. Many of these groups also point to the large budget used to maintain these programs and assert that it is wasteful.
6180:
4404:
In 1900, New South Wales and Victoria enacted legislation introducing non-contributory pensions for those aged 65 and over. Queensland legislated a similar system in 1907 before the
5707:
and its violence against the bourgeoisie, which feared violent revolution in its own backyard. They were diminished decades later as the perceived threat receded. Scheidel spoke to
4257:
Broadly speaking, welfare states are either universal, with provisions that cover everybody; or selective, with provisions covering only those deemed most needy. In his 1990 book,
7511:
5743:
relied on anti-poor tactics and the anti-black strategy of putting down the black vote in order to win the favor of the white populace. Thus, racist stereotypes and polarizing
4524:
Some policies enacted to enhance social welfare in Germany were Health Insurance 1883, Accident Insurance 1884, Old Age Pensions 1889 and National Unemployment Insurance 1927.
4549:
332:
The concept of states taxing for the welfare budget was introduced to the Arabs in the early 7th century by caliph Omar, most likely adapted from the newly Roman territories.
71:, and World War II have been characterized as important events that ushered in the expansion of the welfare state. The fullest forms of the welfare state were developed after
10611:
8103:
10712:
9099:
6722:
5779:
held by the American public. This perception of welfare recipients' dishonesty and freeloading is at the core of Americans' conviction that welfare spending should be cut.
67:
Early features of the welfare state, such as public pensions and social insurance, developed from the 1880s onwards in industrializing Western countries. World War I, the
7344:
4736:
social decision-making. It is characterized by flexibility and openness to innovation in the provision of welfare. The Nordic welfare systems are mainly funded through
9747:
Moller, Stephanie; Huber, Evelyne; Stephens, John D.; Bradley, David; Nielsen, François (2003). "Determinants of Relative Poverty in Advanced Capitalist Democracies".
5138:
sector jobs with weaker benefits, he argues, is evidence that the American welfare state is not necessarily intended to improve the economic situation of such groups.
6067:
BĂ©land, Daniel; Morgan, Kimberly J.; Obinger, Herbert; Pierson, Christopher (2021), BĂ©land, Daniel; Leibfried, Stephan; Morgan, Kimberly J.; Obinger, Herbert (eds.),
5163:
Empirical evidence suggests that taxes and transfers considerably reduce poverty in most Western countries whose welfare states constitute at least a fifth of GDP.
8786:
7929:
381:
used the term "practical Christianity" to describe his program. German laws from this era also insured workers against industrial risks inherent in the workplace.
5735:
Some argue that the public opinion on welfare in the US is in part a product of racist and classist political and ideological campaigns. The popular myth of the
5659:
argue that welfare creates dependence, a disincentive to work and reduces the opportunity of individuals to manage their own lives. This dependence is called a "
119:
Today the term is used almost entirely for the "modern" welfare state, which emerged in the 19th century in the course of the socio-economic upheavals caused by
7483:
443:
has argued that a major determinant of where welfare states arose is whether or not a country had a historical monarchy with familial foundations (a trait that
12597:
8442:
Huber, Evelyne, & John D. Stephens (2012). Democracy and the Left. Social Policy and Inequality in Latin America. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
5597:
1374:
9044:
5122:
undermined unionization and social reform throughout the United States as a whole, and is largely responsible for the anemic U.S. welfare state. Sociologists
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1609:
342:
and is a mandatory form of 2.5% income tax to be paid by all individuals earning above a basic threshold to provide for the needy once a year after Ramadan.
8190:
9245:
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covering medical, disability, unemployment and pension benefits. Multiple royal commissions were held on the subject and the scheme was legislated as the
10981:
9010:
7864:
3544:
1721:
7996:
60:
There is substantial variability in the form and trajectory of the welfare state across countries and regions. All welfare states entail some degree of
2562:
10835:
8688:
6665:
Popular Controversies in World History: Investigating History's Intriguing Questions [4 volumes]: Investigating History's Intriguing Questions
148:(in other words, the rich and the poor), where he writes "power has only one duty – to secure the social welfare of the PEOPLE". At the time he wrote
11691:
11686:
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system of education was necessary if a democratic government was to function successfully. His writings profoundly influenced younger generations of
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Guaranteed Income Supplement, Child Tax Benefit, Old Age Security, Employment Insurance, Workers' Compensation, and the Canada/Quebec Pension Plans.
2441:
2436:
6737:
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that presents black women as inherently sexually promiscuous. Similarly, public support of welfare is unlikely in the case of poor single mothers.
4783:, the government provides financial and social support through a variety of social assistance schemes for lower and middle-income Singaporeans. The
12432:
1207:
130:
The literal English equivalent "social state" did not catch on in Anglophone countries. However, during the Second World War, Anglican Archbishop
10641:
5100:
5096:, limiting the work week to 40 hours and banning child labor for children under 16, over stiff congressional opposition from the low-wage South.
5027:
5011:
also closed down its voluntary relief networks and passed the ownership of thousands of church schools, hospitals and other bodies to the state.
4964:
contribution. In return, benefits would be paid to people who were sick, unemployed, retired, or widowed." The Beveridge Report assumed that the
4425:
511:, they increasingly accepted the welfare state as a political goal, either as a temporary goal within capitalism or an ultimate goal in itself.
11961:
8980:
5605:
729:
10812:
9362:
11785:
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303:
in 476 AD. The dole in the early Roman Empire is estimated to account for 15 to 33 percent of the total grain imported and consumed in Rome.
123:, the formation of nation states and democratization. While the corresponding English term welfare state is descriptively neutral, the term “
7807:
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5794:
primarily preoccupied with their own well-being and are less willing to provide for the poor because their own situation takes precedence.
5581:
4545:
4244:
3621:
1364:
6592:
Singh, Upinder (2012). "Governing the State and the Self: Political Philosophy and Practice in the Edicts of Aśoka". South Asian Studies.
10509:
8593:"Welfare State Development in Latin America and the Caribbean (1970s–2000s): Multidimensional Welfare Index, its Methodology and Results"
7903:
7502:
4858:
It germinated in the social thought of late Victorian liberalism, reached its infancy in the collectivism of the pre-and post-Great War
12562:
10890:
9884:
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runs a Silver Support Scheme which provides additional financial support for low-income elderly with no family support. Meanwhile, the
1339:
7834:
7635:"Gender, welfare state regimes and social policy beyond advanced capitalism: Pathways to decommodification in middle-income countries"
6068:
168:. Members of Young England attempted to garner support among the privileged classes to assist the less fortunate and to recognize the
5752:
4784:
4622:
financial transfers to the poor, free bus or metro tickets, unemployment benefits and a variety of social pensions was approximately
3574:
2694:
1602:
354:(treasury), which for instance was used to stockpile food in every region of the Islamic Empire reserved for Arabs in the Peninsula.
8516:
Franzoni, Juliana MartĂnez (2008). "Welfare Regimes in Latin America: Capturing Constellations of Markets, Families, and Policies".
8413:
10580:
5740:
5108:
4800:
also runs MediFund to assist anyone on their behalf to pay off the rest of their medical bills after initial government subsidies,
3964:
8862:
Huang, Xian (March 2013). "The Politics of Social Welfare Reform in Urban China: Social Welfare Preferences and Reform Policies".
8100:
5703:
argued that the establishment of welfare states in the West in the early 20th century could be partly a reaction by elites to the
435:
on the right. In the period following World War II, some countries in Western Europe moved from partial or selective provision of
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7336:
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sickness, unemployment, and disability, providing an income to people when they were unable to work. As part of the reforms, the
3554:
2388:
10822:
10724:
9525:
Friedman, Gerald (2000). "The Political Economy of Early Southern Unionism: Race, Politics, and Labor in the South, 1880–1953".
9107:
11650:
10805:
10468:
9069:
8920:
8433:
Esping-Andersen, Gøsta (1996). Welfare States in Transition: National Adaptations in Global Economy. London: Sage Publications.
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4348:
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2393:
138:(1942), popularized the concept using the phrase "welfare state". Bishop Temple's use of "welfare state" has been connected to
10817:
6106:
BĂ©land, Daniel; Morgan, Kimberly J. (2021), BĂ©land, Daniel; Leibfried, Stephan; Morgan, Kimberly J.; Obinger, Herbert (eds.),
4732:
and extensive benefit levels, the large magnitude of income redistribution and liberal use of the expansionary fiscal policy.
4355:
in determining life choices by providing a lifetime of financial security regardless of one's career preferences or lifepath.
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11696:
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by Radcliff and colleagues (such as "Social Forces," "The Journal of Politics," and "Perspectives on Politics," among others)
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and personal autonomy among their citizens, as well as influencing how their citizens consume and how they spend their time.
9925:
12533:
10099:
9509:
9501:
Health and Well-Being in the Home: A Global Analysis of Needs, Expectations, and Priorities for Home Health Care Technology
9439:
9181:
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8846:
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7036:
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5923:
5671:
5031:
4984:
4363:
3914:
3775:
3723:
3718:
1595:
1308:
389:
4583:, the welfare state established by previous German governments was maintained, but it was restructured so as to help only
10133:
7313:
6532:
5901:
5648:
4849:
4031:
3743:
3594:
3196:
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213:
However, the historical record of Ashoka's character is conflicted. Ashoka's own inscriptions state that he converted to
4933:
396:. Some of the programs first adopted were emergency relief, elementary schools, and homes for the elderly and children.
12442:
12427:
10478:
10430:
9820:
9791:
7249:
5131:
4816:
3954:
3852:
3800:
3738:
3733:
3671:
1217:
1202:
4412:. A national invalid disability pension was started in 1910, and a national maternity allowance was introduced by the
12582:
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11778:
11636:
10451:
9967:
8080:
7970:
7557:
7452:
7006:
6505:
6156:
5763:
5644:
5115:
4405:
3959:
3584:
3339:
2548:
2381:
1359:
1222:
4343:(UBI) has been proposed as a replacement for the traditional welfare state where social protection schemes are also
12814:
12422:
12051:
11605:
11083:
9866:"Does a generous welfare state crowd out student achievement? Panel data evidence from international student tests"
5767:
5003:
was passed, providing the "fourth pillar" of the modern welfare state, access to advice for legal redress for all.
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4793:
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4237:
3994:
2446:
2353:
1821:
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but the presiding official increasingly came to augment the splendor of his games from personal funds as a form of
157:
11011:
8671:
8269:
Spencer, Elaine Glovka (1979). "Rulers of the Ruhr: Leadership and Authority in German Big Business before 1914".
4941:
administration made it clear it would not accept a national minimum wage. Finally, with the return of Labour, the
1642:
12557:
12507:
10846:
9943:
9045:"New Chas green card benefits, and enhanced subsidies for other Chas cards and Merdeka Generation start on Nov 1"
8898:
8199:
7053:
5588:
5107:
By 2013, the U.S. remained the only major industrial state without a uniform national sickness program. American
4911:
4767:
In 1995, the government started the Samurdhi (Prosperity) program aimed at reducing poverty, having replaced the
4021:
2926:
1334:
1282:
161:
7777:
4532:(in office 1871–90), developed the first modern welfare state by building on a tradition of welfare programs in
491:
maintained the welfare state established by previous German governments, but restructured it so as to help only
12487:
12244:
12101:
10883:
10573:
10522:
9625:
9249:
7596:
6047:
5158:
4942:
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intervened sporadically to distribute free or subsidized grain to its population, through the program known as
107:
61:
57:, and public responsibility for citizens unable to avail themselves of the minimal provisions for a good life.
11802:
10530:
Koehler, Gabriele and Deepta Chopra; "Development and Welfare Policy in South Asia"; London: Routledge (2014).
9018:
7682:"Gender and the Social Rights of Citizenship: The Comparative Analysis of Gender Relations and Welfare States"
12809:
12254:
12116:
11235:
10018:
9640:"Feeding the School-to-Prison Pipeline: The Convergence of Neoliberalism, Conservativism, and Penal Populism"
9614:
7393:
The religious roots of modern poverty policy: Catholic, Lutheran and Reformed Protestant traditions compared.
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5015:
5000:
4789:
4607:
4359:
3867:
3847:
1983:
1027:
887:
88:
11285:
8154:
Weiss, John H. (1983). "Origins of the French Welfare State: Poor Relief in the Third Republic, 1871-1914".
3902:
2033:
165:
12824:
11771:
11655:
11113:
10832:
8696:
4992:
4391:
4366:, recalled and sanctioned by the George Gibbs Chair in Political Economy and Senior Research Fellow at the
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1851:
548:
10498:
42.4 (2023): 305–316. on welfare for soldiers and their families; also impact of warfare on welfare state
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12364:
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12126:
10910:
6747:
4988:
4987:
many of Beveridge's reforms were implemented through a series of Acts of Parliament. On 5 July 1948, the
4922:
4907:
4470:
4265:
further identified three subtypes of welfare state models; liberal, social-democratic, and conservative.
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1652:
1539:
1297:
1192:
1187:
1137:
952:
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is Australia's publicly funded universal health care insurance scheme. Initially created in 1975 by the
4429:. However, the scheme was ultimately abandoned for cost reasons in the lead-up to the Second World War.
3359:
366:
12577:
12567:
12407:
12304:
12020:
10494:
Huddie, Paul, and Amy Carney. "Military welfare history: what is it and why should it be considered?."
10307:""The Crime of Survival": Fraud Prosecutions, Community Surveillance, and the Original "Welfare Queen""
7962:
5940:
5739:, a person taking advantage of the welfare system, came to be as a result of one such effort. In 1980,
4925:, David Lloyd George, in 1909 to fund the welfare reforms. After much opposition, it was passed by the
4398:
3944:
3609:
3394:
3076:
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1354:
1344:
1182:
1077:
788:
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9415:, Gawin, Dariusz & Glinski, Piotr : "Civil Society in the Making", IFiS Publishers, Warszawa 2006
9233:
The evolution of the British welfare state: a history of social policy since the Industrial Revolution
9157:
The evolution of the British welfare state: a history of social policy since the Industrial Revolution
8312:
Lambi, Ivo N. (1962). "The Protectionist Interests of the German Iron and Steel Industry, 1873-1879".
6917:
Kessler, David; Temin, Peter (2007). "The Organization of the Grain Trade in the Early Roman Empire".
388:, the Swiss Factory Act of 1877 limited working hours for everyone, and gave maternity benefits. The
12819:
12602:
12512:
12497:
12462:
12402:
11670:
10876:
10003:
Confronting the Unsustainable Growth of Welfare Entitlements: Principles of Reform and the Next Steps
9837:
8631:
The Political Economy of the Welfare State in Latin America: Globalization, Democracy and Development
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5856:
4891:
4883:
4474:
4453:
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3349:
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1626:
1379:
1287:
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1177:
407:
a few years after Bismarck in Germany. Legislation to help the working class in Austria emerged from
378:
45:(or a well-established network of social institutions) protects and promotes the economic and social
12319:
10499:
10361:. Studies in communication, media, and public opinion. Chicago (Ill.): University Press of Chicago.
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policies, which protected profits and wages from American competition, although they alienated the
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3693:
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2001:
1801:
1784:
1502:
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10818:
Contains information on social security developments in various EC member states from 1979 to 1989
10813:
Contains information on social security developments in various EC member states from 1957 to 1978
10460:
10420:
9568:
John L. Campbell (2010). "Neoliberalism's penal and debtor states: A rejoinder to LoĂŻc Wacquant".
8695:. Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia, London: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Saudi Arabia. Archived from
8015:
4262:
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10514:
9570:
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ideology in the late 1970s and early 1980s, an expanding carceral state, or government system of
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all adopted the Beveridge Report's recommendations. Following the Labour election victory in the
4976:
4965:
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4871:
4801:
4749:
4499:
4495:
4147:
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2615:
2408:
1878:
672:
400:
131:
9998:
9996:
9197:
Gilbert, Bentley Brinkerhoff (1976). "David Lloyd George: Land, the Budget, and Social Reform".
8564:
Riesco, Manuel (2009). "Latin America: A new developmental welfare state model in the making?".
3226:
12799:
12748:
12592:
12502:
12452:
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11998:
11879:
10749:"Regimes and cultures of social security: Comparing institutional models through nonlinear PCA"
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299:. The doles of bread, olive oil, wine, and pork apparently continued until near the end of the
106:("social state") has been used since 1870 to describe state support programs devised by German
84:
54:
12329:
8399:
7205:(December 2015). "Ripples from the First Wave: The Monarchical Origins of the Welfare State".
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has also argued that the universality and generosity of the welfare state (i.e. the extent of
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8809:
8386:"Top 11 states' social welfare spends to hit 10-year-high of Rs 4 lakh crore in FY24: Crisil"
8070:
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6690:
6146:
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5876:
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reflects that India is a welfare state. Food security to all Indians is guaranteed under the
4529:
4506:. Paxton points out these reforms were paralleled and even exceeded by measures taken by the
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751:
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622:
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339:
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10534:
Kuhnle, Stein (2000). "The Scandinavian welfare state in the 1990s: Challenged but viable".
10247:
9662:
8030:"The Official Social Philosophy of the French Third Republic: LĂ©on Bourgeois and Solidarism"
7599:
7405:
Hacker, Jacob (2005). "Policy Drift: The Hidden Politics of US Welfare State Retrenchment".
6119:
5633:
opposed piecemeal reforms advanced by middle-class reformers out of a sense of duty. In his
3319:
1973:
857:
12640:
12633:
12369:
11837:
11660:
11345:
11215:
11051:
11041:
10986:
10919:
10581:"The decommodified security ratio: A tool for assessing European social protection systems"
8217:
The Origin of the Welfare State in England and Germany, 1850–1914: Social Policies Compared
7752:
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5704:
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2403:
2093:
1963:
1779:
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1412:
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605:
480:
300:
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7895:
5674:
argues that welfare not only increases poverty, but also increases other problems such as
4629:(US$ 860 billion) in 2022, representing 8.4 percent of gross domestic product (GDP).
3126:
2595:
2053:
8:
12804:
12753:
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12704:
12699:
12349:
11968:
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11847:
11794:
11310:
10991:
10949:
10827:
10623:
Warfare and welfare: Military conflict and welfare state development in western countries
8371:
7634:
7549:
Development and crisis of the welfare state : parties and policies in global markets
5841:
4611:
4565:
4540:
that had begun as early as in the 1840s. The measures that Bismarck introduced – old-age
4164:
3812:
3785:
3728:
3676:
3459:
3231:
3171:
3121:
2894:
2813:
2754:
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2058:
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1816:
1731:
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1534:
1524:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1122:
736:
704:
615:
556:
539:
11380:
10823:
Contains information on social assistance programmes in various EC member states in 1993
8838:
Beyond the Middle Kingdom: Comparative Perspectives on China's Capitalist Transformation
8192:
Origins of the French welfare state: The struggle for social reform in France, 1914–1947
6352:
5774:
criminals. He goes on to cite Martin Gilens who in "Why Americans Hate Welfare" argues:
2193:
2123:
471:, observes that the provisions of the welfare state were enacted in the 19th century by
12289:
11993:
11729:
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11515:
11510:
11495:
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11150:
11036:
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10225:
10188:
9809:
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9719:
9587:
9550:
9542:
9214:
8879:
8737:
8612:
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2228:
1888:
1774:
1741:
1062:
761:
347:
237:
11430:
10695:
Just institutions matter: the moral and political logic of the universal welfare state
9473:
The American Mind: An Interpretation of American Thought and Character Since the 1880s
8372:"GOVERNMENT'S SPENDING ON SOCIAL SERVICES INCREASES SIGNIFICANTLY DURING THE PANDEMIC"
7427:
Just Institutions Matter: the Moral and Political Logic of the Universal Welfare State
4863:
3151:
2173:
12775:
12738:
12647:
12607:
12384:
12264:
12229:
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11230:
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10996:
10934:
10929:
10828:
Contains detailed information on the welfare systems in the former Yugoslav republics
10772:
10748:
10700:
10599:
10569:
10555:
10518:
10474:
10447:
10426:
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10387:
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10255:
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10047:
9816:
9787:
9672:
9621:
9591:
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9505:
9435:
9177:
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8298:
8249:
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7479:
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7129:
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7002:
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6836:
6800:
6696:
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6528:
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6469:
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6348:
6307:
6276:
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6200:
6152:
6123:
6084:
5891:
5871:
5826:
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4999:
came into force, forming the key planks of the modern UK welfare state. In 1949, the
4980:
4957:
4836:
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4312:
4308:
4206:
3479:
3236:
3166:
3141:
3131:
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2818:
2749:
2711:
2338:
2188:
1978:
1968:
1736:
1674:
1669:
1556:
1519:
1426:
1384:
1157:
1037:
1002:
892:
882:
877:
852:
724:
404:
362:
280:
139:
120:
113:
50:
21:
12176:
12091:
10860:
10676:
10607:
9275:
9077:
8928:
8883:
8718:
Khalaf, Sulayman; Hammoud, Hassan (1987). "The Emergence of the Oil Welfare State".
8592:
7713:
7309:
947:
862:
392:
also arose in the late 19th century; its existence and depth varied individually by
12770:
12731:
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12654:
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12374:
12284:
12209:
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12003:
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11752:
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11555:
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11365:
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10964:
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10656:
10595:
10543:
10399:
10318:
10055:
9756:
9711:
9579:
9534:
9206:
8871:
8811:
The Dragon Network: Inside Stories of the Most Successful Chinese Family Businesses
8729:
8604:
8573:
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8465:
8354:
8321:
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8128:
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7693:
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7289:
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7117:
6926:
6890:
6828:
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6388:
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6264:
6192:
6115:
6076:
5945:
5687:
5081:
4953:
4937:
4887:
4755:
4754:
China traditionally relied on the extended family to provide welfare services. The
4328:
4122:
4115:
3454:
3404:
3369:
3314:
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3206:
3181:
3116:
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2507:
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2153:
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2013:
1920:
1908:
1796:
1704:
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1551:
1512:
1447:
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1147:
1057:
982:
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907:
842:
771:
689:
637:
627:
595:
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535:
418:
370:
317:
276:
219:
169:
68:
12314:
12161:
12096:
11405:
10487:
Ferre, Juan Cruz (2023). "Welfare regimes in twenty-first-century Latin America".
10204:
10202:
9885:"World education rankings: which country does best at reading, maths and science?"
9696:
9604:
6010:
5719:
You have all these poor people, they might rise up and kill us and take our stuff.
5123:
4950:
Report of the Inter-Departmental Committee on Social Insurance and Allied Services
4293:
3374:
2148:
1087:
932:
867:
306:
In addition to food, the Roman Republic also supplied free entertainment, through
12716:
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11951:
11894:
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11520:
11400:
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11108:
11026:
10954:
10839:
10634:
Dismantling the Welfare State?: Reagan, Thatcher and the Politics of Retrenchment
10564:
10138:
10035:
9910:
9865:
8756:
8675:
8454:"Diminished Expectations: Redistributive Preferences in Truncated Welfare States"
8243:
8107:
8003:
7202:
6856:
Cristofori, Alessandro "Grain Distribution on Late Republican Rome," pp 146-151.
6832:
6627:
6605:
6576:
6549:
6522:
6495:
6463:
6439:
6402:
5993:
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977:
837:
719:
662:
632:
472:
440:
411:
408:
99:
12344:
11435:
10403:
10119:
On Politics, Book Two: A History of Political Thought From Hobbes to the Present
9811:
Growing Public: Social Spending And Economic Growth Since The Eighteenth Century
8958:
7395:
European Journal of Sociology, Vol. 46, No. 1, Religion and Society, pp. 91–126.
5048:
practical application such as have been given to physical science." Ward wrote:
2178:
1117:
12694:
12675:
12457:
12339:
12274:
12269:
12224:
12186:
12151:
12061:
11978:
11909:
11580:
11535:
11525:
11505:
11465:
11420:
11385:
11275:
11270:
11260:
11155:
11128:
10504:
10199:
10059:
10051:
9412:
Global Non-governmental Administrative System: Geosociology of the Third Sector
7580:
6268:
6011:"this collection of full-text peer-reviewed scholarly articles on this subject"
5967:
5962:
5896:
5656:
5623:
5501:
4926:
4729:
4618:
where the government provides food grains to people at a very subsidised rate.
4491:
4300:
4186:
4159:
4154:
4127:
4083:
3429:
3364:
3216:
3191:
3156:
3106:
3046:
2973:
2874:
2835:
2825:
2699:
2667:
2328:
2288:
2278:
2258:
2218:
2208:
2163:
2128:
2023:
2018:
2008:
1893:
1866:
1475:
1454:
1232:
1112:
1047:
1042:
997:
957:
922:
832:
746:
677:
448:
436:
377:
social class to ordinary Germans. His 17 November 1881 Imperial Message to the
272:
254:
42:
12472:
11480:
11450:
11350:
10547:
10359:
Why Americans hate welfare: race, media and the politics of antipoverty policy
9538:
8875:
8608:
8470:
8453:
8325:
8046:
8029:
7285:
7266:
7218:
7121:
6196:
5092:
instituted significant social insurance policies. In 1938 Congress passed the
3419:
3241:
2233:
2198:
1247:
12793:
12763:
12626:
12379:
12359:
12294:
12234:
12131:
11973:
11926:
11916:
11889:
11625:
11615:
11610:
11595:
11490:
11425:
11390:
11370:
11360:
11118:
11103:
10800:
10764:
10463:; Politics against markets, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press (1985).
10330:
10259:
10221:
10184:
10085:
10039:
9583:
9316:
Movement for Family Allowances, 1918–45: A Study in Social Policy Development
9271:
8479:
7658:
7471:
7301:
7265:
Rice, James Mahmud; Robert E. Goodin; Antti Parpo (September–December 2006).
7065:
6311:
6204:
5957:
5866:
5736:
5528:
5127:
5062:
4879:
4720:
4638:
4557:
4553:
4413:
4344:
4142:
3464:
3424:
3354:
3324:
3291:
3286:
3266:
3146:
3071:
2846:
2662:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2343:
2243:
2168:
2133:
2113:
2103:
1856:
1841:
1544:
1405:
1152:
1132:
1067:
1007:
902:
741:
694:
684:
657:
468:
428:
153:
143:
8097:
The Divided Path: The German Influence on Social Reform in France After 1870
7980:
7808:"Is a Universal Basic Income Program Worth the Costs?, by Veronique de Rugy"
7567:
4380:
496:
million German citizens were receiving assistance under the auspices of the
172:
that they imagined had characterized England during the Feudal Middle Ages.
127:” is often used in German as a fighting term with a pejorative connotation.
12482:
12354:
12334:
12324:
12279:
12249:
12171:
12156:
12015:
11874:
11832:
11600:
11570:
11470:
11460:
11415:
11395:
11335:
11325:
11290:
11093:
10976:
10690:
7422:
6960:
6804:
6786:
5918:
5576:
Effects of social expenditure on economic growth, public debt and education
5070:
4840:
country and providing extensive subsidies for its citizens to obtain them.
4714:
4694:
4576:
4507:
4285:
4176:
3509:
3484:
3414:
3261:
3091:
3081:
2884:
2348:
2318:
2223:
2213:
2158:
2138:
2083:
2073:
2038:
1831:
1716:
1257:
1127:
1107:
1097:
1052:
1022:
942:
927:
783:
642:
600:
508:
484:
265:
259:
224:
92:
72:
10322:
7958:
The Price of Health: Australian Governments and Medical Politics 1910–1960
7028:
Comparative Welfare State Politics: Development, Opportunities, and Reform
6894:
6643:
12259:
12219:
12166:
12076:
11946:
11931:
11884:
11550:
11545:
11500:
11485:
11455:
11440:
11375:
11355:
11320:
11187:
11182:
11088:
10660:
10527:
Korpi, Walter; "The Democratic Class Struggle"; London: Routledge (1983).
9661:
Haymes, Stephen N.; de Haymes, MarĂa V.; Miller, Reuben J., eds. (2015).
9639:
9385:
7956:
7547:
5861:
5831:
5366:
5258:
5147:
5080:
The United States was the only industrialized country that went into the
4870:
The modern welfare state in the United Kingdom began operations with the
3494:
3296:
3281:
3256:
3051:
3036:
2943:
2796:
2744:
2298:
2253:
2238:
2203:
2183:
2118:
2098:
2068:
1930:
1826:
1032:
992:
937:
847:
714:
699:
652:
476:
385:
365:
established the first welfare state in a modern industrial society, with
351:
241:
181:
10668:
10338:
10306:
10229:
10209:
10192:
10168:
9697:"Do Social-Welfare Policies Reduce Poverty? A Cross-National Assessment"
8055:
4663:
4213:
2516:
271:
Regular grain distribution began in 123 BC with a grain law proposed by
12527:
12214:
11988:
11899:
11560:
11315:
11145:
11078:
11073:
10388:"Three worlds of welfare capitalism or more? A state-of-the-art report"
9768:
9723:
9546:
9218:
8733:
8333:
8290:
8245:
Beyond Continuity: Institutional Change in Advanced Political Economies
7705:
7650:
7407:
Beyond Continuity: Institutional Change in Advanced Political Economies
7293:
6938:
6319:
4828:
4768:
4584:
4580:
4569:
4480:
4132:
4098:
4093:
3763:
3276:
3066:
3041:
2948:
2801:
2781:
2587:
2308:
2063:
1935:
1883:
1811:
1806:
1302:
987:
756:
667:
531:
492:
488:
432:
201:
46:
11763:
10013:
10011:
9431:
From Poor Law to Welfare State: A History of Social Welfare in America
8175:
8140:
7681:
4792:
also run various local assistance schemes within their districts. The
4588:
million German citizens received assistance under the auspices of the
12477:
12309:
11724:
11712:
11540:
11240:
11133:
11123:
11058:
11031:
9668:
8388:. 23 August 2023 – via The Economic Times - The Times of India.
7785:
5928:
5682:
5630:
5474:
4780:
4201:
3999:
3201:
2721:
2481:
2469:
2293:
1988:
1871:
1861:
1791:
1769:
1252:
1082:
564:
444:
423:
284:
9760:
9715:
9210:
8551:
8282:
7697:
6303:
200:
of India put forward his idea of a welfare state in the 3rd century
10939:
10868:
10008:
9842:
8668:
8167:
8132:
6820:
5723:
5089:
4737:
4137:
4110:
4014:
3805:
3056:
2899:
1679:
288:
214:
10833:
The impact of benefit and tax uprating on incomes and poverty (UK)
10806:
Figures on wages and benefit systems in various OECD member states
10077:
9989:. Princeton and Oxford University Presses. pp. 26 and passim.
6965:
Status and Epic Games: Sport, Politics, and Poetics in the Thebaid
4645:
About welfare states in Latin America, Alex Segura-Ubiergo wrote:
12027:
11192:
10959:
10713:"Clement Attlee and the foundations of the British welfare state"
5447:
5339:
5312:
5285:
5084:
of the 1930s with no social insurance policies in place. In 1935
4859:
4541:
4533:
4440:
4352:
3246:
2852:
2786:
1940:
1699:
795:
504:
464:
8230:
Origins of the Authoritarian Welfare State in Prussia, 1815–1870
10281:"The Jezebel Stereotype – Anti-black Imagery – Jim Crow Museum"
9911:"The Costs of Public Income Redistribution and Private Charity"
8119:
Nord, Philip (1994). "The Welfare State in France, 1870–1914".
7264:
6404:
The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300
5759:
5420:
5393:
5231:
5204:
5057:
Ward's theories centred around his belief that a universal and
4854:
About the British welfare state, historian Derek Fraser wrote:
4698:
4561:
4537:
2916:
2502:
374:
320:. The sponsor was able to cultivate the favor of the people of
312:(public games). Public money was allocated for the staging of
206:
197:
83:
The term welfare is much older than the term welfare state. In
10210:"Looking Back: Ronald Reagan, a Master of Racial Polarization"
9423:
9421:
7552:. John D. Stephens. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
7183:
6444:. Chaukhambha oriental research studies. Chaukhamba Orientalia
4419:
In the 1920s and 1930s, detailed proposals were developed for
2530:
7728:""Universal income is more than a new form of welfare state""
5555:
4771:
poverty alleviation programme that was in place at the time.
4335:
334:
10169:"The Welfare Queen: Race, Gender, Class, and Public Opinion"
7105:
264:
The city of Rome grew rapidly during the Roman Republic and
9418:
9131:"Why Singapore Has One of the Highest Home Ownership Rates"
8927:. Ministry of Social and Family Development. Archived from
8554:. Costa Rica: Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales
343:
321:
308:
296:
292:
30:
9746:
6862:
6290:
Smith, Munroe (December 1901). "Four German Jurists. IV".
6066:
10621:
Obinger, Herbert, Klaus Petersen, and Peter Starke, eds.
8361:. New York City, New York: The Penguin Press. p. 489-490.
6771:"Urbanism and the division of labour in the Roman Empire"
4934:
minimum wage was introduced in the United Kingdom in 1909
4401:
during this period led to a movement for welfare reform.
26:
9945:
Address of the Central Committee to the Communist League
9931:
from the original on 6 March 2008 – via mises.org.
7267:"The Temporal Welfare State: A Crossnational Comparison"
6551:
King Aśoka and Buddhism: Historical and Literary Studies
5635:
Address of the Central Committee to the Communist League
4823:
to provide social services, while raising funds through
9299:"The English Movement for Family Allowances, 1917–1945"
7450:
6881:
Linn, Jason (2012). "The Roman Grain Supply, 442–455".
6500:. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. 1960. pp. A–184–85.
6255:
Fay, S. B. (January 1950). "Bismarck's Welfare State".
5784:
period, Martin Gilens cites Julius Wilson, who writes:
5174:(threshold set at 40% of U.S. median household income)
10489:
Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy
9664:
The Routledge Handbook of Poverty in the United States
7165:
O'Hara, Phillip Anthony, ed. (1999). "Welfare state".
6226:
O'Hara, Phillip Anthony, ed. (1999). "Welfare state".
9660:
8072:
Fragmented France: Two Centuries of Disputed Identity
7865:"History of Pensions and Other Benefits in Australia"
5747:
of this era gave birth to this fictitious character.
5018:
which became important providers of social services.
9106:. Singapore Department of Statistics. Archived from
9076:. National Council of Social Service. Archived from
7923:
7921:
7451:
Ferragina, Emanuele; Seeleib-Kaiser, Martin (2011).
7106:"Conservative Social Politics in Austria, 1880–1890"
5126:
and John L. Campbell contend that since the rise of
4351:. The focus of the UBI is granting individuals more
10439:
9638:Mora, Richard; Christianakis, Mary (January 2013).
8775:
6468:, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 1960, p. A-185,
5114:Some scholars, such as Gerard Friedman, argue that
4705:are examples of welfare states in the Middle East.
3545:
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party
350:(empire), established a welfare state through the
9808:
9742:
9740:
7529:
7527:
7525:
7523:
7521:
7501:
6179:Koehler-Derrick, Gabriel; Lee, Melissa M. (2023).
6178:
112:("social politicians") and implemented as part of
9637:
8633:. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 29–31
8205:on 23 July 2018 – via newbooks-services.de.
7918:
6632:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. 1968. pp. 234–235.
5044:called "the father of the modern welfare state".
12791:
9567:
9329:Cassell's Companion to Twentieth Century Britain
9248:. Liberal Democrat History Group. Archived from
8242:Streeck, Wolfgang; Thelen, Kathleen Ann (2005).
7432:
7001:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 308–309.
6827:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 262–277.
6768:
5152:
4914:for unemployment and health benefits from work.
152:, Disraeli (later a prime minister) belonged to
10466:
10352:
10350:
10348:
10304:
10241:
10239:
10162:
10160:
10158:
10156:
10134:"One Recipe for a More Equal World: Mass Death"
10104:Losing Ground: American Social Policy 1950–1980
9737:
9238:
8758:City of Gold: Dubai and the Dream of Capitalism
8689:"The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia – A Welfare State"
8648:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 2000
7533:
7518:
7453:"Welfare regime debate: past, present, futures"
7438:
7418:
7416:
7239:
7189:
6769:Hanson, J. W.; Ortman, S. G.; Lobo, J. (2017).
5028:History of Social Security in the United States
4896:Development and Road Improvement Funds Act 1909
4719:The Nordic welfare model refers to the welfare
4426:National Health and Pensions Insurance Act 1938
417:Changed attitudes in reaction to the worldwide
10753:International Journal of Comparative Sociology
8807:
7628:
7626:
7429:(Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 18–27.
7387:
7385:
7242:Social Foundations of Postindustrial Economies
6140:
6138:
6101:
6099:
6062:
6060:
6058:
49:of its citizens, based upon the principles of
11779:
10884:
9775:
9690:
9688:
8761:. St. Martin's Publishing Group. p. 10.
8717:
8590:
8241:
7887:
7330:
7328:
7326:
7144:"Geschichte der Sozialen Sicherheit-Synthese"
7087:Bismarck: Some secret pages from his history,
7024:
6433:
6431:
6114:, Oxford University Press, pp. 172–187,
4743:
4408:introduced a national aged pension under the
4362:-affiliated Libertarian/conservative scholar
4296:in the 1930s and is dominant in Scandinavia.
4284:According to the Swedish political scientist
4269:individual is dependent on the labor market.
4238:
3570:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties
3540:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
2556:
1603:
10710:
10473:. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.
10385:
10345:
10236:
10153:
9864:Falch, Torberg; Fischer, Justina AV (2008).
9863:
9800:
8198:. Cambridge University Press. Archived from
8068:
7413:
6916:
6105:
6075:, Oxford University Press, pp. xxx–20,
5622:Early conservatives, under the influence of
5582:List of countries by social welfare spending
287:to residents of Rome, and later the emperor
283:(193–211 AD). Severus also began providing
10418:
9471:XX, 1895, quoted in Henry Steel Commager's
7859:
7857:
7855:
7623:
7382:
7025:Kersbergen, Kees van; Vis, Barbara (2013).
6547:
6135:
6096:
6055:
5797:He cites Michael Katz, who claims that the
4347:with a precise aim that can be regarded as
12563:Christian Democrat Organization of America
11786:
11772:
10891:
10877:
9685:
8808:Susanto, A. B.; Susanto, Patricia (2013).
7323:
7164:
7099:
7097:
7095:
7089:Macmillan, New York (1898) Vol. II, p. 282
6987:The World Atlas, accessed 24 October 2019.
6974:(Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 10
6428:
6225:
4819:coordinates a range of 450 non-government
4336:UBI as a replacement for the welfare state
4245:
4231:
2563:
2549:
1610:
1596:
1340:Christian Democrat Organization of America
373:. Bismarck extended the privileges of the
10801:OECD – Social Expenditure database (SOCX)
10440:Castles, Francis G.; et al. (2010).
10214:The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education
9965:
9838:"The Myth of the Exploding Welfare State"
9815:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9786:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9694:
9475:New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 210.
9170:Castles, Francis G.; et al. (2010).
8494:Changing Social Security in Latin America
8469:
8400:"Press Release: Press Information Bureau"
8045:
7992:
7990:
7954:
7871:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 1988.
7835:"Universal Basic Income's Growing Appeal"
7444:
7379:New York: The Penguin Press, 2005, p. 489
6990:
6794:
6394:
6337:, New York: W.W. Norton, pp. 276–281
6035:
5611:
4948:December 1942 saw the publication of the
4785:Ministry of Social and Family Development
4421:a comprehensive national insurance scheme
3575:International Federation of Liberal Youth
503:When social democratic parties abandoned
10705:The Political Economy of Human Happiness
10636:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10443:The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State
9882:
9835:
9781:
9524:
9434:(6th ed.). Free Press. p. 15.
9427:
9403:
9173:The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State
9128:
9038:
9036:
8515:
7852:
7617:The Political Economy of Human Happiness
7611:
7503:"Benefits in Europe: country by country"
7368:
7366:
7364:
7362:
7201:
7103:
6520:
6378:. pp. xxiv–xxv, 62, 93, and passim.
6112:The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State
6073:The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State
20:
11962:Friendly separation of church and state
11793:
11646:International Trade Union Confederation
10796:Health Policy and Data: Health Division
10746:
10711:Reeves, Rachel; McIvor, Martin (2014).
10707:(New York: Cambridge University Press).
10642:"The New Politics of the Welfare State"
10639:
10578:
10446:. Oxford Handbooks Online. p. 67.
9908:
9806:
9456:Race: The History of an Idea in America
9383:
9270:
9196:
9176:. Oxford Handbooks Online. p. 67.
9169:
9092:
8834:
8566:International Journal of Social Welfare
8451:
8268:
8248:. Oxford University Press. p. 28.
8027:
7832:
7619:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
7499:
7092:
6868:
6825:The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Rome
6818:
6527:. Pitambar Publishing. pp. 45–46.
6452:– via The University of Virginia.
6333:Gough, I. (1989), "The Welfare State",
6144:
5997:
4374:
3555:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats
2389:International Trade Union Confederation
730:Friendly separation of church and state
12792:
11651:International Union of Socialist Youth
10786:
10565:Survival of the European Welfare State
10533:
10470:The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism
10356:
10245:
10166:
10131:
10098:
10033:
9497:
9154:
8987:. Ministry of Manpower. Archived from
8957:. People's Association. Archived from
8563:
8188:
8034:International Review of Social History
7987:
7893:
7679:
7632:
7489:from the original on 26 February 2020.
7404:
7334:
7158:
7058:Foreign Affairs: America and the World
7051:
7020:
7018:
6775:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
6738:"Emperor Wendi of Western Han Dynasty"
6715:
6662:Danver, Steven L. (22 December 2010).
6661:
6574:
6437:
6400:
6219:
4410:Invalid and Old-Aged Pensions Act 1908
4259:The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism
2394:International Union of Socialist Youth
291:(270–275) ordered the distribution of
12573:European Christian Political Movement
12438:Christian Democratic Union of Germany
11767:
10872:
10106:. Basic Books. pp. 58, 125, 115.
9883:Shepherd, Jessica (7 December 2010).
9352:
9033:
8899:"The Samurdhi Programme in Sri Lanka"
8861:
8754:
8311:
8153:
7936:from the original on 23 December 2014
7927:
7875:from the original on 23 December 2014
7545:
7514:from the original on 12 January 2022.
7359:
6996:
6591:
6373:
6332:
6289:
6181:"War and Welfare in Colonial Algeria"
6120:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198828389.013.10
5741:Ronald Reagan's presidential campaign
5608:tests are considered welfare states.
4590:Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt
4318:
1350:European Christian Political Movement
1213:Christian Democratic Union of Germany
327:
41:is a form of government in which the
10898:
10588:International Social Security Review
10116:
9984:
9941:
9836:Eiermann, Martin (29 October 2012).
9733:from the original on 10 August 2013.
9498:Mattke, Soeren; et al. (2011).
9017:. Ministry of Health. Archived from
8896:
8864:Journal of Chinese Political Science
8785:. The Nordic Council. Archived from
8118:
7377:The Third Reich in Power, 1933–1939,
7052:Wimmer, Andreas (13 February 2019).
6880:
6578:Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas
6347:
6081:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198828389.013.1
5992:According to the French sociologist
5924:Social programs in the United States
5730:
5032:Social programs in the United States
4882:. These included the passing of the
4872:Liberal welfare reforms of 1906–1914
4658:
4608:Directive Principles of State Policy
12433:Christian Democratic People's Party
9042:
8552:Paradigmas y regĂmenes de bienestar
8518:Latin American Politics and Society
8496:. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
8359:The Third Reich in Power, 1933–1939
7906:from the original on 15 August 2012
7500:Malnick, Edward (19 October 2013).
7335:Paxton, Robert O. (25 April 2013).
7244:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
7015:
6254:
5902:Welfare state in the United Kingdom
4850:Welfare state in the United Kingdom
4708:
4552:, and to secure the support of the
3595:Liberal South East European Network
2419:Network of Social Democracy in Asia
1208:Christian Democratic People's Party
498:National Socialist People's Welfare
156:, a conservative group of youthful
13:
10697:(Cambridge University Press, 1998)
10617:from the original on 20 July 2018.
10386:Arts, Wil; Gelissen, John (2002).
10378:
10044:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism
10019:Welfare and the Culture of Poverty
9644:Journal of Educational Controversy
9458:Oxford University Press, , p. 161.
9353:Baksi, Catherine (1 August 2014).
7833:de Rugy, Veronique (7 June 2016).
7639:Social Policy & Administration
7347:from the original on 14 April 2013
7319:from the original on 15 June 2007.
6999:Medieval Islamic Political Thought
6688:
6651:. Bharatiya Itihas Parishad. 1963.
5177:Relative poverty rate (1970–1997)
4817:National Council of Social Service
14:
12836:
12583:Conservative Christian Fellowship
12448:Christian Social Union in Bavaria
10945:Internationalist–defencist schism
10781:
10392:Journal of European Social Policy
10305:Kohler-Hausmann, Julilly (2007).
10132:Taylor, Matt (22 February 2017).
9486:Lester Ward and the Welfare State
9454:Quoted in Thomas F. Gosset 1997,
9355:"Praise legal aid; don't bury it"
7167:Encyclopedia of Political Economy
6746:. 5 February 2013. Archived from
6335:The New Palgrave Social Economics
6228:Encyclopedia of Political Economy
5690:of industry. Ryan further wrote:
5172:Absolute poverty rate (1960–1991)
4843:
3585:Liberal Network for Latin America
3018:(contributions to liberal theory)
1685:Internationalist–defencist schism
1360:Conservative Christian Fellowship
1223:Christian Social Union in Bavaria
166:conditions of the industrial poor
136:Christianity and the Social Order
12423:Christian Democratic and Flemish
11010:
10625:(Oxford University Press, 2018)
10600:10.1111/j.1468-246X.2007.00281.x
10298:
10273:
10125:
10110:
10092:
10027:
9978:
9966:Bernstein, Eduard (April 1897).
9959:
9935:
9902:
9876:
9857:
9829:
9654:
9631:
9598:
9561:
9518:
9491:
9484:Henry Steele Commager ed. 1967,
9478:
9461:
9448:
9377:
9346:
9334:
9321:
9308:
9291:
9264:
9225:
9190:
9163:
9148:
9122:
9100:"Household Income – Latest Data"
9062:
9043:Liu, Vanessa (1 November 2019).
9003:
8973:
8943:
8913:
8890:
8855:
8828:
8801:
8783:"About the Nordic welfare model"
8755:Krane, Jim (15 September 2009).
8748:
8711:
8681:
8662:
8578:10.1111/j.1468-2397.2009.00643.x
8530:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2008.00013.x
7633:Nakray, Keerty (December 2021).
6931:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2006.00360.x
6821:"The food supply of the capital"
6554:. Buddhist Publication Society.
6521:Kher, N. N.; Aggarwal, Jaideep.
6016:
5713:'s Matt Taylor in an interview:
5548:
5521:
5494:
5467:
5440:
5413:
5386:
5359:
5332:
5305:
5278:
5251:
5224:
5197:
5040:(1841–1913), whom the historian
5021:
4825:The Community Chest of Singapore
4662:
4632:
4616:National Food Security Act, 2013
4212:
4200:
2594:
2529:
2515:
2501:
1641:
1579:
1198:Christian Democratic and Flemish
563:
403:, a version was set up by Count
25:Social expenditure as % of
12558:Centrist Democrat International
12443:Christian Social People's Party
10982:Reformist–revolutionary dispute
10467:Esping-Andersen, Gøsta (1990).
10248:"The Myth of the Welfare Queen"
9987:The Making of Modern Liberalism
9527:The Journal of Economic History
9303:Histoire sociale/Social History
8636:
8623:
8584:
8557:
8544:
8509:
8499:
8486:
8445:
8436:
8427:
8406:
8392:
8378:
8364:
8348:
8314:The Journal of Economic History
8305:
8262:
8235:
8222:
8209:
8182:
8147:
8112:
8089:
8062:
8021:
8009:
7948:
7928:Yeend, Peter (September 2000).
7826:
7800:
7770:
7745:
7720:
7680:Orloff, Ann Shola (June 1993).
7673:
7605:
7574:
7539:
7493:
7398:
7258:
7240:Esping-Andersen, Gøsta (1999).
7233:
7195:
7136:
7079:
7045:
6983:Miaschi, John (25 April 2017).
6977:
6954:
6910:
6874:
6850:
6812:
6762:
6730:
6709:
6682:
6655:
6636:
6620:
6585:
6568:
6541:
6514:
6488:
6456:
6382:
6367:
6359:. Vol. Book 4 – via
6341:
6148:Protecting Soldiers and Mothers
6003:
5986:
5589:University of California, Davis
4912:national insurance contribution
4821:voluntary welfare organisations
4575:During the 12 years of rule by
1722:Reformist–revolutionary dispute
1335:Centrist Democrat International
1218:Christian Social People's Party
10121:. Liveright. pp. 904–905.
9918:Journal of Libertarian Studies
9280:. George H. Doran co. p.
9199:The American Historical Review
9129:Majendie, Adam (8 July 2020).
8591:Cruz-MartĂnez, Gibrán (2014).
6548:Seneviratna, Anuradha (1994).
6524:A Text Book of Social Sciences
6326:
6283:
6248:
6172:
6048:Britannica Online Encyclopedia
5016:non-governmental organizations
4943:National Minimum Wage Act 1998
4802:other health financing schemes
4790:Community Development Councils
4654:
4610:, enshrined in Part IV of the
2959:Separation of church and state
463:Historian of the 20th-century
1:
11236:Socialism of the 21st century
10246:Covert, Bryce (2 July 2019).
10167:Foster, Carly Hayden (2008).
9968:"Karl Marx and Social Reform"
9909:Edwards, James Rolph (2007).
9784:Incomes and the Welfare State
9615:University of Minnesota Press
8629:Segura-Ubiergo, Alex (2007).
8550:Barba Solano, Carlos (2005).
6645:Age Of The Nandas And Mauryas
6029:
5681:In 2012, political historian
5153:Effects of welfare on poverty
4360:American Enterprise Institute
4307:American political scientist
1984:Socialism of the 21st century
11656:Party of European Socialists
11114:Negative and positive rights
10723:(3–4): 42–59. Archived from
9749:American Sociological Review
9428:Trattner, Walter I. (2007).
9384:Bagehot (10 December 2011).
9159:(2nd ed.). p. 233.
8841:. Stanford U.P. p. 89.
8414:"Chapter II - Social Sector"
7686:American Sociological Review
7341:The New York Review of Books
7104:Grandner, Margarete (1996).
7031:. Cambridge UP. p. 38.
6859:, accessed 17 September 2018
6833:10.1017/CCO9781139025973.019
6606:10.1080/02666030.2012.725581
6407:. UK: Penguin. p. 592.
6151:. Harvard University Press.
4774:
4762:
4487:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
4392:Social security in Australia
4385:
2399:Party of European Socialists
1852:Negative and positive rights
426:on the left and unregulated
220:Ashoka's Major Rock Edict 13
78:
7:
12588:Centre for European Studies
12523:Popular Republican Movement
12418:Christian Democratic Appeal
10419:Bartholomew, James (2015).
10404:10.1177/0952872002012002114
9504:. Rand Corp. pp. 33–.
8492:Mesa-Lago, Carmelo (1994).
8452:Holland, Alisha C. (2018).
8271:The Business History Review
7997:Chapter 1: What is Welfare?
7932:. Parliament of Australia.
7169:. Routledge. p. 1245.
6919:The Economic History Review
6292:Political Science Quarterly
6230:. Routledge. p. 1247.
5809:
5159:Welfare's effect on poverty
5077:(1880–1965), among others.
4997:National Health Service Act
4923:Chancellor of the Exchequer
4908:National Insurance Act 1911
4471:Social protection in France
4358:According to statements of
1365:Centre for European Studies
1298:Popular Republican Movement
1193:Christian Democratic Appeal
475:to counteract appeals from
458:
160:who disagreed with how the
62:private–public partnerships
10:
12841:
12578:Konrad Adenauer Foundation
12428:Christian Democratic Party
10743:(London: Routledge, 1995).
10060:10.4135/9781412965811.n327
10005:", The Heritage Foundation
9386:"God in austerity Britain"
8901:. Centre for Public Impact
8597:Social Indicators Research
8028:Hayward, J. E. S. (1961).
7963:Cambridge University Press
7409:. Oxford University Press.
6723:chinahistorypodcast.libsyn
6581:. Oxford University Press.
6269:10.1525/curh.1950.18.101.1
6185:International Organization
5615:
5579:
5156:
5145:
5141:
5025:
4847:
4833:International Poverty Line
4804:as well as funds from the
4747:
4744:People's Republic of China
4712:
4599:
4595:
4517:
4513:
4464:
4389:
4378:
1355:Konrad Adenauer Foundation
1203:Christian Democratic Party
529:
367:social-welfare legislation
275:and approved by the Roman
186:
179:
175:
12686:
12617:
12603:Center for Public Justice
12544:
12463:Croatian Democratic Union
12403:American Solidarity Party
12394:
12196:
12043:
11801:
11738:
11705:
11679:
11671:Young European Socialists
11634:
11249:
11206:
11019:
11008:
10908:
10861:Resources in your library
10579:Menahem, Georges (2007).
10548:10.1080/01402380008425373
10510:Social Democratic America
10425:. Biteback. p. 448.
10311:Journal of Social History
9955:– via Marxists.org.
9870:Twi Research Paper Series
9539:10.1017/S0022050700025146
9186:– via Google Books.
8876:10.1007/s11366-012-9227-x
8609:10.1007/s11205-013-0549-7
8471:10.1017/S0043887118000096
8326:10.1017/S0022050700102347
8156:French Historical Studies
8121:French Historical Studies
8075:. Oxford UP. p. 44.
8047:10.1017/S0020859000001759
7955:Gillespie, James (1991).
7869:Year Book Australia, 1988
7585:Social Democratic America
7337:"Vichy Lives! – In a way"
7286:10.1017/S0143814X06000523
7219:10.1017/S1537592715002273
7122:10.1017/S006723780000583X
7110:Austrian History Yearbook
6883:Journal of Late Antiquity
6537:– via Google Books.
6441:Studies in Indian History
6197:10.1017/S0020818322000376
5882:State Socialism (Germany)
5857:Guaranteed minimum income
5176:
5171:
5168:
4898:, which heralded greater
4892:Labour Exchanges Act 1909
4884:Old Age Pensions Act 1908
4568:intellectuals who wanted
4475:Social security in France
4460:
4447:
4381:Welfare § By country
4182:Sexually liberal feminism
4089:Bias in American academia
3560:European Democratic Party
3016:List of liberal theorists
2414:Young European Socialists
1380:Center for Public Justice
1238:Croatian Democratic Union
1178:American Solidarity Party
357:
346:(584–644), leader of the
145:Sybil: or the Two Nations
116:'s conservative reforms.
12722:Christian libertarianism
12662:Sollicitudo rei socialis
12009:Environmental protection
11813:Catholic social teaching
11069:Environmental protection
10765:10.1177/0020715212469512
10285:jimcrowmuseum.ferris.edu
10173:Race, Gender & Class
10034:Tanner, Michael (2008).
9782:Atkinson, A. B. (1995).
9695:Kenworthy, Lane (1999).
9584:10.1177/1362480609352783
9488:New York: Bobbs-Merrill.
9467:Lester Frank Ward 1950,
9305:11.22 (1978) pp. 441–59.
8721:Dialectical Anthropology
8189:Dutton, Paul V. (2002).
8018:Retrieved: 4 March 2019.
8006:Retrieved: 4 March 2019.
7900:The Dictionary of Sydney
7894:Garton, Stephen (2008).
7472:10.1332/030557311X603592
7274:Journal of Public Policy
7207:Perspectives on Politics
6997:Crone, Patricia (2005).
6985:What Is A Welfare State?
6438:Thakur, Upendra (1989).
6389:The Edicts of King Asoka
5979:
5852:Involuntary unemployment
5817:Constitutional economics
5676:single-parent households
5094:Fair Labor Standards Act
5001:Legal Aid and Advice Act
4956:after its chairman, Sir
4952:, commonly known as the
4602:Social security in India
2841:Labor theory of property
1802:Environmental protection
1503:Christian libertarianism
1441:Sollicitudo rei socialis
777:Environmental protection
581:Catholic social teaching
525:
231:
191:
12815:Government aid programs
12568:European People's Party
12408:Austrian People's Party
11666:Socialist International
11141:Revolutionary socialism
10747:Vrooman, J Cok (2012).
10515:Oxford University Press
10357:Gilens, Martin (1999).
9807:Lindert, Peter (2004).
9667:. London and New York:
9571:Theoretical Criminology
9359:The Law Society Gazette
8981:"Silver Support Scheme"
8835:Kennedy, Scott (2011).
8674:26 October 2006 at the
7589:Oxford University Press
7546:Huber, Evelyne (2001).
7054:"Why Nationalism Works"
6575:Thapar, Romila (1961).
6401:Thapar, Romila (2003).
6145:Skocpol, Theda (1992).
5653:The Heritage Foundation
5109:spending on health care
4993:National Assistance Act
4966:National Health Service
4900:government intervention
4750:Social welfare in China
4550:Social Democratic Party
4502:and the reforms of the
4496:Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau
3550:Arab Liberal Federation
2740:Consent of the governed
2409:Socialist International
1879:Revolutionary socialism
1345:European People's Party
1183:Austrian People's Party
473:religious conservatives
401:Austro-Hungarian Empire
248:
12593:European Ideas Network
11880:Economic progressivism
11226:Evolutionary socialism
10640:Pierson, Paul (1996).
10536:West European Politics
10461:Esping-Andersen, Gøsta
10422:The Welfare of Nations
9246:"1909 People's Budget"
9155:Fraser, Derek (1984).
7732:Polytechnique Insights
6819:Erdkamp, Paul (2013).
6787:10.1098/rsif.2017.0367
6718:"Han Dynasty (Part 2)"
6689:Le, Huu Phuoc (2010).
5941:Cloward–Piven strategy
5791:
5781:
5728:
5697:
5612:Criticism and response
5602:
5148:Welfare § Effects
5120:Southern United States
5055:
4989:National Insurance Act
4921:was introduced by the
4886:, the introduction of
4868:
4806:Central Provident Fund
4652:
4341:Universal basic income
4290:Karl Kristian Steincke
3565:European Liberal Youth
3535:Africa Liberal Network
2760:Economic globalization
1974:Evolutionary socialism
1370:European Ideas Network
648:Economic progressivism
182:Welfare § History
85:enlightened absolutism
55:distribution of wealth
34:
12727:Christian nationalism
12518:Polish People's Party
12488:National Action Party
11984:Social market economy
11942:Person Dignity Theory
11855:Consistent life ethic
11818:Christian corporatism
11161:Social market economy
11099:Left-wing nationalism
10925:Frankfurt Declaration
10323:10.1353/jsh.2008.0002
10046:. Thousand Oaks, CA:
8814:. Wiley. p. 22.
8106:14 April 2019 at the
8069:Jack Hayward (2007).
7460:Policy & Politics
7391:Kahl, Sigrun (2005).
6895:10.1353/jla.2012.0015
6692:Buddhist Architecture
6629:Age Of Impreial Unity
5914:European social model
5877:Social stratification
5786:
5776:
5715:
5692:
5594:
5086:Franklin D. Roosevelt
5050:
5042:Henry Steele Commager
4985:1945 general election
4856:
4647:
4530:Chancellor of Germany
4467:Health care in France
4375:By country or region
4263:Gøsta Esping-Andersen
4261:, Danish sociologist
4207:Liberalism portal
4079:Anti-authoritarianism
3580:Liberal International
1899:Social market economy
1837:Left-wing nationalism
1665:Frankfurt Declaration
1508:Christian nationalism
1293:Polish People's Party
1263:National Action Party
752:Social market economy
710:Person Dignity Theory
623:Consistent life ethic
586:Christian corporatism
340:five pillars of Islam
134:, author of the book
24:
12810:Comparative politics
12641:Graves de communi re
12634:Populorum progressio
11661:Progressive Alliance
11216:Democratic socialism
10920:Age of Enlightenment
10661:10.1353/wp.1996.0004
10632:Pierson, P. (1994).
9252:on 30 September 2006
9049:www.straitstimes.com
8002:6 March 2019 at the
7896:"Health and welfare"
7534:Esping-Andersen 1990
7439:Esping-Andersen 1990
7190:Esping-Andersen 1990
6716:Montgomery, Laszlo.
5847:Hidden welfare state
5705:Bolshevik Revolution
5618:Criticism of welfare
4904:economic development
4794:Ministry of Manpower
4703:United Arab Emirates
3011:Age of Enlightenment
2964:Separation of powers
2536:Socialism portal
2508:Economics portal
2404:Progressive Alliance
1964:Democratic socialism
1660:Age of Enlightenment
1420:Graves de communi re
1413:Populorum progressio
532:Welfare § Forms
301:Western Roman Empire
204:. He envisioned his
12825:Christian democracy
12744:Religious democracy
12710:Christian socialism
12705:Christian communism
12700:Christian anarchism
12413:Christian Democracy
11969:Religious pluralism
11937:Option for the poor
11795:Christian democracy
11516:Liebknecht (father)
10992:Revolutions of 1848
10838:14 May 2013 at the
10787:Data and statistics
10739:Van Kersbergen, K.
10216:(58): 33–36. 2007.
10117:Ryan, Alan (2012).
10054:. pp. 540–42.
9985:Ryan, Alan (2012).
9942:Marx, Karl (1850).
9342:Power and Influence
9231:Derek Fraser 1973,
8897:Irigoyen, Claudia.
7778:"Veronique de Rugy"
7753:"Veronique de Rugy"
6871:, pp. 266–267.
6743:learnchinesehistory
6594:University of Delhi
6051:. 18 November 2023.
5842:Happiness economics
5699:In 2017, historian
5629:On the other hand,
5101:Social Security law
4612:Indian Constitution
4479:After 1830, French
4219:Politics portal
2922:Civil and political
2895:Popular sovereignty
2755:Economic liberalism
2522:Politics portal
2269:Liebknecht (father)
1926:Structural violence
1817:Institutional abuse
1732:Revolutions of 1848
1586:Christianity portal
1525:Religious democracy
1491:Christian socialism
1486:Christian communism
1481:Christian anarchism
1188:Christian Democracy
737:Religious pluralism
705:Option for the poor
557:Christian democracy
540:Christian democracy
390:Swiss welfare state
338:is also one of the
240:(203 – 157 BCE) of
12598:Schuman Foundation
11994:Sphere sovereignty
11730:Types of socialism
11719:The Internationale
11151:Social corporatism
11002:Welfare capitalism
10701:Radcliff, Benjamin
9972:Progressive Review
9610:Prisons of Poverty
9110:on 15 October 2018
9080:on 15 October 2018
9070:"Our Organisation"
8991:on 15 October 2018
8961:on 15 October 2018
8931:on 15 October 2018
8734:10.1007/BF00252116
8650:. 23 February 2001
7965:. pp. 91–99.
7651:10.1111/spol.12711
7613:Radcliff, Benjamin
6349:Disraeli, Benjamin
5973:Subsidized housing
5935:Transfer of wealth
5887:Welfare capitalism
5837:Free rider problem
5803:1973 energy crisis
5768:Jezebel stereotype
5661:culture of poverty
5132:mass incarceration
5067:Theodore Roosevelt
4977:Conservative Party
4962:National Insurance
4929:on 29 April 1910.
4798:Ministry of Health
4674:. You can help by
4637:Welfare states in
4546:accident insurance
4520:Welfare in Germany
4349:social engineering
4319:Gender and welfare
2890:Permissive society
2870:Limited government
2487:Types of socialism
2476:The Internationale
1889:Social corporatism
1742:Welfare capitalism
1375:Schuman Foundation
762:Sphere sovereignty
348:Rashidun Caliphate
328:Islamic caliphates
35:
16:Form of government
12787:
12786:
12776:Ethical socialism
12739:Liberal democracy
12648:Quadragesimo anno
12608:Paneuropean Union
12498:Nationalist Party
11957:Religious liberty
11761:
11760:
11231:Liberal socialism
11221:Ethical socialism
10997:Utopian socialism
10935:Godesberg Program
10930:French Revolution
10847:Library resources
10741:Social Capitalism
10686:on 14 April 2017.
10496:War & Society
10368:978-0-226-29364-6
10069:978-1-4129-6580-4
9678:978-0-41-567344-0
8768:978-1-4299-1899-2
8255:978-0-19-928046-9
7176:978-0-415-24187-8
6781:(136): 20170367.
6702:978-0-9844043-0-8
6675:978-1-59884-078-0
6561:978-955-24-0065-0
6361:Project Gutenberg
6237:978-0-415-24187-8
6129:978-0-19-882838-9
6090:978-0-19-882838-9
5892:Welfare economics
5872:Social protection
5827:Economic security
5822:Corporate welfare
5731:The welfare queen
5596:According to the
5573:
5572:
5065:thinkers such as
5038:Lester Frank Ward
5009:Church of England
4958:William Beveridge
4888:free school meals
4837:poverty threshold
4815:In addition, the
4692:
4691:
4526:Otto von Bismarck
4414:Fisher government
4406:Deakin government
4313:decommodification
4309:Benjamin Radcliff
4255:
4254:
4094:Bias in the media
3610:Regional variants
2927:Natural and legal
2573:
2572:
1979:Liberal socialism
1969:Ethical socialism
1737:Utopian socialism
1675:Godesberg Program
1670:French Revolution
1620:
1619:
1557:Ethical socialism
1520:Liberal democracy
1427:Quadragesimo anno
1385:Paneuropean Union
1273:Nationalist Party
725:Religious liberty
405:Eduard von Taaffe
363:Otto von Bismarck
281:Septimius Severus
140:Benjamin Disraeli
121:industrialisation
114:Otto von Bismarck
51:equal opportunity
12832:
12820:Social democracy
12771:Social democracy
12732:Theoconservatism
12669:Centesimus annus
12655:Laborem exercens
12468:Democratic Rally
12052:Arizmendiarrieta
12004:Environmentalism
11922:Multiculturalism
11870:Dignity of labor
11860:Cultural mandate
11828:Communitarianism
11823:Christian ethics
11788:
11781:
11774:
11765:
11764:
11753:Socialism portal
11743:Economics portal
11639:
11521:Liebknecht (son)
11286:Batlle y Ordóñez
11254:
11209:
11084:Internationalism
11064:Environmentalism
11014:
10913:
10903:
10901:Social democracy
10893:
10886:
10879:
10870:
10869:
10776:
10759:(5–6): 444–477.
10736:
10734:
10732:
10727:on 6 August 2020
10687:
10685:
10679:. Archived from
10646:
10618:
10616:
10585:
10559:
10491:39 (2): 101–127.
10484:
10457:
10436:
10415:
10373:
10372:
10354:
10343:
10342:
10302:
10296:
10295:
10293:
10291:
10277:
10271:
10270:
10268:
10266:
10252:The New Republic
10243:
10234:
10233:
10206:
10197:
10196:
10179:(3/4): 162–179.
10164:
10151:
10150:
10148:
10146:
10129:
10123:
10122:
10114:
10108:
10107:
10096:
10090:
10089:
10031:
10025:
10022:The Cato Journal
10015:
10006:
10000:
9991:
9990:
9982:
9976:
9975:
9963:
9957:
9956:
9954:
9952:
9939:
9933:
9932:
9930:
9915:
9906:
9900:
9899:
9897:
9895:
9880:
9874:
9873:
9861:
9855:
9854:
9852:
9850:
9833:
9827:
9826:
9814:
9804:
9798:
9797:
9779:
9773:
9772:
9744:
9735:
9734:
9732:
9710:(3): 1119–1139.
9701:
9692:
9683:
9682:
9671:. pp. 3–4.
9658:
9652:
9651:
9635:
9629:
9602:
9596:
9595:
9565:
9559:
9558:
9522:
9516:
9515:
9511:978-0-83305279-7
9495:
9489:
9482:
9476:
9465:
9459:
9452:
9446:
9445:
9441:978-1-41659318-8
9425:
9416:
9407:
9401:
9400:
9398:
9396:
9381:
9375:
9374:
9372:
9370:
9361:. Archived from
9350:
9344:
9338:
9332:
9325:
9319:
9312:
9306:
9295:
9289:
9288:
9277:Mr. Lloyd George
9268:
9262:
9261:
9259:
9257:
9242:
9236:
9229:
9223:
9222:
9205:(5): 1058–1066.
9194:
9188:
9187:
9183:978-0-19957939-6
9167:
9161:
9160:
9152:
9146:
9145:
9143:
9141:
9126:
9120:
9119:
9117:
9115:
9096:
9090:
9089:
9087:
9085:
9066:
9060:
9059:
9057:
9055:
9040:
9031:
9030:
9028:
9026:
9007:
9001:
9000:
8998:
8996:
8977:
8971:
8970:
8968:
8966:
8947:
8941:
8940:
8938:
8936:
8917:
8911:
8910:
8908:
8906:
8894:
8888:
8887:
8859:
8853:
8852:
8848:978-0-80477767-4
8832:
8826:
8825:
8821:978-1-11833938-1
8805:
8799:
8798:
8796:
8794:
8779:
8773:
8772:
8752:
8746:
8745:
8715:
8709:
8708:
8706:
8704:
8699:on 28 April 2007
8685:
8679:
8666:
8660:
8659:
8657:
8655:
8640:
8634:
8627:
8621:
8620:
8603:(3): 1295–1317.
8588:
8582:
8581:
8561:
8555:
8548:
8542:
8541:
8513:
8507:
8503:
8497:
8490:
8484:
8483:
8473:
8449:
8443:
8440:
8434:
8431:
8425:
8424:
8418:
8410:
8404:
8403:
8396:
8390:
8389:
8382:
8376:
8375:
8368:
8362:
8355:Richard J. Evans
8352:
8346:
8345:
8309:
8303:
8302:
8266:
8260:
8259:
8239:
8233:
8226:
8220:
8213:
8207:
8206:
8204:
8197:
8186:
8180:
8179:
8151:
8145:
8144:
8116:
8110:
8095:Allan Mitchell,
8093:
8087:
8086:
8066:
8060:
8059:
8049:
8025:
8019:
8013:
8007:
7994:
7985:
7984:
7952:
7946:
7945:
7943:
7941:
7930:"Welfare Review"
7925:
7916:
7915:
7913:
7911:
7891:
7885:
7884:
7882:
7880:
7861:
7850:
7849:
7847:
7845:
7830:
7824:
7823:
7821:
7819:
7812:www.creators.com
7804:
7798:
7797:
7795:
7793:
7788:on 10 April 2023
7784:. Archived from
7774:
7768:
7767:
7765:
7763:
7749:
7743:
7742:
7740:
7738:
7724:
7718:
7717:
7677:
7671:
7670:
7645:(7): 1197–1223.
7630:
7621:
7620:
7609:
7603:
7578:
7572:
7571:
7543:
7537:
7531:
7516:
7515:
7505:
7497:
7491:
7490:
7488:
7457:
7448:
7442:
7436:
7430:
7420:
7411:
7410:
7402:
7396:
7389:
7380:
7373:Richard J. Evans
7370:
7357:
7356:
7354:
7352:
7332:
7321:
7320:
7318:
7271:
7262:
7256:
7255:
7237:
7231:
7230:
7203:McDonagh, Eileen
7199:
7193:
7187:
7181:
7180:
7162:
7156:
7155:
7153:
7151:
7140:
7134:
7133:
7101:
7090:
7083:
7077:
7076:
7074:
7072:
7049:
7043:
7042:
7038:978-1-10765247-7
7022:
7013:
7012:
6994:
6988:
6981:
6975:
6972:978-0-52184742-1
6958:
6952:
6950:
6914:
6908:
6906:
6878:
6872:
6866:
6860:
6854:
6848:
6846:
6842:978-1-13902597-3
6816:
6810:
6808:
6798:
6766:
6760:
6759:
6757:
6755:
6734:
6728:
6727:
6713:
6707:
6706:
6686:
6680:
6679:
6659:
6653:
6652:
6650:
6640:
6634:
6633:
6624:
6618:
6617:
6589:
6583:
6582:
6572:
6566:
6565:
6545:
6539:
6538:
6518:
6512:
6511:
6492:
6486:
6485:
6484:
6482:
6475:978-0-07132923-1
6460:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6449:
6435:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6421:
6414:9780-1-4193742-7
6398:
6392:
6386:
6380:
6379:
6371:
6365:
6364:
6345:
6339:
6338:
6330:
6324:
6323:
6287:
6281:
6280:
6252:
6246:
6245:
6223:
6217:
6216:
6176:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6165:
6142:
6133:
6132:
6103:
6094:
6093:
6064:
6053:
6052:
6039:
6023:
6020:
6014:
6007:
6001:
5990:
5946:Transfer payment
5688:social ownership
5554:
5552:
5551:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5446:
5444:
5443:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5365:
5363:
5362:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5203:
5201:
5200:
5166:
5165:
5118:weakness in the
5082:Great Depression
4954:Beveridge Report
4938:family allowance
4756:one-child policy
4709:Nordic countries
4687:
4684:
4666:
4659:
4628:
4626:
4500:Matignon Accords
4454:welfare programs
4329:Ann Shola Orloff
4247:
4240:
4233:
4217:
4216:
4205:
4204:
4123:Economic freedom
4116:Radical centrism
2954:Secular humanism
2880:Natural monopoly
2831:Internationalism
2648:Internationalist
2598:
2575:
2574:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2534:
2533:
2520:
2519:
2506:
2505:
2274:Liebknecht (son)
2034:Batlle y Ordóñez
1921:Structural abuse
1822:Internationalism
1797:Environmentalism
1645:
1635:Social democracy
1622:
1621:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1583:
1576:
1552:Social democracy
1513:Theoconservatism
1448:Centesimus annus
1434:Laborem exercens
1243:Democratic Rally
823:Arizmendiarrieta
772:Environmentalism
690:Multiculturalism
638:Dignity of labor
628:Cultural mandate
596:Communitarianism
591:Christian ethics
567:
544:
543:
536:Social democracy
465:fascist movement
419:Great Depression
371:Imperial Germany
318:public relations
277:Plebeian Council
170:dignity of labor
69:Great Depression
12840:
12839:
12835:
12834:
12833:
12831:
12830:
12829:
12790:
12789:
12788:
12783:
12782:
12781:
12717:Christian right
12682:
12681:
12680:
12613:
12612:
12611:
12553:Catholic Action
12540:
12539:
12538:
12508:Patriotic Union
12390:
12389:
12388:
12192:
12191:
12190:
12039:
12038:
12037:
11952:Public morality
11895:Just war theory
11865:Culture of life
11797:
11792:
11762:
11757:
11748:Politics portal
11734:
11701:
11675:
11635:
11630:
11250:
11245:
11207:
11202:
11166:Socialist state
11109:Nationalization
11027:Civil liberties
11015:
11006:
10909:
10904:
10899:
10897:
10867:
10866:
10865:
10855:
10854:
10850:
10840:Wayback Machine
10789:
10784:
10779:
10730:
10728:
10683:
10644:
10614:
10583:
10568:2000 Routledge
10562:Kuhnle, Stein.
10505:Kenworthy, Lane
10481:
10454:
10433:
10381:
10379:Further reading
10376:
10369:
10355:
10346:
10303:
10299:
10289:
10287:
10279:
10278:
10274:
10264:
10262:
10244:
10237:
10208:
10207:
10200:
10165:
10154:
10144:
10142:
10130:
10126:
10115:
10111:
10100:Murray, Charles
10097:
10093:
10070:
10036:"Welfare State"
10032:
10028:
10016:
10009:
10001:
9994:
9983:
9979:
9964:
9960:
9950:
9948:
9940:
9936:
9928:
9913:
9907:
9903:
9893:
9891:
9881:
9877:
9862:
9858:
9848:
9846:
9834:
9830:
9823:
9805:
9801:
9794:
9780:
9776:
9761:10.2307/3088901
9745:
9738:
9730:
9716:10.2307/3005973
9699:
9693:
9686:
9679:
9659:
9655:
9636:
9632:
9603:
9599:
9566:
9562:
9523:
9519:
9512:
9496:
9492:
9483:
9479:
9466:
9462:
9453:
9449:
9442:
9426:
9419:
9408:
9404:
9394:
9392:
9382:
9378:
9368:
9366:
9365:on 12 June 2018
9351:
9347:
9339:
9335:
9327:Pat Thane2002,
9326:
9322:
9314:John Macnicol,
9313:
9309:
9296:
9292:
9269:
9265:
9255:
9253:
9244:
9243:
9239:
9230:
9226:
9211:10.2307/1852870
9195:
9191:
9184:
9168:
9164:
9153:
9149:
9139:
9137:
9127:
9123:
9113:
9111:
9104:singstat.gov.sg
9098:
9097:
9093:
9083:
9081:
9068:
9067:
9063:
9053:
9051:
9041:
9034:
9024:
9022:
9009:
9008:
9004:
8994:
8992:
8979:
8978:
8974:
8964:
8962:
8949:
8948:
8944:
8934:
8932:
8919:
8918:
8914:
8904:
8902:
8895:
8891:
8860:
8856:
8849:
8833:
8829:
8822:
8806:
8802:
8792:
8790:
8789:on 7 April 2014
8781:
8780:
8776:
8769:
8753:
8749:
8716:
8712:
8702:
8700:
8687:
8686:
8682:
8676:Wayback Machine
8669:Social Services
8667:
8663:
8653:
8651:
8642:
8641:
8637:
8628:
8624:
8589:
8585:
8562:
8558:
8549:
8545:
8514:
8510:
8504:
8500:
8491:
8487:
8450:
8446:
8441:
8437:
8432:
8428:
8416:
8412:
8411:
8407:
8398:
8397:
8393:
8384:
8383:
8379:
8370:
8369:
8365:
8353:
8349:
8310:
8306:
8283:10.2307/3114686
8267:
8263:
8256:
8240:
8236:
8227:
8223:
8215:E. P. Hennock,
8214:
8210:
8202:
8195:
8187:
8183:
8152:
8148:
8117:
8113:
8108:Wayback Machine
8094:
8090:
8083:
8067:
8063:
8026:
8022:
8014:
8010:
8004:Wayback Machine
7995:
7988:
7973:
7953:
7949:
7939:
7937:
7926:
7919:
7909:
7907:
7892:
7888:
7878:
7876:
7863:
7862:
7853:
7843:
7841:
7839:Mercatus Center
7831:
7827:
7817:
7815:
7806:
7805:
7801:
7791:
7789:
7776:
7775:
7771:
7761:
7759:
7757:National Review
7751:
7750:
7746:
7736:
7734:
7726:
7725:
7721:
7698:10.2307/2095903
7678:
7674:
7631:
7624:
7610:
7606:
7581:Kenworthy, Lane
7579:
7575:
7560:
7544:
7540:
7532:
7519:
7498:
7494:
7486:
7455:
7449:
7445:
7437:
7433:
7421:
7414:
7403:
7399:
7390:
7383:
7371:
7360:
7350:
7348:
7333:
7324:
7316:
7269:
7263:
7259:
7252:
7238:
7234:
7213:(4): 992–1016.
7200:
7196:
7188:
7184:
7177:
7163:
7159:
7149:
7147:
7142:
7141:
7137:
7102:
7093:
7084:
7080:
7070:
7068:
7050:
7046:
7039:
7023:
7016:
7009:
6995:
6991:
6982:
6978:
6959:
6955:
6915:
6911:
6879:
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6855:
6851:
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6813:
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6637:
6626:
6625:
6621:
6590:
6586:
6573:
6569:
6562:
6546:
6542:
6535:
6534:978-812091466-7
6519:
6515:
6508:
6494:
6493:
6489:
6480:
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6445:
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6395:
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6383:
6372:
6368:
6346:
6342:
6331:
6327:
6304:10.2307/2140421
6288:
6284:
6257:Current History
6253:
6249:
6238:
6224:
6220:
6177:
6173:
6163:
6161:
6159:
6143:
6136:
6130:
6104:
6097:
6091:
6065:
6056:
6043:"Welfare state"
6041:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6027:
6026:
6021:
6017:
6008:
6004:
5994:Georges Menahem
5991:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5812:
5733:
5701:Walter Scheidel
5651:groups such as
5620:
5614:
5584:
5578:
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5225:
5223:
5198:
5196:
5173:
5161:
5155:
5150:
5144:
5075:Frances Perkins
5034:
5026:Main articles:
5024:
4979:, and then the
4919:People's Budget
4878:Prime Minister
4852:
4846:
4808:has been used.
4777:
4765:
4752:
4746:
4726:gender equality
4717:
4711:
4688:
4682:
4679:
4672:needs expansion
4657:
4635:
4627:7,164,000 crore
4624:
4623:
4604:
4598:
4554:working classes
4528:, the powerful
4522:
4516:
4477:
4465:Main articles:
4463:
4450:
4394:
4388:
4383:
4377:
4368:Mercatus Center
4345:social policies
4338:
4321:
4251:
4211:
4199:
4192:
4191:
4074:
4066:
4065:
3868:North Macedonia
3612:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3590:Liberal parties
3528:
3520:
3519:
3310:
3302:
3301:
3032:
3022:
3021:
3006:
2996:
2995:
2991:State of nature
2979:Social services
2969:Social contract
2932:To own property
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2004:
1994:
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1950:
1904:Socialist state
1847:Nationalization
1765:Critical theory
1760:Civil liberties
1755:
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1574:Politics portal
1572:
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1564:
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1498:Christian right
1470:
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1330:Catholic Action
1324:
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1172:
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817:
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720:Public morality
663:Just war theory
633:Culture of life
575:
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528:
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441:Eileen McDonagh
437:social services
360:
330:
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164:dealt with the
125:Wohlfahrtsstaat
109:sozialpolitiker
95:or pre-modern.
81:
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12687:Related topics
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12493:National Party
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12458:Civic Platform
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12023:
12021:in Catholicism
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11991:
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11979:Social justice
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11156:Social justice
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11047:Representative
11044:
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10955:Labor movement
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10783:
10782:External links
10780:
10778:
10777:
10744:
10737:
10708:
10698:
10688:
10655:(2): 143–179.
10649:World Politics
10637:
10630:
10619:
10576:
10560:
10542:(2): 209–228.
10531:
10528:
10525:
10502:
10492:
10485:
10480:978-0069028573
10479:
10464:
10458:
10452:
10437:
10432:978-1849548304
10431:
10416:
10398:(2): 137–158.
10382:
10380:
10377:
10375:
10374:
10367:
10344:
10317:(2): 329–354.
10297:
10272:
10235:
10198:
10152:
10124:
10109:
10091:
10068:
10052:Cato Institute
10040:Hamowy, Ronald
10026:
10007:
9992:
9977:
9958:
9934:
9901:
9875:
9856:
9828:
9822:978-0521821759
9821:
9799:
9793:978-0521557962
9792:
9774:
9736:
9684:
9677:
9653:
9630:
9597:
9560:
9533:(2): 384–413.
9517:
9510:
9490:
9477:
9460:
9447:
9440:
9417:
9409:Pawel Zaleski
9402:
9376:
9345:
9333:
9320:
9307:
9290:
9272:Raymond, E. T.
9263:
9237:
9224:
9189:
9182:
9162:
9147:
9121:
9091:
9061:
9032:
9021:on 24 May 2019
9002:
8972:
8951:"Getting help"
8942:
8912:
8889:
8854:
8847:
8827:
8820:
8800:
8774:
8767:
8747:
8728:(3): 343–357.
8710:
8680:
8661:
8644:"Saudi Arabia"
8635:
8622:
8583:
8556:
8543:
8508:
8498:
8485:
8464:(4): 555–594.
8458:World Politics
8444:
8435:
8426:
8405:
8391:
8377:
8363:
8347:
8304:
8261:
8254:
8234:
8228:Hermann Beck,
8221:
8208:
8181:
8168:10.2307/286593
8146:
8133:10.2307/286694
8127:(3): 821–838.
8111:
8088:
8081:
8061:
8020:
8016:Welfare State.
8008:
7986:
7971:
7947:
7917:
7886:
7851:
7825:
7799:
7769:
7744:
7719:
7692:(3): 303–328.
7672:
7622:
7604:
7573:
7558:
7538:
7517:
7492:
7466:(4): 583–611.
7443:
7431:
7412:
7397:
7381:
7358:
7322:
7280:(3): 195–228.
7257:
7251:978-0198742005
7250:
7232:
7194:
7192:, p. 108.
7182:
7175:
7157:
7135:
7091:
7085:Moritz Busch,
7078:
7044:
7037:
7014:
7007:
6989:
6976:
6953:
6925:(2): 313–332.
6909:
6889:(2): 298–321.
6873:
6861:
6849:
6841:
6811:
6761:
6750:on 23 May 2022
6729:
6708:
6701:
6681:
6674:
6654:
6635:
6619:
6600:(2): 131–145.
6584:
6567:
6560:
6540:
6533:
6513:
6506:
6497:Indian History
6487:
6474:
6465:Indian History
6455:
6427:
6413:
6393:
6381:
6366:
6340:
6325:
6298:(4): 641–679.
6282:
6247:
6236:
6218:
6191:(2): 263–293.
6171:
6157:
6134:
6128:
6095:
6089:
6069:"Introduction"
6054:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6015:
6002:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5975:
5970:
5968:Public housing
5965:
5963:Housing estate
5960:
5954:
5953:
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5948:
5943:
5937:
5936:
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5931:
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5916:
5910:
5909:
5905:
5904:
5899:
5897:Welfare reform
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5801:following the
5732:
5729:
5672:Charles Murray
5657:Cato Institute
5624:Thomas Malthus
5616:Main article:
5613:
5610:
5577:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5567:
5564:
5561:
5558:
5544:
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5540:
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5534:
5531:
5517:
5516:
5513:
5510:
5507:
5504:
5502:United Kingdom
5490:
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5175:
5170:
5157:Main article:
5154:
5151:
5143:
5140:
5023:
5020:
4927:House of Lords
4848:Main article:
4845:
4844:United Kingdom
4842:
4776:
4773:
4764:
4761:
4748:Main article:
4745:
4742:
4713:Main article:
4710:
4707:
4690:
4689:
4669:
4667:
4656:
4653:
4634:
4631:
4600:Main article:
4597:
4594:
4518:Main article:
4515:
4512:
4510:in the 1940s.
4494:(1895–96) and
4492:Leon Bourgeois
4462:
4459:
4449:
4446:
4387:
4384:
4376:
4373:
4364:Charles Murray
4337:
4334:
4320:
4317:
4301:Lane Kenworthy
4253:
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4242:
4235:
4227:
4224:
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4222:
4221:
4209:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:Utilitarianism
4184:
4179:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4160:Libertarianism
4157:
4155:Land value tax
4152:
4151:
4150:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4128:Egalitarianism
4125:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4084:Anti-communism
4081:
4075:
4073:Related topics
4072:
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4068:
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4064:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4040:
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4029:
4027:Arizona School
4019:
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4012:
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4002:
3995:United Kingdom
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3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3122:Wollstonecraft
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2974:Social justice
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2875:Market economy
2872:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2850:
2843:
2838:
2836:Invisible hand
2833:
2828:
2826:Harm principle
2823:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2784:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2591:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2525:
2511:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2447:United Kingdom
2444:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1901:
1896:
1894:Social justice
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1785:Representative
1782:
1777:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1697:
1695:Labor movement
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1656:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1638:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1578:
1577:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1476:Christian left
1472:
1471:
1469:Related topics
1468:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1288:People's Party
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1268:National Party
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1233:Civic Platform
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
974:
973:
970:
969:
966:
965:
961:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
819:
818:
815:
814:
811:
810:
806:
805:
804:
803:
793:
792:
791:
789:in Catholicism
781:
780:
779:
774:
764:
759:
754:
749:
747:Social justice
744:
739:
734:
733:
732:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
681:
680:
675:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
619:
618:
613:
608:
598:
593:
588:
583:
577:
576:
573:
572:
569:
568:
560:
559:
553:
552:
527:
524:
460:
457:
449:patrimonialism
359:
356:
329:
326:
273:Gaius Gracchus
255:Roman Republic
250:
247:
233:
230:
193:
190:
188:
185:
177:
174:
142:'s 1845 novel
132:William Temple
80:
77:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12837:
12826:
12823:
12821:
12818:
12816:
12813:
12811:
12808:
12806:
12803:
12801:
12800:Welfare state
12798:
12797:
12795:
12777:
12774:
12773:
12772:
12769:
12765:
12762:
12760:
12757:
12755:
12752:
12750:
12747:
12746:
12745:
12742:
12740:
12737:
12733:
12730:
12728:
12725:
12723:
12720:
12719:
12718:
12715:
12711:
12708:
12706:
12703:
12701:
12698:
12697:
12696:
12693:
12689:
12685:
12678:
12677:
12673:
12671:
12670:
12666:
12664:
12663:
12659:
12657:
12656:
12652:
12650:
12649:
12645:
12643:
12642:
12638:
12636:
12635:
12631:
12629:
12628:
12627:Rerum novarum
12624:
12620:
12616:
12609:
12606:
12604:
12601:
12599:
12596:
12594:
12591:
12589:
12586:
12584:
12581:
12579:
12576:
12574:
12571:
12569:
12566:
12564:
12561:
12559:
12556:
12554:
12551:
12547:
12545:Organisations
12543:
12536:
12535:
12531:
12529:
12526:
12524:
12521:
12519:
12516:
12514:
12511:
12509:
12506:
12504:
12503:New Democracy
12501:
12499:
12496:
12494:
12491:
12489:
12486:
12484:
12481:
12479:
12476:
12474:
12471:
12469:
12466:
12464:
12461:
12459:
12456:
12454:
12451:
12449:
12446:
12444:
12441:
12439:
12436:
12434:
12431:
12429:
12426:
12424:
12421:
12419:
12416:
12414:
12411:
12409:
12406:
12404:
12401:
12397:
12393:
12386:
12383:
12381:
12378:
12376:
12373:
12371:
12370:von der Leyen
12368:
12366:
12363:
12361:
12358:
12356:
12353:
12351:
12348:
12346:
12343:
12341:
12338:
12336:
12333:
12331:
12328:
12326:
12323:
12321:
12318:
12316:
12313:
12311:
12308:
12306:
12303:
12301:
12298:
12296:
12293:
12291:
12288:
12286:
12283:
12281:
12278:
12276:
12273:
12271:
12268:
12266:
12263:
12261:
12258:
12256:
12253:
12251:
12248:
12246:
12243:
12241:
12238:
12236:
12233:
12231:
12228:
12226:
12223:
12221:
12218:
12216:
12213:
12211:
12208:
12206:
12203:
12199:
12195:
12188:
12185:
12183:
12180:
12178:
12175:
12173:
12170:
12168:
12165:
12163:
12160:
12158:
12155:
12153:
12150:
12148:
12147:Nell-Breuning
12145:
12143:
12140:
12138:
12135:
12133:
12130:
12128:
12125:
12123:
12120:
12118:
12115:
12113:
12110:
12108:
12105:
12103:
12100:
12098:
12095:
12093:
12090:
12088:
12085:
12083:
12080:
12078:
12075:
12073:
12070:
12068:
12065:
12063:
12060:
12058:
12055:
12053:
12050:
12046:
12042:
12031:
12030:
12029:
12026:
12022:
12019:
12018:
12017:
12014:
12010:
12007:
12005:
12002:
12001:
12000:
11997:
11995:
11992:
11990:
11987:
11985:
11982:
11980:
11977:
11975:
11974:Social Gospel
11972:
11970:
11967:
11963:
11960:
11959:
11958:
11955:
11953:
11950:
11948:
11945:
11943:
11940:
11938:
11935:
11933:
11930:
11928:
11927:Neo-Calvinism
11925:
11923:
11920:
11918:
11917:Mixed economy
11915:
11911:
11908:
11906:
11903:
11902:
11901:
11898:
11896:
11893:
11891:
11890:Human dignity
11888:
11886:
11883:
11881:
11878:
11876:
11873:
11871:
11868:
11866:
11863:
11861:
11858:
11856:
11853:
11849:
11846:
11844:
11841:
11839:
11836:
11835:
11834:
11831:
11829:
11826:
11824:
11821:
11819:
11816:
11814:
11811:
11810:
11806:
11804:
11800:
11796:
11789:
11784:
11782:
11777:
11775:
11770:
11769:
11766:
11754:
11751:
11749:
11746:
11744:
11741:
11740:
11737:
11731:
11728:
11726:
11723:
11720:
11716:
11714:
11711:
11710:
11708:
11704:
11698:
11697:United States
11695:
11693:
11690:
11688:
11685:
11684:
11682:
11678:
11672:
11669:
11667:
11664:
11662:
11659:
11657:
11654:
11652:
11649:
11647:
11644:
11643:
11641:
11638:
11637:Organizations
11633:
11627:
11624:
11622:
11619:
11617:
11614:
11612:
11609:
11607:
11604:
11602:
11599:
11597:
11594:
11592:
11589:
11587:
11584:
11582:
11579:
11577:
11574:
11572:
11569:
11567:
11564:
11562:
11559:
11557:
11554:
11552:
11549:
11547:
11544:
11542:
11539:
11537:
11534:
11532:
11529:
11527:
11524:
11522:
11519:
11517:
11514:
11512:
11509:
11507:
11504:
11502:
11499:
11497:
11494:
11492:
11489:
11487:
11484:
11482:
11479:
11477:
11474:
11472:
11469:
11467:
11464:
11462:
11459:
11457:
11454:
11452:
11449:
11447:
11444:
11442:
11439:
11437:
11434:
11432:
11429:
11427:
11424:
11422:
11419:
11417:
11414:
11412:
11409:
11407:
11404:
11402:
11399:
11397:
11394:
11392:
11389:
11387:
11384:
11382:
11379:
11377:
11374:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11357:
11354:
11352:
11349:
11347:
11344:
11342:
11339:
11337:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11319:
11317:
11314:
11312:
11309:
11307:
11304:
11302:
11299:
11297:
11294:
11292:
11289:
11287:
11284:
11282:
11279:
11277:
11274:
11272:
11269:
11267:
11264:
11262:
11259:
11258:
11256:
11253:
11248:
11242:
11239:
11237:
11234:
11232:
11229:
11227:
11224:
11222:
11219:
11217:
11214:
11213:
11211:
11205:
11199:
11198:Welfare state
11196:
11194:
11191:
11189:
11186:
11184:
11181:
11177:
11174:
11172:
11169:
11168:
11167:
11164:
11162:
11159:
11157:
11154:
11152:
11149:
11147:
11144:
11142:
11139:
11135:
11132:
11130:
11127:
11126:
11125:
11122:
11120:
11119:Progressivism
11117:
11115:
11112:
11110:
11107:
11105:
11104:Mixed economy
11102:
11100:
11097:
11095:
11092:
11090:
11087:
11085:
11082:
11080:
11077:
11075:
11072:
11070:
11067:
11065:
11062:
11060:
11057:
11053:
11050:
11048:
11045:
11043:
11040:
11038:
11035:
11034:
11033:
11030:
11028:
11025:
11024:
11022:
11018:
11013:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10990:
10988:
10985:
10983:
10980:
10978:
10975:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10963:
10962:
10961:
10958:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10948:
10946:
10943:
10941:
10938:
10936:
10933:
10931:
10928:
10926:
10923:
10921:
10918:
10917:
10915:
10912:
10907:
10902:
10894:
10889:
10887:
10882:
10880:
10875:
10874:
10871:
10862:
10859:
10858:
10853:
10852:Welfare state
10848:
10841:
10837:
10834:
10831:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10816:
10814:
10811:
10807:
10804:
10802:
10799:
10797:
10794:
10793:
10791:
10790:
10774:
10770:
10766:
10762:
10758:
10754:
10750:
10745:
10742:
10738:
10726:
10722:
10718:
10714:
10709:
10706:
10702:
10699:
10696:
10692:
10691:Rothstein, Bo
10689:
10682:
10678:
10674:
10670:
10666:
10662:
10658:
10654:
10650:
10643:
10638:
10635:
10631:
10628:
10624:
10620:
10613:
10609:
10605:
10601:
10597:
10594:(4): 69–103.
10593:
10589:
10582:
10577:
10575:
10571:
10567:
10566:
10561:
10557:
10553:
10549:
10545:
10541:
10537:
10532:
10529:
10526:
10524:
10520:
10516:
10513:
10511:
10506:
10503:
10501:
10497:
10493:
10490:
10486:
10482:
10476:
10472:
10471:
10465:
10462:
10459:
10455:
10453:9780199579396
10449:
10445:
10444:
10438:
10434:
10428:
10424:
10423:
10417:
10413:
10409:
10405:
10401:
10397:
10393:
10389:
10384:
10383:
10370:
10364:
10360:
10353:
10351:
10349:
10340:
10336:
10332:
10328:
10324:
10320:
10316:
10312:
10308:
10301:
10286:
10282:
10276:
10261:
10257:
10253:
10249:
10242:
10240:
10231:
10227:
10223:
10219:
10215:
10211:
10205:
10203:
10194:
10190:
10186:
10182:
10178:
10174:
10170:
10163:
10161:
10159:
10157:
10141:
10140:
10135:
10128:
10120:
10113:
10105:
10101:
10095:
10087:
10083:
10079:
10075:
10071:
10065:
10061:
10057:
10053:
10049:
10045:
10041:
10037:
10030:
10024:Vol. 16 No. 1
10023:
10020:
10017:Niskanen, A.
10014:
10012:
10004:
9999:
9997:
9988:
9981:
9973:
9969:
9962:
9947:
9946:
9938:
9927:
9923:
9919:
9912:
9905:
9890:
9886:
9879:
9871:
9867:
9860:
9845:
9844:
9839:
9832:
9824:
9818:
9813:
9812:
9803:
9795:
9789:
9785:
9778:
9770:
9766:
9762:
9758:
9754:
9750:
9743:
9741:
9729:
9725:
9721:
9717:
9713:
9709:
9705:
9704:Social Forces
9698:
9691:
9689:
9680:
9674:
9670:
9666:
9665:
9657:
9649:
9645:
9641:
9634:
9627:
9623:
9620:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9606:
9605:LoĂŻc Wacquant
9601:
9593:
9589:
9585:
9581:
9577:
9573:
9572:
9564:
9556:
9552:
9548:
9544:
9540:
9536:
9532:
9528:
9521:
9513:
9507:
9503:
9502:
9494:
9487:
9481:
9474:
9470:
9464:
9457:
9451:
9443:
9437:
9433:
9432:
9424:
9422:
9414:
9413:
9406:
9391:
9390:The Economist
9387:
9380:
9364:
9360:
9356:
9349:
9343:
9337:
9330:
9324:
9317:
9311:
9304:
9300:
9294:
9287:
9283:
9279:
9278:
9273:
9267:
9251:
9247:
9241:
9234:
9228:
9220:
9216:
9212:
9208:
9204:
9200:
9193:
9185:
9179:
9175:
9174:
9166:
9158:
9151:
9136:
9135:Bloomberg.com
9132:
9125:
9109:
9105:
9101:
9095:
9079:
9075:
9071:
9065:
9050:
9046:
9039:
9037:
9020:
9016:
9012:
9006:
8990:
8986:
8982:
8976:
8960:
8956:
8952:
8946:
8930:
8926:
8922:
8916:
8900:
8893:
8885:
8881:
8877:
8873:
8869:
8865:
8858:
8850:
8844:
8840:
8839:
8831:
8823:
8817:
8813:
8812:
8804:
8788:
8784:
8778:
8770:
8764:
8760:
8759:
8751:
8743:
8739:
8735:
8731:
8727:
8723:
8722:
8714:
8698:
8694:
8690:
8684:
8677:
8673:
8670:
8665:
8649:
8645:
8639:
8632:
8626:
8618:
8614:
8610:
8606:
8602:
8598:
8594:
8587:
8579:
8575:
8571:
8567:
8560:
8553:
8547:
8539:
8535:
8531:
8527:
8524:(2): 67–100.
8523:
8519:
8512:
8502:
8495:
8489:
8481:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8463:
8459:
8455:
8448:
8439:
8430:
8422:
8415:
8409:
8401:
8395:
8387:
8381:
8373:
8367:
8360:
8356:
8351:
8343:
8339:
8335:
8331:
8327:
8323:
8319:
8315:
8308:
8300:
8296:
8292:
8288:
8284:
8280:
8276:
8272:
8265:
8257:
8251:
8247:
8246:
8238:
8231:
8225:
8218:
8212:
8201:
8194:
8193:
8185:
8177:
8173:
8169:
8165:
8161:
8157:
8150:
8142:
8138:
8134:
8130:
8126:
8122:
8115:
8109:
8105:
8102:
8098:
8092:
8084:
8082:9780199216314
8078:
8074:
8073:
8065:
8057:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8039:
8035:
8031:
8024:
8017:
8012:
8005:
8001:
7998:
7993:
7991:
7982:
7978:
7974:
7972:9780521523226
7968:
7964:
7961:. Cambridge:
7960:
7959:
7951:
7935:
7931:
7924:
7922:
7905:
7901:
7897:
7890:
7874:
7870:
7866:
7860:
7858:
7856:
7840:
7836:
7829:
7814:. 4 June 2020
7813:
7809:
7803:
7787:
7783:
7779:
7773:
7758:
7754:
7748:
7733:
7729:
7723:
7715:
7711:
7707:
7703:
7699:
7695:
7691:
7687:
7683:
7676:
7668:
7664:
7660:
7656:
7652:
7648:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7629:
7627:
7618:
7614:
7608:
7601:
7598:
7594:
7590:
7586:
7582:
7577:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7559:0-226-35646-9
7555:
7551:
7550:
7542:
7536:, p. 228
7535:
7530:
7528:
7526:
7524:
7522:
7513:
7509:
7508:The Telegraph
7504:
7496:
7485:
7481:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7465:
7461:
7454:
7447:
7441:, p. 228
7440:
7435:
7428:
7424:
7419:
7417:
7408:
7401:
7394:
7388:
7386:
7378:
7374:
7369:
7367:
7365:
7363:
7346:
7342:
7338:
7331:
7329:
7327:
7315:
7311:
7307:
7303:
7299:
7295:
7291:
7287:
7283:
7279:
7275:
7268:
7261:
7253:
7247:
7243:
7236:
7228:
7224:
7220:
7216:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7198:
7191:
7186:
7178:
7172:
7168:
7161:
7145:
7139:
7131:
7127:
7123:
7119:
7115:
7111:
7107:
7100:
7098:
7096:
7088:
7082:
7067:
7063:
7059:
7055:
7048:
7040:
7034:
7030:
7029:
7021:
7019:
7010:
7008:0-7486-2194-6
7004:
7000:
6993:
6986:
6980:
6973:
6969:
6966:
6962:
6957:
6948:
6944:
6940:
6936:
6932:
6928:
6924:
6920:
6913:
6904:
6900:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6884:
6877:
6870:
6865:
6858:
6853:
6844:
6838:
6834:
6830:
6826:
6822:
6815:
6806:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6788:
6784:
6780:
6776:
6772:
6765:
6749:
6745:
6744:
6739:
6733:
6725:
6724:
6719:
6712:
6704:
6698:
6694:
6693:
6685:
6677:
6671:
6667:
6666:
6658:
6647:
6646:
6639:
6631:
6630:
6623:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6588:
6580:
6579:
6571:
6563:
6557:
6553:
6552:
6544:
6536:
6530:
6526:
6525:
6517:
6509:
6507:9780071329231
6503:
6499:
6498:
6491:
6477:
6471:
6467:
6466:
6459:
6443:
6442:
6434:
6432:
6416:
6410:
6406:
6405:
6397:
6390:
6385:
6377:
6370:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6344:
6336:
6329:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6286:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6251:
6244:
6239:
6233:
6229:
6222:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6175:
6160:
6158:9780674717664
6154:
6150:
6149:
6141:
6139:
6131:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6102:
6100:
6092:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6063:
6061:
6059:
6050:
6049:
6044:
6038:
6034:
6019:
6012:
6006:
5999:
5995:
5989:
5985:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5958:Council house
5956:
5955:
5951:
5950:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5934:
5933:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5907:
5906:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5867:Social policy
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5807:
5804:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5771:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5756:
5754:
5748:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5737:welfare queen
5727:
5725:
5720:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5706:
5702:
5696:
5691:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5678:, and crime.
5677:
5673:
5669:
5668:Losing Ground
5664:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5636:
5632:
5627:
5625:
5619:
5609:
5607:
5601:
5599:
5593:
5590:
5583:
5568:
5565:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5546:
5545:
5541:
5538:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5529:United States
5519:
5518:
5514:
5511:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5492:
5491:
5487:
5484:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5465:
5464:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5438:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5411:
5410:
5406:
5403:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5384:
5383:
5379:
5376:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5357:
5356:
5352:
5349:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5330:
5329:
5325:
5322:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5303:
5302:
5298:
5295:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5276:
5275:
5271:
5268:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5249:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5222:
5221:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5195:
5194:
5191:Post-welfare
5190:
5187:
5185:Post-welfare
5184:
5181:
5180:
5167:
5164:
5160:
5149:
5139:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5124:LoĂŻc Wacquant
5121:
5117:
5112:
5110:
5105:
5102:
5097:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5078:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5059:comprehensive
5054:
5049:
5045:
5043:
5039:
5033:
5029:
5022:United States
5019:
5017:
5012:
5010:
5004:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4973:Liberal Party
4969:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4946:
4944:
4939:
4935:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4915:
4913:
4910:setting up a
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4890:in 1909, the
4889:
4885:
4881:
4880:H. H. Asquith
4877:
4873:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4855:
4851:
4841:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4827:. Taking the
4826:
4822:
4818:
4813:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4786:
4782:
4772:
4770:
4760:
4757:
4751:
4741:
4739:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4722:
4716:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4686:
4683:November 2022
4677:
4673:
4670:This section
4668:
4665:
4661:
4660:
4651:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4639:Latin America
4633:Latin America
4630:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4603:
4593:
4591:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4558:German Empire
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4521:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4504:Popular Front
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4488:
4482:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4458:
4455:
4445:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4402:
4400:
4399:Labor parties
4393:
4382:
4372:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4333:
4330:
4325:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4305:
4302:
4297:
4295:
4294:Gustav Möller
4291:
4287:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4248:
4243:
4241:
4236:
4234:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4143:Individualism
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4109:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4022:United States
4020:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3622:Latin America
3620:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3606:
3605:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3527:Organizations
3524:
3523:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
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2984:Welfare state
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2847:Laissez-faire
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2382:Organizations
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2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
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1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1955:
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1947:
1946:Welfare state
1944:
1942:
1939:
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1932:
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1857:Progressivism
1855:
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1842:Mixed economy
1840:
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1417:
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1410:
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1407:
1406:Rerum novarum
1403:
1402:
1395:
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1378:
1376:
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1368:
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1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1323:Organizations
1320:
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1299:
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1278:New Democracy
1276:
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1199:
1196:
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1176:
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1168:
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1159:
1156:
1154:
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1149:
1146:
1144:
1143:von der Leyen
1141:
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1121:
1119:
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1021:
1019:
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1014:
1011:
1009:
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989:
986:
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949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
918:Nell-Breuning
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
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869:
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773:
770:
769:
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763:
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758:
755:
753:
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748:
745:
743:
742:Social Gospel
740:
738:
735:
731:
728:
727:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
695:Neo-Calvinism
693:
691:
688:
686:
685:Mixed economy
683:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
658:Human dignity
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
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634:
631:
629:
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624:
621:
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584:
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566:
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546:
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541:
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533:
523:
520:
516:
512:
510:
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501:
499:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
469:Robert Paxton
466:
456:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
431:
430:
429:laissez-faire
425:
420:
415:
413:
412:conservatives
410:
406:
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
355:
353:
349:
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167:
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155:
154:Young England
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
133:
128:
126:
122:
117:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
96:
94:
90:
86:
76:
74:
70:
65:
63:
58:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
39:welfare state
32:
28:
23:
19:
12674:
12667:
12660:
12653:
12646:
12639:
12632:
12625:
12532:
12483:Kataeb Party
12453:Centre Party
12112:John Paul II
12044:Philosophers
12016:Subsidiarity
11905:Conservative
11875:Distributism
11833:Conservatism
11197:
11094:Labor rights
10977:Nordic model
10950:Keynesianism
10851:
10756:
10752:
10740:
10729:. Retrieved
10725:the original
10720:
10716:
10704:
10694:
10681:the original
10652:
10648:
10633:
10622:
10591:
10587:
10563:
10539:
10535:
10508:
10495:
10488:
10469:
10442:
10421:
10395:
10391:
10358:
10314:
10310:
10300:
10288:. Retrieved
10284:
10275:
10263:. Retrieved
10251:
10213:
10176:
10172:
10143:. Retrieved
10137:
10127:
10118:
10112:
10103:
10094:
10043:
10029:
10021:
9986:
9980:
9971:
9961:
9949:. Retrieved
9944:
9937:
9921:
9917:
9904:
9892:. Retrieved
9889:The Guardian
9888:
9878:
9869:
9859:
9847:. Retrieved
9841:
9831:
9810:
9802:
9783:
9777:
9755:(1): 22–51.
9752:
9748:
9707:
9703:
9663:
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9643:
9633:
9608:
9600:
9575:
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9563:
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9520:
9500:
9493:
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9480:
9472:
9468:
9463:
9455:
9450:
9430:
9411:
9405:
9393:. Retrieved
9389:
9379:
9367:. Retrieved
9363:the original
9358:
9348:
9341:
9336:
9328:
9323:
9315:
9310:
9302:
9297:Jane Lewis,
9293:
9285:
9276:
9266:
9254:. Retrieved
9250:the original
9240:
9232:
9227:
9202:
9198:
9192:
9172:
9165:
9156:
9150:
9138:. Retrieved
9134:
9124:
9112:. Retrieved
9108:the original
9103:
9094:
9082:. Retrieved
9078:the original
9073:
9064:
9052:. Retrieved
9048:
9023:. Retrieved
9019:the original
9014:
9005:
8993:. Retrieved
8989:the original
8984:
8975:
8963:. Retrieved
8959:the original
8954:
8945:
8933:. Retrieved
8929:the original
8924:
8915:
8903:. Retrieved
8892:
8870:(1): 61–85.
8867:
8863:
8857:
8837:
8830:
8810:
8803:
8791:. Retrieved
8787:the original
8777:
8757:
8750:
8725:
8719:
8713:
8701:. Retrieved
8697:the original
8692:
8683:
8664:
8652:. Retrieved
8647:
8638:
8630:
8625:
8600:
8596:
8586:
8569:
8565:
8559:
8546:
8521:
8517:
8511:
8501:
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8488:
8461:
8457:
8447:
8438:
8429:
8420:
8408:
8394:
8380:
8366:
8358:
8350:
8320:(1): 59–70.
8317:
8313:
8307:
8277:(1): 40–64.
8274:
8270:
8264:
8244:
8237:
8229:
8224:
8216:
8211:
8200:the original
8191:
8184:
8162:(1): 47–78.
8159:
8155:
8149:
8124:
8120:
8114:
8096:
8091:
8071:
8064:
8040:(1): 19–48.
8037:
8033:
8023:
8011:
7957:
7950:
7938:. Retrieved
7908:. Retrieved
7899:
7889:
7877:. Retrieved
7868:
7842:. Retrieved
7838:
7828:
7816:. Retrieved
7811:
7802:
7790:. Retrieved
7786:the original
7781:
7772:
7760:. Retrieved
7756:
7747:
7735:. Retrieved
7731:
7722:
7689:
7685:
7675:
7642:
7638:
7616:
7607:
7584:
7576:
7548:
7541:
7507:
7495:
7463:
7459:
7446:
7434:
7426:
7423:Bo Rothstein
7406:
7400:
7392:
7376:
7349:. Retrieved
7340:
7277:
7273:
7260:
7241:
7235:
7210:
7206:
7197:
7185:
7166:
7160:
7148:. Retrieved
7138:
7113:
7109:
7086:
7081:
7069:. Retrieved
7057:
7047:
7027:
6998:
6992:
6979:
6964:
6961:Helen Lovatt
6956:
6922:
6918:
6912:
6886:
6882:
6876:
6869:Erdkamp 2013
6864:
6852:
6847:pp. 262–264.
6824:
6814:
6778:
6774:
6764:
6752:. Retrieved
6748:the original
6741:
6732:
6721:
6711:
6695:. Grafikol.
6691:
6684:
6668:. ABC-CLIO.
6664:
6657:
6644:
6638:
6628:
6622:
6597:
6593:
6587:
6577:
6570:
6550:
6543:
6523:
6516:
6496:
6490:
6479:, retrieved
6464:
6458:
6446:. Retrieved
6440:
6418:. Retrieved
6403:
6396:
6391:, Colostate.
6384:
6375:
6369:
6356:
6353:"Chapter 14"
6343:
6334:
6328:
6295:
6291:
6285:
6263:(101): 1–7.
6260:
6256:
6250:
6241:
6227:
6221:
6188:
6184:
6174:
6162:. Retrieved
6147:
6111:
6108:"Governance"
6072:
6046:
6037:
6018:
6005:
5998:Menahem 2007
5988:
5919:Nordic model
5796:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5757:
5749:
5745:dog-whistles
5734:
5718:
5716:
5708:
5698:
5693:
5680:
5667:
5666:In the book
5665:
5645:Conservative
5643:
5639:
5634:
5628:
5621:
5603:
5595:
5585:
5364:
5188:Pre-welfare
5182:Pre-welfare
5162:
5136:
5113:
5106:
5098:
5079:
5071:Thomas Dewey
5056:
5051:
5046:
5035:
5013:
5005:
4981:Labour Party
4970:
4949:
4947:
4931:
4916:
4869:
4857:
4853:
4814:
4810:
4778:
4766:
4753:
4734:
4718:
4715:Nordic model
4695:Saudi Arabia
4693:
4680:
4676:adding to it
4671:
4648:
4644:
4636:
4620:
4605:
4577:Adolf Hitler
4574:
4523:
4508:Vichy regime
4485:
4478:
4451:
4435:
4431:
4424:
4418:
4409:
4403:
4395:
4357:
4339:
4327:Sociologist
4326:
4322:
4306:
4299:Sociologist
4298:
4286:Bo Rothstein
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4258:
4256:
4177:Pirate Party
4037:Jeffersonian
3945:South Africa
3435:Lloyd George
3030:Philosophers
2983:
2937:To bear arms
2885:Open society
2845:
2616:Conservative
2527:
2513:
2499:
1945:
1832:Labor rights
1717:Nordic model
1690:Keynesianism
1453:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1307:
1258:Kataeb Party
1228:Centre Party
883:John Paul II
816:Philosophers
800:
784:Subsidiarity
673:Conservative
643:Distributism
601:Conservatism
521:
517:
513:
509:World War II
502:
485:Adolf Hitler
477:trade unions
462:
453:
427:
416:
398:
383:
361:
333:
331:
313:
307:
305:
270:
260:Cura Annonae
258:
252:
235:
225:Ashokavadana
223:
212:
205:
195:
149:
144:
135:
129:
124:
118:
108:
103:
97:
93:mercantilist
82:
73:World War II
66:
59:
53:, equitable
38:
36:
18:
12676:Laudato si'
12473:Fianna Fáil
12305:Mikołajczyk
12197:Politicians
11999:Stewardship
11932:Neo-Thomism
11885:Familialism
11843:Progressive
11188:Tripartisme
11183:Trade union
11089:Land reform
10970:Revisionist
9924:(2): 3–20.
9894:28 November
9395:19 December
9340:Beveridge,
9331:pp. 267–68.
9074:ncss.gov.sg
8693:mofa.gov.sa
8572:: S22–S36.
7940:23 December
7910:23 December
7879:23 December
7818:11 February
7294:10419/31604
7146:(in German)
6376:Medievalism
6374:Alexander.
5862:Nanny state
5832:Flexicurity
5799:stagflation
5753:food stamps
5649:libertarian
5367:Switzerland
5259:Netherlands
5116:labor-union
5063:progressive
4866:to welfare.
4769:Jana Saviya
4730:egalitarian
4655:Middle East
4005:Gladstonian
3965:Switzerland
3950:South Korea
3893:Philippines
3853:New Zealand
3848:Netherlands
3505:Verhofstadt
3500:Balcerowicz
3309:Politicians
3237:Collingwood
3177:Tocqueville
3052:Montesquieu
2944:Rule of law
2745:Due process
1931:Trade union
1827:Land reform
1710:Revisionist
1455:Laudato si'
1248:Fianna Fáil
1078:Mikołajczyk
971:Politicians
767:Stewardship
700:Neo-Thomism
653:Familialism
611:Progressive
386:Switzerland
369:, in 1880s
352:Bayt al-mal
242:Han Dynasty
238:Emperor Wen
104:sozialstaat
12805:Capitalism
12794:Categories
12528:VMRO-DPMNE
12385:Windthorst
12290:Mazowiecki
12230:De Gasperi
12082:Dooyeweerd
12072:Chesterton
11989:Solidarity
11947:Popularism
11900:Liberalism
11803:Principles
11621:Woodsworth
11446:Hilferding
11306:Betancourt
11296:Ben-Gurion
11171:Capitalism
11146:Secularism
11079:Gradualism
11074:Fair trade
11042:Industrial
10731:30 January
10574:041521291X
10523:0199322511
10078:2008009151
9626:0816639019
9114:15 October
9084:15 October
9025:15 October
9015:moh.gov.sg
9011:"MediFund"
8995:15 October
8985:mom.gov.sg
8965:15 October
8955:cdc.org.sg
8935:15 October
8925:msf.gov.sg
8678:, Saudinf.
8421:cag.gov.in
7597:0199322511
7150:8 December
7116:: 77–107.
6030:References
5580:See also:
5146:See also:
5128:neoliberal
4906:, and the
4829:World Bank
4701:, and the
4581:Nazi Party
4570:free trade
4481:liberalism
4390:See also:
4379:See also:
4133:Empiricism
4104:Democratic
4099:Capitalism
4010:Manchester
3843:Montenegro
3828:Luxembourg
3764:Venizelism
3694:Costa Rica
2949:Secularism
2782:Federalism
2734:Principles
2626:Democratic
2588:Liberalism
2189:Hilferding
2054:Betancourt
2044:Ben-Gurion
1936:Tripartism
1909:Capitalism
1884:Secularism
1812:Gradualism
1807:Fair trade
1780:Industrial
1303:VMRO-DPMNE
1158:Windthorst
1063:Mazowiecki
1003:De Gasperi
853:Dooyeweerd
843:Chesterton
757:Solidarity
715:Popularism
668:Liberalism
574:Principles
530:See also:
489:Nazi Party
433:capitalism
180:See also:
89:absolutist
47:well-being
12618:Documents
12478:Fine Gael
12365:Vogelsang
12360:Tindemans
12330:Pöttering
12210:Andreotti
12182:Vogelsang
12127:Lamennais
11725:Socialism
11713:Communism
11680:By region
11626:Zhordania
11566:Plekhanov
11531:MacDonald
11526:Luxemburg
11421:Gaitskell
11381:Daszyński
11341:Callaghan
11301:Bernstein
11241:Third Way
11176:Socialism
11134:Socialism
11124:Reformism
11059:Dirigisme
11032:Democracy
10987:Socialism
10773:154903810
10556:153443503
10412:154811175
10331:0022-4529
10260:0028-6583
10222:1077-3711
10185:1082-8354
10086:750831024
9951:5 January
9669:Routledge
9592:145694058
9578:(1): 68.
9555:154931829
9286:April 29.
9256:6 October
8921:"ComCare"
8742:153891759
8617:154720035
8538:153771264
8480:0043-8871
8342:154067344
8299:154458964
7782:GTNF 2023
7667:233887743
7659:0144-5596
7480:146986126
7302:0143-814X
7227:146441936
7130:143805293
7071:30 August
7066:0015-7120
6947:154086889
6903:161127852
6614:143362618
6481:30 August
6448:30 August
6420:30 August
6312:0032-3195
6277:249690140
6213:256724058
6205:0020-8183
6009:See also
5929:Third Way
5683:Alan Ryan
5631:Karl Marx
5475:Australia
4781:Singapore
4775:Singapore
4763:Sri Lanka
4452:Canada's
4433:in 1945.
4416:in 1912.
4386:Australia
4148:Anarchist
4056:Venezuela
4032:Classical
4000:Cobdenism
3903:Cracovian
3858:Nicaragua
3823:Lithuania
3682:Hong Kong
3637:Australia
3475:Roosevelt
3445:StĂĄhlberg
3440:Venizelos
3395:Sarmiento
3385:Gladstone
3345:Lamartine
3315:Jefferson
3167:Martineau
3117:De Gouges
3102:Condorcet
3087:Priestley
2750:Democracy
2722:Third Way
2683:Christian
2678:Religious
2611:Classical
2482:Socialism
2470:Communism
2431:By region
2369:Zhordania
2314:Plekhanov
2284:MacDonald
2279:Luxemburg
2164:Gaitskell
2124:Daszyński
2089:Callaghan
2049:Bernstein
1989:Third Way
1914:Socialism
1872:Socialism
1862:Reformism
1792:Dirigisme
1770:Democracy
1727:Socialism
1398:Documents
1253:Fine Gael
1138:Vogelsang
1133:Tindemans
1103:Pöttering
983:Andreotti
953:Vogelsang
898:Lamennais
500:by 1939.
481:socialism
445:Max Weber
424:communism
379:Reichstag
285:olive oil
79:Etymology
12749:Buddhist
12320:Pastrana
12265:Korfanty
12255:Ketteler
12205:Adenauer
12187:Williams
12177:Tischner
12137:Maritain
12132:Leo XIII
12122:Korfanty
12117:Ketteler
12107:Habsburg
12087:Gebhardt
12067:Berggrav
11591:Stauning
11511:LĂ©vesque
11496:Lassalle
11476:Kerensky
11466:Katayama
11431:González
11366:Crosland
11346:Cárdenas
11331:Branting
11261:Ambedkar
11208:Variants
11037:Economic
11020:Concepts
10965:Orthodox
10940:Humanism
10836:Archived
10677:55860810
10669:25053959
10612:Archived
10608:64361693
10517:(2014).
10339:25096482
10290:29 March
10265:29 March
10230:25073820
10193:41674659
10102:(1984).
9926:Archived
9843:HuffPost
9728:Archived
9617:(2009).
9274:(1922).
9140:30 April
9054:30 April
8884:18306913
8672:Archived
8357:(2005).
8104:Archived
8056:44581447
8000:Archived
7981:49638492
7934:Archived
7904:Archived
7873:Archived
7714:53453651
7615:(2013).
7583:(2014).
7568:45276711
7512:Archived
7484:Archived
7345:Archived
7314:Archived
7310:38187155
6805:29142013
6754:9 August
6164:21 March
5810:See also
5724:Cold War
5655:and the
5169:Country
5090:New Deal
4864:inimical
4835:(IPL)'s
4738:taxation
4721:policies
4556:for the
4542:pensions
4437:Medicare
4138:Humanism
4111:Centrism
4061:Zimbabwe
4015:Whiggism
3975:Thailand
3940:Slovenia
3935:Slovakia
3910:Portugal
3883:Paraguay
3806:Liberism
3771:Honduras
3689:Colombia
3662:Bulgaria
3455:Rathenau
3430:Milyukov
3350:Macaulay
3320:Kołłątaj
3292:Kymlicka
3272:Friedman
3217:Cassirer
3207:Hobhouse
3142:Constant
3137:Humboldt
3097:Beccaria
3062:Rousseau
3057:Voltaire
2900:Property
2863:Positive
2858:Negative
2814:Religion
2792:Economic
2765:Equality
2688:Catholic
2658:National
2653:Muscular
2631:Feminist
2621:Cultural
2580:a series
2578:Part of
2339:Stauning
2264:LĂ©vesque
2249:Lassalle
2229:Kerensky
2219:Katayama
2209:Jumblatt
2174:González
2109:Crosland
2094:Cárdenas
2079:Branting
2009:Ambedkar
1958:Variants
1775:Economic
1754:Concepts
1705:Orthodox
1680:Humanism
1627:a series
1625:Part of
1530:Buddhist
1093:Pastrana
1038:Korfanty
1028:Ketteler
978:Adenauer
958:Williams
948:Tischner
908:Maritain
903:Leo XIII
893:Korfanty
888:Ketteler
878:Habsburg
858:Gebhardt
838:Berggrav
549:a series
547:Part of
459:Analysis
409:Catholic
289:Aurelian
215:Buddhism
196:Emperor
12754:Islamic
12395:Parties
12350:Strauss
12340:Schuman
12325:Pethrus
12315:Quadros
12300:Metsola
12285:Martens
12225:Caldera
12157:Pius XI
12142:Mounier
12028:Welfare
11838:Liberal
11706:Related
11692:Germany
11687:Austria
11611:Whitlam
11601:Den Uyl
11581:Sanders
11576:Russell
11546:Morales
11536:Mandela
11471:Kautsky
11456:Jenkins
11436:Goulart
11391:Douglas
11281:Awolowo
11266:Allende
11193:Welfare
11052:Marxist
10960:Marxism
10911:History
10717:Renewal
10703:(2013)
10145:9 April
10042:(ed.).
9849:2 April
9769:3088901
9724:3005973
9547:2566376
9369:10 June
9318:(1980).
9219:1852870
8793:2 April
8703:23 July
8654:23 July
8334:2114256
8291:3114686
8099:(1991)
7844:3 April
7792:7 April
7762:7 April
7737:3 April
7706:2095903
6951:p. 316.
6939:4502066
6796:5721147
6320:2140421
5952:Housing
5448:Belgium
5340:Germany
5313:Denmark
5286:Finland
5142:Effects
4876:Liberal
4860:statism
4566:liberal
4534:Prussia
4514:Germany
4441:Whitlam
4353:freedom
4051:Uruguay
3990:Ukraine
3980:Tunisia
3925:Senegal
3915:Romania
3863:Nigeria
3838:Moldova
3781:Iceland
3776:Hungary
3754:Germany
3749:Georgia
3739:Finland
3734:Estonia
3724:Ecuador
3719:Denmark
3714:Czechia
3699:Croatia
3652:Bolivia
3647:Belgium
3642:Austria
3632:Armenia
3627:Albania
3495:Jenkins
3490:Kennedy
3480:Pearson
3465:Einaudi
3450:Gokhale
3410:Itagaki
3405:Naoroji
3400:Mommsen
3380:Lincoln
3370:Mazzini
3355:Kossuth
3340:Broglie
3335:BolĂvar
3330:Artigas
3325:Madison
3187:Spencer
3172:Emerson
3162:Bastiat
3147:Ricardo
3107:Bentham
3047:Spinoza
3004:History
2905:Private
2853:Liberty
2787:Freedom
2707:Secular
2695:Islamic
2673:Radical
2605:Schools
2464:Related
2442:Germany
2437:Austria
2359:Whitlam
2349:Den Uyl
2329:Sanders
2324:Russell
2289:Mandela
2224:Kautsky
2204:Jenkins
2179:Goulart
2134:Douglas
2029:Awolowo
2014:Allende
1941:Welfare
1700:Marxism
1653:History
1535:Islamic
1171:Parties
1123:Strauss
1113:Schuman
1098:Pethrus
1088:Quadros
1073:Metsola
1058:Martens
998:Caldera
928:Pius XI
913:Mounier
796:Welfare
606:Liberal
505:Marxism
447:called
399:In the
187:Ancient
176:History
12764:Mormon
12759:Jewish
12375:Wałęsa
12355:Sturzo
12295:Merkel
12275:Kuyper
12250:Joseph
12235:Erhard
12172:Sturzo
12097:Görres
12092:Gilson
12062:Belloc
12057:Baader
11848:Social
11616:Wilson
11596:Thomas
11586:Savage
11551:Myrdal
11501:Layton
11481:KĂ©thly
11461:Junmai
11451:Jaurès
11441:Hardie
11426:Gandhi
11416:Fraser
11411:Engels
11406:Ecevit
11376:Curtin
11371:Corbyn
11351:Chávez
11326:Brandt
11311:Bhutto
11276:Attlee
11271:Ardern
11252:People
10849:about
10771:
10675:
10667:
10627:online
10606:
10572:
10554:
10521:
10500:online
10477:
10450:
10429:
10410:
10365:
10337:
10329:
10258:
10228:
10220:
10191:
10183:
10084:
10076:
10066:
9819:
9790:
9767:
9722:
9675:
9624:
9590:
9553:
9545:
9508:
9438:
9217:
9180:
8905:13 May
8882:
8845:
8818:
8765:
8740:
8615:
8536:
8478:
8340:
8332:
8297:
8289:
8252:
8232:(1995)
8219:(2007)
8176:286593
8174:
8141:286694
8139:
8101:online
8079:
8054:
7979:
7969:
7712:
7704:
7665:
7657:
7595:
7566:
7556:
7478:
7351:16 May
7308:
7300:
7248:
7225:
7173:
7128:
7064:
7035:
7005:
6970:
6945:
6937:
6901:
6839:
6809:p. 10.
6803:
6793:
6699:
6672:
6612:
6558:
6531:
6504:
6472:
6411:
6318:
6310:
6275:
6234:
6211:
6203:
6155:
6126:
6087:
5908:Models
5760:gender
5553:
5526:
5499:
5472:
5445:
5421:France
5418:
5394:Canada
5391:
5337:
5310:
5283:
5256:
5232:Norway
5229:
5205:Sweden
5202:
5073:, and
4975:, the
4894:, the
4874:under
4699:Kuwait
4562:tariff
4538:Saxony
4473:, and
4461:France
4448:Canada
4044:Modern
3985:Turkey
3970:Taiwan
3960:Sweden
3930:Serbia
3920:Russia
3898:Poland
3878:Panama
3873:Norway
3833:Mexico
3818:Latvia
3796:Israel
3759:Greece
3744:France
3709:Cyprus
3667:Canada
3657:Brazil
3617:Europe
3515:Macron
3460:Madero
3425:Deakin
3415:Levski
3390:Cavour
3375:Juárez
3365:Cobden
3297:Badawi
3287:Nozick
3267:Berlin
3257:Popper
3232:Keynes
3227:Ortega
3192:Arnold
3152:Guizot
3112:Korais
3077:Turgot
3037:Milton
2917:Rights
2910:Public
2819:Speech
2797:Market
2770:Gender
2717:Techno
2712:Social
2700:Jewish
2636:Equity
2364:Wilson
2344:Thomas
2334:Savage
2299:Myrdal
2254:Layton
2234:KĂ©thly
2214:Junmai
2199:Jaurès
2184:Hardie
2169:Gandhi
2159:Fraser
2154:Engels
2149:Ecevit
2119:Curtin
2114:Corbyn
2074:Brandt
2059:Bhutto
2024:Attlee
2019:Ardern
2002:People
1584:
1545:Mormon
1540:Jewish
1148:Wałęsa
1128:Sturzo
1068:Merkel
1048:Kuyper
1023:Joseph
1008:Erhard
943:Sturzo
868:Görres
863:Gilson
833:Belloc
828:Baader
616:Social
538:, and
507:after
394:canton
375:Junker
358:Modern
266:Empire
207:dharma
198:Ashoka
158:Tories
100:German
12380:Weber
12345:Söder
12335:Prodi
12280:Letta
12245:Groen
12220:Buzek
12167:Stein
12162:Röpke
12152:Pesch
12102:Groen
12032:State
11571:Prodi
11561:Palme
11556:Nehru
11506:Lenin
11491:Lagos
11401:Ebert
11396:Drees
11361:Craxi
11356:Clark
11336:Brown
11321:Blanc
11316:Blair
11291:Bebel
10792:OECD
10769:S2CID
10684:(PDF)
10673:S2CID
10665:JSTOR
10645:(PDF)
10615:(PDF)
10604:S2CID
10584:(PDF)
10552:S2CID
10408:S2CID
10335:JSTOR
10226:JSTOR
10189:JSTOR
10038:. In
9929:(PDF)
9914:(PDF)
9765:JSTOR
9731:(PDF)
9720:JSTOR
9700:(PDF)
9619:p. 55
9588:S2CID
9551:S2CID
9543:JSTOR
9469:Forum
9215:JSTOR
8880:S2CID
8738:S2CID
8613:S2CID
8534:S2CID
8506:Norte
8417:(PDF)
8338:S2CID
8330:JSTOR
8295:S2CID
8287:JSTOR
8203:(PDF)
8196:(PDF)
8172:JSTOR
8137:JSTOR
8052:JSTOR
7710:S2CID
7702:JSTOR
7663:S2CID
7487:(PDF)
7476:S2CID
7456:(PDF)
7317:(PDF)
7306:S2CID
7270:(PDF)
7223:S2CID
7126:S2CID
6943:S2CID
6935:JSTOR
6899:S2CID
6649:(PDF)
6610:S2CID
6357:Sybil
6316:JSTOR
6273:S2CID
6261:XVIII
6209:S2CID
5980:Notes
5789:poor…
5764:class
5556:Italy
5542:15.1
5407:11.9
5272:11.5
4596:India
4585:Aryan
4170:Right
3955:Spain
3813:Japan
3801:Italy
3786:India
3729:Egypt
3677:China
3672:Chile
3510:Obama
3485:Ohlin
3420:Kemal
3277:Rawls
3252:Hayek
3242:ÄŚapek
3222:Mises
3212:Croce
3202:Weber
3197:Acton
3127:Staël
3092:Paine
3082:Burke
3067:Smith
3042:Locke
2809:Press
2802:Trade
2775:Legal
2643:Green
2319:Prodi
2309:Palme
2304:Nehru
2259:Lenin
2244:Lagos
2194:İnönü
2144:Ebert
2139:Drees
2104:Craxi
2099:Clark
2084:Brown
2069:Blanc
2064:Blair
2039:Bebel
1153:Weber
1118:Söder
1108:Prodi
1053:Letta
1018:Groen
993:Buzek
938:Stein
933:Röpke
923:Pesch
873:Groen
801:State
526:Forms
493:Aryan
335:Zakat
314:ludi,
232:China
192:India
162:Whigs
150:Sybil
102:term
43:state
12534:More
12310:Moro
12270:Kurz
12260:Kohl
12240:Frei
12215:Beel
11910:Ordo
11606:Webb
11541:Marx
11486:Kirk
11386:Debs
11129:Left
10733:2020
10570:ISBN
10519:ISBN
10475:ISBN
10448:ISBN
10427:ISBN
10363:ISBN
10327:ISSN
10292:2024
10267:2024
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