31:
233:
285:
417:. The most important among these, according to historians Boldorf and Scherner, was France and "her highly developed economy... one of the biggest in Europe." This is further supported when they later reveal how the French economy provided for 11 percent of Germany's national income (during the occupation) which covered five months of Germany's total income for the war. Using extortion and forced labor, the Nazis siphoned off much of France's economic output. For example, during the early months of the Nazi occupation,
386:
Not only were many of the workers conscripted, but much of the food itself was allocated for the troops leading to a shortage. "German authorities were not able to solve the food scarcity , but implemented a food rationing system and several price ceilings to prevent speculation and profiteering. Unfortunately, these measures did not have the desired success."
437:. Armenia is a small country in a blockade in the Caucasus region but still increased its military budget after 2018 reaching $ 640 million. In 2019 it was 18.8% of the total Armenian budget. Except mobilizing financial resources, Armenia also declared mobilization and concentrated human capital (volunteers, doctors, soldiers).
421:
was forced to pay a "quartering" fee of twenty million
Reichsmarks per day. Supposedly, the fee was payment for the Nazi occupation forces. In reality, the money was used to fuel the Nazi war economy. Germany employed numerous methods to support its war effort. However, due to the Nazis' surrender to
385:
Germany has experienced economic devastation following both World Wars. While this was not a result of faulty economic planning, it is important to understand the ways that
Germany approached reconstruction. In World War I, the German agricultural sector was hit hard by the demands of the war effort.
362:
Two-thirds of the
American economy had been integrated into the war effort by the end of 1943. Because of this massive cooperation between government and private entities, it could be argued that the economic measures enacted prior to and during the Second World War helped lead the Allies to victory.
331:
prolonged and expanded the measures. Washington felt that a greater bureaucracy was needed to help with mobilization. The government raised taxes which paid for half of the war's costs and borrowed money in the form of war bonds to cover the rest of the bill. "Commercial institutions like banks also
371:
The United States has been involved in numerous military endeavours within the Middle East and Latin
America since the 1960s. Having been in a continuous state of war since the September 11 attacks, they have an annual military budget larger than India, China, Russia, United Kingdom, Germany, Saudi
412:
implemented a draft and built factories to supply its quickly expanding military. Both of these actions created jobs for many
Germans who had been struggling from the economic collapse following World War I. However, it is worth noting that while unemployment rates plummeted, "by 1939, government
156:
side, it has been observed that wars sometimes have the effect of accelerating technological progress to such an extent that an economy is greatly strengthened after the war, especially if it has avoided the war-related destruction. This was the case, for example, with the
264:
encouraged higher grain production and "mobilized a spirit of self-sacrifice rather than mandatory rationing." Propaganda also played a large part in garnering support for topics ranging from tax initiatives to food conservation. Speaking on
332:
bought billions of dollars of bonds and other treasury paper, holding more than $ 24 billion at the war's end." The creation of a handful of agencies helped funnel resources towards the war effort. One prominent agency was the
981:
946:
30:
232:
336:(WPB), which "awarded defense contracts, allocated scarce resources – such as rubber, copper, and oil – for military uses, and persuaded businesses to convert to military production."
896:
212:
The United States has a very complex history with wartime economies. Many notable instances came during the twentieth century in which
America's main conflicts consisted of the
627:
How We
Advertised America: The First Telling of the Amazing Story of the Committee on Public Information That Carried the Gospel of Americanism to Every Corner of the Globe
699:
Blum, Matthias (December 2011). "Government
Decisions Before and During the First World War and the Living Standards in Germany During a Drastic Natural Experiment".
54:
describes a war economy as a "system of producing, mobilizing and allocating resources to sustain the violence." Some measures taken include the increasing of
34:
An
American poster from World War I explaining sugar rations. Sugar was being conserved to provide for allied countries in Europe and support the war effort.
758:
Boldorf, Marcel; Scherner, Jonas (April 2012). "France's
Occupation Costs and the War in the East: The Contribution to the German War Economy, 1940-4".
340:
404:, the Nazis introduced new policies that not only caused the unemployment rate to drop, it created a competent war machine in clear violation of the
610:
890:
880:
188:. A temporary war economy can also be seen as a means to avoid the need for more permanent militarization. During World War II, U.S. President
962:
Saylor, Ryan, and Nicholas C. Wheeler. "Paying for war and building states: The coalitional politics of debt servicing and tax institutions."
885:
Flores-MacĂas, Gustavo A., and Sarah E. Kreps. "Borrowing support for war: The effect of war finance on public attitudes toward conflict."
413:
debt stood at over 40 billion Reichsmarks (equivalent to 178 billion 2021 euros)." During the war, Germany heavily exploited the economies
858:
Le Billon, Dr. Philippe (2005) Geopolitics of Resource Wars: Resource Dependence, Governance and Violence. London: Frank Cass, 288pp
976:
Wilson, Peter H., and Marianne Klerk. "The business of war untangled: Cities as fiscal-military hubs in Europe (1530s–1860s)."
649:
555:
395:
126:
998:
875:
Flores-MacĂas, Gustavo A., and Sarah E. Kreps. "Political parties at war: A study of American war finance, 1789–2010."
261:
169:) argue, however, that the wasteful nature of much of military spending eventually can hurt technological progress.
760:
476:
17:
820:
276:
stated that the idea was extremely popular and the program saw thousands of volunteers throughout the states.
118:
1019:
348:
292:
253:
730:
678:
1014:
110:
572:
1024:
922:
434:
323:
uncertain provided the spark needed to begin conversion to a wartime economy with the passing of the
917:
Hall, George J., and Thomas J. Sargent. "Debt and taxes in eight US wars and two insurrections." in
270:
114:
969:
Shea, Patrick E. "Money Talks: Finance, War, and Great Power Politics in the Nineteenth Century."
927:
Kirss, Alexander. "Interest or ideology? Why American business leaders opposed the Vietnam War."
446:
422:
the Allies, it is hard to tell what their economic policies would have yielded in the long term.
414:
328:
956:
868:
Daunton, Martin J. "How to pay for the war: state, society and taxation in Britain, 1917–24."
545:
631:
486:
296:
197:
189:
137:
905:
307:, the U.S. government took similar measures in increasing its control over the economy. The
941:
Poast, Paul. "Beyond the 'sinew of war': The political economy of security as a subfield."
461:
405:
333:
257:
249:
82:
62:
programs. Approaches to the reconfiguration of the economy differ from country to country.
248:, the United States expanded its governmental powers by creating institutions such as the
8:
172:
War is often used as a last ditch effort to prevent deteriorating economic conditions or
59:
777:
604:
491:
471:
324:
153:
122:
51:
902:
The Long Shadow of Default: Britain's Unpaid War Debts to the United States, 1917-2020
781:
625:
551:
451:
320:
284:
46:
is the set of contingencies undertaken by a modern state to mobilize its economy for
769:
708:
547:
Supplying the Enemy: The Modern Arms Industry & the Military–Industrial Complex
466:
456:
401:
312:
304:
185:
133:
101:
situations, certain buildings and positions are often seen as important targets by
657:
481:
316:
288:
266:
237:
173:
141:
129:
of enemy cities and factories during World War II are all examples of total war.
66:
511:
308:
166:
145:
106:
90:
712:
1008:
773:
501:
158:
78:
990:
4.4 (1993): 299-314. doi.org/10.1080/10430719308404770 re Gulf War of 1991.
433:
is another example that followed war economy principles, especially during
418:
344:
273:
181:
94:
74:
532:
Geopolitics of Resource Wars: Resource Dependence, Governance and Violence
409:
245:
221:
193:
162:
55:
853:
506:
356:
217:
213:
201:
177:
86:
936:
Compassion Fatigue: How the Media Sells Disease, Famine, War and Death
821:"Armenia declares martial law and mobilization over Nagorno-Karabakh"
496:
352:
149:
102:
98:
70:
795:
47:
27:
Actions taken by a state to mobilize its economy for war production
136:, the concept of a war economy has been linked to the concept of "
986:
Wolfson, Murray, and Robert Smith. "How not to pay for the war."
430:
912:
War and gender: How gender shapes the war system and vice versa
753:
751:
595:
Henretta, Edwards, Self, James A., Rebecca, Robert O. (2011).
69:
in their economies during wars; in many cases this extends to
865:(2018): 304-318 doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198777854.013.20
748:
269:, volunteers who rallied the public through short speeches,
252:(WIB) to help with military production. Others, such as the
240:
by the educational division of the U.S. Food Administration
396:
Economy of Nazi Germany § Wartime policies: 1939–1945
299:
Plant No. 4, near Fort Worth, Texas, during World War II.
895:
Gagliano Giuseppe, Economic War, Modern Diplomacy, 2017,
872:
111.443 (1996): 882-919. doi.org/10.1093/ehr/CXI.443.882
861:
Caverley, Jonathan D. "The economics of war and peace."
966:
69.2 (2017): 366-408. On South America in 19th century.
594:
184:
segments of the population to free up resources and
590:
588:
586:
584:
582:
724:
722:
1006:
599:. New York: Bedford/St. Martin's. pp. 672+.
372:Arabia, and France’s military budgets combined.
796:"Armenia vs. Azerbaijan: Military Expenditures"
757:
579:
934:Moeller, Susan. (1999). "Compassion Fatigue",
719:
694:
692:
863:The Oxford Handbook of International Security
534:(London: Frank Cass, 2005), NEEDS PAGE NUMBER
617:
609:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
260:in an effort to save coal and oil while the
938:. New York & London: Routledge. 6 - 53.
689:
165:and World War II. Some economists (such as
650:"The American Economy During World War II"
176:, particularly by expanding services and
148:and fluctuations and/or is used to fight
914:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
850:Financial Failure and Confederate Defeat
283:
231:
29:
679:"Opinion | America's Forever Wars"
180:in the military, and by simultaneously
14:
1007:
630:. New York: Harper and Bros. pp.
543:
951:Poast, Paul. "Economics and War." in
852:(University of Illinois Press, 1991)
623:
570:
186:restore the economic and social order
919:The Handbook of Historical Economics
698:
643:
641:
204:power on the basis of war economy."
728:
647:
65:Many states increase the degree of
24:
943:Annual Review of Political Science
842:
731:"The Nazis and the German Economy"
25:
1036:
997:(Cornell University Press, 2016)
921:(Academic Press, 2021(. 825-880.
877:American Political Science Review
638:
425:
389:
701:Explorations in Economic History
573:"The Great Arsenal of Democracy"
380:
319:with the outcome of the looming
207:
813:
788:
761:Journal of Contemporary History
279:
58:as well as the introduction of
904:(Yale University Press, 2022)
887:Journal of Conflict Resolution
671:
564:
537:
524:
366:
227:
13:
1:
993:Zielinski, Rosella Cappella.
910:Goldstein, Joshua S. (2001).
517:
435:the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war
327:in July 1940. The subsequent
198:convert ourselves permanently
140:", in which the government's
571:Roosevelt, Franklin Delano.
419:the French puppet government
196:won, then "we would have to
7:
988:Defence and Peace Economics
953:Understanding War and Peace
737:. HistoryLearningSite.co.uk
477:Military–industrial complex
440:
349:North American P-51 Mustang
341:mass-produced many vehicles
293:Consolidated B-32 Dominator
10:
1041:
544:Durham, Robert B. (2015).
393:
375:
313:shifting of the front line
870:English Historical Review
713:10.1016/j.eeh.2011.07.003
550:. Lulu.com. p. 192.
415:of countries it conquered
236:Poster issued during the
774:10.1177/0022009411431711
271:investigative journalist
115:William Tecumseh Sherman
995:How states pay for wars
889:61.5 (2017): 997-1020.
879:107.4 (2013): 833-848.
447:Companies by arms sales
132:Concerning the side of
73:, and in some cases to
973:44.2 (2020): 223-249.
971:Social Science History
648:Tassava, Christopher.
624:Creel, George (1920).
343:, such as ships (i.e.
329:Attack on Pearl Harbor
300:
241:
35:
980:29.1 (2022): 80-103.
931:24.2 (2022): 171-187.
929:Business and Politics
735:History Learning Site
487:Permanent war economy
297:Consolidated Aircraft
287:
235:
190:Franklin D. Roosevelt
138:military Keynesianism
33:
945:22 (2019): 223-239.
530:Philippe Le Billon,
462:Economic nationalism
406:Treaty of Versailles
334:War Production Board
258:daylight saving time
250:War Industries Board
900:Gill, David James.
303:In the case of the
262:Food Administration
254:Fuel Administration
192:stated that if the
60:resource allocation
1020:Military economics
854:online book review
685:. 23 October 2017.
683:The New York Times
512:Wartime propaganda
492:Resistance economy
472:Industrial warfare
355:) and tanks (i.e.
347:), aircraft (i.e.
339:The United States
325:Two-Ocean Navy Act
301:
244:In mobilizing for
242:
123:American Civil War
52:Philippe Le Billon
36:
1015:Economic planning
848:Ball, Douglas B.
802:. 24 October 2020
597:America's History
557:978-1-329-06755-4
452:Defense Economics
400:Heading into the
321:Battle of Britain
127:strategic bombing
83:Women's Land Army
16:(Redirected from
1032:
1025:Economic warfare
836:
835:
833:
832:
817:
811:
810:
808:
807:
792:
786:
785:
755:
746:
745:
743:
742:
729:Trueman, Chris.
726:
717:
716:
696:
687:
686:
675:
669:
668:
666:
665:
656:. Archived from
645:
636:
635:
621:
615:
614:
608:
600:
592:
577:
576:
568:
562:
561:
541:
535:
528:
467:Economic warfare
457:Diversionary war
402:Second World War
305:Second World War
134:aggregate demand
119:March to the Sea
21:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1005:
1004:
845:
843:Further reading
840:
839:
830:
828:
819:
818:
814:
805:
803:
794:
793:
789:
756:
749:
740:
738:
727:
720:
697:
690:
677:
676:
672:
663:
661:
646:
639:
622:
618:
602:
601:
593:
580:
569:
565:
558:
542:
538:
529:
525:
520:
482:Mass production
443:
428:
398:
392:
383:
378:
369:
351:), jeeps (i.e.
317:English Channel
289:Mass production
282:
267:Four Minute Men
238:First World War
230:
210:
174:currency crises
146:business cycles
142:military budget
44:wartime economy
28:
23:
22:
18:Wartime economy
15:
12:
11:
5:
1038:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1003:
1002:
991:
984:
978:War in History
974:
967:
964:World Politics
960:
949:
939:
932:
925:
915:
908:
898:
893:
883:
873:
866:
859:
856:
844:
841:
838:
837:
812:
787:
768:(2): 291–316.
747:
718:
707:(4): 556–567.
688:
670:
637:
616:
578:
563:
556:
536:
522:
521:
519:
516:
515:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
442:
439:
427:
426:Other examples
424:
391:
388:
382:
379:
377:
374:
368:
365:
309:Fall of France
281:
278:
229:
226:
209:
206:
167:Seymour Melman
107:Union blockade
91:United Kingdom
81:, such as the
79:civil defenses
56:interest rates
48:war production
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1037:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1000:
996:
992:
989:
985:
983:
979:
975:
972:
968:
965:
961:
958:
955:(2023): 175+
954:
950:
948:
944:
940:
937:
933:
930:
926:
924:
920:
916:
913:
909:
906:
903:
899:
897:
894:
892:
888:
884:
882:
878:
874:
871:
867:
864:
860:
857:
855:
851:
847:
846:
826:
822:
816:
801:
797:
791:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
762:
754:
752:
736:
732:
725:
723:
714:
710:
706:
702:
695:
693:
684:
680:
674:
660:on 2013-11-01
659:
655:
651:
644:
642:
633:
629:
628:
620:
612:
606:
598:
591:
589:
587:
585:
583:
574:
567:
559:
553:
549:
548:
540:
533:
527:
523:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
502:War communism
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
444:
438:
436:
432:
423:
420:
416:
411:
407:
403:
397:
387:
373:
364:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
345:Liberty Ships
342:
337:
335:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
298:
295:airplanes at
294:
290:
286:
277:
275:
272:
268:
263:
259:
256:, introduced
255:
251:
247:
239:
234:
225:
223:
219:
215:
208:United States
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
170:
168:
164:
160:
159:United States
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
32:
19:
994:
987:
977:
970:
963:
952:
942:
935:
928:
918:
911:
901:
886:
876:
869:
862:
849:
829:. Retrieved
827:. 2020-09-27
824:
815:
804:. Retrieved
799:
790:
765:
759:
739:. Retrieved
734:
704:
700:
682:
673:
662:. Retrieved
658:the original
653:
626:
619:
596:
566:
546:
539:
531:
526:
429:
399:
390:World War II
384:
370:
361:
338:
302:
280:World War II
274:George Creel
243:
211:
202:militaristic
182:depopulating
171:
131:
95:World War II
75:conscription
64:
43:
39:
37:
634:–88, 90–92.
410:Third Reich
381:World War I
367:Present day
246:World War I
228:World War I
222:Vietnam War
194:Axis powers
163:World War I
144:stabilizes
121:during the
40:war economy
1009:Categories
831:2021-05-12
806:2021-05-12
741:2012-04-18
664:2012-04-04
518:References
507:War effort
394:See also:
357:M4 Sherman
220:, and the
218:Korean War
214:World Wars
178:employment
150:recessions
125:, and the
103:combatants
87:Bevin Boys
782:153934157
605:cite book
497:Total war
353:Willys MB
315:into the
152:. On the
99:total war
97:. During
71:rationing
441:See also
311:and the
113:General
67:planning
825:Reuters
800:Hetq.am
431:Armenia
376:Germany
200:into a
93:during
89:in the
999:online
982:online
957:online
947:online
923:online
891:online
881:online
780:
654:EH.net
554:
408:. The
216:, the
154:supply
105:. The
778:S2CID
111:Union
611:link
552:ISBN
85:and
77:for
770:doi
709:doi
359:).
291:of
161:in
117:'s
42:or
1011::
823:.
798:.
776:.
766:47
764:.
750:^
733:.
721:^
705:48
703:.
691:^
681:.
652:.
640:^
632:84
607:}}
603:{{
581:^
224:.
109:,
50:.
38:A
1001:.
959:.
907:.
834:.
809:.
784:.
772::
744:.
715:.
711::
667:.
613:)
575:.
560:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
