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Reichsmark

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German mints after the embossing key of 1939. The contract was stopped in August 1940 as the Wehrmacht, which had requested the coins for Belgium and France, had no more need of it. When the embossing stopped, only Berlin ("A") and Munich ("D") produced significant quantities, but they still came to only a small extent of original production plans. The majority were melted down due to the limited supply of metal and thus, most mint marks are now quite rare (except for 1940 5 A and D, and 1940 10 A).
302: 2538: 2238:. The first Reichsbank issue of 1924 came in denominations of 10 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 20 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 50 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 100 ℛ︁ℳ︁, and 1,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁. This was followed by a second issue in the same denominations, dated between 1929 and 1936. The second issue commemorated persons who made contributions to German agriculture, industry, economy, science, and architecture: 10 ℛ︁ℳ︁ issued in 1929 commemorated agronomist 2526: 2514: 2628: 1141: 5060: 5276: 1203: 4988: 1129: 5264: 1179: 1191: 1167: 2701: 2395: 2162: 1117: 1153: 2689: 1483:
produce a set number of coins with some mints allocated a greater production than others. Some of the coins with particular mint marks are therefore scarcer than others. With the silver 2 ℛ︁ℳ︁ and 5 ℛ︁ℳ︁ coins, the mint mark is found under the date on the left side of the coin. On the smaller denomination Reichspfennig coins, the mint mark is found on the bottom center of the coin.
1086: 1078: 1672: 1664: 1407: 1368: 2456: 107: 1062: 1070: 2467:. Holed, zinc coins in 5 ℛ︁₰ and 10 ℛ︁₰ denominations were struck in 1940 and 1941. Banknotes were issued between 1939 and 1945 in denominations of 50 ℛ︁₰, 1 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 2 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 5 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 20 ℛ︁ℳ︁, and 50 ℛ︁ℳ︁. These served as legal tender alongside the currency of the occupied countries. 1263:. The quality of the Reichsmark coins decreased more and more towards the end of World War II and misprints happened more frequently. Since the 4 ℛ︁₰ coin was only slightly larger than the 1 ℳ︁ coin and the imperial eagle looked similar, an attempt was made to pass it off as a 1-reichsmark coin by silvering the 4 ℛ︁₰ coin. 2470:
The coins were originally planned in great numbers of 100 million and 250 million each of the 5 ℛ︁₰ and 10 ℛ︁₰ coins respectively. The first embossing order, which was issued in April 1940, was about 40 million × 5 ℛ︁₰ and 100 million × 10 ℛ︁₰. The total amount was divided between each of the seven
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Nazi Germany had a number of mints. Each mint location had its own identifiable letter. It is therefore possible to identify exactly which mint produced what coin by noting the mint mark on the coin. Not all mints were authorized to produce coins every year. The mints were also only authorized to
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were created and authorized to issue bonds outside the Reichsmark in order to finance state projects. Nominally exchangeable at a 1:1 rate for Reichsmarks but then discounted by the Reichsbank this created secret monetary expansion without formally renouncing the gold standard of the Reichsmark.
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from 1942 to 1944. The first issue was denominated in 1 ℛ︁₰, 5 ℛ︁₰, 10 ℛ︁₰, and 50 ℛ︁₰ and 1 ℛ︁ℳ︁, but was valued at 1 military Reichspfennig = 10 civilian Reichspfennig. This series was printed on only one side. The second issue notes of 1 ℛ︁ℳ︁,
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In preparation for the occupation of Germany, the United States issued occupation banknotes dated 1944, printed by the Forbes Lithograph Printing Company of Boston. These were printed in similar colours with different sizes for groups of denominations. Notes were issued for
1001:). Inflation in the final months of the war had reduced the value of the Reichsmark from 2.50 ℛ︁ℳ︁ = $ 1US to 10 ℛ︁ℳ︁ = $ 1US and a barter economy had emerged due to the rapid depreciation. The Reichsmark was replaced by the 5388: 2645:
The 5 Mark note pictured, front and back, is Allied military currency ("AMC") printed at Forbes Lithograph Manufacturing Company in Boston for occupied Germany. There were different AMCs for each liberated area of Europe.
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100 banknote type. 5 ℛ︁ℳ︁ notes were issued in 1942. Throughout this period, the Rentenbank also issued banknotes denominated in Rentenmark, mostly in RM 1 and RM 2 denominations.
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5 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 10 ℛ︁ℳ︁, and 50 ℛ︁ℳ︁ were equal in value to the ordinary German Reichsmark and were printed on both sides.
2322:, the Soviet authorities printed large runs of occupation marks to fill Soviet coffers with dollars causing inflation and financial instability. An investigation by the 204:
5 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 10 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 20 ℛ︁ℳ︁ 50 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 100 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁
4480: 650:, often set so as to give economic benefits to German soldiers and civilian contractors, who were paid their wages in local currency. The rates were as follows: 1616: 1590: 1563: 3355:
1 Deutsche Mark = 1 Rentenmark for first 600 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1 Deutsche Mark = 10 Rentenmark thereafter, plus each person received 40 Deutsche Mark
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1 ℛ︁₰, 2 ℛ︁₰, 5 ℛ︁₰, 10 ℛ︁₰, 50 ℛ︁₰, 1 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 2 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 5 ℛ︁ℳ︁
4936: 2899: 2672: 2477: 1140: 4473: 4203: 4129: 1030: 2577: 1471: 1107: 5353: 1464: 1103: 1099: 563:(one trillion in American English and French, one billion in German and other European languages and British English of the time; see 3022: 2489: 4466: 1449:
between 1940 and 1945 during World War II, replacing the aluminium-bronze version, which had a distinct golden colour. It is worth
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These notes were convertible to US dollars at a rate of 10:1. Seeing an opportunity to procure foreign hard currency, the
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A newer version of 20 ℛ︁ℳ︁ note was introduced in 1939, using a design taken from an unissued Austrian
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Both sides of a "5 Mark" banknote, issued as "Allied Military Currency" for use within the Allied forces in Germany
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1 Mark = 7 Rentenmark on the first 70 Rentenmark for private individuals, otherwise 1 Kuponmark = 10 Rentenmark
3135: 2420: 2330:, 1947) found that about $ 380,000,000 "more currency than there were appropriations for" had been circulated. 2187: 1190: 1178: 5363: 5177: 1166: 416: 2870: 4862: 3235: 2306:
demanded copies of the engraving plates, ink, and associated equipment in early 1944, and on 14 April 1944
696: 376: 2561: 2549: 4840: 2416: 2183: 17: 2537: 2525: 2513: 2679: 2501: 1506: 5358: 2994: 2609:). None were legal tender in Germany itself. From 1942 to 1943 tokens were struck for use within the 1025:; however, the secret plan to introduce the Deutsche Mark in the Trizone was formulated by economist 933: 4246: 2596: 2405: 2315: 2172: 631: 453: 51: 3211: 2463:
Coins and banknotes for circulation in the occupied territories during the war were issued by the
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is an ancient Germanic weight measure, traditionally a half pound, later used for several coins;
333: 146: 5210: 5008: 4894: 4882: 4852: 2323: 2242:; 20 ℛ︁ℳ︁ issued in 1929 commemorated engineer, inventor, and industrialist 994: 643: 68: 4998: 2974: 1152: 5152: 4740: 4577: 3374: 3227: 3203: 1544: 420: 5028: 1642: 642:, Germany established fixed exchange rates between the Reichsmark and the currencies of the 5065: 2922: 2600: 2334: 2307: 564: 2894: 8: 3977: 3927: 3743: 3615: 3569: 3484: 3453: 3026: 1050: 1026: 579: 367: 112: 31: 4976: 2610: 1237: 5235: 5003: 4733: 4376: 4297: 4231: 3544: 3502: 3406: 3219: 3076: 2852: 2717: 2311: 2270: 2243: 1038: 635: 588: 583:, owning industrial and agricultural real estate assets. The Reichsmark was put on the 5389:
Zinc and aluminum coins minted in Germany and occupied territories during World War II
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authorized the air transfer of these to the USSR. Using a printing plant in occupied
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and then all of Germany after the 1990 reunification. The Reichsmark was used in the
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in the Soviet Occupation Zone (colloquially also "Ostmark", since 1968 officially "
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to reduce prices through use of 4 ℛ︁₰ pieces instead of 5 ℛ︁₰ coins. Known as the
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in English) comes from the official name for the German state from 1871 to 1945,
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This infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete.
408: 5301: 5240: 5225: 5205: 5095: 5080: 5053: 4961: 4899: 4820: 4775: 4597: 4590: 4570: 4381: 4371: 4193: 4119: 4073: 3625: 3341: 3174: 2824: 2693: 2572: 2239: 877: 2840: 2287:ℳ︁, 1 ℳ︁, 5 ℳ︁, 10 ℳ︁, 20 ℳ︁, 50 ℳ︁, 100 ℳ︁, and 1,000 ℳ︁. The issuer was the 5342: 5195: 5043: 4971: 4845: 4828: 4703: 4669: 4649: 4607: 4585: 4555: 4366: 4356: 4290: 3973: 3902: 3881: 3856: 3718: 3182: 2848: 2809: 1525: 1234: 1018: 1002: 810: 713: 667: 584: 494: 466: 412: 380: 372: 276: 2627: 989:, the Reichsmark continued to circulate in Germany, but with new banknotes ( 604: 5220: 5190: 5167: 5075: 5059: 5033: 4748: 4688: 4421: 4406: 4267: 4257: 4221: 4157: 4147: 4083: 4048: 4012: 4002: 3937: 3866: 3802: 3728: 3700: 3690: 3653: 3579: 3438: 3428: 3410: 3396: 3345: 3101: 2705: 2582: 2303: 1446: 1291: 986: 962: 860: 764: 747: 730: 639: 532: 498: 486: 482: 424: 400: 392: 388: 384: 349: 320: 1146:
Prewar 10 ℛ︁₰ (reverse). Struck in the same aluminium-bronze as the 5 ℛ︁₰.
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at a rate of 10:1 (1:1 for cash and current accounts) in June 1948 in the
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Historical Currency Conversion Tables, Reichsmarks to Dollars, 1870s–2012
2764: 2655: 2327: 1380: 1037:. In November 1945, the Reichsmark was superseded by the Second Austrian 1034: 647: 592: 545:
The Reichsmark was introduced in 1924 as a permanent replacement for the
516: 3668: 2739:"Reichspfennig – Schreibung, Definition, Bedeutung, Synonyme, Beispiele" 5291: 5130: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5085: 5048: 4763: 4728: 4396: 4386: 4184: 4110: 4039: 3964: 3952: 3893: 3755: 3681: 3606: 3535: 3465: 3289: 3247: 2738: 2661: 2223: 1463:, the 10 ℛ︁₰ is an emergency issue type, similar to the zinc 1 ℛ︁₰ and 1046: 608: 573: 560: 547: 355: 555:
which had reached its peak in 1923. The exchange rate between the old
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Various special issues of Reichsmark currency were issued for use in
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5 Reichsmark coins without (1936) and with (1938) the Nazi swastika
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1 Rentenmark = 1,000,000,000,000 Papiermark, and 4.2 Rentenmark =
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Special issues of Reichsmark currency were issued for use by the
2622: 2590: 2319: 2259: 2247: 2227: 1645: 1574: 1252:('poor Heinrich'), they were demonetized the following year. See 1085: 990: 271: 190: 174: 4721: 4683: 4676: 4641: 2605: 2231: 1547: 1528: 1509: 1077: 1006: 490: 247: 2455: 1671: 1663: 1406: 1367: 567:). To stabilize the economy and to smooth the transition, the 493:, until 20 June 1948. The Reichsmark was then replaced by the 106: 2235: 1233:
coins were issued in 1932 as part of a failed attempt by the
1061: 2951:
150 Jahre Sparkasse Vest Recklinghausen. Gut für die Region.
2299:('in legal circulation in Germany') printed on the obverse. 2258:; 1,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁ issued in 1936 commemorated 5215: 4708: 2791:
Arbeitsbeschaffungsmaßnahmen im Dritten Reich von 1933-1936
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Financial instrument used to finance Nazi German rearmament
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intended to protect West Germany from the second wave of
2246:; 50 ℛ︁ℳ︁ issued in 1933 commemorated 571:
was not directly replaced by the Reichsmark, but by the
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Hauptprobleme der deutschen Wirtschaftspolitik 1932/33.
2765:"MIWI Institute – 150 years of German monetary history" 2222:
The first Reichsmark banknotes were introduced by the
559:
and the Reichsmark was 1 ℛ︁ℳ︁ = 10
491:
American, British and French occupied zones of Germany
2997:, 4. Jg., Nr. 7 (1. April 1932), S. 49 2947:
Die Geschichte der Münzen in Westfalen von 1855–2005.
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Ausgabe neuer Reichskupfermünzen zu 4 Reichspfennig.
1017:"). The 1948 currency reform under the direction of 1098:In 1924, coins were introduced in denominations of 598: 3048:"10 Reichspfennig - Germany - 1871-1948 - Numista" 2923:"worldcoingallery.com/countries/Germany_all3.html" 1122:Prewar bronze 1 ℛ︁₰ (reverse). Made of pure bronze 3179:Lords of Finance: The Bankers Who Broke the World 505:until 23 June 1948, where it was replaced by the 30:"ℛℳ" redirects here. For other uses of "RM", see 5340: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 2825:"Banking in National Socialist Germany, 1933–39" 2673:Pictorial list of postage stamps in Nazi Germany 1134:Prewar 5 ℛ︁₰ (reverse). Made of aluminium-bronze 634:by Germany in 1938, the Reichsmark replaced the 2903:(in French) (1947–268): 11294. 15 November 1947 2787: 2616: 2591:Concentration camp and POW Reichsmark currency 2483:Currency of the occupied countries (1940 10 J) 4930: 4474: 4298: 3123:Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991). 3000: 2953:Sparkasse Vest Recklinghausen, Recklinghausen 2495:Currency of the occupied countries (1940 5 B) 3144: 2338: 2294: 2288: 1439: 1378: 1268: 1253: 1247: 1241: 1227: 1215: 530: 520: 510: 442: 3040: 2949:In: Sparkasse Vest Recklinghausen (Hrsg.): 2900:Journal Officiel de la République Française 2423:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2190:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4937: 4923: 4481: 4467: 4337:(konvertibilna marka, конвертибилна марка) 4305: 4291: 1424:below the denomination and between leaves. 2443:Learn how and when to remove this message 2210:Learn how and when to remove this message 1459:or .10 of a Reichsmark. Made entirely of 509:. The Reichsmark was subdivided into 100 111:2 ℛ︁ℳ︁—coin depicting 87:Learn how and when to remove this message 2626: 2571: 2459:2 Reichsmark of the occupied territories 2454: 2384: 1675:Prewar 10 Reichspfennig (1938A, reverse) 1670: 1667:Prewar 10 Reichspfennig (1938A, obverse) 1662: 1208:Aluminum 50 Reichspfennig coin (reverse) 1084: 1076: 1068: 1060: 50:This article includes a list of general 4878:Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark 4335:Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark 2658:1932 German government promissory notes 1196:Wartime zinc 10 Reichspfennig (reverse) 14: 5341: 3130:(18th ed.). Krause Publications. 2973:1967, 15. Jahrgang, Heft 1, S. 18–55 ( 2822: 2762: 1184:Wartime zinc 5 Reichspfennig (reverse) 1172:Wartime zinc 1 Reichspfennig (reverse) 1089:Aluminium 50 ℛ︁₰ coin (obverse) 4918: 4876: 4827: 4707: 4662: 4462: 4286: 4253: 4243: 4217: 4189: 4169: 4143: 4115: 4095: 4069: 4044: 4024: 3998: 3969: 3949: 3923: 3898: 3878: 3852: 3824: 3814: 3788: 3760: 3740: 3714: 3686: 3665: 3639: 3611: 3591: 3565: 3540: 3523: 3498: 3470: 3450: 3424: 3392: 3360: 3327: 3294: 3271: 3243: 3148:Standard Catalog of World Paper Money 2939: 2567:50 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1938–1945 2555:20 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1938–1945 2293:('Allied military authorities') with 1073:Prewar bronze Reichspfennig (obverse) 662:Value per 10 ℛ︁ℳ︁ 452: 4944: 4858:Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina 3818:Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany 2995:Berliner Verkehrs-Aktiengesellschaft 2969:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 2543:5 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1938–1945 2531:2 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1938–1945 2519:1 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1938–1945 2421:adding citations to reliable sources 2388: 2188:adding citations to reliable sources 2155: 1081:Wartime zinc Reichspfennig (obverse) 595:worth 4.20 ℛ︁ℳ︁. 577:, an interim currency backed by the 36: 4784:State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs 2895:"Law 1947-2158 of 15 November 1947" 1266: 1021:is considered the beginning of the 587:at the rate previously used by the 24: 4871:Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina 3168: 2871:"The Deutsche Mark and its Legacy" 2823:Kopper, Christopher (April 1998). 1213: 1009:and later in the same year by the 56:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 5400: 5354:1948 disestablishments in Germany 4816:Independent State of Croatia kuna 3197: 2226:and state banks such as those of 997:, as well as with coins (without 503:Soviet occupation zone of Germany 255:Soviet occupation zone of Germany 5274: 5262: 5250: 5058: 4986: 3344:and stop the rampant barter and 2711: 2699: 2687: 2560: 2548: 2536: 2524: 2512: 2500: 2488: 2476: 2393: 2379:20 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1929 2372: 2367:10 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1929 2360: 2355:20 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1924 2348: 2296:In Umlauf gesetzt in Deutschland 2160: 1405: 1366: 1284: 1201: 1189: 1177: 1165: 1151: 1139: 1127: 1115: 1093: 599:Expansion outside the Reichsmark 551:. This was necessary due to the 326: 313: 300: 105: 41: 3126:Standard Catalog of World Coins 3090: 3061: 2980: 1035:three Western sectors of Berlin 993:) printed in the US and in the 621: 613:During this period a number of 5349:1924 establishments in Germany 4402:German South West African Mark 3307:reaction to the changeover in 3100:. Strictly G.I. Archived from 3023:"Nazi Germany Coin Mint Marks" 2956: 2915: 2887: 2863: 2816: 2781: 2756: 2731: 2576:Prisoner of war camp issue of 13: 1: 2724: 2337:issued 5₰ and 10₰ notes with 1477: 1023:West German economic recovery 4864:Bosnia and Herzegovina dinar 4697:Kosovo and Western Macedonia 2617:Military Reichsmark currency 2151: 1474:coins from the same period. 969: 952: 940: 923: 889: 867: 850: 838: 825: 817: 800: 788: 771: 754: 737: 720: 703: 686: 674: 497:, to become the currency of 485:from 1924 until the fall of 377:Bohemian and Moravian koruna 7: 4841:Republic of Serbian Krajina 3986:restoration of independence 3560:1:1 for first 150 Schilling 3553:restoration of independence 3069:"Lodz Ghetto Token Coinage" 2763:Kofner, Yuri (2023-01-03). 2649: 980: 966: 949: 937: 920: 886: 864: 847: 835: 822: 814: 797: 785: 768: 751: 734: 717: 700: 683: 671: 10: 5405: 5379:Modern obsolete currencies 3098:"Allied Military Currency" 2620: 1658: 1303: 1045:, later replaced with the 602: 540: 29: 27:Former currency of Germany 5318: 5300: 5176: 4952: 4898: 4881: 4861: 4851: 4844: 4832: 4814: 4806: 4794: 4774: 4769: 4727: 4717: 4714: 4702: 4668: 4665: 4640: 4626: 4589: 4569: 4554: 4549: 4502: 4497: 4440: 4344: 4327: 3911:re-integration to Belgium 2841:10.1017/s0968565000001414 2122: 2119: 2116: 2044: 2041: 2038: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1413: 1404: 1399: 1374: 1365: 1360: 1352: 1341: 1333: 1325: 1317: 1309: 1298: 1281: 1041:in Austria. In 1947, the 932: 830: 809: 780: 697:Bohemia and Moravia crown 666: 431: 417:Slovak koruna (1939–1945) 366: 361: 347: 342: 292: 264: 239: 229: 221: 216: 208: 200: 187: 180: 159: 152: 145: 132: 124: 119: 104: 4057:re-integration to France 3311:(later West Germany and 2829:Financial History Review 2788:Bastisch, Andre (2007). 2316:U.S. Treasury Department 2290:Alliierte Militärbehörde 1056: 1049:, was introduced in the 632:Federal State of Austria 5374:Economy of Nazi Germany 5178:Obsolete and historical 4432:South West African mark 2745:(in German). 2023-02-14 2264:Karl Friedrich Schinkel 1606:Capital of Württemberg 1158:Prewar 10 ℛ︁₰ (obverse) 991:Allied Occupation Marks 334:Allied-occupied Germany 71:more precise citations. 4895:Republika Srpska dinar 4883:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4853:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3520:1 Mark = 1.5 Schilling 2632: 2587: 2460: 2339: 2324:United States Congress 2295: 2289: 2250:politician and banker 1676: 1668: 1440: 1379: 1269: 1254: 1248: 1242: 1228: 1216: 1090: 1082: 1074: 1066: 1031:US military government 553:1920s German inflation 531: 521: 511: 443: 5369:Currencies of Germany 4742:Kingdom of Montenegro 4579:Kingdom of Yugoslavia 4171:Currency of southern 4097:Currency of northern 3512:annexation to Germany 3375:Recovered Territories 3145:Pick, Albert (1994). 2630: 2575: 2458: 2385:Occupation Reichsmark 1674: 1666: 1545:Bavarian Central Mint 1110:, and 1 ℳ︁ and 3 ℳ︁. 1088: 1080: 1072: 1064: 454:[ˈʁaɪçsˌmaʁk] 421:Ukrainian karbovanets 5364:Currencies of Europe 3737:1 Mark = 1.43 Gulden 2417:improve this section 2335:Rhineland-Palatinate 2184:improve this section 1420:and two oak leaves. 1395:Deutsches Reich 1940 565:long and short scale 489:in 1945, and in the 222:Date of introduction 5319:Generic placeholder 4757:Occupied Montenegro 3978:Luxembourgish franc 3928:Luxembourgish franc 3918:1 Mark = 12.5 franc 3875:1 Mark = 12.5 franc 3744:Free City of Danzig 3616:Czechoslovak koruna 3570:Czechoslovak koruna 3525:Currency of Austria 3405:Transfer of modern 3273:Currency of Germany 2113: 2035: 1945: 1857: 1769: 1681: 1553:Capital of Bavaria 1534:Capital of Austria 1515:Capital of Germany 1445:coin was minted by 1278: 1027:Edward A. Tenenbaum 580:Deutsche Rentenbank 113:Paul von Hindenburg 101: 32:RM (disambiguation) 4735:Montenegrin perper 4489:Currencies of the 4266:re-integration to 4251:1941 – 1945 4202:re-integration to 4128:re-integration to 4092:1 Mark = 20 dinars 3837:re-integration to 3822:1939 – 1945 3699:re-integration to 3662:1 Mark = 2.5 litas 3624:re-integration to 3545:Austrian schilling 3503:Austrian schilling 3407:Kaliningrad Oblast 2927:World Coin Gallery 2633: 2588: 2465:Reichskreditkassen 2461: 2312:Harry Dexter White 2244:Werner von Siemens 2111: 2033: 1943: 1855: 1767: 1679: 1677: 1669: 1580:Capital of Saxony 1430:10 Reichspfennig J 1276: 1091: 1083: 1075: 1067: 636:Austrian schilling 515:(Rpf or ℛ︁₰). The 240:Date of withdrawal 139:ℛ︁ℳ︁ 99: 5336: 5335: 4912: 4911: 4907: 4906: 4901:FR Yugoslav dinar 4791:German Reichsmark 4564:Kingdom of Serbia 4491:former Yugoslavia 4456: 4455: 4441:As a denomination 4397:German Rentenmark 4392:German Reichsmark 4387:German Papiermark 4281: 4280: 4277: 4270: 4241: 4234: 4213: 4206: 4187: 4183:In parallel with 4177:1943 – 1945 4167: 4160: 4139: 4132: 4113: 4109:In parallel with 4103:1941 – 1945 4093: 4086: 4065: 4058: 4042: 4038:In parallel with 4032:1940 – 1945 4022: 4015: 3994: 3987: 3967: 3963:In parallel with 3957:1940 – 1945 3947: 3946:1 Mark = 10 Franc 3940: 3919: 3912: 3896: 3892:In parallel with 3886:1940 – 1945 3876: 3869: 3848: 3841: 3812: 3805: 3784: 3777: 3758: 3754:In parallel with 3748:1939 – 1945 3738: 3731: 3710: 3703: 3684: 3680:In parallel with 3674:1939 – 1945 3663: 3656: 3635: 3628: 3609: 3605:In parallel with 3599:1938 – 1945 3589: 3582: 3561: 3554: 3538: 3534:In parallel with 3528:1938 – 1945 3521: 3514: 3494: 3487: 3468: 3464:In parallel with 3458:1935 – 1947 3448: 3441: 3420: 3413: 3388: 3381: 3373:Transfer of the " 3356: 3349: 3323: 3316: 3292: 3288:In parallel with 3282:1924 – 1948 3269: 3259: 3228:Third Reich coins 3212:Third Reich coins 3191:978-1-59420-182-0 3104:on 6 January 2009 2945:Matthias Kordes: 2801:978-3-638-68655-6 2507:50 ℛ︁₰, 1938–1945 2453: 2452: 2445: 2256:Justus von Liebig 2220: 2219: 2212: 2149: 2148: 2109: 2108: 2031: 2030: 1941: 1940: 1853: 1852: 1765: 1764: 1656: 1655: 1632:Capital of Baden 1564:Muldenhütten Mint 1434: 1433: 978: 977: 438: 437: 234:German Rentenmark 97: 96: 89: 16:(Redirected from 5396: 5359:Coins of Germany 5328: 5278: 5266: 5254: 5133: 5062: 4990: 4946:Currency symbols 4939: 4932: 4925: 4916: 4915: 4902: 4890:Republika Srpska 4872: 4865: 4785: 4778: 4758: 4751: 4743: 4736: 4711: 4698: 4691: 4672: 4658: 4652: 4630: 4629:Macedonian denar 4624: 4620: 4614: 4610: 4604: 4600: 4593: 4580: 4573: 4565: 4558: 4500: 4499: 4483: 4476: 4469: 4460: 4459: 4417:New Guinean mark 4412:Lodz Ghetto mark 4362:East German mark 4307: 4300: 4293: 4284: 4283: 4272: 4262: 4236: 4226: 4208: 4198: 4179: 4162: 4152: 4134: 4124: 4105: 4088: 4078: 4060: 4053: 4034: 4017: 4007: 3989: 3982: 3959: 3942: 3932: 3914: 3907: 3888: 3871: 3861: 3843: 3833: 3811:1 Mark = 2 złote 3807: 3797: 3779: 3769: 3750: 3742:Currency of the 3733: 3723: 3705: 3695: 3676: 3658: 3648: 3644:Lithuanian litas 3630: 3620: 3601: 3584: 3574: 3556: 3549: 3530: 3516: 3507: 3489: 3483:creation of the 3479: 3460: 3443: 3433: 3415: 3401: 3383: 3369: 3351: 3336: 3318: 3303: 3299:East German Mark 3284: 3261: 3252: 3241: 3240: 3232: 3224: 3216: 3208: 3163: 3150:: General Issues 3141: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3084: 3075:. Archived from 3065: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3055: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3034: 3025:. Archived from 3019: 2998: 2984: 2978: 2962:Dieter Petzina: 2960: 2954: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2933: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2882: 2881: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2775: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2750: 2735: 2716: 2715: 2714: 2704: 2703: 2702: 2692: 2691: 2690: 2683: 2586: 2564: 2552: 2540: 2528: 2516: 2504: 2492: 2480: 2448: 2441: 2437: 2434: 2428: 2397: 2389: 2376: 2364: 2352: 2342: 2308:Henry Morgenthau 2298: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2281: 2215: 2208: 2204: 2201: 2195: 2164: 2156: 2114: 2110: 2036: 2032: 1946: 1942: 1858: 1854: 1770: 1766: 1682: 1678: 1625: 1599: 1572: 1486: 1485: 1458: 1457: 1453: 1443: 1409: 1384: 1370: 1353:Years of minting 1290: 1288: 1287: 1279: 1277:10 Reichspfennig 1275: 1272: 1262: 1259: 1251: 1245: 1238:Heinrich Brüning 1231: 1219: 1205: 1193: 1181: 1169: 1155: 1143: 1131: 1119: 1011:East German mark 987:Second World War 973: 956: 944: 927: 910: 909: 905: 902: 897: 893: 871: 854: 842: 804: 792: 782:Luxembourg franc 775: 758: 741: 724: 707: 690: 678: 653: 652: 648:allied countries 640:Second World War 536: 524: 514: 507:East German mark 473:; abbreviation: 464: 463: 462: 456: 451: 446: 427:as similar rates 397:Luxembourg franc 352: 332: 330: 329: 319: 317: 316: 306: 304: 303: 283:East German mark 193: 171: 170: 169: 165: 140: 109: 102: 98: 92: 85: 81: 78: 72: 67:this article by 58:inline citations 45: 44: 37: 21: 5404: 5403: 5399: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5394: 5393: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5332: 5326: 5314: 5296: 5172: 5131: 4948: 4943: 4913: 4908: 4900: 4870: 4867: 4863: 4796:Slovenian tolar 4783: 4780: 4776: 4756: 4753: 4749: 4741: 4738: 4734: 4709: 4696: 4693: 4689: 4670: 4657:Occupied Serbia 4656: 4650: 4635:North Macedonia 4628: 4622: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4595: 4591: 4578: 4575: 4571: 4563: 4560: 4556: 4551:North Macedonia 4493: 4487: 4457: 4452: 4436: 4340: 4323: 4311: 4271: 4261: 4255: 4250: 4235: 4225: 4219: 4207: 4197: 4191: 4178: 4176: 4161: 4151: 4145: 4133: 4123: 4117: 4104: 4102: 4087: 4077: 4071: 4059: 4052: 4046: 4033: 4031: 4028:Alsace-Lorraine 4016: 4006: 4000: 3988: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3958: 3956: 3941: 3931: 3925: 3913: 3906: 3900: 3887: 3885: 3870: 3860: 3854: 3842: 3832: 3826: 3821: 3806: 3796: 3790: 3778: 3768: 3762: 3749: 3747: 3732: 3722: 3716: 3704: 3694: 3688: 3675: 3673: 3657: 3647: 3641: 3629: 3619: 3613: 3600: 3598: 3583: 3573: 3567: 3555: 3548: 3542: 3529: 3527: 3515: 3506: 3500: 3488: 3478: 3472: 3459: 3457: 3442: 3432: 3426: 3414: 3400: 3394: 3382: 3368: 3362: 3350: 3335: 3329: 3317: 3302: 3296: 3283: 3281: 3277:Weimar Republic 3274: 3260: 3251: 3245: 3230: 3222: 3214: 3206: 3200: 3175:Ahamed, Liaquat 3171: 3169:Further reading 3166: 3160: 3138: 3118: 3117: 3107: 3105: 3096: 3095: 3091: 3082: 3080: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3053: 3051: 3046: 3045: 3041: 3032: 3030: 3021: 3020: 3001: 2985: 2981: 2961: 2957: 2944: 2940: 2931: 2929: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2906: 2904: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2879: 2877: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2821: 2817: 2802: 2794:. GRIN Verlag. 2786: 2782: 2773: 2771: 2761: 2757: 2748: 2746: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2712: 2710: 2700: 2698: 2688: 2686: 2678: 2652: 2625: 2619: 2601:prisoner of war 2593: 2580: 2568: 2565: 2556: 2553: 2544: 2541: 2532: 2529: 2520: 2517: 2508: 2505: 2496: 2493: 2484: 2481: 2449: 2438: 2432: 2429: 2414: 2398: 2387: 2380: 2377: 2368: 2365: 2356: 2353: 2283: 2279: 2278: 2252:David Hansemann 2216: 2205: 2199: 2196: 2181: 2165: 2154: 1661: 1619: 1593: 1566: 1480: 1455: 1451: 1450: 1429: 1425: 1394: 1390: 1294: 1285: 1283: 1274: 1260: 1221: 1209: 1206: 1197: 1194: 1185: 1182: 1173: 1170: 1159: 1156: 1147: 1144: 1135: 1132: 1123: 1120: 1096: 1059: 983: 971: 954: 942: 925: 907: 903: 900: 898: 895: 891: 882:Channel Islands 869: 852: 840: 832:Norwegian crown 802: 790: 773: 756: 739: 722: 705: 688: 676: 624: 615:shell companies 611: 603:Main articles: 601: 543: 533:Deutsches Reich 458: 457: 449: 405:Norwegian krone 348: 338: 327: 325: 314: 312: 308:Weimar Republic 301: 299: 288: 260: 253:June 23, 1948 ( 246:June 20, 1948 ( 188: 167: 163: 162: 160: 138: 115: 93: 82: 76: 73: 63:Please help to 62: 46: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5402: 5392: 5391: 5386: 5384:Ten-cent coins 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5330: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5312: 5306: 5304: 5302:Cryptocurrency 5298: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5272: 5267: 5260: 5255: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5182: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4958: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4942: 4941: 4934: 4927: 4919: 4910: 4909: 4905: 4904: 4897: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4860: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4823: 4821:Croatian dinar 4818: 4813: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4777:Yugoslav krone 4773: 4767: 4766: 4761: 4746: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4706: 4701: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4674: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4647: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4625: 4599:SFR Yugoslavia 4592:Yugoslav dinar 4588: 4583: 4572:Yugoslav dinar 4568: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4498: 4495: 4494: 4486: 4485: 4478: 4471: 4463: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4450: 4444: 4442: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4382:German ostmark 4379: 4374: 4372:Finnish markka 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4348: 4346: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4338: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4324: 4310: 4309: 4302: 4295: 4287: 4279: 4278: 4252: 4242: 4230:annexation to 4215: 4214: 4194:Yugoslav dinar 4188: 4168: 4156:annexation to 4141: 4140: 4120:Yugoslav dinar 4114: 4094: 4082:annexation to 4074:Yugoslav dinar 4067: 4066: 4043: 4023: 4011:annexation to 3996: 3995: 3968: 3948: 3936:annexation to 3921: 3920: 3897: 3877: 3865:annexation to 3850: 3849: 3823: 3813: 3801:annexation to 3786: 3785: 3773:annexation to 3759: 3739: 3727:annexation to 3712: 3711: 3685: 3664: 3652:annexation to 3637: 3636: 3626:Czechoslovakia 3610: 3590: 3578:annexation to 3563: 3562: 3539: 3522: 3496: 3495: 3469: 3449: 3437:annexation to 3422: 3421: 3390: 3389: 3358: 3357: 3342:hyperinflation 3325: 3324: 3293: 3270: 3257:hyperinflation 3239: 3238: 3233: 3225: 3217: 3209: 3199: 3198:External links 3196: 3195: 3194: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3164: 3158: 3142: 3136: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3089: 3060: 3039: 2999: 2979: 2955: 2938: 2914: 2886: 2862: 2815: 2800: 2780: 2769:MIWI Institute 2755: 2729: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2720: 2708: 2696: 2676: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2659: 2651: 2648: 2621:Main article: 2618: 2615: 2592: 2589: 2570: 2569: 2566: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2475: 2451: 2450: 2401: 2399: 2392: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2381: 2378: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2347: 2240:Albrecht Thaer 2218: 2217: 2168: 2166: 2159: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2107: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2097: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2087: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2077: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2057: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2047: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2029: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2007: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1997: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1977: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1967: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1957: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1939: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1929: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1889: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1869: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1851: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1831: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1821: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1811: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1801: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1791: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1763: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1713: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1703: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1693: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1640: 1636: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1614: 1610: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1588: 1584: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1561: 1557: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1542: 1538: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1523: 1519: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1504: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1492:Mint location 1490: 1479: 1476: 1432: 1431: 1415: 1411: 1410: 1402: 1401: 1397: 1396: 1376: 1372: 1371: 1363: 1362: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1343: 1339: 1338: 1335: 1331: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1307: 1306: 1300: 1296: 1295: 1282: 1273: 1265: 1249:Armer Heinrich 1220: 1212: 1211: 1210: 1207: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1157: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1114: 1106:, 10 ℛ︁₰, and 1095: 1092: 1058: 1055: 982: 979: 976: 975: 968: 965: 959: 958: 951: 950:1 October 1940 947: 946: 939: 936: 930: 929: 922: 919: 913: 912: 888: 885: 874: 873: 866: 863: 857: 856: 849: 845: 844: 837: 834: 828: 827: 824: 820: 819: 816: 813: 807: 806: 799: 795: 794: 787: 784: 778: 777: 770: 767: 761: 760: 753: 750: 744: 743: 736: 733: 727: 726: 719: 716: 710: 709: 702: 699: 693: 692: 685: 681: 680: 673: 670: 664: 663: 660: 657: 623: 620: 600: 597: 542: 539: 436: 435: 429: 428: 370: 364: 363: 359: 358: 353: 345: 344: 340: 339: 337: 336: 323: 310: 296: 294: 290: 289: 287: 286: 285:(East Germany) 280: 279:(West Germany) 274: 268: 266: 262: 261: 259: 258: 251: 243: 241: 237: 236: 231: 227: 226: 223: 219: 218: 214: 213: 210: 206: 205: 202: 198: 197: 194: 185: 184: 182: 178: 177: 172: 157: 156: 154: 150: 149: 143: 142: 136: 130: 129: 126: 122: 121: 117: 116: 110: 95: 94: 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5401: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5329: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5299: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5277: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5061: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4940: 4935: 4933: 4928: 4926: 4921: 4920: 4917: 4903: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4884: 4879: 4873: 4866: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4850: 4847: 4846:Krajina dinar 4842: 4839: 4838: 4835: 4830: 4829:Croatian kuna 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4811: 4809: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4779: 4772: 4768: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4752: 4747: 4744: 4737: 4732: 4730: 4726: 4723: 4720: 4712: 4705: 4699: 4692: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4671:Serbian dinar 4659: 4653: 4651:Serbian dinar 4648: 4645: 4643: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4621: 4611: 4609:FR Yugoslavia 4601: 4594: 4587: 4586:Bulgarian lev 4584: 4581: 4574: 4566: 4559: 4557:Serbian dinar 4552: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4505: 4501: 4496: 4492: 4484: 4479: 4477: 4472: 4470: 4465: 4464: 4461: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4439: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4367:Estonian mark 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4357:Deutsche Mark 4355: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4343: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4320: 4315: 4308: 4303: 4301: 4296: 4294: 4289: 4288: 4285: 4275: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4259: 4254:Succeeded by: 4249: 4248: 4239: 4233: 4229: 4224: 4223: 4216: 4211: 4205: 4201: 4196: 4195: 4190:Succeeded by: 4186: 4182: 4175: 4174: 4165: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4149: 4142: 4137: 4131: 4127: 4122: 4121: 4116:Succeeded by: 4112: 4108: 4101: 4100: 4091: 4085: 4081: 4076: 4075: 4068: 4063: 4056: 4051: 4050: 4045:Succeeded by: 4041: 4037: 4030: 4029: 4020: 4014: 4010: 4005: 4004: 3997: 3992: 3985: 3980: 3979: 3975: 3974:Belgian franc 3970:Succeeded by: 3966: 3962: 3955: 3954: 3945: 3939: 3935: 3930: 3929: 3922: 3917: 3910: 3905: 3904: 3903:Belgian franc 3899:Succeeded by: 3895: 3891: 3884: 3883: 3882:Eupen-Malmedy 3874: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3858: 3857:Belgian franc 3851: 3846: 3840: 3836: 3831: 3830: 3825:Succeeded by: 3820: 3819: 3810: 3804: 3800: 3795: 3794: 3787: 3782: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3766: 3761:Succeeded by: 3757: 3753: 3746: 3745: 3736: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3720: 3719:Danzig gulden 3713: 3708: 3702: 3698: 3693: 3692: 3687:Succeeded by: 3683: 3679: 3672: 3670: 3661: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3645: 3638: 3633: 3627: 3623: 3618: 3617: 3612:Succeeded by: 3608: 3604: 3597: 3596: 3587: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3571: 3564: 3559: 3552: 3547: 3546: 3541:Succeeded by: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3519: 3513: 3510: 3505: 3504: 3497: 3492: 3486: 3482: 3477: 3476: 3471:Succeeded by: 3467: 3463: 3456: 3455: 3446: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3430: 3423: 3418: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3398: 3393:Succeeded by: 3391: 3386: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3366: 3361:Succeeded by: 3359: 3354: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3333: 3332:Deutsche Mark 3328:Succeeded by: 3326: 3321: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3300: 3295:Succeeded by: 3291: 3287: 3280: 3278: 3268: 3264: 3258: 3255: 3250: 3249: 3242: 3237: 3234: 3229: 3226: 3221: 3218: 3213: 3210: 3205: 3202: 3201: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3183:Penguin Books 3180: 3176: 3173: 3172: 3161: 3159:0-87341-207-9 3155: 3151: 3149: 3143: 3139: 3133: 3129: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3103: 3099: 3093: 3079:on 2018-03-01 3078: 3074: 3070: 3064: 3049: 3043: 3029:on 2017-12-11 3028: 3024: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2976: 2972: 2970: 2965: 2959: 2952: 2948: 2942: 2928: 2924: 2918: 2902: 2901: 2896: 2890: 2876: 2872: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2819: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2797: 2793: 2792: 2784: 2770: 2766: 2759: 2744: 2740: 2734: 2730: 2719: 2709: 2707: 2697: 2695: 2685: 2684: 2681: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2647: 2643: 2640: 2639: 2629: 2624: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2607: 2603:(POW) camps ( 2602: 2598: 2597:concentration 2584: 2579: 2574: 2563: 2558: 2551: 2546: 2539: 2534: 2527: 2522: 2515: 2510: 2503: 2498: 2491: 2486: 2479: 2474: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2466: 2457: 2447: 2444: 2436: 2433:November 2016 2426: 2422: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2407: 2402:This section 2400: 2396: 2391: 2390: 2375: 2370: 2363: 2358: 2351: 2346: 2345: 2344: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2297: 2291: 2274: 2272: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2214: 2211: 2203: 2200:November 2016 2193: 2189: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2169:This section 2167: 2163: 2158: 2157: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2115: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2037: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1947: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1859: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1771: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1683: 1673: 1665: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1570: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1526:Austrian Mint 1524: 1521: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1497: 1487: 1484: 1475: 1473: 1472:50 ℛ︁₰ 1470: 1466: 1462: 1448: 1444: 1442: 1441:Reichspfennig 1428: 1423: 1419: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1382: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1305: 1304:Reichspfennig 1301: 1297: 1293: 1280: 1271: 1270:Reichspfennig 1264: 1258: 1257: 1250: 1244: 1239: 1236: 1235:Reichskanzler 1232: 1230: 1229:Reichspfennig 1225: 1218: 1217:Reichspfennig 1204: 1199: 1192: 1187: 1180: 1175: 1168: 1163: 1162: 1154: 1149: 1142: 1137: 1130: 1125: 1118: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1094:Denominations 1087: 1079: 1071: 1063: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1019:Ludwig Erhard 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1003:Deutsche Mark 1000: 996: 992: 988: 964: 961: 960: 948: 935: 931: 918: 917:Croatian kuna 915: 914: 883: 879: 876: 875: 862: 859: 858: 846: 833: 829: 821: 812: 811:Dutch guilder 808: 796: 783: 779: 766: 763: 762: 749: 746: 745: 732: 729: 728: 715: 714:Bulgarian lev 712: 711: 698: 695: 694: 682: 669: 668:Belgian franc 665: 661: 658: 655: 654: 651: 649: 645: 641: 638:. During the 637: 633: 629: 619: 616: 610: 606: 596: 594: 590: 586: 585:gold standard 582: 581: 576: 575: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 549: 538: 535: 534: 528: 523: 518: 513: 512:Reichspfennig 508: 504: 500: 496: 495:Deutsche Mark 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 461: 455: 447: 445: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 413:Serbian dinar 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 381:Bulgarian lev 378: 374: 373:Belgian franc 371: 369: 365: 360: 357: 354: 351: 346: 341: 335: 324: 322: 311: 309: 298: 297: 295: 291: 284: 281: 278: 277:Deutsche Mark 275: 273: 270: 269: 267: 263: 256: 252: 249: 245: 244: 242: 238: 235: 232: 228: 224: 220: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 196:Reichspfennig 195: 192: 191:Reichspfennig 186: 183: 179: 176: 175:Reichspfennig 173: 158: 155: 151: 148: 147:Denominations 144: 137: 135: 131: 127: 123: 118: 114: 108: 103: 91: 88: 80: 77:February 2017 70: 66: 60: 59: 53: 48: 39: 38: 33: 19: 5245: 4750:Italian lira 4690:Albanian lek 4422:Polish marka 4407:Hamburg mark 4391: 4317: 4273: 4268:Soviet Union 4263: 4258:Soviet ruble 4256: 4247:Transnistria 4245:Currency of 4244: 4237: 4227: 4222:Soviet ruble 4220: 4218:Preceded by: 4209: 4199: 4192: 4180: 4170: 4163: 4153: 4148:Italian lira 4146: 4144:Preceded by: 4135: 4125: 4118: 4106: 4096: 4089: 4079: 4072: 4070:Preceded by: 4061: 4054: 4049:French franc 4047: 4035: 4026:Currency of 4025: 4018: 4008: 4003:French franc 4001: 3999:Preceded by: 3990: 3983: 3972: 3960: 3951:Currency of 3950: 3943: 3933: 3926: 3924:Preceded by: 3915: 3908: 3901: 3889: 3880:Currency of 3879: 3872: 3862: 3855: 3853:Preceded by: 3844: 3834: 3829:Polish złoty 3827: 3816:Currency of 3815: 3808: 3798: 3793:Polish złoty 3791: 3789:Preceded by: 3780: 3770: 3765:Polish złoty 3763: 3751: 3741: 3734: 3724: 3717: 3715:Preceded by: 3706: 3701:Soviet Union 3696: 3691:Soviet ruble 3689: 3677: 3667:Currency of 3666: 3659: 3649: 3642: 3640:Preceded by: 3631: 3621: 3614: 3602: 3593:Currency of 3592: 3585: 3575: 3568: 3566:Preceded by: 3557: 3550: 3543: 3531: 3524: 3517: 3508: 3501: 3499:Preceded by: 3490: 3485:protectorate 3480: 3473: 3461: 3452:Currency of 3451: 3444: 3434: 3429:French franc 3427: 3425:Preceded by: 3416: 3411:Soviet Union 3402: 3397:Soviet ruble 3395: 3384: 3370: 3365:Polish złoty 3363: 3352: 3346:black market 3337: 3330: 3319: 3304: 3297: 3285: 3272: 3262: 3253: 3246: 3244:Preceded by: 3231:(in Russian) 3223:(in Russian) 3220:Weimar coins 3215:(in English) 3207:(in English) 3204:Weimar coins 3178: 3146: 3124: 3106:. Retrieved 3102:the original 3092: 3081:. Retrieved 3077:the original 3073:www.pcgs.com 3072: 3063: 3052:. Retrieved 3042: 3031:. Retrieved 3027:the original 2990: 2986: 2982: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2930:. Retrieved 2926: 2917: 2905:. Retrieved 2898: 2889: 2878:. Retrieved 2874: 2865: 2835:(1): 49–62. 2832: 2828: 2818: 2790: 2783: 2772:. Retrieved 2768: 2758: 2747:. Retrieved 2742: 2733: 2644: 2636: 2634: 2604: 2594: 2469: 2464: 2462: 2439: 2430: 2415:Please help 2403: 2332: 2304:Soviet Union 2301: 2275: 2268: 2221: 2206: 2197: 2182:Please help 2170: 1963:157,357,000 1875:184,545,000 1787:240,284,000 1699:212,948,000 1481: 1465:5 ℛ︁₰ 1447:Nazi Germany 1437: 1435: 1426: 1418:Denomination 1391: 1292:Nazi Germany 1256:Brüningtaler 1243:Brüningtaler 1226: 1223: 1222: 1100:1 ℛ︁₰ 1097: 1015:Mark der DDR 1014: 984: 963:Finnish mark 934:Slovak crown 861:Polish zloty 823:17 July 1940 765:Italian lira 748:French franc 731:Danish crown 625: 622:World War II 612: 578: 572: 568: 556: 546: 544: 526: 499:West Germany 487:Nazi Germany 474: 470: 441: 439: 432: 425:World War II 409:Polish złoty 401:Dutch gulden 393:Italian lira 389:French franc 385:Danish krone 350:Central bank 321:Nazi Germany 217:Demographics 83: 74: 55: 4954:Circulating 4704:German mark 4377:German mark 4328:Circulating 3595:Sudetenland 3313:West Berlin 3128:: 1801–1991 2718:Numismatics 2611:Łódź Ghetto 2581: [ 2328:U.S. Senate 2103:13,023,000 2093:19,639,000 2083:29,963,000 2073:30,369,000 2063:40,781,000 2053:84,164,000 2003:24,804,000 1993:10,445,000 1983:17,304,000 1973:11,940,000 1935:29,957,000 1925:20,295,000 1915:32,690,000 1905:18,334,000 1895:40,852,000 1885:16,329,000 1847:30,525,000 1837:28,765,000 1827:42,834,000 1817:36,548,000 1807:77,560,000 1797:70,747,000 1759:41,678,000 1749:27,308,000 1739:27,603,000 1729:34,350,000 1719:45,434,000 1709:76,274,000 1620: [ 1594: [ 1567: [ 1498:References 1381:Reichsadler 1342:Composition 1329:1.5 mm 1313:3.52 g 1261:(in German) 995:Soviet Zone 815:10 May 1940 593:U.S. dollar 591:, with the 589:German mark 265:Replaced by 69:introducing 18:Reichsmarks 5343:Categories 4764:Montenegro 4729:Montenegro 4545:territory 4448:Merk Scots 4322:or similar 4314:Currencies 4204:Yugoslavia 4185:Rentenmark 4130:Yugoslavia 4111:Rentenmark 4040:Rentenmark 3965:Rentenmark 3953:Luxembourg 3894:Rentenmark 3756:Rentenmark 3682:Rentenmark 3607:Rentenmark 3536:Rentenmark 3466:Rentenmark 3290:Rentenmark 3248:Rentenmark 3137:0873411501 3083:2018-03-01 3054:2013-01-16 3033:2013-01-16 2932:2024-06-23 2907:21 October 2880:2024-06-23 2774:2024-06-23 2749:2024-06-23 2725:References 2656:Öffa bills 2340:Geldschein 2262:architect 2224:Reichsbank 2142:4,897,000 2131:7,112,000 2024:1,821,000 2013:3,618,000 1648:, Germany 1629:, Germany 1617:State Mint 1603:, Germany 1591:State Mint 1577:, Germany 1550:, Germany 1531:, Austria 1512:, Germany 1507:State Mint 1489:Mint mark 1478:Mint marks 1467:, and the 1427:Lettering: 1392:Lettering: 1321:21 mm 1047:Saar franc 985:After the 921:April 1941 701:April 1939 628:annexation 609:Mefo bills 605:Öffa bills 574:Rentenmark 569:Papiermark 557:Papiermark 548:Papiermark 477:) was the 444:Reichsmark 356:Reichsbank 128:Reichsmark 100:Reichsmark 52:references 4623:1999-2003 4613:1992-1999 4603:1944-1992 4503:territory 4427:Saar mark 3475:Saar mark 3050:. Numista 2991:Die Fahrt 2875:ThoughtCo 2857:154770245 2849:0968-5650 2810:724193260 2638:Wehrmacht 2578:Lagergeld 2404:does not 2343:on them. 2171:does not 2152:Banknotes 1627:Karlsruhe 1601:Stuttgart 1469:aluminium 1436:The zinc 1356:1940–1945 1326:Thickness 1102:, 2 ℛ︁₰, 1043:Saar mark 1039:schilling 999:swastikas 798:July 1940 684:July 1940 626:With the 561:ℳ︁ 368:Pegged by 362:Valuation 201:Banknotes 4801:Slovenia 4771:Slovenia 4173:Slovenia 4099:Slovenia 3669:Klaipėda 3454:Saarland 3279:borders) 3177:(2009). 3108:18 March 2993:, hrsg: 2650:See also 2333:In 1947 2260:Prussian 2248:Prussian 2120:Mintage 2042:Mintage 1952:Mintage 1864:Mintage 1776:Mintage 1688:Mintage 1422:Mintmark 1387:swastika 1318:Diameter 981:Post-war 878:Sterling 786:May 1940 752:May 1940 672:May 1940 659:Date set 656:Currency 644:occupied 479:currency 343:Issuance 230:Replaced 4834:Croatia 4808:Croatia 4352:AM-Mark 4345:Defunct 4276: ? 4264:Reason: 4240: ? 4232:Romania 4228:Reason: 4212: ? 4200:Reason: 4166: ? 4158:Germany 4154:Reason: 4138: ? 4126:Reason: 4084:Germany 4080:Reason: 4064: ? 4055:Reason: 4021: ? 4013:Germany 4009:Reason: 3993: ? 3984:Reason: 3938:Germany 3934:Reason: 3909:Reason: 3867:Germany 3863:Reason: 3847: ? 3835:Reason: 3803:Germany 3799:Reason: 3783: ? 3771:Reason: 3729:Germany 3725:Reason: 3709: ? 3697:Reason: 3671:(Memel) 3654:Germany 3650:Reason: 3634: ? 3622:Reason: 3588: ? 3580:Germany 3576:Reason: 3551:Reason: 3509:Reason: 3493: ? 3481:Reason: 3447: ? 3439:Germany 3435:Reason: 3403:Reason: 3371:Reason: 3338:Reason: 3309:Trizone 3305:Reason: 3254:Reason: 2694:Germany 2680:Portals 2668:AM-Mark 2623:AM-Mark 2425:removed 2410:sources 2320:Leipzig 2314:of the 2282:⁄ 2228:Bavaria 2192:removed 2177:sources 2139:1945 E 2128:1945 A 2100:1944 G 2090:1944 F 2080:1944 E 2070:1944 D 2060:1944 B 2050:1944 A 2021:1943 J 2010:1943 G 2000:1943 F 1990:1943 E 1980:1943 D 1970:1943 B 1960:1943 A 1932:1942 J 1922:1942 G 1912:1942 F 1902:1942 E 1892:1942 D 1882:1942 B 1872:1942 A 1844:1941 J 1834:1941 G 1824:1941 F 1814:1941 E 1804:1941 D 1794:1941 B 1784:1941 A 1756:1940 J 1746:1940 G 1736:1940 F 1726:1940 E 1716:1940 D 1706:1940 B 1696:1940 A 1659:Mintage 1646:Hamburg 1643:Mint of 1575:Dresden 1454:⁄ 1400:Reverse 1361:Obverse 1029:of the 1007:Trizone 974:197.44 957:116.20 906:⁄ 725:333.33 630:of the 541:History 483:Germany 450:German: 293:User(s) 272:AM-Mark 248:Trizone 189:  166:⁄ 161:  153:Subunit 141:‎ 65:improve 4825:  4812:  4722:Kosovo 4718:  4715:  4684:Kosovo 4677:Serbia 4666:  4663:  4646:  4642:Serbia 4619:Serbia 4316:named 4274:Ratio: 4238:Ratio: 4210:Ratio: 4164:Ratio: 4136:Ratio: 4090:Ratio: 4062:Ratio: 4019:Ratio: 3991:Ratio: 3944:Ratio: 3916:Ratio: 3873:Ratio: 3845:Ratio: 3839:Poland 3809:Ratio: 3781:Ratio: 3775:Poland 3735:Ratio: 3707:Ratio: 3660:Ratio: 3632:Ratio: 3586:Ratio: 3558:Ratio: 3518:Ratio: 3491:Ratio: 3445:Ratio: 3417:Ratio: 3385:Ratio: 3379:Poland 3353:Ratio: 3320:Ratio: 3263:Ratio: 3189:  3156:  3134:  2855:  2847:  2808:  2798:  2606:Stalag 2232:Saxony 2123:Notes 2045:Notes 1955:Notes 1867:Notes 1779:Notes 1691:Notes 1548:Munich 1529:Vienna 1510:Berlin 1495:Notes 1414:Design 1375:Design 1289:  1108:50 ℛ︁₰ 972:  955:  943:  926:  896:  892:  870:  855:17.50 853:  843:13.33 841:  826:ƒ7.57 818:ƒ6.66 803:  791:  774:  757:  740:  723:  706:  689:  677:  527:empire 331:  318:  305:  181:Plural 134:Symbol 125:Plural 54:, but 4181:Note: 4107:Note: 4036:Note: 3961:Note: 3890:Note: 3752:Note: 3678:Note: 3603:Note: 3532:Note: 3462:Note: 3377:" to 3348:trade 3286:Note: 3267:US$ 1 2853:S2CID 2706:Money 2585:] 2236:Baden 2145:Rare 2134:Rare 2117:Year 2112:1945 2039:Year 2034:1944 2027:Rare 2016:Rare 1949:Year 1944:1943 1861:Year 1856:1942 1773:Year 1768:1941 1685:Year 1680:1940 1624:] 1598:] 1573:near 1571:] 1385:with 1345:100% 1337:Plain 1299:Value 1104:5 ℛ︁₰ 1057:Coins 522:Reich 209:Coins 4710:Euro 4542:2023 4539:2007 4536:2003 4533:2002 4530:1999 4527:1998 4524:1995 4521:1994 4518:1992 4515:1944 4512:1941 4509:1920 4506:1918 4319:mark 3419:None 3387:None 3187:ISBN 3154:ISBN 3132:ISBN 3110:2015 2989:In: 2966:In: 2909:2020 2845:ISSN 2806:OCLC 2796:ISBN 2743:DWDS 2662:MEFO 2599:and 2408:any 2406:cite 2310:and 2234:and 2175:any 2173:cite 1461:zinc 1334:Edge 1310:Mass 1051:Saar 967:1941 945:100 938:1939 928:200 887:1940 865:1939 836:1940 805:100 776:100 769:1943 759:200 735:1940 718:1940 708:100 691:125 679:100 646:and 607:and 517:Mark 471:ℛ︁ℳ︁ 467:sign 440:The 225:1924 120:Unit 5241:Pts 5221:ℒ𝓈 5196:₢$ 5191:Դր. 3409:to 2975:PDF 2837:doi 2419:by 2186:by 1438:10 1302:10 1267:10 1246:or 970:FMk 894:17s 872:20 851:NKr 839:NKr 793:40 772:Lit 742:10 738:DKr 721:Lev 481:of 423:in 168:100 5345:: 5292:𐆘 5287:𐆗 5282:𐆙 5270:𐆚 5246:ℛℳ 5121:Rs 5101:රු 5096:रू 4994:$ 3185:. 3181:. 3071:. 3002:^ 2977:). 2925:. 2897:. 2873:. 2851:. 2843:. 2831:. 2827:. 2804:. 2767:. 2741:. 2613:. 2583:de 2266:. 2230:, 1639:J 1622:de 1613:G 1596:de 1587:F 1569:de 1560:E 1541:D 1522:B 1503:A 1456:10 1347:Zn 1214:4 1053:. 953:Sk 941:Sk 924:Kn 911:d 890:£0 868:zl 801:Fr 789:Fr 755:Fr 687:Fr 675:Fr 537:. 475:RM 469:: 465:; 419:, 415:, 411:, 407:, 403:, 399:, 395:, 391:, 387:, 383:, 379:, 375:, 5327:¤ 5310:₿ 5258:₷ 5236:ℳ 5231:₥ 5226:₶ 5216:₤ 5211:₠ 5206:₯ 5201:₰ 5186:₳ 5168:円 5163:¥ 5158:₩ 5153:₮ 5148:₸ 5143:₺ 5138:৳ 5132:C 5126:₪ 5116:꠸ 5111:௹ 5106:૱ 5091:₹ 5086:₽ 5081:៛ 5076:﷼ 5071:元 5066:₱ 5054:₦ 5049:£ 5044:₾ 5039:₭ 5034:₴ 5029:₲ 5024:F 5019:ƒ 5014:€ 5009:₼ 5004:֏ 4999:₫ 4982:¢ 4977:₡ 4972:₵ 4967:฿ 4962:؋ 4938:e 4931:t 4924:v 4874:) 4868:( 4787:) 4781:( 4760:) 4754:( 4745:) 4739:( 4700:) 4694:( 4660:) 4654:( 4615:, 4605:, 4596:( 4582:) 4576:( 4567:) 4561:( 4482:e 4475:t 4468:v 4306:e 4299:t 4292:v 3315:) 3275:( 3193:. 3162:. 3140:. 3112:. 3086:. 3057:. 3036:. 2971:. 2935:. 2911:. 2883:. 2859:. 2839:: 2833:5 2812:. 2777:. 2752:. 2682:: 2446:) 2440:( 2435:) 2431:( 2427:. 2413:. 2284:2 2280:1 2271:S 2213:) 2207:( 2202:) 2198:( 2194:. 2180:. 1452:1 1389:. 1224:4 908:2 904:1 901:+ 899:4 884:) 880:( 848:? 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Index

Reichsmarks
RM (disambiguation)
references
inline citations
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introducing
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Paul von Hindenburg
Symbol
Denominations
Reichspfennig
Reichspfennig
German Rentenmark
Trizone
Soviet occupation zone of Germany
AM-Mark
Deutsche Mark
East German mark
Weimar Republic
Nazi Germany
Allied-occupied Germany
Central bank
Reichsbank
Pegged by
Belgian franc
Bohemian and Moravian koruna
Bulgarian lev
Danish krone
French franc

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