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they can retreat, and will fight much harder because of the lack of alternatives. Moreover, foreign regimes usually have fewer active supporters in the theater, and those that exist can often be easily identified, making it possible for guerrilla armies to identify their targets. By contrast, indigenous regimes often have much more popular support, and their supporters are often not easily recognized as such, making it much harder to conduct operations against them without also causing harm to neutral parties.
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154:. In turn, China presented themselves as models of independent nationalist development outside of Western influence, particularly as such posturing and other long-term hostility meant they were regarded as a threat to Western power and regarded themselves as such, using their resources to politically, economically and militarily assist movements such as in
264:
These strategies explain why they are quite successful against foreign regimes and quite unsuccessful against indigenous regimes. Foreign regimes usually have a threshold beyond which they would prefer to go home rather than to fight the war. By contrast, an indigenous regime has no place to which
256:
of national liberation are usually fought using guerrilla warfare. The main purpose of these tactics is to increase the cost of the anti-guerrilla forces past the point where such forces are willing to bear. Wars of national liberation generally depend on widespread public support, with ordinary
204:
states tend to view them as international wars. This difference in classification leads to varying perceptions of which laws of war apply in such situations. However, there is general agreement among all states today in principle that the use of force to frustrate a people's legal right to
1825:"Rendering an area ethnically homogenous by using force or in- timidation to remove from a given area persons of another ethnic or religious group" seems, in fact, an essential element in the program of many state builders and national liberation movements.
1675:"Buildup of U.S. Forces in VietNam, Statement by Secretary of Defense, Robert S. McNamara, Before the Subcommittee on Department of Defense Appropriations of the Senate Committee on Appropriations on August 4, 1965"
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594:(PAC). It is the only non-African national liberation movement to hold observer status in the OAU, and was one of the first national liberation movements granted permanent observer status by the
1950:"Observer status of national liberation movements recognized by the Organization of African Unity and/or the League of Arab States :: resolutions /: adopted by the General Assembly"
142:
pledged support for "wars of national liberation" throughout the world. On the other hand, the Soviet involvement was often viewed as a way to increase the size and influence of the
2242:
Edre U. Olalia, Vice
President of International Association of People’s Lawyers (IAPL) THE STATUS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW OF NATIONAL LIBERATION MOVEMENTS AND THEIR USE OF ARMED FORCE
609:
The following current conflicts have sometimes also been characterized as wars or struggles of national liberation (such a designation is often subject to controversy):
126:, the phrase has often been applied selectively to criticize the foreign power involved. Some of these wars were either vocally or materially supported by the
582:(PLO) is a national liberation movement, meaning that it holds official recognition of its legal status as such. Other national liberation movements in the
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1837:
Kelman, Herbert C. (1997). "Negotiating
National Identity and Self-Determination in Ethnic Conflicts: The Choice Between Pluralism and Ethnic Cleansing".
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civilians providing crucial support. Finally, wars of national liberation are often embedded in a larger context of great power politics and are often
30:"National liberation", "Liberation struggle", "War of independence", and "War of Liberation" redirect here. For the concept in Marxist thought, see
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Edre U. Olalia, Vice
President of International Association of People’s Lawyers - The status in International Law of National Liberation Movements
1969:
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since 1975 and considered its guerrilla war against
Morocco as national liberation war (like many foreign observers, countries and the
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893:
317:
87:. The term is used in conjunction with wars against foreign powers (or at least those perceived as foreign) to establish separate
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Evangelista, Matthew (2002), The
Chechen wars: will Russia go the way of the Soviet Union?, p. 142. Brookings Institution Press,
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pursuant to a 1974 resolution. The PLO also participates in UN Security
Council debates; since 1988, it has represented the
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were shared by many anticolonialist leaders, thus explaining the objective alliance between anticolonialist forces and
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would pledge support for "wars of national liberation" throughout the world. In the same decade,
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had caused a rise of national consciousness in the
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regime is also another example. Most of these rebellions were in part supported by the
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movement. Polisario had been recognized by many countries, the
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for the rebelling nationality. From a different point of view, such wars are called
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1890:"The Application of International Humanitarian Law to Wars of National Liberation"
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List of active separatist movements recognized by intergovernmental organizations
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Some Iraqi insurgent groups, and certain political groups believe that the
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power, supporting the replacement of western-backed governments with local
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in Tamil-speaking territories and discrimination against the Tamil people.
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1781:"Schindler's Fate: Genocide, Ethnic Cleansing, and Population Transfers"
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International law and the use of force by national liberation movements
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The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World
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Conflicts which have been described as national liberation struggles:
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or other non pro-western parties. In
January 1961 Soviet premier
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against Napoleon's occupation of Spain and Portugal during the
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Estonian artillery preparing for a battle during the 1918–1920
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Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe
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launched a series of complex wars of independence against the
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510:(PCF) in 1921. In January 1961, over three years before the
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against Napoleon's occupation of German lands during the
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finally led to the recognition of Angola, Mozambique and
188:
are entitled to wage wars of national liberation. While
1698:
1948:
Sess.: 1988-1989), UN General Assembly (43rd (1989).
1699:
Ballard, Chet; Gubbay, Jon; Middleton, Chris (1997).
574:
Ongoing wars defined as national liberation conflicts
400:(1917-1921), which resulted in being absorbed into a
2209:
2144:(Illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group.
2093:
1634:
1573:
List of active autonomist and secessionist movements
636:
was a war of national liberation against the US-led
2119:
Akehurst's Modern Introduction to International Law
1472:
has been considered a national liberation movement.
550:as independent states in 1975, following the April
2116:
1093:, by the South West Africa People's Organization (
484:" itself had been theorized in Lenin's 1916 book,
2189:(Illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press.
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1947:
558:led to fewer wars of independence in part of the
534:, would support national liberation movements in
2258:
1176:National Liberation War and Socialist Revolution
1023:Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen
352:(1919-1921), ending in the establishment of the
107:is often utilized by groups labeled as national
34:. For the anticommunist campaign in Kerala, see
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1613:List of sovereign states by date of formation
146:, and thus a form of imperialism itself. The
1927:(hardcover). Basic Books. pp. 432–433.
1923:(2005). "24 "The Cold War Comes to Africa".
1865:
487:Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism
428:(1945-1949) followed with the Liberation of
118:movement. Since these were primarily in the
1968:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1909:
725:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1985:
1976:
625:to be wars of national liberation against
2114:
1994:
1753:
937:against French colonial rule in Indochina
745:Learn how and when to remove this message
502:on September 2, 1945, following the 1945
498:in 1941 and declared the independence of
320:, which resulted in the formation of new
208:
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1730:"Wars of National Liberation—Insurgency"
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678:as the legitimate representative of the
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111:, often with support from other states.
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1593:List of states with limited recognition
1583:List of historical separatist movements
27:Conflict fought for national liberation
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1881:
1836:
1778:
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647:to be a war of national liberation of
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1466:Zapatista Army of National Liberation
961:against French colonial rule in 1947.
926:against Japanese invasion of Vietnam.
845:Spanish American wars of independence
506:— was a founding member of the
310:Spanish American wars of independence
150:criticized the Soviet Union as being
1701:The Student's Companion to Sociology
723:adding citations to reliable sources
690:
412:fought a series of campaigns in the
1209:fought against occupying forces of
1194:occupators and their collaborators.
1190:(National Liberation Army) against
617:and foreign observers consider the
24:
1897:Journal of Humanitarian Assistance
1625:
368:unsuccessfully fought a number of
192:states tend to view these wars as
25:
2298:
2205:
1434:, by the Chechen peoples against
670:), while Morocco considered it a
592:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
580:Palestine Liberation Organization
49:Allied naval intervention at the
2226:
2212:
1421:Azanian People's Liberation Army
1385:'s forces against the occupying
894:Serbian–Turkish Wars (1876–1878)
695:
518:'s increased involvement in the
205:self-determination is unlawful.
2282:European colonisation of Africa
2252:A reversal of International Law
2115:Malanczuk, Peter Autor (1997).
2100:. Scarecrow Press. p. 86.
2097:International law: a dictionary
2086:
2051:
2027:
2003:
1941:
1452:Bougainville Revolutionary Army
1155:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
662:has sought the independence of
596:United Nations General Assembly
172:
1955:United Nations Digital Library
1888:Higgins, Noelle (April 2004).
1830:
1772:
1747:
1692:
1563:Decolonization of the Americas
1514:African independence movements
1354:People's Republic of Kampuchea
1032:against British rule in Kenya.
942:Indonesian National Revolution
426:Indonesian War of Independence
404:. Following the defeat of the
13:
1:
2272:National liberation movements
2094:Boleslaw Adam Boczek (2005).
2014:Chechnya: From Past to Future
1638:Moscow's Third World Strategy
1635:Rubinstein, Alvin Z. (1990).
1619:
1234:Chinese Civil War (1945–1949)
1162:Ukrainian War of Independence
873:Dominican War of Independence
452:(ANC)'s struggle against the
32:National liberation (Marxism)
2138:Mitchell, Thomas G. (2000).
1758:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1754:Lieberman, Benjamin (2013).
1679:Department of State Bulletin
1598:List of wars of independence
1519:American War of Independence
1477:Croatian War of Independence
1283:Eritrean War of Independence
1141:Estonian War of Independence
880:Italian Wars of Independence
763:Estonian War of Independence
686:
568:Croatian War of Independence
336:in the establishment of the
40:List of wars of independence
36:Liberation Struggle (Kerala)
7:
2183:Wilson, Heather A. (1990).
1728:Little, Wendell E. (1980).
1578:List of decolonized nations
1500:
1207:Italian resistance movement
1169:Turkish War of Independence
1148:Latvian War of Independence
1064:Moroccan Army of Liberation
394:Ukrainian People's Republic
69:Wars of national liberation
10:
2303:
2063:Cambridge University Press
1779:Hayden, Robert M. (1996).
1643:Princeton University Press
901:Portuguese Restoration War
795:American Revolutionary War
602:at the UN under the name "
586:at that time included the
277:
268:
148:People's Republic of China
79:, are conflicts fought by
29:
2059:Russia Confronts Chechnya
1539:chronology of colonialism
1442:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
1294:Bangladesh Liberation War
1019:National Liberation Front
887:Dominican Restoration War
859:Greek War of Independence
774:Swedish War of Liberation
588:African National Congress
450:African National Congress
442:Bangladesh Liberation War
420:and establishment of the
410:Turkish National Movement
392:gained independence. The
350:Irish War of Independence
330:Greek War of Independence
130:, which claimed to be an
59:Greek War of Independence
2057:Dunlop, John B. (1998),
2016:, p. 208. Anthem Press,
1878:Malanczuk, 1997, p. 336.
1358:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
1348:, against the occupying
645:Kurdish–Turkish conflict
544:Portuguese colonial wars
516:United States government
494:— who founded the
358:aftermath of World War I
1851:10.1023/A:1024840110195
1215:Italian Social Republic
1201:in which forces of the
977:Portuguese Overseas War
952:Sri Lankan colonization
834:German campaign of 1813
809:Irish Rebellion of 1803
802:Irish Rebellion of 1798
643:Many Kurds believe the
512:Gulf of Tonkin incident
180:generally holds that a
55:Ambroise Louis Garneray
1510:especially V & XII
1307:against the occupying
765:
508:French Communist Party
370:independence movements
348:eventually led to the
250:
225:since 1975, after the
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184:with a legal right to
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38:. For other uses, see
1991:Wilson, 1990, p. 119.
1982:Shultz, 1988, p. 100.
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852:Swedish-Norwegian War
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556:breakup of Yugoslavia
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1585:
1580:
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1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1546:
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1499:
1498:
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1485:
1479:
1473:
1458:
1444:
1438:
1424:
1411:, against the
1405:
1390:
1375:
1361:
1342:
1339:United Kingdom
1312:
1301:
1290:
1279:
1252:
1237:
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1060:Western Sahara
1056:
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1026:
1021:(NLF) and the
1011:
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955:
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938:
927:
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907:decolonization
903:
897:
890:
883:
876:
869:
862:
855:
848:
841:
830:
823:
816:Peninsular War
812:
805:
798:
791:
784:
777:
753:
752:
703:
701:
694:
688:
685:
684:
683:
680:Sahrawi people
676:United Nations
664:Western Sahara
656:
649:Kurdish people
641:
630:
575:
572:
468:objectives of
406:Ottoman Empire
322:Latin American
280:Decolonization
275:
272:
270:
267:
239:armed struggle
210:
207:
174:
171:
116:decolonization
71:, also called
63:Ottoman Empire
57:, part of the
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2299:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
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2221:
2215:
2210:
2198:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2123:. Routledge.
2121:
2120:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2071:0-521-63619-1
2068:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2039:0-8157-2498-5
2036:
2030:
2023:
2022:1-84331-164-X
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1979:
1971:
1965:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1944:
1936:
1934:9780465003112
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1898:
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1875:
1873:
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1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
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1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1785:Slavic Review
1782:
1775:
1767:
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1750:
1735:
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1724:
1716:
1714:0-7567-7867-0
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1656:0-691-07790-8
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1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1558:Minzu jiefang
1556:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1522:
1520:
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1467:
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1406:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1367:of 1977 with
1366:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1298:West Pakistan
1295:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:North Vietnam
1265:
1264:United States
1261:
1260:South Vietnam
1257:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
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1200:
1196:
1193:
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1177:
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1170:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1132:Brunei Revolt
1129:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1105:South Africa.
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1074:, and by the
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
994:
990:
986:
985:Guinea-Bissau
982:
978:
974:
971:
967:
963:
960:
956:
953:
949:
945:
943:
939:
936:
932:
928:
925:
921:
917:
915:
911:
910:
908:
904:
902:
898:
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888:
884:
881:
877:
874:
870:
867:
863:
860:
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853:
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775:
771:
770:
769:
764:
759:
749:
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738:
735:February 2011
728:
724:
720:
714:
713:
709:
704:This section
702:
698:
693:
692:
681:
677:
673:
669:
668:African Union
665:
661:
657:
654:
650:
646:
642:
639:
635:
631:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
611:
610:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
571:
569:
565:
561:
560:Yugoslav Wars
557:
553:
549:
548:Guinea-Bissau
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
488:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
466:revolutionary
463:
460:. Since the
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:Allied forces
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
360:and the 1917
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:Easter Rising
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
285:
281:
266:
262:
260:
255:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
215:
206:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
170:
168:
164:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
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60:
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2185:
2164:
2140:
2118:
2096:
2087:Bibliography
2058:
2053:
2029:
2013:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1978:
1964:cite journal
1953:
1943:
1924:
1911:
1900:. Retrieved
1896:
1883:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1824:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1755:
1749:
1738:. Retrieved
1733:
1723:
1700:
1694:
1683:. Retrieved
1678:
1665:
1637:
1527:
1448:Bougainville
1409:South Africa
1404:dictatorship
1400:against the
1387:U.S. Marines
1337:against the
1330:; also, the
1324:The Troubles
1276:Soviet Union
1223:World War II
1211:Nazi Germany
1184:World War II
995:(1961-1974).
972:(1954–1962).
966:Algerian War
889:(1863–1865).
875:(1844–1856).
767:
741:
732:
717:Please help
705:
672:secessionist
608:
577:
532:Fidel Castro
485:
458:Soviet Union
446:Algerian War
324:states. The
287:
263:
252:
241:against the
176:
173:Legal issues
160:
128:Soviet Union
113:
93:insurgencies
85:independence
76:
72:
68:
67:
61:against the
1535:Colonialism
1489:Bosnian War
1483:Ten-Day War
1356:during the
1309:Soviet Army
1256:Vietnam War
1249:South Korea
1241:North Korea
1217:during the
1121:Dervish War
1086:occupation.
1084:Mauritanian
1015:South Yemen
882:(1848-1866)
564:Ten-Day War
554:. The 1991
520:Vietnam War
492:Ho Chi Minh
482:imperialism
440:(1959–75),
438:Vietnam War
436:(1946–54),
396:fought its
284:Colonialism
235:Kalashnikov
233:, with the
198:Third World
144:Soviet Bloc
120:third world
2261:Categories
1902:2010-07-15
1740:2010-07-16
1685:2010-07-16
1645:. p.
1620:References
1603:Separatism
1549:Insurgency
1544:Hukbalahap
1524:Clausewitz
1415:regime by
1402:Tombalbaye
1365:Ogaden War
1335:insurgency
1245:Korean War
1180:Yugoslavia
1047:), led by
989:Mozambique
948:resistance
946:The Tamil
776:(1521–23).
590:(ANC) and
540:Mozambique
430:Irian Jaya
366:Bolsheviks
344:(1916) in
259:proxy wars
219:Mozambique
194:civil wars
97:rebellions
2061:, p. 93.
1859:189900927
1821:232725375
1805:0037-6779
1508:14 Points
1450:, by the
1413:apartheid
1379:Nicaragua
1186:, by the
1103:apartheid
1062:, by the
1002:, by the
935:Viet Minh
924:Việt Minh
706:does not
687:Conflicts
638:coalition
604:Palestine
530:, led by
496:Viet-Minh
474:socialism
470:communism
454:apartheid
386:Lithuania
356:. In the
332:, ending
318:royalists
202:communist
136:communist
2162:(1988).
2012:(2005),
1501:See also
1468:against
1454:against
1398:FROLINAT
1373:Ethiopia
1371:against
1346:Cambodia
1296:against
1287:Ethiopia
1285:against
1266:against
1262:and the
1247:against
1205:and the
1101:against
1080:Moroccan
1078:against
1066:against
1045:Zimbabwe
1041:Rhodesia
1025:(FLOSY).
1006:against
1000:Cameroon
993:Portugal
991:against
968:against
634:Iraq War
615:Chechens
566:and the
314:patriots
302:American
296:against
223:Portugal
217:Flag of
167:genocide
124:Cold War
83:to gain
1813:2501233
1464:by the
1369:Somalia
1316:Ireland
1258:, with
1182:within
1125:Somalia
1091:Namibia
1017:by the
861:(1821).
727:removed
712:sources
500:Vietnam
478:Marxism
378:Estonia
374:Finland
269:History
190:Western
156:Vietnam
81:nations
2193:
2172:
2148:
2127:
2104:
2077:
2069:
2045:
2037:
2020:
1931:
1857:
1819:
1811:
1803:
1762:
1711:
1653:
1529:On War
1470:Mexico
1436:Russia
1318:, the
1243:, the
1232:, the
1097:) and
1082:&
1072:France
1070:&
1008:France
987:, and
981:Angola
970:France
653:Turkey
627:Russia
542:. The
536:Angola
424:. The
408:, the
390:Poland
388:, and
382:Latvia
372:until
346:Dublin
340:. The
294:slaves
231:Lisbon
182:people
1893:(PDF)
1855:S2CID
1817:S2CID
1809:JSTOR
1681:: 369
1428:First
1396:, by
1381:, by
1272:China
1230:China
1099:SWANU
1095:SWAPO
1068:Spain
1043:(now
899:The
619:First
613:Many
2191:ISBN
2170:ISBN
2146:ISBN
2125:ISBN
2102:ISBN
2075:ISBN
2067:ISBN
2043:ISBN
2035:ISBN
2018:ISBN
1970:link
1929:ISBN
1919:and
1801:ISSN
1760:ISBN
1709:ISBN
1651:ISBN
1551:and
1537:and
1493:The
1487:The
1481:The
1475:The
1460:The
1440:The
1430:and
1426:The
1419:and
1394:Chad
1363:The
1352:and
1322:and
1303:The
1292:The
1281:The
1254:The
1197:The
1192:Axis
1174:The
1167:The
1160:The
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1130:The
1119:The
1108:The
1053:ZAPU
1051:and
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282:and
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200:and
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