56:
22:
446:
working class was looked at as a political problem, rather than a social one. The rise of liberalism would eventually be the downfall for
Metternich and Ferdinand. Liberal ideals were coming from the upper aristocracy and the middle classes. The dissent of the middle class was extremely evident. In
445:
to the throne in 1835 made it possible for
Metternich to have responsibility of the internal and external affairs of the Austrian Empire. Nationalism and the social developments in the empire created more tensions that would eventually erupt in the form of the March 1848 revolution. The emerging
454:
saw few gains made, though these were significant to the peasant class. Along with the abolition of serfdom in
Hungary, it no longer was a question of class but of the national position and the right of the authority of Vienna. The conflicting ideas would eventually come to a head in the
78:. The beginning of the period is less well-defined. Some place the starting point directly after the fall of Napoleon and the establishment of the German Confederation in 1815. Others, typically those who emphasise the
57:
387:
during the March revolution due to public pressure. However, the liberal and democratic movement included a strong nationalistic element from the beginning, predominantly against the French "
541:
during the same time, characterized by an increasing interest by authors in political and social topics, including the growing economic unity of
Germany through the
292:, which censored the press, curtailed academic study of liberalism, and restricted public discussion of such ideas as national unity and wider suffrage.
196:
430:
customs union, though formed to address economic concerns, was widely seen by national-liberal circles as a decisive step towards a (
300:
281:
401:
71:
572:
184:
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failed and the consequent emigration of many Polish insurgents began, popular German support for liberalism grew; at the
231:, who agreed on suppressing such political activities of their subjects—a scheme that ultimately failed. After the "
384:
372:
601:
272:, demanding a national pan-German state founded on a liberal constitution. When the 1819 assassination of
364:
479:
475:
324:
112:
domestically, and pressured other German states to do the same. These authoritarian regimes practiced
596:
491:
463:
388:
50:
396:
304:
137:
129:
258:
Demonstrations grew increasingly visible and strident. Having founded one of the first national
442:
438:
professors were dismissed for their protest against the abolition of the
Hanover constitution.
405:
176:
376:
363:
of 1832, which was a culminating point of the national, liberal, and democratic movement, the
511:
316:
204:
327:
were arrested or retired into private life, liberal ideals enjoyed resurgence in the French
515:
471:
417:
320:
252:
216:
102:
75:
8:
467:
456:
344:
273:
591:
546:
447:
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The states of the German
Confederation reacted by increased suppression. In the failed
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340:
296:
200:
188:
172:
156:
145:
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98:
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another transitional composer wrote over 600 lieder including two famous song cycles;
435:
568:
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507:
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writing the most celebrated waltzes. Other notable composers from this era include
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336:
269:
248:
220:
192:
117:
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90:
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was occupied by
Austrian and Prussian troops. Many participants were sentenced for
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63:
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lead the way during the composers late period. He wrote monumental works like the
413:
308:
523:
451:
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356:
328:
240:
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94:
83:
30:
21:
483:
368:
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180:
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421:
380:
232:
141:
409:
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224:
109:
519:
487:
208:
152:
542:
426:
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26:
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of 1830, which was followed by insurrections in the
Prussian capital,
383:
gained large interest, and the defendants had to be pardoned by King
236:
121:
550:
175:, the European powers, led by the Austrian state chancellor Prince
168:
565:
The
Habsburg Monarchy, C. 1765-1918: From Enlightenment to Eclipse
424:. On the other hand, the establishment of the Prussian-dominated
498:
was the most popular dance craze in Europe with composers like
332:
228:
82:
as a period of political uprising, place the beginning at the
495:
70:) was a period in the history of Germany preceding the 1848
265:
93:, within Germany it was characterized by the dominance of
191:, thereby reversing the massive changes brought by the
120:
on an unprecedented scale in response to even moderate
567:. European studies. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 456.
462:
Musically, the Vormärz spanned during the end of the
195:, with the aim of recreating the pre-revolutionary
16:
Period of German history before the 1848 revolution
105:. Both Austria and Prussia established repressive
375:of 1846, the trial against the insurgents around
583:
219:was established as a successor of the shattered
155:era. As such it is seen as a conclusion of the
235:" in large German territories including the
38:
441:The succession of the mentally handicapped
284:responded to the growing influence of the
404:assembly of the princes' delegates, the
151:Culturally, this period is known as the
20:
584:
227:but a loose association of the German
49:
562:
529:
255:could be delayed, but not reversed.
13:
537:is also the name of a movement in
434:) German unification. In 1837 the
14:
613:
420:fled from Germany, mostly to the
280:created appropriate pretext, the
466:period and the beginning of the
371:were raised together. After the
385:Frederick William IV of Prussia
335:, and in the German states of
84:French July Revolution of 1830
1:
556:
162:
89:Internationally known as the
264:circa 1815, the students of
239:, the implementation of the
207:tendencies among the German
7:
365:national colours of Germany
295:Though many activists like
268:openly demonstrated at the
10:
618:
549:itself, and expanded male
400:, an attempt to storm the
325:Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker
211:that had risen during the
140:, revolutionary calls for
351:. That same year, as the
301:Hoffmann von Fallersleben
247:, the movement towards a
29:about 1820, painting by
397:Frankfurter Wachensturm
373:Greater Poland Uprising
305:Hans Ferdinand Massmann
183:foreign secretary Lord
171:'s final defeat at the
130:constitutional monarchy
406:Free City of Frankfurt
177:Klemens von Metternich
51:[ˈfoːɐ̯ˌmɛʁts]
39:
33:
512:Johann Nepomuk Hummel
317:Friedrich Ludwig Jahn
74:in the states of the
47:German pronunciation:
24:
563:Okey, Robin (2001).
516:Carl Maria von Weber
472:Ludwig van Beethoven
418:Ferdinand Lindheimer
321:Carl Theodor Welcker
276:by student activist
253:parliamentary system
217:German Confederation
103:German Confederation
76:German Confederation
602:Revolutions of 1848
492:Die schöne Müllerin
377:Ludwik Mierosławski
274:August von Kotzebue
547:German Unification
297:Ernst Moritz Arndt
261:Urburschenschaften
189:Conservative Order
187:, implemented the
173:Battle of Waterloo
146:universal suffrage
136:, as well as more
134:German unification
34:
574:978-0-312-23375-4
539:German literature
530:Literary movement
508:Felix Mendelssohn
402:Bundesversammlung
353:November Uprising
282:Bundesversammlung
270:Wartburg Festival
223:, likewise not a
221:Holy Roman Empire
193:French Revolution
118:mass surveillance
91:Age of Metternich
609:
578:
504:Johann Strauss I
389:hereditary enemy
361:Hambach Festival
290:Carlsbad Decrees
286:Burschenschaften
278:Karl Ludwig Sand
245:Prussian reforms
197:balance of power
72:March Revolution
61:
60:
59:
53:
48:
42:
617:
616:
612:
611:
610:
608:
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597:Austrian Empire
582:
581:
575:
559:
545:, the topic of
532:
524:Robert Schumann
436:Göttingen Seven
357:Congress Poland
329:July Revolution
288:by issuing the
241:Napoleonic Code
213:Napoleonic Wars
165:
55:
54:
46:
31:Thomas Lawrence
17:
12:
11:
5:
615:
605:
604:
599:
594:
580:
579:
573:
558:
555:
531:
528:
484:Franz Schubert
480:Symphony No. 9
476:Missa solemnis
450:, the 1836-39
412:; others like
379:at the Berlin
199:. Against the
164:
161:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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500:Joseph Lanner
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422:United States
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414:Gustav Körner
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381:Kammergericht
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309:Georg Büchner
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233:French period
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149:
147:
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142:republicanism
139:
135:
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119:
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111:
110:police states
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
87:
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69:
65:
58:
52:
44:
43:
41:
32:
28:
23:
19:
564:
534:
533:
461:
459:revolution.
440:
425:
410:high treason
395:
393:
313:Fritz Reuter
294:
285:
259:
257:
249:constitution
225:nation state
166:
150:
88:
79:
67:
37:
36:
35:
18:
520:Franz Liszt
488:Winterreise
443:Ferdinand I
369:Polish flag
209:bourgeoisie
201:nationalist
185:Castlereagh
157:Romanticist
153:Biedermeier
101:within the
25:Chancellor
586:Categories
557:References
543:Zollverein
457:March 1848
427:Zollverein
243:, and the
163:Background
126:liberalism
124:calls for
114:censorship
107:absolutist
27:Metternich
478:and his
464:Classical
349:Brunswick
237:Rhineland
122:reformist
68:pre-March
551:suffrage
470:period.
468:Romantic
367:and the
169:Napoleon
592:Vormärz
535:Vormärz
494:. The
448:Hungary
341:Hanover
229:princes
205:liberal
181:British
138:radical
99:Prussia
95:Austria
80:Vormärz
64:English
40:Vormärz
571:
432:Lesser
347:, and
337:Saxony
333:Berlin
251:and a
215:, the
132:, and
496:waltz
345:Hesse
167:Upon
159:era.
569:ISBN
522:and
502:and
490:and
452:Diet
416:and
323:and
266:Jena
203:and
179:and
144:and
116:and
97:and
514:,
482:.
391:".
355:in
588::
553:.
526:.
518:,
510:,
343:,
339:,
319:,
315:,
311:,
307:,
303:,
299:,
148:.
128:,
86:.
66::
62:;
577:.
45:(
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