Klemens von Metternich

1870: 2977: 1950: 3165: 4892: 5125: 4816: 3273:. He also enjoyed a visit from Frederick William IV, though the King irritated Metternich by appearing to cultivate him as a tool against Schwarzenberg. In September Metternich returned to Vienna, entertained along the way by various German princes keen to entertain the focus of Prussian intrigue. Metternich was reinvigorated, dropped his nostalgia, and lived in the present for the first time in a decade. Franz Josef asked for his advice on numerous issues (though he was too headstrong to be much influenced by it), and both of the two emerging factions in Vienna courted Metternich; even Tsar Nicholas called on him during a state visit. Metternich was not keen on the new Foreign Minister, 8594: 4913: 3001:) had become a mere curiosity. Little, too, was heard of his proposals to hold a congress in Germany. A separate attempt to strengthen the influence of ambassadors stationed in Vienna was also rejected. This set the tone for the rest of Metternich's chancellorship. His illness had, it seemed to others, broken his love of being in office. Over the next decade, his wife prepared quietly for his retirement or death in office. Metternich's work during the early 1840s was dominated again by Hungary and, more generally, questions of national identity within the diverse Austrian Empire. Here, Metternich "showed acute perception". His Hungarian proposals came far too late, however, as 4927: 4659: 4030: 2878:. He occupied Parma and Modena, however (both ruled by Habsburgs), and eventually did cross into Papal territory. As a result, Italy was pacified by the end of March. He authorised troop withdrawal from the Papal States in July, but by January 1832 they were back to put down a second rebellion. By now Metternich was ageing noticeably: his hair was grey and his face drawn and sunken, although his wife still enjoyed his company. In February 1832 a daughter, also Melanie, was born; in 1833 a son, Klemens, though he died aged two months; in October 1834 a second son, Paul; and in 1837 his third with Melanie, Lothar. Politically, Metternich had a new adversary, 2252:

to the new diet; its president would be Emperor Francis himself. Despite criticism from within Austria, Metternich was pleased with the outcome and the degree of control it granted Habsburgs, and, through them, himself. Certainly, Metternich was able to use the diet to his own ends on numerous occasions. The arrangement was similarly popular with most German representatives. A summation treaty was signed on 19 June (the Russians signed a week later), bringing the Vienna Congress officially to an end. Metternich himself had left on 13 June for the front line, prepared for a lengthy war against Napoleon. Napoleon, however, was defeated decisively at the

5052: 2093:. By contrast and to Metternich's pleasure, Alexander was ill-mannered and often insulting. Despite the opportunities, little diplomacy took place; instead, all that was firmly agreed was that proper discussions would take place at Vienna, with a date tentatively set for 15 August. When the Tsar tried to postpone it to October Metternich agreed but effected conditions that prevented Alexander from exercising any advantage due to his de facto control of Poland. Metternich was eventually reunited with his family in Austria in the middle of July 1814, having stopped for a week in France to soothe fears surrounding Napoleon's wife Marie Louise, now the 5018: 4756: 4093:

hid Austria's true weakness. When it came to choosing a set of sound principles, wrote Taylor, "most men could do better while shaving." The result was that Metternich was no captivating diplomat: Taylor described him as "the most boring man in European history". Not only were his failures limited to foreign affairs, critics argue: at home he was equally powerless, failing to effect even his own proposals for administrative reform. In contrast, those who have attempted to rehabilitate Metternich describe him as "unquestionably master of diplomacy", someone who perfected and indeed shaped the nature of diplomacy in his era. In a similar vein,

4556: 4680: 3055: 2940:. Despite the widespread opinion that Ferdinand was a "ghost of a monarch", Metternich valued legitimacy highly and worked to keep the government running. He soon accompanied Ferdinand on his first meeting with Tsar Nicholas and the King of Prussia, again at Teplitz. Ferdinand was overwhelmed, especially as the delegations paraded into Prague. Overall, however, it was an untroubled meeting. The next few years passed relatively peacefully for Metternich: diplomatic incident was limited to the occasional angry exchange with Palmerston and Metternich's failure to be a mediator between the British and Russians over their 2445:

Francis, he was warmly greeted by the Catholic towns along the Rhine as he progressed towards Aachen. He had arranged in advance for newspapers to cover the first peacetime congress of its kind. As discussions began, Metternich pushed for the withdrawal of allied troops from France and means for preserving the unity of the European powers. The former was agreed almost immediately, but the latter agreement extended only to maintaining the Quadruple Alliance. Metternich rejected the Tsar's idealistic plans for (among other things) a single European army. His own recommendations to the Prussians for greater controls on

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influence over the German Federal Diet. He also informed the press they could no longer publicise the minutes of Diet meetings, only its rulings. In January 1825 he began to worry about his wife Eleonore's health and he reached her sickbed in Paris shortly before her death on 19 March. Mourning sincerely for her, he also took the opportunity to dine with the Paris elite. An aside he made about the Tsar there was reported back and did not enhance his reputation. He left Paris for the last time on 21 April and was joined by the Emperor in Milan after arriving on 7 May. He declined the Pope's invitation to become a

1902:, a post which had been vacant since the time of Kaunitz. Metternich increasingly worried that Napoleon's retreat would bring with it disorder that would harm the Habsburgs. A peace had to be concluded soon, he believed. Since Britain could not be coerced, he sent proposals to France and Russia only. These were rejected, though, after the battles of Battle of Lützen (2 May) and Battle of Bautzen (20–21 May), a French-initiated truce was called. Starting in April Metternich began to "slowly and reluctantly" prepare Austria for war with France; the armistice provided Austria time for fuller complete mobilisation. 5034: 4871: 416: 5068: 4920: 5099: 4850: 2679: 4984: 2713: 11933: 1817:. Metternich would later seek to distance himself from the marriage by claiming it was Napoleon's own idea, but this is improbable; in any case, he was happy to claim responsibility at the time. By 7 February Napoleon had agreed and the pair were married by proxy on 11 March. Marie Louise left for France soon after and Metternich followed by a different route and unofficially. The trip was designed, Metternich explained, to transport his family (stranded in France by the outbreak of war) home and to report to the Austrian Emperor about Marie Louise's activities. 2265: 1992:). Metternich was delighted when Frankfurt was retaken in early November and, in particular, by the deference the Tsar showed Francis at a ceremony organised there by Metternich. Diplomatically, with the war drawing to a close, he remained determined to prevent the creation of a strong, unified German state, even offering Napoleon generous terms in order to retain him as a counterweight. On 2 December 1813 Napoleon agreed to talk, though these talks were delayed by the need for the participation of a more senior British diplomat, ( 1729: 2907:. There were fears of the Empire's total collapse, by which Austria stood to gain little. Metternich therefore proposed multilateral support for the Ottomans and a Viennese Congress to sort out details, but the French were evasive and the British refused to support any congress held in Vienna. By the summer of 1833 Anglo-Austrian relations had hit a new low. With Russia Metternich was more confident of exerting influence. He was mistaken, however, and left to observe from afar Russian intervention in the region culminating in the 2177:) by implying Austria could match Russia militarily. Despite the blunder, Francis refused to dismiss his foreign minister, and political crisis rocked Vienna throughout November, culminating in a declaration by Tsar Alexander that Russia would not compromise in its claim on Poland as a satellite kingdom. The Coalition rejected this utterly, and the agreement seemed further off than ever. During the stand-off, it seems that Alexander even went as far as to challenge Metternich to a duel. However, Tsar Alexander soon did a rapid 1798: 4454: 4410: 5001: 6008: 2398:. Though alarmed by developments he noted that many of Francis' concessions were still not in practice. But Metternich was optimistic and made another plea for decentralisation on 29 August. After this failed, Metternich decided to broaden his efforts into general administrative reform to avoid the appearance of favouring the Italians over the rest of the Empire. While working on this, he returned to Vienna on 12 September 1817 to be immediately caught up in the organisation of his daughter Maria's marriage to Count 63: 2528: 4967: 2412: 2847:), the resignation of Wellington in London, and calls for constitutionality in Germany. He wrote with sombre and "almost morbid relish" that it was the "beginning of the end" of Old Europe. Nonetheless, he was heartened by the fact that the July Revolution had made a Franco-Russian alliance impossible and that the Netherlands had called an old-style congress of the sort he enjoyed so much. The 1830 convocation of the Hungarian Diet was also more successful than past ones, crowning Archduke Ferdinand as 4735: 4073:. For example, particularly after WWII, historians were more likely to defend Metternich's policies as reasonable attempts to achieve his goals, chiefly the balance of power in Europe. Sympathetic historians point out that Metternich correctly foresaw and worked to prevent Russian dominance in Europe, succeeding where his successors would fail 130 years later. As argued by Srbik, Metternich himself pursued legality, cooperation, and dialogue, and therefore helped ensure thirty years of peace, the " 5149: 4701: 2896: 2704:. Despite the seclusion, he received constant reports, including those of ominous developments in the Ottoman Empire, where the Greek revolt was rapidly being crushed by Ibrahim Ali of Egypt. He also had to deal with the fallout from St. Petersburg where the Tsar, although unable to convene a full congress, had talked with all the major ambassadors. By mid-May it was clear the allies could not decide on a course of action and, as such, the Holy Alliance was no longer a viable political entity. 1531:. The marriage was arranged by Metternich's mother and introduced him to Viennese society. This was undoubtedly part of the motivation for Metternich, who demonstrated less affection for her than she for him. Two conditions were imposed by the father of the bride, Prince Kaunitz: first, the still youthful Eleonore was to continue to live at home; and second, Metternich was forbidden from serving as a diplomat as long as the Prince was still alive. Their daughter Maria was born in January 1797. 4475: 5082: 3968: 1320: 1074: 4947: 5177: 11957: 4598: 2540: 3063: 1584:. He chose Dresden in late January 1801, and his appointment was officially announced in February. Metternich summered in Vienna, where he wrote his "Instructions", a memorandum showing a much greater understanding of statesmanship than his earlier writing. He visited the Königswart estate in the autumn before taking up his new position on 4 November. The subtleties of the memorandum were lost on the Saxon court, which was headed by the retiring 2132: 1833: 1824:. The concessions he won were trivial, however: a few trading rights, delay in the payment of the war indemnity, restitution of some estates belonging to Germans in the Austrian service, including the Metternich family's, and the lifting of a 150,000-man limit on the Austrian army. The last was particularly welcomed as a sign of increased Austrian independence, although Austria could no longer afford an army greater than the limit prescribed. 3294: 11945: 3980: 2591: 1086: 4618: 8482: 4796: 4639: 1677: 2112: 3257:, a city cheaper to live in and closer to continental affairs. They arrived in October, staying overnight in the Hotel Bellevue. With revolution subsiding, Metternich was hopeful they would return to Vienna. Their stay in fact lasted over 18 months while Metternich waited for an opportunity to re-enter Austrian politics. It was a pleasant enough (and cheap) stay, first in the Boulevard de l'Observatoire and later in the 4513: 8470: 2787:. Metternich worried that further intervention would topple the Ottoman Empire, upsetting the balance so carefully created in 1815. To his relief, the new British Prime Minister Wellington and his cabinet were equally fearful of giving Russia the upper hand in the Balkans. After another round of his proposals for congresses was rejected, Metternich stood back from the Eastern Question, watching as the 2632:

aware this was politically impossible for the British. Metternich's adversary at the Russian court, Kapodistrias, retired from service there; however, by the end of April there was a new threat: Russia now determined to intervene in Spain, action Metternich described as "utter nonsense". He played for time, convincing his ally Castlereagh to come to Vienna for talks before a scheduled congress in

2648:. He returned to Vienna in early January 1823 and remained until September; after Verona, he travelled much less than before, partly because of his new post as Chancellor and partly because of his declining health. He was buoyed by the arrival of his family from Paris in May. He shone once more in Viennese society. Politically, the year was one of disappointments. In March the French crossed the 2783:(b.1783), became Metternich's second wife. She was only twenty, and their marriage, a small affair at Hetzendorf (a village just outside Vienna), drew considerable criticism considering their difference in status. She belonged to the lower nobility, but Antoinette's grace and charm soon won over Viennese society. The same day British, Russian and French forces destroyed the Ottoman fleet at the 1857:

he would slowly distance Austria from the French cause, while avoiding alliance with either Prussia or Russia, and remaining open to any proposal that would secure a place for the combined Bonaparte-Habsburg dynasty. This was driven by concern that if Napoleon were defeated, Russia and Prussia would stand to gain too much. Napoleon was intransigent, however, and the fighting (now officially the

3281:, though Buol did not. In the meantime Metternich's health was slowly failing, and he was a more peripheral figure after the death of his wife Melanie in January 1854. In a brief resurgence of energy in early 1856, he busied himself in arrangements for a marriage between his son Richard and his granddaughter Pauline (Richard's step-sister's daughter) and undertook more travel. The 3127:

soon after midday. The Chancellor had troops sent into the streets while also announcing a prearranged and minimal concession. In the afternoon the crowd turned hostile, and a division of troops opened fire on it, killing five. The mob was now truly incited, as the liberals were joined by underprivileged Viennese set on wreaking havoc. The students offered to form a pro-government

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were considerable in light of the weakness of his negotiating position. Meanwhile, his detractors argued that he could have done much to secure Austria's future, and he was deemed a stumbling block to reforms in Austria. Metternich was also a supporter of the arts, taking a particular interest in music; he knew some of the most eminent composers in Europe at the time including

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war. Metternich tried two tacks: to intrigue for the removal of the British Foreign Secretary and to attempt (vainly) to build up cross-power bloc agreements. Palmerston did indeed leave office in November, but only temporarily and not by any of Metternich's attempts. Large-scale war, however, had been avoided and the Quadruple Alliance was beginning to disintegrate.

3087:, France and Austria were forced into backing breakaway cantons. The pair proposed a conference, but the government crushed the revolt. It was a major blow to Metternich's prestige, and his opponents in Vienna called it evidence of his incompetence. In January 1848 Metternich predicted trouble in Italy during the year ahead. He acted on this by dispatching an envoy, 2363:

fiscal policy and monitoring the spread of liberalism in Germany and nationalism in Italy. Personally, he was shaken in November by the death of Julie Zichy-Festetics. Two years later he wrote that his "life ended there," and his old frivolity took some time to return. The only consolation was July's news that Metternich was to receive new estates along the Rhine at

11921: 2827:. He returned to Vienna a month later, still worried by the "chaos in London and Paris" and his declining ability to prevent it. Hearing Nesselrode was due to take the waters at Karlsbad, he met him there in late July. He berated the quiet Nesselrode, but no offence was taken. The two arranged a second meeting in August. In the interim Metternich heard of France's 1982:, Metternich allowed Austria to remain uncommitted over the future of France, Italy, and Poland. He was still confined, however, by the British, who were subsidizing Prussia and Russia (in September Metternich requested subsidies for Austria as well). Meanwhile, the Coalition forces took the offensive. On 18 October 1813 Metternich witnessed the successful 2577:

for the future of Italy. He was relieved when able to create a Court Chancellor and Chancellor of State on 25 May, a post left vacant since the death of Kaunitz in 1794. He was also pleased at the renewed (if fragile) closeness between Austria, Prussia and Russia; however, it had come at the expense of the Anglo-Austrian entente.

1385:). Metternich's education was handled by his mother, heavily influenced by their proximity to France; Metternich spoke French better than German. As a child he went on official visits with his father and, under the direction of Protestant tutor John Frederick Simon, was tutored in academic subjects, swimming, and horsemanship. 3212:, for four months. The younger children joined them in the summer. He followed events in Austria from afar, famously denying ever having erred; in fact, he declared the turmoil in Europe to be a vindication of his policies. In Vienna, a hostile post-censorship press continued to attack him; in particular, they accused him of 2144:, two hours to the south. When he heard they had reached Vienna he journeyed to meet them and encouraged them to go with him back to Baden. They declined, and four meetings were held in the city itself. In these, the representatives agreed on how the Congress would operate and, to Metternich's delight, named his own aide 2740:, whom he had met twice in 1825. Back in Vienna, in mid-December, he heard of the death of Tsar Alexander with mixed feelings. He had known the Tsar well and was reminded of his own frailty, although the death potentially wiped the soured diplomatic slate clean. Moreover, he could claim credit for foreseeing the liberal 3221: 3277:, but thought him sufficiently incompetent that he would be impressionable. Metternich's advice was of varying quality; nonetheless, some of it was usefully insightful, even in modern issues. Now deaf, Metternich wrote endlessly, particularly for an appreciative Franz Josef. He wanted Austrian neutrality in the 2492:. The Karlsbad conference opened on 6 August and ran for the rest of the month. Metternich overcame any opposition to his proposed "group of anti-revolutionary measures, correct and preemptory", although they were condemned by outsiders. Despite censure Metternich was very pleased with the result, known as the 1692:, freeing Metternich to assume the post of Ambassador to the Russian Empire. He never made it to Russia, as need had arisen for a new Austrian at the French court. Metternich was approved for the post in June 1806. He enjoyed being in demand and was happy to be sent to France on a generous salary of 90,000 4092:

have questioned how much influence Metternich actually wielded. Robin Okey, a critic of Metternich, noted that even in the realm of foreign affairs Metternich "had only his own persuasiveness to rely on", and this degraded over time. By this interpretation, his task was to create a "smokescreen" that

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the mass of Europeans yearned for security, quiet, and peace, and regarded liberal abstractions as repugnant or were utterly indifferent to them. The best of all patterns of government, he insisted, was autocratic absolutism, upheld by a loyal army, by a submissive, decently efficient bureaucracy and

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if their demands were met. Ludwig was eager to accept and told Metternich he must resign, to which he reluctantly agreed. After sleeping in the Chancellery he was advised to either take back his resignation or leave the city. After Ludwig sent him a message to the effect that the government could not

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was gaining a reputation as a liberal nationalist, counterbalancing Metternich and Austria; at the same time, the Empire experienced unemployment and rising prices as a result of poor harvests. Metternich was bemused at the outcry from Italians, the Pope, and Palmerston when he ordered the occupation

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just three days later. It proved too much, and Metternich was taken ill. After a delay for recovery, Metternich condensed his proposals for Italy into three documents he submitted to Francis, all dated 27 October 1817. The administration would remain undemocratic, but there would be a new Ministry of

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On the division of formerly French-occupied Poland and Germany, Metternich was more confined by the interests of the Allies. After two failed proposals, advanced by the Prussians, the issue was postponed until after a peace treaty had been signed. Elsewhere, Metternich, like many of his counterparts,

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Austria's allies saw the declaration as an admission that Austria's diplomatic ambitions had failed, but Metternich viewed it as one move in a much longer campaign. For the rest of the war he strove to hold the Coalition together and, as such, to curb Russian momentum in Europe. To this end he won an

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in 1809. Stadion tendered his resignation as Foreign Minister in the aftermath, and the emperor immediately offered the post to Metternich. Metternich, worried that Napoleon would seize on this to demand harsher peace terms, instead agreed to become a minister of state (which he did on 8 July) and to

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in this role until 1799 when the congress was finally wound down. During this period Eleonore had chosen to live with Metternich at Rastatt: and gave birth to sons Francis (February 1798) and, shortly after the end of the Congress, Klemens (June 1799). Much to Metternich's anguish, Klemens died after

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were organised, calling for greater freedom, transparency, and representation. Students were involved in several demonstrations, culminating on 13 March when they cheered the imperial family but voiced anger at Metternich. After a customary morning, Metternich was called to meet with Archduke Ludwig

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in 1830. By the end of 1832, they had clashed on virtually every issue. "In short," Metternich wrote, "Palmerston is wrong about everything". Mostly, Metternich was annoyed by his insistence that under the 1815 agreements Britain had the right to oppose Austria's tightening of university controls in

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in the middle of March, Metternich had the Tsar at hand, who agreed to send 90,000 men to the frontier in a show of solidarity. Concerns grew in Vienna that Metternich's policy was too expensive. He responded that Naples and Piedmont would pay for stability; nonetheless, he, too, was clearly worried

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on 18 December. For once it was Metternich playing the liberal, vainly urging Francis to give the region some autonomy. Metternich spent four months in Italy, endlessly busy and suffering chronic inflammation of the eyelids. He tried to control Austrian foreign policy from Milan and when there was a

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on 3 May and captured Naples less than three weeks later. Metternich then was able to delay a decision on the future of the country until after Vienna. Discussions about Germany would drag on until early June when a joint Austrian-Prussian proposition was ratified. It left most constitutional issues

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and the Allies began preparations for renewed fighting. On 25 March they signed a treaty committing each to send 150,000 men with little sign of their prior divisive stances. After the military commanders left, the Vienna Congress settled down to serious work, fixing the boundaries of an independent

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on 14 March 1812. He also supported a period of moderate censorship, aimed at preventing provocation of the French. Requiring that only 30,000 Austrian troops fight alongside the French, the alliance treaty was more generous than the one Prussia had signed a month earlier; this allowed Metternich to

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and its ally France. Though Metternich was able to secure the replacement of Buol with his friend Rechberg, who had helped him so much in 1848, involvement in the war itself was now beyond his capacity. Even a special task given to him by Franz Josef in June 1859—to draw up secret papers addressing

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slowly turned away, much to the annoyance of Alexander. Metternich believed for several months afterward that he had gained a unique level of influence over the Tsar. Meanwhile, he renewed the conservative program he had outlined at Karlsbad five years before and sought to further increase Austrian

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was signed on 30 May. Now free, Metternich accompanied Tsar Alexander to England; Wilhelmine, who had followed Metternich to Paris, also made the crossing. A triumphant Metternich filled his four weeks with revelry, re-establishing his reputation and that of Austria; he was also awarded an honorary

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Nevertheless, the Allies were not faring well, and although a statement of general war aims that included many nods to Austria was secured from Russia, Britain remained distrustful and generally unwilling to give up the military initiative she had fought 20 years to establish. Despite this, Francis

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The Dresden meeting revealed that Austria's influence in Europe had reached its lowest point, and Metternich was now bent on re-establishing that influence by using what he considered strong ties with all sides in the war, proposing general peace talks headed by Austria. Over the next three months,

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and left England in September 1794. On arrival, he found an exiled and powerless government in a headlong retreat from the latest French advance. In October a revitalised French army swept into Germany and annexed all of the Metternich estates except Königswart. Disappointed, and affected by strong

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Metternich has been both praised and heavily criticized for the policies he pursued. His supporters pointed out that he presided over the "Austrian system" when international diplomacy helped prevent major wars in Europe. His qualities as a diplomat were commended, some noting that his achievements

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Britain and Austria both wished to avoid war, but the British Foreign Secretary Canning wanted an autonomous Greek state. This would be the topic of mediation with the Ottomans. Metternich, on the other hand, was resolutely opposed to courting instability by redrawing any borders in Eastern Europe

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now officially part of Austria, the Europe-wide Polish dissident movement was now worked actively against the "Metternich system" that had overridden the rights enshrined in 1815. Britain and France appeared similarly outraged, although calls for Metternich's resignation were ignored. For the next

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pledging support. However, Tsar Nicholas sent Metternich a message from St Petersburg challenging Vienna's claim to diplomatic centrality. Metternich worked so furiously that he fell ill, spending the next five weeks resting at Johannisberg. The Austrians lost the initiative, and Metternich had to

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between Britain, France, Spain and Portugal. This alliance of liberals was such an affront to Austrian values that Palmerston wrote he "should like to see Metternich's face when he reads our treaty". It did indeed draw bitter condemnation, mostly because it provided the occasion for an outbreak of

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in October. The warmness of Metternich's welcome was sweetened by his promise to settle in part Austria's financial debts to Britain. The earlier Anglo-Austrian entente was thus restored, and the pair agreed that they would support the Austrian position concerning the Balkans. Metternich went away

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were similarly angered by their exclusion from all but the full Congress, especially since Metternich was determined to give the latter grouping as little power as possible. As a result, the Big Six became the Preliminary Committee of the Eight, whose first decision was that the congress itself be

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that Russia had imposed on Napoleon in their absence, but Metternich was reluctant to oppose them and on 11 April signed the treaty. Thereafter he focused on safeguarding Austrian interests in the forthcoming peace; asserting Austria's influence in Germany over that of Prussia; and undoing Russian

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they agreed on general peace demands and set out a process by which Austria could enter the war on the Coalition side. Shortly afterwards Metternich was invited to join Napoleon at Dresden, where he could put the terms directly. Though no reliable record of their meeting on 26 June 1813 exists, it

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Particularly during the remainder of the nineteenth century, Metternich was heavily criticised, decried as the man who prevented Austria and the rest of central Europe from "developing along normal liberal and constitutional lines". Had Metternich not stood in the way of "progress", Austria might

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of the United Kingdom. Buol, however, was growing more resentful of Metternich's advice, particularly about Italy. In April 1859 Franz Josef came to ask him about what should be done in Italy. According to Pauline, Metternich begged him not to send an ultimatum to Italy, and Franz Josef explained

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in 1840, which furthered the growing paralysis at the heart of Austrian government. Metternich now struggled to enforce even the level of censorship he desired. There were no major challenges to the regime from outside. Italy was quiet, and neither Metternich's attempt to lecture the new Prussian

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to Vienna in February 1822 for talks with Metternich. Metternich soon convinced the "conceited and ambitious" Russian to let him dictate events. In return Austria promised to support Russia in enforcing its treaties with the Ottomans if the other alliance members would do likewise; Metternich was

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He visited the family estate at Königswart and then Frankfurt in late August to encourage the member states of the German Confederation to agree on procedural issues. Metternich could also now visit Koblenz for the first time in 25 years and his new estate at Johannisberg. Travelling with Emperor

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The uncharacteristic gap between the views of Metternich and his emperor was eased only by the active compromise of proposals. Metternich returned to Vienna on 28 May 1816 after almost a year's absence. Professionally, the rest of 1816 passed quietly for the tired Minister, who was concerned with

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in January 1814. Quarrels with Tsar Alexander, particularly over the fate of France This rivalry intensified in January, prompting Alexander to storm out. He therefore missed the arrival of Castlereagh in mid-January. Metternich and Castlereagh formed a good working relationship and then met with

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insufficient powers to negotiate. At the informal discussions held in lieu of the conference, Caulaincourt implied that Napoleon would not negotiate until an allied army threatened France itself. This convinced Metternich, and, after an ultimatum Metternich issued to France went unheeded, Austria

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at their first meeting posed immediate problems. Far more worrying was Tsar Nicholas, whose estimation of the Habsburg dynasty and Austria was low. After an impromptu tour of Italy in 1845, the Tsar unexpectedly stopped in Vienna. Already in a bad mood, he was an awkward guest, though in between

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threatened to bring the Ottoman Empire to the brink of collapse. Wanting a strong Ottoman Empire to counterbalance Russia, Metternich opposed all forms of Greek nationalism. Before Alexander returned to Russia, Metternich secured his agreement not to act unilaterally and would write to the Tsar,

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to discuss intervention with Ferdinand. Metternich found himself able to dominate Laibach more than any other congress, overseeing Ferdinand's rejection of the liberal constitution he had agreed to only months before. Austrian armies left for Naples in February and entered the city in March. The

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in October to discuss these events. He need not have worried: the Tsar gave way and accepted a compromise proposal of moderate interventionism laid down in the Troppau Protocol. Still worried by Kapodistrias' influence over the Tsar, he laid down his conservative principles in a long memorandum,

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to negotiate on Tsar Alexander's behalf, Metternich briefly turned his attention to quelling anti-Habsburg feeling in Italy. Around the same time, he learnt that the Duchess of Sagan was courting the Tsar. Disappointed, and exhausted by social rounds, Metternich let his guard drop, angering Tsar

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and accepting bribes, prompting an investigation. Metternich was eventually cleared of the more extreme charges, and searches for evidence of the lesser ones came up empty-handed. (In all likelihood Metternich's large expense claims were merely a product of the necessities of early 19th-century

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was signed in September 1829. Though he publicly criticised it for being too harsh on Turkey, privately he was satisfied with its leniency and promise of Greek autonomy, making it a buffer against Russian expansion rather than a Russian satellite state. Metternich's private life was filled with

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was a fine social event but diplomatically less successful. Supposedly concerned with Italy, the Congress had to focus on Spain instead. Austria urged non-intervention, but it was the French that carried the day with their proposal for a joint invasion force. Prussia committed men, and the Tsar

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The rest of 1820 was filled with liberal revolts to which Metternich was expected to respond. Ultimately, the Austrian Foreign Minister was torn between following through on his conservative pledge (a policy favoured by the Russians) and keeping out of a country in which Austria had no interest

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to Brussels soon after the congress broke up, and although he could not stay more than a few days, the pair exchanged letters for the next eight years. He arrived in Vienna on 11 December 1818 and was finally able to spend considerable time with his children. He entertained the Tsar during the

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With the new consensus, the major issues concerning Poland and Germany were settled in the second week of February 1815. Austria gained land in the partition of Poland and prevented the Prussian annexation of Saxony, but was forced to accept Russian dominance in Poland and increasing Prussian

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into Austria. The most pressing issue was Hungary, where Metternich remained reluctant to support the centrist (but still nationalist) Széchenyi. His hesitancy is "a sad commentary on his declining powers of political presence". At court Metternich increasingly lost power to the rising star

2756:) and enlisted his help to charm Nicholas. Despite this, the first 18 months of Nicholas' reign did not go well for Metternich: firstly, the British were chosen over the Austrians to oversee Russian-Ottoman talks; and, as a result, Metternich could exercise no influence over the resulting 1538:. Initially his father, who headed the imperial delegation, took him as a secretary while ensuring that, when proceedings officially started in December 1797, he was named the representative of the Catholic Bench of the College of the Counts of Westphalia. A bored Metternich remained at 3152:. Metternich's daughter Leontine joined them on 21 March and suggested England as a haven; agreeing, Metternich, Melanie and 19-year-old Richard set out, leaving the younger children with Leontine. Metternich's resignation had been met with cheering in Vienna, and even the Viennese 3314:

the event of Franz Josef's death—was now too taxing. Shortly afterwards Metternich died in Vienna on 11 June 1859, aged 86, and the last great figure of his generation. Almost everyone of note in Vienna came to pay tribute; in the foreign press, his death went virtually unnoticed.

2686:

The Tsar's dual proposal for the St Petersburg meetings, a settlement of the Eastern Question favourable to Russia and limited autonomy for three Greek principalities, was a pairing unpalatable to the other European powers, and potential attendees like British Foreign Secretary

2927:

were reached that shaped a new conservative league to uphold the existing order in Turkey, Poland, and elsewhere. Metternich left happy; his sole disappointment was having to commit to being tougher on Polish nationalists. Almost immediately, he heard of the creation of the

2139:

In the autumn of 1814, the heads of the five reigning dynasties and representatives from 216 noble families began gathering in Vienna. Before ministers from the "Big Four" (the Coalition allies of Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia) arrived, Metternich stayed quietly in

1231:

and to a lesser extent Prussia. This marked the high point of Austria's diplomatic importance and thereafter Metternich slowly slipped into the periphery of international diplomacy. At home, Metternich held the post of Chancellor of State from 1821 until 1848 under both

2242:

The latter soon began to come to a head. Austria had solidified its control over Lombardy-Venetia and extended its protection to provinces nominally under the control of Francis' daughter Marie Louise. On 18 April Metternich announced that Austria was formally at

2476:. After a short delay, Metternich decided that if the German governments would not act against this perceived problem, Austria would have to compel them. He called an informal conference in Karlsbad and sounded out Prussian support beforehand by meeting with 2800:

for many months, Metternich's son Viktor, then a junior diplomat, died on 30 November 1829. Consequently, he spent Christmas alone and depressed, worried by the draconian methods of some of his fellow conservatives and by the renewed march of liberalism.

3203:

for a fortnight until they found a permanent residence. Metternich largely enjoyed his time in London: the Duke of Wellington, now nearly eighty, tried to keep him entertained, and there were also visits from Palmerston, Guizot (now also in exile) and

3252:

and his government. Leontine wrote to Vienna trying to encourage this contact, and in August Metternich received a warm letter from Franz Joseph; sincere or not, it buoyed Metternich considerably. From mid-August Melanie began to push for a move to

2403:

Justice and four new chancellors. Each with local remits, including one for "Italy". Importantly, the divisions would be regional, not national. In the end, Francis accepted the revised proposals, albeit with several alterations and restrictions.

2165:

postponed to 1 November. In fact, it would soon be postponed again, with only a minor commission beginning work in November. In the meantime, Metternich organised a controversially vast array of entertainments for the delegates including himself.

2016:. The Tsar remained unaccommodating however, demanding a push into the centre of France; but he was too preoccupied to object to Metternich's other ideas, like a final peace conference in Vienna. Metternich did not attend talks with the French at 1931:

in July and run until 20 August. In agreeing to this Metternich had ignored the Reichenbach Convention, and this angered Austria's Coalition allies. The Conference of Prague would never properly meet since Napoleon gave his representatives

2997:

accept that London would be the new centre of negotiations over the Eastern Question. Just three weeks after its creation, Metternich's European League of Great Powers (his diplomatic response to aggressive moves by French Prime Minister

12112: 2760:. France too began to drift away from Metternich's non-interventionist position. In August 1826 Russian Foreign Minister Nesselrode rejected a proposal by Metternich to convene a congress to discuss the events that eventually led to the 2066:

on 24 March and now, after a deliberate delay, he left for the French capital on 7 April. On 10 April he found a city at peace and, much to his annoyance, largely in the control of Tsar Alexander. The Austrians disliked the terms of the

3121:

On 3 March Kossuth gave a fiery speech in the Hungarian Diet, calling for a constitution. It was not until 10 March that Metternich appeared concerned about events in Vienna, where there were now threats and counter-threats flying. Two

1736:

In a memorable event, Metternich argued with Napoleon at Napoleon's 39th birthday celebrations in August 1808 over the increasingly obvious preparations for war on both sides. Soon after, Napoleon refused Metternich's attendance at the

2316:, and the artworks it had plundered. It also accepted an army of occupation, numbering 150,000. In the meantime a separate treaty, proposed by Alexander and redrafted by Metternich, had been signed on 26 September. This created a new 1913:

and began an affair with her that lasted several months. No other mistress ever achieved such influence over Metternich as Wilhelmine, and he would continue to write to her after their separation. Meanwhile, French Foreign Minister

3232:, on the south coast of England where the tranquillity of life contrasted greatly with revolutionary Europe left behind. Parliamentary figures, particularly Disraeli, travelled down to visit them, as did Metternich's former friend 2503:

and Bavaria to abandon his plans to reform the German Confederation. He now regretted having so quickly forced through its original constitution five years before. Nevertheless, he held ground on other issues and the Conference's

3261:

area—filled with visits from politicians, writers, musicians and scientists. For Metternich, however, the tedium and homesickness only increased. In March 1851 Melanie induced him to write to the new political force in Vienna,

2213:

and within an hour had met with both the Tsar and the King of Prussia. Metternich wanted no rash change of course, and at first, there was little impact on the Congress. Finally, on 13 March the Big Five declared Napoleon an

1849:

give both Britain and Russia assurances that Austria remained committed to curbing Napoleonic ambitions. He accompanied his sovereign for a final meeting with Napoleon at Dresden in May 1812 before Napoleon embarked upon the

1696:

a year. After an arduous trip he took up residence in August 1806, being briefed by Baron von Vincent and Engelbert von Floret, whom he would retain as a close adviser for two decades. He met French foreign minister Prince

2953:, particularly in his proposals to increase military budgets. After his failed attempt in 1836 to force constitutional reform (which would have afforded him greater influence)—largely thwarted by the more liberally minded 2311:

was concluded on 20 November. Metternich was of the opinion, that France should not be dismembered. He was therefore happy with the result. France lost only a little land along its eastern borders, seven hundred million

5903:

When Buol signed an alliance with the Western powers in December 1855—albeit one that did not commit troops—Metternich would have noted with regret how Buol had broken the bonds with Russia he had cultivated for so

2855:, who came from a Magyar family the Metternichs had long known, was agreed upon. The announcement caused far less consternation in Vienna than Metternich's previous bride, and they were married on 30 January 1831. 2472:

Christmas season and spent twelve weeks monitoring Italy and Germany before setting off with the Emperor on the third trip to Italy. The trip was cut short by the assassination of the conservative German dramatist

1377:, won during the 17th century. At this time Metternich's father, described as "a boring babbler and chronic liar" by a contemporary, was the Austrian ambassador to the courts of the three Rhenish electors (Trier, 3034:

in 1815. After months of negotiations with Prussia and Russia, Austria annexed the city in November 1846. Metternich regarded it as a personal victory, but it was an act of dubious utility: not only were Polish

1877:

Metternich was much less keen on turning against France than many of his contemporaries (though not the Emperor), and he favoured his own plans for a general settlement. In November 1813 he offered Napoleon the

1716:

of July 1807 Metternich saw that Austria's position in Europe was much more vulnerable but believed the accord between Russia and France would not last. In the meantime he found the new French Foreign Minister,

1400:. At this time he was described by Simon as "happy, handsome and lovable", though contemporaries would later recount how he had been a liar and a braggart. Metternich left Strasbourg in September 1790 to attend 2227:

The ministers and representatives of the German princes sent to the congress continue to sing the praises of Prince Metternich.... They admire the tact and circumspection with which he has handled the German

1869: 1660:. Metternich's now almost impossible task was to convince Prussia to join the coalition against Bonaparte. Their eventual agreement was not due to Metternich, however, and after the coalition's defeat at the 1882:, which would allow Napoleon to remain Emperor but would reduce France to its "natural frontiers" and undo its control of most of Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands. Napoleon, victorious at the Battles of 4309:

Lothar Stephan August Klemens Maria (13 September 1837 – 2 October 1904), married firstly on 21 April 1868 to Karoline Anna Rosalie Johanna Reittner, and secondly on 5 June 1900 to Countess Františka

3103:, Metternich was cautious, still thinking domestic revolution unlikely. He was described by a Saxon diplomat as, in the words of biographer Musulin, "having shrunk to a shadow of his former self". 1894:

and the Allies had withdrawn the offer. By early 1814, as they were closing in on Paris, Napoleon agreed to the Frankfurt proposals, too late, and he rejected the new, harsher terms then proposed.

4272:

Paul Klemens Lothar, 3rd Prince Metternich (14 October 1834 – 6 February 1906), married on 9 May 1868 to his cousin Countess Melania Zichy-Ferraris de Zich und Vásonykeö. They had three children:

1471: 2508:

was highly reactionary, much as Metternich had envisaged it. He remained in Vienna until the close in May 1820, finding the whole affair a bore. On 6 May he heard of the death of his daughter

2032:

You have no idea what sufferings the people at headquarters impose upon us! I cannot stand it much longer and the Emperor Francis is already ill. are all mad and belong in the lunatic asylum.

2887:

Germany, as Metternich had done again in 1832. Metternich also worried that if future congresses were held in Britain, as Palmerston wanted, his own influence would be significantly reduced.

2659:

too pro-French, and there was trouble between Austria and several German states over why they had not been included at Verona. Furthermore, Metternich, in discrediting the Russian diplomat

2572:

Congress was adjourned but, forewarned or by luck, Metternich kept representatives of the powers close at hand until the revolt was put down. As a result, when similar revolts broke out in

1442:(1792–7) and making Metternich's further study in Mainz impossible. Now in the employment of his father, he was sent on a special mission to the front. Here he led the interrogation of the 4058:

might never have happened. Instead, Metternich chose to fight an overwhelmingly fruitless war against the forces of liberalism and nationalism. Heavy censorship was just one of a range of

2641:

pledged 150,000. Metternich worried about the difficulties of transporting such numbers to Spain and about French ambitions, but still pledged (if only moral) support for the joint force.

4214:

Princess Elisabeth Pauline Georgine Marie Notgera of Oettingen-Oettingen in Oettingen-Spielberg (31 October 1886 – 2 October 1976), married on 19 November 1910 to Prince Viktor III of

8074: 3005:

had already led the rise of strong Hungarian nationalism. Metternich's support for other nationalities was patchy since he only opposed those that threatened the unity of the Empire.

12117: 3022:

criticisms of Austria he reassured Metternich that Russia was not about to invade the Ottoman Empire again. Two months later their countries were required to work together over the

3179:

After an anxious journey of nine days during which they were honoured in some towns and refused entry to others, Metternich, his wife, and son Richard arrived in the Dutch city of

8055: 4069:

On the other hand, Metternich's diplomacy and statesmanship became the focus of praise in the twentieth century from more favourably inclined historians, particularly biographer

12107: 12042: 5890:

Several biographers accept the young Pauline's testimony that it was actually Wilhemine who visited. This contradicts, however, the established date of Wilhemine's death—1839 (

3030:. Metternich authorised the occupation of the city and the use of troops to restore order in surrounding areas, intent on undoing the pseudo-independence that had been granted 2992:

broke out in 1839 he was anxious to re-establish Austria's diplomatic credentials. He quickly gathered representatives in Vienna, whence on 27 July they issued a communiqué to

2724:

would help get approval for financial reform. In fact, the Diet of 1825 to 1827 saw 300 sessions filled with criticism of how the Empire had eroded the historic rights of the

1600:, a publicist who would serve Metternich as both confidant and critic for the next thirty years. He also established links with important Polish and French political figures. 3040:

two years, Ferdinand could not abdicate in favour of his nephew without a regency; Metternich believed Austria would need him in the interim to hold the government together.

1820:

Instead, Metternich stayed six months, entrusting his office in Vienna to his father. He set about using the marriage, and flattery, to renegotiate the terms set out in the

3236:(Melanie led a reconciliation between the two). Expecting a visit from Metternich's daughter Leontine and her own daughter Pauline, the family moved to a suite of rooms at 1844:

reintroduced had failed. Convinced that a much weakened Austria should avoid another invasion by France, he rejected the advances of Tsar Alexander and instead concluded

3208:, who enjoyed his political conversation. The sole disappointment was that Victoria herself did not acknowledge his presence in the capital. The trio leased a house, 44 3091:

to Italy; by resurrecting his 1817 plans for an Italian chancellery; and by arranging various contingency plans with the French. In late February Austrian field marshal

7976:

Relacíon de títulos nobiliarios vacantes, y principales documentos que contiene cada expediente que, de los mismos, se conserva en el Archivo del Ministerio de Justicia

6127: 3248:. Metternich was showing his age, and his frequent fainting was cause for worry. The ex-Chancellor was also depressed by the lack of communication from the new Emperor 2839:: that panic was needless unless the new government showed territorial ambitions in Europe. Although pleased by this, Metternich's mood was soured by news of unrest in 8854: 1760:. Metternich continued to oppose a war with France and pointed out that the government in Vienna only needed to wait, as Napoleon had no plans for his own succession. 12127: 12062: 2976: 2919:

in September 1833. The former meeting went well: Metternich still felt able to dominate the Prussians, despite their rising economic prominence in Europe through the

2419:

Metternich's primary focus remained on preserving unity among the Great Powers of Europe and hence his own power as mediator. He was also concerned by liberal-minded

2223:, and ratifying earlier agreements over Poland. By late April only two major issues remained, the organisation of a new German federation and the problem of Italy. 12122: 4134:

Franz Karl Viktor Ernst Lothar Clemens Joseph Anton Adam (12 January 1803 – 30 November 1829); he had one illegitimate son with Claire Clemence Henriette Claudine

2441:

to treat the rheumatic tension in his back. It was a pleasant month-long trip, although it was there he received news of the death of his father at the age of 72.

1652:, and the Tsar kept Metternich informed of Russian policy. By autumn of 1804 Vienna decided on action entered into in August 1805 when the Austrian Empire (as the 3269:

In May 1851 Metternich left for his Johannisberg estate, which he had last visited in 1845. That summer Metternich enjoyed the company of Prussian representative

2355:, was heavily criticised for his absence. His enemies could not capitalise on this, however. Stadion was occupied by his work as finance minister and the Empress 1588:, a man with little political initiative. Despite the boredom of the court, Metternich enjoyed the light-hearted frivolity of the city and took up a mistress, 1840:

When Metternich returned to Vienna in October 1810, he was no longer as popular. His influence was limited to foreign affairs, and his attempts to get a full

11809: 2836: 2339:

of regular diplomatic meetings. With Europe at peace, the Austrian flag now flew over 50 percent more land than when Metternich had become Foreign Minister.

3141: 2636:, although Castlereagh died by suicide on 12 August. With Castlereagh dead and relations with the British weakening, Metternich had lost a useful ally. The 2736:

to perform ceremonial duties and to observe. He was alarmed by the growth of Hungarian national sentiment and wary of the growing influence of nationalist

1435:. In March 1792 Francis succeeded as Holy Roman Emperor and was crowned in July, affording Metternich a reprise of his earlier role of Ceremonial Marshal. 8458:(Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2019). A major scholarly work presenting Metternich as a thwarted innovator in the national industrial policy. 4744: 4353:

Karl Otto Arnold (12 December 1861 – 5 September 1926), Lensgraf von Blome; married on 6 July 1907 to Countess Maria Hedwig Ida Leopolda Hermenegilde of

1166: 86: 1358: 1224:

that divided post-Napoleonic Europe amongst the major powers. For his service to the Austrian Empire, he was given the title of Prince in October 1813.

2097:. His return to Vienna was celebrated by an occasional cantata that included the line "History holds thee up to posterity as a model among great men". 1596:. In January 1803 Metternich and his wife had a child whom they named Viktor. In Dresden Metternich also made a number of important contacts including 3266:, to ask if he might return if he promised not to interfere in public affairs. In April he received an affirmative reply, authorised by Franz Joseph. 2870:

and appealed to France for help. Their former rulers appealed for help from Austria, but Metternich was anxious not to march Austrian troops into the

2050:

put the Coalition back on the offensive. By this time Metternich was tiring of trying to hold the Coalition together, and even the British-engineered

1873:

The meeting between French emperor Napoleon I and Austrian diplomat Marquess Klemens von Metternich in the Marcolini Palace in Dresden on 26 June 1813

1741:. Metternich was later glad to hear from Talleyrand that Napoleon's attempts at the Congress to get Russia to invade Austria had proved unsuccessful. 12147: 4010: 2764:

in Portugal. The Austrian Foreign Minister accepted this with "surprising resilience". On 29 March 1827 Metternich spoke and attended the funeral of

1116: 12102: 11498: 10530: 5756: 4255:(18 January 1805 – 3 March 1854), daughter of Count Ferenc Franz Zichy de Zich et Vásonkeö (1777–1839) and his wife, Countess Marie Wilhelmine von 1357:, the archbishop-elector of Trier and the past employer of his father. He was the eldest son and had one older sister Pauline (1772–1855), wife of 2835:. Instead, Metternich met with Nesselrode as planned and, while the Russian rejected his plan to restore the old Alliance, the pair agreed on the 2663:, instead renewed the Tsar's former suspicion of him. Worse came in late September: while accompanying the Emperor to a meeting with Alexander at 12142: 12092: 4366:

Johannes Hubertus Xaverius (23 February 1867 – 19 July 1945), Lensgraf von Blome; married on 19 November 1901 to Princess Martha Elisabeth Maria

4024: 1778:

lead negotiations with the French on the understanding that he would replace Stadion as Foreign Minister at a later date. During peace talks at

7767: 7725: 5755:

There is some confusion over why Metternich was selected. Napoleon said he wanted "a Kaunitz", and whether he literally meant someone from the

4383:

Countess Maria Giulia Sidonia von Blome (29 December 1873 – 7 January 1939), married in 1906 to Count Joseph von Plaz. They had three children.

3070:

Though Metternich was tiring, memoranda kept pouring forth from his chancellery. Despite this, he did not foresee the building crisis. The new

1899: 415: 4062:

instruments of state available to him that also included a large spy network. Metternich opposed electoral reform, criticising Britain's 1832

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that could stand up to Prussia. He also assisted the Swiss Committee and worked on a myriad of smaller issues, like navigation rights on the

1927:

seems it was a stormy but effective meeting. The agreement was finally reached as Metternich was about to leave: peace talks would start in

12132: 10170: 3800: 2883: 1685: 906: 192: 8486: 2320:

centered on Russia, Prussia and Austria; it was a document Metternich neither pushed for nor wanted, given its vaguely liberal sentiments

2153: 1263:, Metternich was keen to maintain the balance of power, particularly by resisting Russian territorial ambitions in Central Europe and the 11212: 10567: 4647: 1993: 1794:). In early 1810 Metternich's earlier affair with Junot became public but, because of Eleonore's understanding, the scandal was minimal. 1154: 8301: 7974: 5846:

Metternich succeeded in preventing proposals for a French-led invasion only by rendering Tsar Alexander fearful of a French conspiracy (

1462:, ostensibly on official business helping Viscount Desandrouin, the Treasurer-General of the Austrian Netherlands, to negotiate a loan. 12067: 12052: 10633: 8052: 3049: 2879: 2201:

on 8 February brought him more time to devote to these congressional issues as well as private discussions about southern Italy, where

1782:, Metternich put forward pro-French proposals to save the Austrian monarchy. Napoleon, however, disliked his position on the future of 1637:, the title of Prince, and a seat in the Imperial Diet. In the ensuing diplomatic reshuffle Metternich was appointed ambassador to the 1519:

criticism of his father's policies, he joined his parents in Vienna in November. On 27 September 1795 he married Countess Eleonore von

2288:. Metternich rose to become the foremost conservative statesman in Europe, his scrutiny lasted until 1848. The Habsburg rulers of the 12032: 10562: 8645: 4275:

Klemens II Wenzel Lothar Michal Felix (Richard), 4th Prince Metternich (9 February 1869 – 13 May 1930), married on 4 October 1905 to

2700:. Early in July the court dispersed and Metternich visited his daughters Leontine (fourteen) and Hermine (nine) in the quiet town of 2190: 7585: 4310: 4088:

Critical views presuppose Metternich had the ability to shape Europe favorably but chose not to. More modern critiques like that of

4044:

Historians agree on Metternich's skill as a diplomat and his dedication to conservatism. According to Arthur May, he believed that:

2149: 2120: 1949: 1698: 1227:

Under his guidance, the "Metternich system" of international congresses continued for another decade as Austria aligned itself with

12057: 10525: 5767: 4343:

Otto Paul Julius Gustav (18 May 1829 – 24 August 1906), Lensgraf von Blome; married on 1 September 1858 to Joséphine, Countess von

4114: 2989: 2753: 2116: 1787: 1528: 4376:

Countess Anna Maria von Blome (11 February 1871 – 9 January 1960), married in 1896 to Franz August Joseph Maria, Count von und zu

4208:

Franz Albert Otto Richard Notger (2 September 1879 – 9 May 1895), Hereditary Prince of Oettingen-Oettingen in Oettingen-Spielberg.

4201:

Sophie Marie Antoinette Leontine Melanie Julie (17 May 1857 – 11 January 1941), married 24 April 1878 to Prince Franz-Albrecht of

11772: 9063: 8732: 8593: 8474: 2667:, Metternich fell ill with a fever. He could not continue and had to make do with brief talks with the Russian Foreign Minister, 1447: 148: 4215: 2020:, as he wanted to stay with Alexander. The talks stalled, and, after a brief advance, Coalition forces had to retreat after the 11018: 10358: 8519: 2904: 2342:

Metternich now returned to the question of Italy, making his first visit to the country in early December 1815. After visiting

1560:

shook up diplomatic circles, and the promising Metternich was now offered a choice between three ministerial positions: to the

1861:) continued. Austria's alliance with France ended in February 1813, and Austria then moved to a position of armed neutrality. 12037: 8438: 8393: 8361: 8330: 8196: 4776: 4276: 4097:

argues that Metternich's "smokescreen" may well have served a purpose in furthering a relatively coherent set of principles.

4003: 2950: 1967: 1910: 1109: 140: 4211:

Moritz Joseph Richard Notger (5 May 1885 – 4 October 1911), Hereditary Prince of Oettingen-Oettingen in Oettingen-Spielberg.

1644:

He arrived in Prussia at a critical juncture in European diplomacy, soon growing worried about the territorial ambitions of

11631: 10574: 9960: 8727: 8291: 7868: 4282: 2652: 2169: 1915: 7910: 2046:

Metternich continued negotiations with the French envoy Caulaincourt through early to mid March 1814, when victory at the

1801:

Metternich was influential in bringing about the marriage of Napoleon to Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria. Painting by

10908: 9068: 9027: 8548: 7545: 7537: 5770:, who had been ambassador to France from 1750 until 1753, this worked in favour of Metternich, the husband of a Kaunitz ( 4085:

also give Metternich credit for his more liberal ideals, even if they weighed relatively little in his overall policies.

3850: 3714: 2792:

grief. In November 1828 his mother died, and in January 1829 Antoinette died, five days after giving birth to their son,

1689: 956: 820: 4859: 4285:, 5th Prince Metternich (26 May 1917 – 21 September 1992), married on 6 September 1941 to Princess Tatiana Hilarionovna 4266:(27 February 1832 – 16 November 1919), married on 20 November 1853 to Count Jozsef Zichy de Zich et Vásonykeö. No issue. 10331: 9950: 9042: 9032: 8707: 7763:

Notizia storica del nobilissimo ordine supremo della santissima Annunziata. Sunto degli statuti, catalogo dei cavalieri

7617:[Chronological list of knights of the Order of the Holy Spirit from its origin to its extinction (1578–1830)]. 4153: 4146: 3773: 3306: 2671:. At the Czernowitz talks, in Metternich's absence, an impatient Tsar asked for a congress in the then Russian capital 2509: 2434: 2433:). As he had earlier envisaged, by April 1818 Britain had drawn up, and Metternich pushed through, proposals to have a 879: 2973:) were consuming much of his resources at a time when he had four young children to support, causing him more stress. 2675:

to discuss the Eastern Question. Metternich, wary of letting the Russians dominate affairs, could only play for time.

2378:. There was delay upon their arrival, and Metternich spent the time travelling around Italy again. He visited Venice, 12072: 12007: 12002: 10463: 9705: 9140: 9037: 8742: 8712: 8667: 8243: 8215: 7984: 7709: 7615:"Liste chronologique des chevaliers de l'ordre du Saint-Esprit depuis son origine jusqu'à son extinction (1578–1830)" 6730: 6705: 6286: 5726: 5073: 4422: 3602: 3164: 2844: 708: 10341: 10336: 10302: 2908: 2524:

when she died on 20 July. This prompted Eleonore and the remaining children to leave for the cleaner air of France.

2423:' increasing influence over Tsar Alexander and the continual threat of Russia annexing large areas of the declining 1721:

unaccommodating and struggled to negotiate a satisfactory settlement over the future of several French forts on the

1534:

After Metternich's studies in Vienna, the Prince's death in September 1797 allowed Metternich to participate in the

1252:

that lasted until 1851, he returned to the Viennese court, only this time to offer advice to Ferdinand's successor,

12082: 12077: 11997: 9654: 8540: 8156: 4234: 3996: 3805: 3654: 3326: 2912: 2477: 2189:

influence in Germany. Metternich now focused on getting the various German states to cede historic rights to a new

1102: 911: 760: 432: 10326: 8255:"Creating a Statesman: The Early Life of Prince Clemens von Metternich and its Effect on his Political Philosophy" 1523:(1775–1825), daughter of Ernst Christoph, Fürst von Kaunitz-Rietberg (1737–1797) and Princess Maria Leopoldine zu 11987: 11232: 8602: 8563: 4444: 2732:. Metternich complained that it "interfered with time, customs and daily life", as he was forced to travel to 2556: 2077: 1845: 1362: 1276: 7948: 2644:

He lingered in Verona until 18 December, then spending some days in Venice with the Tsar and then by himself in

12087: 12017: 11784: 9001: 8910: 8809: 8757: 5060: 3624: 3244:, the composer; and Dorothea de Dino, sister of Metternich's former lover Wilhemine of Sagan; and former lover 2356: 2068: 2062:

with Marie Louise as regent, and Paris fell on 30 March. Military manoeuvres had forced Metternich westward to

1923: 1810: 1585: 1413: 1401: 1393: 1217: 1209: 730: 172: 11493: 11048: 5148: 2437:, then a Prussian frontier town, six months later. Meanwhile, Metternich was advised to go to the spa town of 1918:

remained elusive, though Metternich did manage to discuss the state of affairs with the Tsar on 18–19 June at

1665: 1423:, receiving a more conservative education than at Strasbourg, a city unsafe to return to due to the unfolding 12012: 11834: 11656: 10431: 10397: 9301: 8655: 7516: 5091: 4721: 4533: 4479: 4256: 4152:

Leontine Adelheid Maria Pauline (18 June 1811 – 16 November 1861), married on 8 February 1835 to Count Moric

3933: 3684: 3274: 3263: 2965:. Decision making ground to a halt. Entertaining and maintaining his estates at Johannisberg, Königswart and 2765: 2485: 1937: 1752:

was hostile to Austria and a military conflict with France would have to be fought on two fronts between the

1630: 1561: 1409: 1350: 1039: 790: 68: 10380: 6400: 2551:(favoured by the British). He chose "sympathetic inactivity" on Spain but, much to his dismay and surprise, 12027: 11227: 11204: 9133: 8925: 8620: 7746: 5761: 5115: 4110: 2924: 2611:

again and again, asking him not to intervene. For extra support he met with Viscount Castlereagh (now also

2209:

army. On 7 March Metternich was awakened with the news that Napoleon had escaped from his island prison of

1520: 1455: 1354: 11083: 10933: 4297:

Pauline Felix Maria (6 January 1880 – 19 May 1960), married on 5 May 1906 to Prince Maximilian Theodor of

4029: 3709: 2054:

did not help. In the absence of the Prussians and Russians the Coalition agreed to the restoration of the

2017: 1791: 815: 12097: 11863: 11403: 11242: 11008: 9798: 9438: 9308: 9254: 9104: 8682: 8558: 5874: 5043: 4993: 4761: 4227:

Antoinette Pascalina (20 April 1862 – 5 August 1890), married on 11 July 1885 to Count Georg Wilhelm von

4180: 3719: 3573: 3088: 2788: 2484:

in July. Metternich carried the day, using a recent attempt on the life of the Chief Minister of Nassau,

2371: 2094: 1706: 1557: 1503: 1260: 825: 679: 204: 2276:

had been defeated. Metternich published reform proposals. He envisaged the preservation of the existing

2084:

was anxious to provide the renewed French monarchy with the resources to maintain control. The generous

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In this way, much to Metternich's disappointment and to Franz Josef's embarrassment, Austria began the

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to establish the first contact with Nicholas. Metternich was also friendly with the British envoy (the

2543:

A contemporary lithograph mocking the new restrictions on the press and free expression imposed by the

2185:, and for the first time allowed Talleyrand to participate in all Big Four (now Big Five) discussions. 1858: 1749: 1657: 1593: 1535: 1439: 1213: 916: 889: 884: 17: 10313: 8492: 7791: 1919: 1883: 1725:. Over the following months the reach of Austrian policy, and Metternich's own reputation, increased. 12022: 11458: 11003: 10557: 10510: 10191: 9759: 9722: 9500: 8996: 8722: 8123: 4901: 4344: 4171:

Hermine Gabriele (Henrietta) Marie Eleonore Leopoldine (1 September 1815 – December 1890), unmarried.

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learned of these decisions, they were incensed that agreements were negotiated by the Big Four only.

2073: 2007:

to celebrate Christmas with his wife's family before travelling to the new Coalition headquarters at

1850: 1613: 654: 9423: 4855: 3904: 2520:, he heard that his eldest daughter Maria had also contracted the disease. He was at her bedside in 2500: 2499:

At the conference in Vienna later in the year, Metternich found himself constrained by the Kings of

1702: 1010: 11779: 11468: 10478: 10307: 9664: 9515: 9510: 9411: 9234: 9184: 8630: 5743: 5039: 4955: 4767: 4566: 4494: 4333: 4263: 3815: 3788: 3500: 3402: 3369: 3128: 2954: 1887: 1790:. He soon regained influence, however, on 8 October, as Foreign Minister (and additionally that of 1511: 1483: 1443: 1389: 1253: 1181: 1141: 921: 894: 606: 508: 475: 385: 11562: 8290: 4066:. In short, he locked himself into an embittered battle against "the prevailing mood of his age". 2970: 2272:

From 1815 onward, statesmen in Europe focused on averting the threat of social revolution because

11729: 11368: 10918: 10777: 10643: 9987: 9982: 9700: 9646: 9451: 8975: 8965: 8697: 7949:"Caballeros Grandes-Cruces existentes en la Real y Distinguida Orden Española de Carlos Terceros" 7663: 5010: 4919: 4668: 4187:

von Leykam (1781–1830) and his wife, Lucia Antonia Caputo dei Marchesi della Petrella (b. 1783):

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diplomacy.) Meanwhile, as he was denied his pension, Metternich was ironically reliant on loans.

2962: 2612: 1814: 1718: 1693: 1543:

only a few days, and Francis soon contracted a lung infection from which he would never recover.

1458:, later looking back on these as substantial lessons about warfare. In early 1794 he was sent to 1034: 450: 11333: 10261: 10082: 9729: 9624: 8702: 5820:, while Austria favoured keeping the Bonaparte-Habsburg dynasty, if not under Napoleon himself ( 5791:

would return to being free cities, and more generally the end of direct French control over the

4141:

Roger Armand Viktor Maurice, Baron von Aldenburg (21 October 1827 – 14 October 1906), unmarried.

4121:

Maria Leopoldina (17 January 1797 – 24 July 1820), married on 15 September 1817 to Count Jozsef

1821: 11829: 11222: 11158: 11138: 10963: 10888: 10842: 10601: 10406: 10219: 10146: 10134: 10072: 9872: 9813: 9562: 9532: 9469: 9461: 9346: 9244: 9229: 8573: 8286: 7686: 7614: 5129: 4689: 4575: 4503: 4195: 4191: 4163: 4159: 3883: 3374: 3200: 3145: 2981: 2937: 2916: 2793: 2749: 2693: 2308: 2085: 1986:

and, two days later, he was rewarded for his "wise direction" with the rank of prince (German:

1507: 1405: 1237: 989: 480: 177: 115: 7893: 6410: 4194:, 2nd Prince Metternich (7 January 1829 – 1 March 1895), married on 13 June 1856 to his niece 4135: 2323:

Representatives from most of the European states eventually signed, with the exception of the

1180:

in 1773 as the son of a diplomat, Metternich received a good education at the universities of

11992: 11794: 11676: 11478: 11173: 10812: 10611: 10500: 10237: 10127: 10065: 9741: 9505: 9396: 9354: 9214: 9209: 9189: 9047: 8819: 8650: 8505: 8107: 8093: 8035: 8014: 7933: 7835: 7831: 7646: 5877:

only a fortnight later, but it was Rome he had pinpointed as the epicentre of future trouble(

5800: 5133: 5026: 4912: 4627: 4606: 3838: 3543: 3447: 3054: 3009: 2737: 2655:, undoing the "moral solidarity" established at Verona. Likewise, Metternich thought the new 2174: 2072:

ascendancy. For these reasons he ensured that the Italian provinces of Lombardy and Venetia,

1975: 1745: 1649: 1604:

Count Metternich is young but by no means maladroit. We shall see how he shapes up in Berlin.

1378: 944: 649: 553: 10928: 8174: 8087: 8029: 8008: 7927: 7825: 7810: 7804: 7640: 2678: 2559:

to accept a new constitution. Metternich reluctantly agreed to attend the Russian-initiated

1641:, being notified of this in February 1803 and taking his position in November of that year. 1510:

in the audience who went to spy on England for the French. Metternich was nominated the new

1427:, which had begun in 1789. In the summers he worked with his father, who had been appointed 11982: 11977: 11882: 11752: 11533: 10346: 10249: 10139: 9909: 9831: 9589: 9204: 8799: 8528: 7571: 4897: 4876: 4827: 4712: 4664: 4105:

Metternich's children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren are (names are untranslated):

4059: 3890: 3752: 3379: 3359: 3282: 3014: 2824: 2745: 2607: 2420: 2090: 2028:. This relieved Metternich's fears that an overconfident Alexander might act unilaterally. 2021: 1974:. He also succeeded in getting the three allied monarchs (Alexander, Francis and Prussia's 1661: 1577: 1515: 1499: 1482:

on several occasions and dined with a number of influential British politicians, including

1432: 1292: 1256:. Having outlived his generation of politicians, Metternich died at the age of 86 in 1859. 1233: 996: 858: 485: 465: 110: 4219: 4183:, Countess von Beylstein (15 August 1806 – 17 January 1829), daughter of Christoph Ambros 3699: 3137: 3079:

in the summer of 1847. Despite securing French agreement for the first time in years from

2148:

secretary to the negotiations of the "Big Six" (the Big Four plus France and Spain). When

1979: 805: 8: 11894: 11858: 11597: 11570: 11543: 11023: 10958: 10623: 10618: 10488: 10426: 9975: 9688: 9384: 9359: 9249: 9224: 9194: 9094: 9089: 9084: 8880: 8687: 8640: 8625: 8610: 5104: 4800: 4643: 4524: 4463: 4318: 4202: 3972: 3639: 3538: 3533: 3407: 3364: 3310: 3245: 3027: 2851:

with little dissent. Moreover, by November his betrothal to 25-year-old Countess Melanie

2771:

On 5 November 1827 Baroness Antoinette von Leykam, daughter of diplomat Christoph Ambros

2757: 2568: 2560: 2532: 2473: 2248: 2145: 2025: 1958: 1933: 1879: 1732:

Napoleon receiving von Vincent at Erfurt, a congress Metternich was not allowed to attend

1589: 1524: 1451: 1420: 1382: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1185: 1177: 1170: 1078: 745: 644: 639: 513: 470: 389: 236: 31: 9572: 7740: 2399: 11873: 11846: 11824: 11814: 11767: 11681: 11671: 11661: 11443: 11328: 11237: 11123: 11103: 10782: 10711: 10493: 10419: 10414: 10151: 10104: 9965: 9717: 9693: 9331: 9199: 8945: 8935: 8864: 8829: 8672: 8161: 7719: 5796: 5006: 4706: 4560: 4459: 4238: 3694: 3629: 3495: 3480: 3432: 3397: 3023: 2784: 2729: 2725: 2637: 2595: 2352: 2253: 2124: 2106: 2051: 1773:

Now back in Austria, Metternich witnessed first hand the Austrian army's defeat at the

1738: 1713: 1645: 1638: 1609: 1221: 1193: 800: 735: 601: 586: 538: 503: 400: 11538: 10099: 8890: 8497: 3742: 3240:

on 23 April 1849. Visitors included Wellington, who still watched out for Metternich;

3080: 2712: 2058:. Francis rejected a final plea from Napoleon that he would abdicate in favour of his 1890:, delayed too long and lost this opportunity; by December he had been defeated at the 1323: 848: 11789: 11666: 11602: 11518: 11398: 11378: 11348: 11318: 11308: 11283: 11278: 11093: 11078: 11063: 11033: 10938: 10868: 10755: 10628: 10515: 10209: 9916: 9841: 9527: 9379: 9259: 9109: 9099: 8920: 8900: 8752: 8434: 8389: 8357: 8326: 8274: 8266: 8239: 8211: 8192: 8089:

Staats- und Adreß-Handbuch für die Herzogthümer Anhalt-Dessau und Anhalt-Köthen: 1851

7980: 7705: 6726: 6701: 6282: 5022: 4931: 4685: 4542: 4354: 4322: 4074: 4033:

Sculpture in Thorvaldsens Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark. Sculptor: Bertel Thorvaldsen (

3923: 3644: 3592: 3505: 3270: 3258: 3205: 3196: 2741: 2628: 2446: 2206: 2182: 1983: 1954: 1891: 1653: 1487: 1424: 1392:, matriculating on 12 November. While a student he was for some time accommodated by 1346: 1296: 1197: 1189: 1188:. Metternich rose through key diplomatic posts, including ambassadorial roles in the 1158: 1029: 750: 698: 611: 404: 240: 35: 12113:

Bailiffs Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta

7676: 4584: 1728: 11925: 11724: 11719: 11580: 11463: 11433: 11408: 11343: 11338: 11313: 11273: 11113: 11038: 10993: 10913: 10873: 10797: 10549: 10185: 10156: 10094: 10089: 10057: 10052: 10040: 10035: 9859: 9754: 9296: 8930: 8844: 8839: 8824: 8804: 8778: 8692: 8677: 6698:

The Congress of Vienna and Its Legacy: War and Great Power Diplomacy After Napoleon

5694: 5674: 4989: 4951: 4485: 4228: 3876: 3674: 3490: 3437: 3334: 3241: 2875: 2672: 2567:

The Congress disbanded in the third week of December, and the next step would be a

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and strove to prevent the breakup of the Austrian Empire, for example, by crushing

982: 780: 596: 543: 440: 11650: 11358: 11108: 10109: 9778: 9553: 8254: 7565: 4237:(27 June 1870 – 25 October 1963), unmarried; she adopted Prince Franz Albrecht of 2831:, which deeply shocked him and theoretically posed the need for a congress of the 2264: 11961: 11899: 11575: 11523: 11423: 11413: 11303: 11268: 11168: 11153: 11088: 11043: 10883: 10802: 10772: 10677: 10638: 10505: 10271: 9897: 9659: 9610: 9278: 8970: 8940: 8859: 8747: 8413: 8320: 8186: 8059: 7761: 7520: 5735: 5192: 4415: 4298: 4089: 4063: 4055: 3943: 3523: 3485: 3475: 3285:

came to visit, as did Bismarck, and on 16 August 1857, he entertained the future

3237: 3233: 3133: 2848: 2828: 2811: 2776: 2668: 2527: 2468: 2336: 2289: 2181:

and agreed to the division of Poland. He also softened in regard to the Germanic

2055: 1597: 1428: 1397: 1300: 1162: 1049: 629: 591: 581: 264: 73: 62: 47: 11548: 11448: 10988: 9933: 9318: 9269: 7662:(1851), "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm III. ernannte Ritter" 3950: 2564:

including an attack on the free press and the initiative of the middle classes.

2411: 1470: 1056: 11949: 11804: 11747: 11691: 11624: 11508: 11483: 11453: 11418: 11353: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11013: 10983: 10968: 10903: 10878: 10837: 10701: 10017: 9836: 9786: 9678: 9636: 9479: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8905: 8895: 8737: 8578: 8552: 4926: 4740: 4518: 4070: 3984: 3897: 3869: 3747: 3664: 3563: 3084: 3018: 2998: 2993: 2945: 2721: 2688: 2660: 2552: 2521: 2424: 2370:

In June 1817 Metternich was required to escort the emperor's newlywed daughter

2328: 2244: 2141: 2047: 1802: 1626: 1569: 1264: 1228: 1090: 1003: 975: 853: 770: 669: 11058: 3649: 3558: 2707: 1648:, newly the leader of France. This fear was shared by the Russian court under 755: 664: 11971: 11937: 11853: 11686: 11488: 11438: 11388: 11323: 11183: 11178: 11143: 11133: 11068: 10978: 10923: 10898: 10760: 10696: 9891: 9712: 8849: 8834: 8814: 8783: 8635: 8451:(Pilsen: University of West Bohemia Press, 2013) major scholarly study 1032pp 8305:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 301–307. 8296: 8278: 8270: 5957: 4162:(25 February 1836 – 28 September 1921), married on 13 June 1856 to her uncle 4082: 4078: 3938: 3820: 3704: 3669: 3553: 3528: 3422: 3107:

I am no longer anybody... I have nothing more to do, nothing more to discuss.

3062: 3002: 2488:

to win agreement for the conservative program now known as the Convention of

2317: 2202: 1408:, where he performed the largely honorific role of Ceremonial Marshal to the 1044: 926: 810: 775: 659: 634: 528: 9474: 2627:

Over Christmas, the Tsar wavered more than Metternich had expected and sent

1809:

One of Metternich's first tasks was to push for the marriage of Napoleon to

1506:. It was at one of these concerts where he recognized his one-time teacher, 1370: 11819: 11799: 11757: 11587: 11528: 11473: 11393: 11373: 11363: 11148: 11128: 11098: 10998: 10953: 10948: 10893: 10847: 10822: 10686: 10254: 10203: 10045: 9749: 9601: 9428: 9417: 9336: 9291: 9156: 8991: 8885: 8662: 8568: 7660:

Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler

5201: 5181: 4880: 4252: 3634: 3568: 3452: 3213: 3209: 3172: 3071: 2871: 2852: 2797: 2761: 2656: 2513: 2438: 2324: 2313: 2304: 2300: 2220: 1634: 1495: 1491: 1319: 1288: 740: 674: 558: 9617: 4289:; he died without issue and the title of Prince Metternich became extinct. 4122: 2895: 2535:

in 1819 was an opportunity for Metternich to fight against the opposition.

1676: 1474:

Countess Eleonore of Kaunitz-Rietberg (1775–1825), Metternich's first wife

1130:

Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar, Prince of Metternich-Winneburg zu Beilstein

11841: 11762: 11734: 11714: 11619: 11383: 11163: 11053: 11028: 10943: 10832: 10817: 10807: 10750: 10745: 10723: 10706: 10691: 10670: 10665: 10286: 10280: 10227: 9997: 9939: 9853: 9826: 9683: 9671: 9594: 9579: 9374: 9239: 8915: 8409: 8349: 5740:

Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar Fürst von Metternich-Winneburg zu Beilstein

5176: 5087: 3737: 3689: 3659: 3427: 3412: 3278: 3220: 3168: 3096: 2299:

Metternich was back with coalition allies in Paris, once more discussing

2293: 2285: 2173:

Alexander during negotiations over Poland (then ruled by Napoleon as the

2059: 1757: 1722: 1419:

Between the end of 1790 and summer of 1792 Metternich studied law at the

1304: 1272: 843: 795: 765: 533: 518: 11956: 8031:

Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Hessen: für das Jahr ... 1857

4386:

Countess Maria Karola von Blome (16 January 1877 – 19 July 1951), a nun.

2602:

In 1821, while Metternich was still at Laibach with Tsar Alexander, the

2453:

Today the greatest evil- and therefore the most immediate -is the press.

1625:

To compensate for the loss of the Metternich's ancestral estates in the

11263: 11258: 10973: 10827: 10792: 10733: 10650: 10351: 10232: 9766: 9326: 9114: 8109:

Hof- und Adreß-Handbuch des Fürstenthums Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen: 1844

5196: 3442: 3286: 2920: 2664: 1573: 1565: 1479: 1280: 1268: 548: 8049:

Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach

7912:

Collezione delle leggi e de' decreti reali del regno delle Due Sicilie

4054:

have reformed, dealt better with its problems of nationality, and the

3191:, where they waited to hear the results of a demonstration by English 2936:

On 2 March 1835, Emperor Francis died, succeeded by his epileptic son

2720:

In the early 1820s, Metternich had advised Francis that convening the

2539: 2268:

Map of Europe, highlighting the Holy Alliance, formed in 1815, in 1840

1970:, was confirmed supreme commander of the Coalition forces rather than 1201: 11868: 11503: 10852: 10787: 10606: 10520: 10483: 10441: 10369: 10117: 10007: 9992: 9904: 9880: 9803: 9631: 9537: 9286: 8615: 5188: 4094: 3457: 3293: 3188: 3184: 3175:

commemorating one of Metternich's London residences during his exile.

3149: 3036: 2988:

Metternich had long predicted a new crisis in the East, and when the

2941: 2733: 2701: 2616: 2590: 2449:

was equally hard for other powers such as Britain to support openly.

2281: 2131: 1905:

In June, Metternich left Vienna to personally handle negotiations at

1832: 1779: 1744:

In a report to Stadion, Metternich the ambassador concluded that the

1220:

that sent Napoleon into exile and led the Austrian delegation at the

1200:. One of his first assignments as Foreign Minister was to engineer a 1150: 563: 8312:

Napoleon and the World War of 1813: Lessons in Coalition Warfighting

5784: 3031: 11609: 11592: 10738: 10535: 10446: 10197: 10077: 10012: 9922: 9848: 9821: 9584: 9446: 9364: 5056: 4184: 3844: 3254: 3229: 3192: 3183:. They stayed until Metternich regained his strength, then reached 3153: 3123: 2840: 2772: 2649: 2573: 2391: 2273: 2161: 2135:

The national boundaries within Europe set by the Congress of Vienna

2004: 1906: 1249: 1245: 1205: 950: 7738: 7513: 4332:(29 September 1810 – 29 May 1829), married on 1 May 1828 to Otto, 4241:(born 1920; son of her niece Elisabeth), who assumed the title of 2944:

dispute. He also put effort into bringing new technology like the

2406: 2233:

From the report of an agent of the Austrian intelligence service (

2111: 1988: 1909:

in Bohemia. When he arrived he benefitted from the hospitality of

1748:

had been relegated and that Austria's situation had worsened. The

1438:

In the meantime France had declared war on Austria, beginning the

1361:. At the time of his birth, the family possessed a ruined keep at 11513: 11073: 10728: 10660: 10451: 10319: 10243: 9928: 9885: 9792: 9405: 9369: 8481: 7593:

Almanach Royal pour l'année 1814 : présenté à S.M. par Testu

5788: 5124: 4972: 4836: 4623: 4367: 3076: 2899:

Metternich in a painting thought to date to between 1835 and 1840

2890: 2867: 2620: 2489: 2481: 2383: 2375: 2013: 1786:, and Metternich was gradually displaced from the proceedings by 1753: 1629:

when the French Republic annexed the west bank of the Rhine, the

1581: 1539: 1459: 1374: 1366: 1327: 232: 4360:

Countess Maria Sophie von Blome (23 November 1864 – died young).

2219:

Netherlands, formalising proposals for a loose confederation of

10718: 9520: 9125: 8469: 4602: 4373:

Countess Maria Adeline von Blome (21 August 1868 – died young).

3180: 2863: 2645: 2633: 2624:

happy, not least because he had met Dorothea Lieven once more.

2517: 2343: 2215: 2157: 1953:

Karl von Schwarzenberg and the three allied monarchs after the

1928: 1783: 1341:(1746–1818), a diplomat who had passed from the service of the 1241: 260: 5795:; the return of annexed Prussian territory; the return of the 5709: 4363:

Louis Pius Blome (1 December 1865 – 1930), Lensgraf von Blome.

3008:

At the Conference of State Metternich lost his principal ally

2923:. The latter was more strained but, as Nicholas warmed, three 2823:

In May Metternich took a much-needed holiday on his estate at

1412:. There, under the wing of his father, he met with the future 27:

Austrian diplomat, foreign minister and Chancellor (1773–1859)

10765: 8167:. Translated by Peter Ryde. London: Darton, Longman and Todd. 4795: 4176: 4128:

Franz Karl Johann Georg (21 February 1798 – 3 December 1799).

3298: 3156:

welcomed the end of Metternich's era of social conservatism.

2966: 2957:—Metternich was forced to share more power with Kolowrat and 2859: 2697: 2395: 2379: 2367:, only 25 miles (40 km) from his birthplace at Koblenz. 2347: 2194: 2063: 2008: 2000: 1656:

was in the process of becoming) began its involvement in the

1153:

statesman and diplomat who was at the center of the European

8342:

European Diplomatic History 1789–1815: France against Europe

7908: 4745:

Senator Grand Cross of the Constantinian Order of St. George

4350:

Countess Marie-Clementine Blome (23 June 1860 – died young).

4294:

Emilie Marie Felicitas (24 February 1873 – 20 January 1884).

3228:

In mid-September, the family moved to 42 Brunswick Terrace,

3099:

as disturbances spread. Despite this and hearing of renewed

1388:

In the summer of 1788, Metternich began studying law at the

10655: 10436: 10002: 7895:

Almanacco reale del Regno delle Due Sicilie: per l'anno ...

5718: 5703: 4377: 3417: 2708:

Hungarian Diets, Alexander I's death, and problems in Italy

2387: 2359:, a fierce critic of Metternich's policies, died in April. 2210: 2198: 1527:(1741–1795), a granddaughter of former Austrian chancellor 523: 8073:(1837), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" p. 8010:

Königlich-Württembergisches Hof- und Staats-Handbuch: 1854

6997: 6754: 4283:

Paul II Alphonse Klemens Lothar Filip Neri Felix Nikomedes

2915:

at Teplitz and accompany Francis to meet Tsar Nicholas at

8418:(1968) 352 pp. of primary sources in English translation. 7827:

Hof- und Staatshandbuch für das Königreich Hannover: 1858

5816:

At this time, the Russians favoured a new monarchy under

5715: 1410:

Catholic Bench of the College of the Counts of Westphalia

12118:

Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Gregory the Great

8431:

Metternich, the German Question and the Pursuit of Peace

5799:

to Austria; and the dissolution of the French-dominated

5425:

Klemens, 1st Prince of Metternich-Winneburg zu Beilstein

5240:

8. Dietrich Philipp Adolf, Count of Metternich-Winneburg

8527: 8208:

Waterloo New Perspectives: the Great Battle Reappraised

8071:

Adreß-Handbuch des Herzogthums Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha

7619:

Annuaire-bulletin de la Société de l'Histoire de France

7397: 3199:

in London, where they stayed in the Brunswick Hotel in

3132:

guarantee his safety, Metternich left for the house of

2331:. Shortly afterwards, a separate treaty reaffirmed the 2280:

and to this end the continuous authority of legitimate

1999:

Before talks could begin, Coalition armies crossed the

1978:) to follow him and their armies on campaign. With the 1465: 1337:

on 15 May 1773 to Franz Georg Karl Count of Metternich-

12108:

Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary

12043:

People from the Austrian Empire of the Napoleonic Wars

6416: 4306:

Maria Emilia Stephanie (22 March 1836 – 12 June 1836).

4160:

Pauline Klementine Marie Walburga Sándor de Szlavnicza

11909: 11810:

Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States

8449:

Metternich, the Great Powers and the Eastern Question

8128:

J.C.Mikan | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science"

8021: 7929:

Kurfürstlich Hessisches Hof- und Staatshandbuch: 1856

5727: 5712: 5513:

13. Baroness Maria Franziska Josefa von Ulm zu Erbach

5400:

11. Baroness Isabella Maria Theresia Raitz von Frentz

4243:

Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst-Metternich-Sándor

2555:

led a revolt in Naples in early July and forced King

2003:

on 22 December. Metternich retired from Frankfurt to

1212:. Soon after, he engineered Austria's entry into the 7567:

Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern: 1827

6356: 6329: 5706: 5592:

7. Baroness Maria Anna Franziska Eleonore von Andlau

4113:(10 October 1775 – 19 March 1825), granddaughter of 2768:

whom he may have met during the Congress of Vienna.

1701:

on 5 August and Napoleon himself five days later at

8292:"Metternich-Winneburg, Clemens Wenzel Lothar" 7542:

Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Kaiserthumes Österreich

7354: 6723:

Origins of the First World War: Revised 3rd Edition

5700: 5697: 3195:, planned for 10 April. On 20 April they landed at 1633:of 1803 brought Metternich's family new estates in 1283:and a wide-ranging spy network to suppress unrest. 30:"Metternich" redirects here. For other people, see 8173: 8160: 8079: 7973:Cifuentes, María Teresa Fernández-Mota de (1984). 7919: 5315:2. Franz Georg Karl, Count of Metternich-Winneburg 5292:9. Baroness Maria Franziska Schenck von Schmidburg 4235:Klementine Marie Melanie Sofie Leontine Crescentia 2984:by Prince Metternich in the Vienna Hofburg in 1839 2585: 2303:. After 133 days of negotiations, longer than the 1349:, and his wife Countess Maria Beatrix Aloisia von 8205: 6603: 5952:Caldwell, Wallace E.; Merrill, Edward H. (1964). 5569:14. Baron Johann Georg Baptist von Andlau-Birseck 5348:10. Baron Karl Friedrich Melchior von Kesselstatt 3066:Caricature on Metternich's escape from March 1848 1664:, Prussia disregarded the agreement and signed a 1333:Klemens Metternich was born into the old Rhenish 11969: 8027: 8000: 7953:Calendario Manual y Guía de Forasteros en Madrid 7788:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden 5621:15. Anna Maria Katharina Truchsess von Wolhausen 2351:serious disagreement between the Empire and the 1922:. In talks which would later be ratified as the 1359:Duke Ferdinand Frederick Augustus of Württemberg 12123:Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal) 6276: 5951: 5484:6. Baron Johann Friedrich Fridolin von Kageneck 4025:Historical assessment of Klemens von Metternich 3095:placed Austrian Italy (Lombardy-Venetia) under 2748:had to crush. Now 53, Metternich chose to send 2407:Aachen, Teplice, Karlsbad, Troppau, and Laibach 371:Franz Georg Karl, Count of Metternich-Winneburg 12128:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class) 12063:Members of the Württembergian Chamber of Lords 8180:(3rd ed.). London: Eyre and Spottiswoode. 7891: 7863: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7855: 7853: 7851: 7849: 7847: 7845: 7823: 7806:Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen: 1857 7700:Per Nordenvall (1998). "Kungl. Maj:ts Orden". 7699: 7683:The Knights of the Order of the Pour le Mérite 7678:Die Ritter des Ordens pour le mérite 1812–1913 7645:. l'Académie Imp. des Sciences. 1817. p. 6281:. Harvard University Press. pp. 224–225. 6042: 6040: 6038: 3290:that such an ultimatum had already been sent. 2891:Eastern Question revisited and peace in Europe 2696:of the church. There was also a short trip to 2335:and established through its sixth article the 1900:Grand-Chancellor of the Order of Maria Theresa 1353:(1755–1828). He was named in honour of Prince 1279:. At home, he pursued a similar policy, using 9764: 9141: 8513: 8085: 7925: 7817: 7344: 7342: 7329: 7327: 7325: 7271: 7269: 6720: 5263:4. Johann Hugo, Count of Metternich-Winneburg 4216:Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst-Breunner-Enkevoirth 4131:Klemens Eduard (10 June 1799 – 15 June 1799). 4049:police machine, and by trustworthy churchmen. 4004: 1836:Europe in 1812 after several French victories 1709:drew both Talleyrand and Napoleon eastwards. 1110: 10675: 9727: 9669: 9622: 9608: 9599: 9570: 8388:. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. 7885: 7796: 7732: 7532: 7530: 7528: 7300: 7298: 7296: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7250: 7237: 7235: 7233: 7220: 7218: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7152: 7150: 7148: 7146: 7144: 7119: 7117: 7115: 7102: 7100: 7075: 7073: 7071: 7046: 7044: 7031: 7029: 7027: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6918: 6916: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6834: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6803: 6801: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6771: 6769: 6744: 6742: 6695: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6587: 6585: 6583: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6488: 6486: 6484: 6482: 5076:: Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion 3948: 1686:Johann Philipp Stadion, Count von Warthausen 1054: 11213:European Conservatives and Reformists Party 8006: 7842: 7739:J ..... -H ..... -Fr ..... Berlien (1846). 7414: 7412: 7014: 7012: 6933: 6931: 6903: 6901: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6469: 6467: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6346: 6344: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6300: 6298: 6188: 6186: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6137: 6135: 6096: 6094: 6069: 6067: 6035: 5111:Grand Cross of the Military Order of Christ 4203:Oettingen-Oettingen und Oettingen-Spielberg 3159: 2858:In February 1831 rebels took the cities of 1494:. He also dined with the renowned composer 1365:, a castle at Winneberg, an estate west of 55:Prince of Metternich-Winneburg zu Beilstein 9148: 9134: 8520: 8506: 8493:Metternich's Political Profession of Faith 8428: 7724:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7642:Almanach de la cour: pour l'année ... 1817 7461: 7459: 7446: 7444: 7431: 7429: 7427: 7375: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7339: 7322: 7266: 6857: 6855: 6524: 6522: 6390: 6388: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6111: 6109: 6025: 6023: 5998: 5996: 5166:Portrait of Klemens von Metternich in 1836 4440:Golden Civil Cross "For Merit" (1813/1814) 4011: 3997: 3224:Photograph of Prince Metternich in old age 3050:Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire 1966:early victory as an Austrian general, the 1813:rather than to the Tsar's youngest sister 1502:after seeing several of their concerts at 1204:with France that included the marriage of 1117: 1103: 61: 11707: 8646:Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states 7972: 7525: 7483: 7293: 7247: 7230: 7215: 7186: 7174: 7141: 7112: 7097: 7068: 7056: 7041: 7024: 6978: 6943: 6913: 6879: 6831: 6798: 6781: 6766: 6739: 6660: 6633: 6631: 6629: 6609: 6580: 6563: 6546: 6534: 6498: 6479: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5461:12. Georg Sebastian Reinhard von Kageneck 3317: 3026:and a declaration of independence by the 2682:Office Prince Clemens von Metternich 1829 1944: 12148:People of the War of the First Coalition 8356:(1997 reprint ed.). London: Orion. 8322:The Habsburg Monarchy, c. 1765–1918 8285: 7759: 7685:] (in German). Vol. 2. Berlin: 7409: 7009: 6928: 6898: 6643: 6464: 6445: 6428: 6368: 6341: 6310: 6295: 6258: 6234: 6222: 6183: 6147: 6132: 6091: 6064: 6052: 5175: 4115:Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg 4028: 3292: 3219: 3163: 3061: 3053: 2975: 2894: 2711: 2677: 2589: 2538: 2526: 2410: 2327:(the Pope), the United Kingdom, and the 2263: 2130: 2110: 1948: 1868: 1831: 1796: 1727: 1675: 1529:Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg 1469: 1318: 12103:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Austria 9064:Anniversary of the Unification of Italy 8733:Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861 8415:Metternich's Europe: Selected Documents 8233: 8155: 8051:(1855), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 7802: 7674: 7471: 7456: 7441: 7424: 7403: 7385: 7366: 7316: 7275: 7003: 6852: 6760: 6519: 6385: 6246: 6166: 6106: 6046: 6020: 5993: 5371:5. Baroness Clara Luise von Kesselstatt 4713:Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order 4269:Klemens (21 April 1833 – 10 June 1833). 1590:Princess Katharina Bagration-Mukhranska 1454:commissioners. Metternich observed the 1132:(15 May 1773 – 11 June 1859), known as 342: 1831; died 1854) 321: 1827; died 1829) 300: 1795; died 1825) 161:8 October 1809 – 13 March 1848 149:Foreign Minister of the Austrian Empire 14: 12143:Participants to the Congress of Vienna 12093:Chamberlains of the Emperor of Austria 11970: 8348: 8252: 7946: 7612: 7501: 7418: 7348: 7333: 7304: 7260: 7241: 7224: 7197: 7180: 7156: 7123: 7106: 7079: 7062: 7050: 7035: 6991: 6960: 6922: 6892: 6846: 6813: 6792: 6775: 6748: 6671: 6626: 6620: 6591: 6574: 6557: 6540: 6513: 6492: 6458: 6439: 6379: 6350: 6335: 6323: 6304: 6264: 6240: 6228: 6216: 6204: 6192: 6160: 6141: 6100: 6073: 6058: 6029: 6014: 6002: 5987: 5976: 5964: 5939: 5905: 5891: 5878: 5861: 5847: 5834: 5821: 5804: 5771: 5550: 5536:3. Countess Maria Beatrix von Kageneck 5442: 5438: 5428: 5329: 5231: 5227: 4777:Grand Cross of St. Ferdinand and Merit 3113: 2911:. He still arranged to meet with King 2815: 2459: 2234: 2038: 1898:created the Austrian Foreign Minister 1768: 1699:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord 1617: 1556:The Holy Roman Empire's defeat in the 9129: 8501: 8386:Metternich and Austria: An Evaluation 8309: 8171: 8112:. Beck und Fränkel. 1844. p. 20. 7909:Escrito por Naples (Kingdom) (1818). 7742:Der Elephanten-Orden und seine Ritter 7595:(in French), Paris, 1814, p. 386 7135: 7091: 7018: 6937: 6907: 6873: 6825: 6654: 6473: 6406: 6362: 6252: 6177: 6115: 6085: 5970: 5742: 5620: 5610: 5606: 5594: 5591: 5581: 5568: 5558: 5554: 5538: 5535: 5525: 5512: 5502: 5498: 5486: 5483: 5473: 5460: 5450: 5446: 5422: 5412: 5399: 5389: 5385: 5373: 5370: 5360: 5347: 5337: 5333: 5317: 5314: 5304: 5291: 5281: 5277: 5265: 5262: 5252: 5239: 5235: 5195:from Brazil, belonging to the family 4138:, daughter of the 2nd Duc de Maillé: 3297:Cemetery Church of St. Wenceslaus in 2951:Franz Anton von Kolowrat-Liebsteinsky 2775:von Leykam (1777–1830) and his wife, 2100: 1911:Princess Wilhelmine, Duchess of Sagan 1551: 1140: 12048:Politicians from the Austrian Empire 9028:Museum of the Risorgimento (Bologna) 8728:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 8456:Metternich: Strategist and Visionary 8383: 8370: 8339: 8318: 8184: 7873:(in Italian). 1858. pp. 222–224 7489: 7477: 7465: 7450: 7435: 7391: 7379: 7287: 7209: 7168: 6972: 6861: 6725:. Taylor & Francis. p. 23. 6683: 6637: 6528: 6422: 6394: 6279:Metternich: Strategist and Visionary 5061:Grand Cross of St. Gregory the Great 5044:Princely House Order of Hohenzollern 4423:Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen 4251:With Countess Melania Maria Antonia 4220:Duke of Ratibor and Prince of Corvey 4192:Richard Klemens Josef Lothar Hermann 2882:, who had taken over at the British 2123:and other European diplomats at the 2074:lost to French client states in 1805 1466:Marriage and the Congress of Rastatt 99:25 May 1821 – 13 March 1848 12133:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour 9069:National Unity and Armed Forces Day 8224: 7979:(in Spanish). Ediciones Hidalguia. 7766:(in Italian). Eredi Botta. p. 7360: 5960:: The Greystone Press. p. 427. 5217:Ancestors of Klemens von Metternich 5092:Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion 4486:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour 4395: 4370:(1877–1925). They had one daughter. 4253:Zichy-Ferraris de Zich et Vásonykeö 3017:nor the boredom of the new British 2874:without authorisation from the new 1827: 1763: 1690:Foreign Minister of Austrian Empire 1684:In the ensuing reshuffle in Vienna 403:, minister of state, conservatism, 24: 9043:Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin) 9033:Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan) 8708:Second Italian War of Independence 8422: 8403: 7702:Kungliga Serafimerorden: 1748–1998 7687:Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn 5766:or merely someone in the style of 5116:Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword 3774:Alliance for the Future of Austria 3307:Second Italian War of Independence 2810:Metternich on hearing of France's 2805:My whole life's work is destroyed. 2781:Caputo dei Marchesi della Petrella 2510:Princess Klementine von Metternich 2259: 1792:Minister of the Imperial Household 1165:'s foreign minister from 1809 and 880:Alliance for the Future of Austria 205:Count Charles-Louis de Ficquelmont 25: 12159: 12068:Austrian people of German descent 12053:People of the Revolutions of 1848 9038:Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome) 8743:Third Italian War of Independence 8713:United Provinces of Central Italy 8668:First Italian War of Independence 8462: 8371:Sked, Alan (1983). "Metternich". 8259:The Gettysburg Historical Journal 8206:Hamilton-Williams, David (1996). 8157:Bertier de Sauvigny, Guillaume de 5074:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 4994:Grand Cross of the Southern Cross 4264:Melanie Marie Pauline Alexandrine 4109:With Countess Maria Eleonore von 3603:Envy: A Theory of Social Behavior 2845:United Kingdom of the Netherlands 709:Envy: A Theory of Social Behavior 87:Chancellor of the Austrian Empire 12033:Ambassadors of Austria to Norway 11955: 11943: 11931: 11919: 9155: 8592: 8480: 8468: 8354:Metternich: Councillor of Europe 8116: 8100: 8064: 8042: 7966: 7940: 7902: 7898:Stamp. Reale. pp. 400, 405. 7790:(1834), "Großherzogliche Orden" 7781: 7753: 7693: 7668: 7653: 7633: 7606: 7578: 7558: 7507: 7495: 5911: 5897: 5693: 5171: 5159: 5147: 5123: 5097: 5080: 5066: 5050: 5032: 5016: 4999: 4982: 4965: 4945: 4925: 4918: 4911: 4890: 4869: 4848: 4814: 4794: 4754: 4733: 4699: 4678: 4657: 4637: 4616: 4596: 4554: 4511: 4473: 4452: 4408: 4378:Eltz genannt Faust von Stromberg 3978: 3966: 3343: 3136:and then, with aid from friends 2913:Frederick William III of Prussia 2478:Frederick William III of Prussia 2458:Metternich to Gentz, June 1819 ( 1394:Prince Maximilian of Zweibrücken 1084: 1072: 449: 414: 12058:University of Strasbourg alumni 11233:International Monarchist League 8236:Vienna in the Age of Metternich 8227:The Age of Metternich 1814–1848 8149: 7310: 7281: 7203: 7162: 7129: 7085: 6966: 6867: 6819: 6714: 6689: 6677: 6597: 6270: 6210: 6198: 6121: 6079: 5884: 5867: 5853: 5840: 5827: 5810: 5777: 5749: 4902:Grand Cross of the White Falcon 4881:Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order 4445:Military Order of Maria Theresa 3309:against the combined forces of 2586:Hanover, Verona, and Czernowitz 1864: 1216:on the Allied side, signed the 339: 329:Countess Melanie Zichy-Ferraris 318: 297: 9002:Francis II of the Two Sicilies 8810:Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour 8758:Italian entry into World War I 7586:"Chapitre V: Ordres de France" 5945: 5933: 5744:[ˈkleːmənsfɔnˈmɛtɐnɪç] 5686: 4805:Grand Cross of the Golden Lion 4534:Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky 4325:(illegitimate, acknowledged): 4149:(30 August 1804 – 6 May 1820). 3851:Identitäre Bewegung Österreich 2357:Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este 2076:, were duly re-annexed as the 1456:siege and fall of Valenciennes 1142:[ˈkleːmensfɔnˈmɛtɐniç] 957:Identitäre Bewegung Österreich 308:Baroness Antoinette von Leykam 13: 1: 8855:Annibale Santore di Santarosa 5926: 4313:. No issue in both marriages. 4034: 3934:German nationalism in Austria 3144:, reached the family seat of 3058:Revolutions of 1848 in Europe 3043: 2580: 1546: 1314: 1040:German nationalism in Austria 374:Countess Beatrix von Kageneck 287:Princess Eleonore von Kaunitz 69:Portrait of Prince Metternich 12038:Foreign ministers of Austria 11228:International Democrat Union 8926:Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi 8621:Revolutions during the 1820s 8429:Pásztorová, Barbora (2022). 7514:"A Szent István Rend tagjai" 4576:Grand Cross of the Red Eagle 4198:. They had three daughters: 4196:Pauline Sándor de Szlavnicza 3112:Metternich after resigning ( 3010:Count Karl von Clam-Martinic 1355:Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony 1208:to the Austrian archduchess 1169:from 1821 until the liberal 7: 11243:Tradition, Family, Property 9105:Revisionism of Risorgimento 8683:Sicilian revolution of 1848 8564:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 8559:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 8238:. London: Faber and Faber. 7570:. Landesamt. 1827. p. 5668: 5208: 5027:Grand Cross of the Redeemer 4432:Knight of the Golden Fleece 4205:. They had three children: 4136:de Maillé de La Tour-Landry 3301:, Metternich's burial place 3089:Karl Ludwig von Ficquelmont 2415:Congress memorial in Aachen 2346:, his family joined him in 2152:and Spanish representative 2078:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 1941:declared war on 12 August. 1707:War of the Fourth Coalition 1592:, who bore him a daughter, 1558:War of the Second Coalition 1431:and effective ruler of the 10: 12164: 11615:Traditionalist Catholicism 9012:Joseph Radetzky von Radetz 8718:Expedition of the Thousand 8584:Duchy of Modena and Reggio 8185:Ford, Franklin L. (1971). 8132:Plants of the World Online 7947:Guerra, Francisco (1819), 7613:Teulet, Alexandre (1863). 5919:Aloys von Kaunitz-Rietberg 5793:Confederation of the Rhine 5544: 5440: 5323: 5229: 4936:Saxe-Ernestine House Order 4860:Knight of the Golden Eagle 4648:Knight of the Annunciation 4400: 4380:. They had three children. 4347:. They had nine children: 4330:Marie-Clementine Bagration 4277:Isabel de Silva y Carvajal 4022: 3784:Christian Party of Austria 3047: 2930:Quadruple Alliance of 1834 2905:invaded the Ottoman Empire 2467:Metternich travelled with 2104: 1859:War of the Sixth Coalition 1750:Confederation of the Rhine 1658:War of the Third Coalition 1440:War of the First Coalition 1214:War of the Sixth Coalition 890:Christian Party of Austria 357: 29: 11891: 11700: 11640: 11561: 11251: 11203: 11196: 10861: 10594: 10587: 10548: 10462: 10405: 10396: 10295: 10270: 10218: 10178: 10169: 10028: 9949: 9871: 9812: 9777: 9760:Italian school of elitism 9740: 9645: 9561: 9552: 9488: 9460: 9437: 9395: 9345: 9317: 9277: 9268: 9172: 9163: 9077: 9056: 9020: 8997:Franz Joseph I of Austria 8984: 8874:Literature and philosophy 8873: 8792: 8771: 8723:Dictatorship of Garibaldi 8601: 8590: 8539: 8340:Ross, Stephen T. (1969). 8028:Hessen-Darmstadt (1857). 7704:(in Swedish). Stockholm. 5608: 5600: 5575: 5556: 5552: 5519: 5500: 5492: 5467: 5448: 5444: 5406: 5387: 5379: 5354: 5335: 5331: 5298: 5279: 5271: 5246: 5233: 5154:Metternich's coat of arms 5134:Grand Cross of St. Joseph 5042:: Cross of Honour of the 4567:Knight of the Black Eagle 4495:Knight of the Holy Spirit 4311:Mittrowsky von Mittrowitz 4156:. They had one daughter: 2909:Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi 2619:of the United Kingdom in 2205:was said to be raising a 1851:French invasion of Russia 1846:an alliance with Napoleon 1450:and several accompanying 1404:'s October coronation in 1240:. After a brief exile in 1161:for three decades as the 422: 410: 395: 381: 364: 352: 278: 270: 246: 219: 214: 210: 198: 186: 165: 154: 147: 134: 124: 103: 92: 85: 81: 60: 45: 12073:Politicians from Koblenz 12008:Austrian Roman Catholics 12003:Austrian anti-communists 11780:Catholic social teaching 8253:Nadeau, Ryan M. (2016). 8234:Musulin, Stella (1975). 8172:Cecil, Algernon (1947). 8163:Metternich and His Times 7760:Cibrario, Luigi (1869). 7675:Lehmann, Gustaf (1913). 7519:22 December 2010 at the 6277:Wolfram Siemann (2019). 5680: 5040:Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen 4956:Order of Albert the Bear 4837:Grandee of the 1st Class 4301:. They had one daughter. 4147:Klementine Marie Octavie 4100: 3816:The Reform Conservatives 3789:Freedom Party of Austria 3501:Federal State of Austria 3403:Catholic social teaching 3370:Conservative corporatism 3160:Exile, return, and death 2980:Reception of Grand Duke 1811:Archduchess Marie Louise 1671: 1512:Minister Plenipotentiary 1478:In England, he met King 1390:University of Strasbourg 1261:traditional conservative 1173:forced his resignation. 922:The Reform Conservatives 895:Freedom Party of Austria 607:Federal State of Austria 509:Catholic social teaching 476:Conservative corporatism 386:University of Strasbourg 48:His Most Serene Highness 12083:Conservatism in Austria 12078:Counter-revolutionaries 11998:Antisemitism in Austria 11730:Conservative liberalism 11218:European People's Party 8976:Francesco Saverio Salfi 8966:Gian Domenico Romagnosi 8302:Encyclopædia Britannica 8287:Phillips, Walter Alison 8225:May, Arthur J. (1963). 8058:5 December 2019 at the 7892:Napoli (Stato) (1857). 7824:Staat Hannover (1858). 5140: 5011:Order of Henry the Lion 4768:Knight of St. Januarius 4690:Knight of the Rue Crown 4669:House Order of Fidelity 3973:Conservatism portal 3929:Conservatism in Germany 3801:Catholic People's Party 3779:Austrian People's Party 3336:Conservatism in Austria 3275:Karl Ferdinand von Buol 2963:Secret State Conference 2925:Münchengrätz Agreements 2716:Diet of Hungary of 1830 2613:Marquess of Londonderry 2245:war with Murat's Naples 2069:Treaty of Fontainebleau 2037:Metternich to Stadion ( 1968:Prince of Schwarzenberg 1719:Jean-Baptiste Champagny 1448:Marquis de Beurnonville 1277:Austrian northern Italy 1218:Treaty of Fontainebleau 1079:Conservatism portal 1035:Conservatism in Germany 907:Catholic People's Party 885:Austrian People's Party 442:Conservatism in Austria 11988:Klemens von Metternich 11223:Identity and Democracy 10676: 9765: 9728: 9670: 9623: 9609: 9600: 9571: 9007:Klemens von Metternich 8574:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 8529:Unification of Italy ( 8487:Klemens von Metternich 8485:Quotations related to 8475:Klemens von Metternich 8191:. Hong Kong: Longman. 8086:Anhalt-Köthen (1851). 8034:. Staatsverl. p. 8013:. Guttenberg. p. 7932:. Waisenhaus. p. 7926:Hessen-Kassel (1856). 7830:. Berenberg. pp. 6721:Gordon Martel (2013). 6604:Hamilton-Williams 1996 5739: 5184: 5182:Metternichia principis 5130:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 4975:: Grand Cordon of the 4628:Knight of the Elephant 4607:Knight of the Seraphim 4319:Katharina Skavronskaya 4164:Richard von Metternich 4123:Esterházy von Galántha 4051: 4041: 3949: 3884:Salzburger Nachrichten 3806:Christian Social Party 3625:von Coudenhove-Kalergi 3318:Historians' assessment 3302: 3225: 3176: 3119: 3067: 3059: 2985: 2982:Alexander Nikolayevich 2900: 2821: 2794:Richard von Metternich 2717: 2683: 2599: 2547: 2536: 2465: 2416: 2309:second Treaty of Paris 2296:would avert the doom. 2269: 2240: 2136: 2128: 2115:Metternich alongside 2044: 1987: 1962: 1945:As a coalition partner 1924:Reichenbach Convention 1874: 1837: 1806: 1733: 1703:Château de Saint-Cloud 1681: 1666:treaty with the French 1623: 1475: 1444:French Minister of War 1339:Winneburg zu Beilstein 1330: 1134:Klemens von Metternich 1055: 990:Salzburger Nachrichten 912:Christian Social Party 731:von Coudenhove-Kalergi 52:Klemens von Metternich 12088:Counter-Enlightenment 12018:Austrian nationalists 11883:Small-c conservatives 11795:Counter-revolutionary 11785:Conservative feminism 11677:Counter-Enlightenment 11632:Traditionalist School 9048:Tricolour Flag Museum 8820:Federico Confalonieri 8651:Republic of San Marco 8310:Riley, J. P. (2013). 7544:, 1858, pp. 45, 7504:, p. Family tree 6696:Mark Jarrett (2013). 5875:erupted in revolution 5801:Grand Duchy of Warsaw 5768:the Prince of Kaunitz 5191:published a genus of 5179: 5009:: Grand Cross of the 4954:: Grand Cross of the 4934:: Grand Cross of the 4667:: Grand Cross of the 4504:Knight of St. Michael 4179:Maria Antoinette von 4046: 4032: 3839:Black-Yellow Alliance 3448:Political Catholicism 3296: 3223: 3167: 3105: 3065: 3057: 3048:Further information: 2979: 2961:as part of Austria's 2898: 2803: 2762:outbreak of civil war 2715: 2681: 2593: 2542: 2530: 2451: 2414: 2292:bet that the idea of 2267: 2225: 2175:Grand Duchy of Warsaw 2134: 2114: 2105:Further information: 2030: 1976:Frederick William III 1952: 1872: 1835: 1800: 1746:House of Hohenzollern 1731: 1679: 1602: 1473: 1322: 1149:, was a conservative 945:Black-Yellow Alliance 554:Political Catholicism 143:as Minister-President 12013:Austrian monarchists 11753:Anti-gender movement 11657:Bourbon Restauration 9910:National Catholicism 9625:Révolution nationale 9590:Integral nationalism 8703:Plombières Agreement 8477:at Wikimedia Commons 8319:Okey, Robin (2001). 8007:Württemberg (1854). 7809:. Heinrich. p. 7621:(in French) (2): 118 6049:, pp. xiii–xvii 5954:History of the World 5908:, pp. 328–340). 5881:, pp. 298–311). 5864:, pp. 236–237). 4898:Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 4877:Grand Duchy of Hesse 4828:Order of Charles III 4722:Knight of St. George 4525:Knight of St. Andrew 4464:Knight of St. Hubert 4340:. They had one son: 4279:. They had one son: 4229:Waldstein-Wartenberg 4154:Sándor de Szlavnicza 3891:Tiroler Tageszeitung 3549:von Kuehnelt-Leddihn 3380:Liberal conservatism 3360:Austrian nationalism 3283:King of the Belgians 3264:Prince Schwarzenberg 3148:forty miles away at 3146:Prince Liechtenstein 3101:revolution in France 3075:of Papal-controlled 3015:Frederick William IV 2990:Egyptian-Ottoman War 2789:Treaty of Adrianople 2608:Alexander Ypsilantis 2421:Ioannis Kapodistrias 2307:turmoil itself, the 2237:, pp. 147–148). 2091:University of Oxford 2089:law degree from the 2022:Battle of Montmirail 1994:Viscount Castlereagh 1957:, 1813 (painting by 1916:Hugues-Bernard Maret 1822:Treaty of Schönbrunn 1788:Prince Liechtenstein 1662:Battle of Austerlitz 1586:Frederick Augustus I 1578:Electorate of Saxony 1516:Austrian Netherlands 1500:Johann Peter Salomon 1433:Austrian Netherlands 997:Tiroler Tageszeitung 655:von Kuehnelt-Leddihn 486:Liberal conservatism 466:Austrian nationalism 12028:House of Metternich 11895:Conservatism portal 11859:Right-wing politics 11598:Jewish conservatism 11571:Christian democracy 10818:Social institutions 10624:Collective identity 10619:Class collaboration 10427:Clerico-nationalism 9976:Muscular liberalism 9309:Neoauthoritarianism 9095:Italian nationalism 9090:Italian irredentism 9085:Altare della Patria 8881:Giovanni Arrivabene 8688:Ten Days of Brescia 8641:Revolutions of 1848 8626:Revolutions of 1830 8611:Rimini Proclamation 8549:Kingdom of Sardinia 8384:Sked, Alan (2008). 7745:. Berling. p. 7006:, pp. 146–147. 6763:, pp. 129–131. 5942:, pp. 5–6, 339 5837:, pp. 161–168) 5105:Kingdom of Portugal 4826:Grand Cross of the 4801:Electorate of Hesse 4644:Kingdom of Sardinia 4421:Grand Cross of the 3408:Class collaboration 3365:Christian democracy 3246:Catherine Bagration 3028:Free City of Cracow 2837:Chiffon de Karlsbad 2758:Akkerman Convention 2569:congress at Laibach 2561:Congress of Troppau 2533:August von Kotzebue 2516:. Journeying on to 2474:August von Kotzebue 2249:Battle of Tolentino 2197:. The beginning of 2146:Friedrich von Gentz 2026:Battle of Montereau 1959:Johann Peter Krafft 1934:Armand Caulaincourt 1880:Frankfurt proposals 1769:Détente with France 1536:Congress of Rastatt 1525:Oettingen-Spielberg 1498:and his impresario 1452:National Convention 1421:University of Mainz 1343:Electorate of Trier 1335:House of Metternich 1178:House of Metternich 1171:Revolutions of 1848 514:Class collaboration 471:Christian democracy 390:University of Mainz 237:Electorate of Trier 32:House of Metternich 12098:Critics of atheism 11815:LGBTQ conservatism 11768:Black conservatism 11682:German Romanticism 11672:Conservative Order 11662:Congress of Vienna 11238:Muslim Brotherhood 11084:Corrêa de Oliveira 10783:Organized religion 10712:Complementarianism 9799:National Democracy 8946:Alessandro Manzoni 8936:Francesco Lomonaco 8865:Victor Emmanuel II 8830:Giuseppe Garibaldi 8673:Five Days of Milan 8541:Pre-unitary states 8454:Siemann, Wolfram. 8447:Šedivý, Miroslav. 7915:. Stamperia Reale. 7870:Almanacco di corte 7351:, pp. 328–340 7336:, pp. 319–327 7307:, pp. 312–319 7290:, pp. 128–129 7278:, pp. 305–306 7263:, pp. 298–311 7244:, pp. 286–295 7227:, pp. 279–283 7200:, pp. 271–279 7183:, pp. 264–270 7159:, pp. 255–264 7126:, pp. 245–253 7109:, pp. 241–245 7094:, pp. 227–228 7082:, pp. 232–240 7065:, pp. 227–230 7053:, pp. 225–227 7038:, pp. 218–224 7021:, pp. 211–212 6994:, pp. 212–219 6963:, pp. 203–212 6925:, pp. 198–202 6910:, pp. 200–202 6895:, pp. 186–198 6849:, pp. 180–185 6816:, pp. 169–180 6795:, pp. 161–168 6778:, pp. 156–161 6751:, pp. 150–156 6674:, pp. 146–149 6657:, pp. 169–175 6623:, pp. 139–146 6594:, pp. 133–139 6577:, pp. 130–133 6560:, pp. 123–129 6543:, pp. 118–123 6516:, pp. 107–117 6495:, pp. 103–107 6476:, pp. 134–135 6425:, pp. 341–44. 5797:Illyrian Provinces 5774:, pp. 44–47). 5187:In 1823, botanist 5185: 4785:Duke of Portella, 4707:Kingdom of Hanover 4561:Kingdom of Prussia 4543:Knight of St. Anna 4460:Kingdom of Bavaria 4443:Chancellor of the 4323:Princess Bagration 4071:Heinrich von Srbik 4042: 3985:Austria portal 3496:Congress of Vienna 3481:Austrian Civil War 3375:Green conservatism 3303: 3226: 3177: 3068: 3060: 3024:Galician slaughter 2986: 2901: 2843:(then part of the 2833:Quadruple Alliance 2785:Battle of Navarino 2754:Duke of Wellington 2750:Archduke Ferdinand 2726:Kingdom of Hungary 2718: 2684: 2638:Congress of Verona 2600: 2596:Congress of Verona 2548: 2537: 2435:Congress at Aachen 2417: 2353:Kingdom of Bavaria 2333:Quadruple Alliance 2270: 2254:Battle of Waterloo 2247:. Austria won the 2154:Don Pedro Labrador 2137: 2129: 2125:Congress of Vienna 2107:Congress of Vienna 2101:Congress of Vienna 2052:Treaty of Chaumont 1963: 1875: 1838: 1807: 1739:Congress of Erfurt 1734: 1714:Treaties of Tilsit 1682: 1680:Metternich, c.1808 1646:Napoleon Bonaparte 1639:Kingdom of Prussia 1570:Kingdom of Denmark 1552:Dresden and Berlin 1476: 1331: 1222:Congress of Vienna 1194:Kingdom of Prussia 1091:Austria portal 602:Congress of Vienna 587:Austrian Civil War 481:Green conservatism 401:Congress of Vienna 130:Office established 12138:Grandees of Spain 11907: 11906: 11790:Conservative wave 11743: 11742: 11667:Concert of Europe 11603:Religious Zionism 11557: 11556: 11192: 11191: 10629:Cultural heritage 10602:Ancestral worship 10583: 10582: 10544: 10543: 10392: 10391: 10210:Orthodox Peronism 10165: 10164: 9665:Historical School 9548: 9547: 9123: 9122: 9110:Southern question 8921:Vincenzo Gioberti 8901:Felice Cavallotti 8800:Massimo d'Azeglio 8753:Law of Guarantees 8473:Media related to 8440:978-3-11-076903-6 8395:978-1-4039-9114-0 8363:978-1-85799-868-9 8332:978-0-333-39654-4 8198:978-0-582-48346-0 8188:Europe, 1780–1830 6461:, pp. 96–102 6255:, pp. 98–101 5665: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5023:Kingdom of Greece 4932:Ernestine duchies 4686:Kingdom of Saxony 4580:13 September 1813 4571:13 September 1813 4480:Kingdom of France 4355:Stolberg-Stolberg 4345:Buol-Schauenstein 4075:Age of Metternich 4021: 4020: 3924:Austrian nobility 3593:Sex and Character 3506:Habsburg monarchy 3311:Piedmont-Sardinia 3271:Otto von Bismarck 3206:Benjamin Disraeli 3138:Charles von Hügel 2796:. After fighting 2742:Decembrist revolt 2629:Dmitry Tatishchev 2594:Cartoon from the 2447:freedom of speech 2183:Kingdom of Saxony 1984:Battle of Leipzig 1980:Treaty of Töplitz 1955:Battle of Leipzig 1938:Count of Narbonne 1892:Battle of Leipzig 1654:Habsburg monarchy 1488:Charles James Fox 1425:French Revolution 1369:, and another in 1198:Napoleonic France 1196:, and especially 1190:Kingdom of Saxony 1159:Concert of Europe 1147:Prince Metternich 1127: 1126: 1030:Austrian nobility 699:Sex and Character 612:Habsburg monarchy 426: 425: 405:Concert of Europe 241:Holy Roman Empire 36:Metternich (name) 16:(Redirected from 12155: 12023:Austrian princes 11960: 11959: 11948: 11947: 11946: 11936: 11935: 11934: 11924: 11923: 11922: 11915: 11864:Authoritarianism 11725:Communitarianism 11720:Clerical fascism 11705: 11704: 11581:Theoconservatism 11201: 11200: 11004:Kuehnelt-Leddihn 10813:Social hierarchy 10798:Private property 10681: 10592: 10591: 10403: 10402: 10186:Federal Peronism 10176: 10175: 9860:Pochvennichestvo 9837:Black-hundredism 9770: 9755:Historical Right 9733: 9675: 9628: 9614: 9605: 9576: 9573:Action Française 9559: 9558: 9275: 9274: 9170: 9169: 9150: 9143: 9136: 9127: 9126: 8931:Giacomo Leopardi 8911:Giuseppe Ferrari 8845:Bettino Ricasoli 8840:Giuseppe Mazzini 8825:Francesco Crispi 8805:Agostino Bertani 8779:Cockade of Italy 8763:Impresa di Fiume 8693:Belfiore martyrs 8678:Sortie on Mestre 8596: 8522: 8515: 8508: 8499: 8498: 8484: 8472: 8444: 8399: 8380: 8367: 8345: 8336: 8315: 8306: 8294: 8282: 8249: 8230: 8221: 8202: 8181: 8179: 8168: 8166: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8138: 8120: 8114: 8113: 8104: 8098: 8097: 8092:. Katz. p. 8083: 8077: 8068: 8062: 8046: 8040: 8039: 8025: 8019: 8018: 8004: 7998: 7997: 7995: 7993: 7970: 7964: 7963: 7962: 7960: 7955:(in Spanish): 48 7944: 7938: 7937: 7923: 7917: 7916: 7906: 7900: 7899: 7889: 7883: 7882: 7880: 7878: 7865: 7840: 7839: 7821: 7815: 7814: 7803:Sachsen (1857). 7800: 7794: 7785: 7779: 7778: 7776: 7774: 7757: 7751: 7750: 7736: 7730: 7729: 7723: 7715: 7697: 7691: 7690: 7672: 7666: 7657: 7651: 7650: 7637: 7631: 7630: 7628: 7626: 7610: 7604: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7590: 7582: 7576: 7575: 7562: 7556: 7555: 7554: 7552: 7534: 7523: 7511: 7505: 7499: 7493: 7487: 7481: 7475: 7469: 7468:, pp. 46–47 7463: 7454: 7448: 7439: 7438:, pp. 75–76 7433: 7422: 7416: 7407: 7401: 7395: 7389: 7383: 7377: 7364: 7358: 7352: 7346: 7337: 7331: 7320: 7314: 7308: 7302: 7291: 7285: 7279: 7273: 7264: 7258: 7245: 7239: 7228: 7222: 7213: 7212:, pp. 94–95 7207: 7201: 7195: 7184: 7178: 7172: 7166: 7160: 7154: 7139: 7133: 7127: 7121: 7110: 7104: 7095: 7089: 7083: 7077: 7066: 7060: 7054: 7048: 7039: 7033: 7022: 7016: 7007: 7001: 6995: 6989: 6976: 6970: 6964: 6958: 6941: 6935: 6926: 6920: 6911: 6905: 6896: 6890: 6877: 6871: 6865: 6859: 6850: 6844: 6829: 6823: 6817: 6811: 6796: 6790: 6779: 6773: 6764: 6758: 6752: 6746: 6737: 6736: 6718: 6712: 6711: 6693: 6687: 6681: 6675: 6669: 6658: 6652: 6641: 6640:, pp. 73–74 6635: 6624: 6618: 6607: 6601: 6595: 6589: 6578: 6572: 6561: 6555: 6544: 6538: 6532: 6526: 6517: 6511: 6496: 6490: 6477: 6471: 6462: 6456: 6443: 6442:, pp. 92–96 6437: 6426: 6420: 6414: 6404: 6398: 6392: 6383: 6382:, pp. 86–92 6377: 6366: 6360: 6354: 6353:, pp. 78–86 6348: 6339: 6333: 6327: 6326:, pp. 72–77 6321: 6308: 6307:, pp. 69–72 6302: 6293: 6292: 6274: 6268: 6267:, pp. 61–69 6262: 6256: 6250: 6244: 6243:, pp. 56–61 6238: 6232: 6231:, pp. 47–56 6226: 6220: 6219:, pp. 44–47 6214: 6208: 6207:, pp. 40–44 6202: 6196: 6195:, pp. 37–40 6190: 6181: 6180:, pp. 85–87 6175: 6164: 6163:, pp. 31–37 6158: 6145: 6144:, pp. 27–31 6139: 6130: 6125: 6119: 6118:, pp. 78–79 6113: 6104: 6103:, pp. 25–27 6098: 6089: 6083: 6077: 6076:, pp. 22–25 6071: 6062: 6061:, pp. 16–22 6056: 6050: 6044: 6033: 6032:, pp. 12–16 6027: 6018: 6012: 6006: 6005:, pp. 10–12 6000: 5991: 5985: 5974: 5973:, pp. 72–73 5968: 5962: 5961: 5949: 5943: 5937: 5921: 5915: 5909: 5901: 5895: 5888: 5882: 5871: 5865: 5857: 5851: 5844: 5838: 5831: 5825: 5814: 5808: 5781: 5775: 5765: 5757:house of Kaunitz 5753: 5747: 5746: 5730: 5725: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5690: 5675:Metternich Stela 5223: 5222: 5214: 5213: 5193:flowering plants 5180:Illustration of 5163: 5151: 5128: 5127: 5103: 5101: 5100: 5086: 5084: 5083: 5072: 5070: 5069: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5038: 5036: 5035: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5005: 5003: 5002: 4990:Empire of Brazil 4988: 4986: 4985: 4977:Order of Leopold 4971: 4969: 4968: 4952:Ascanian duchies 4950: 4949: 4948: 4930: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4916: 4915: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4875: 4873: 4872: 4854: 4852: 4851: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4799: 4798: 4760: 4758: 4757: 4739: 4737: 4736: 4705: 4703: 4702: 4684: 4682: 4681: 4663: 4661: 4660: 4642: 4641: 4640: 4622: 4620: 4619: 4601: 4600: 4599: 4559: 4558: 4557: 4517: 4515: 4514: 4478: 4477: 4476: 4458: 4456: 4455: 4414: 4412: 4411: 4396:Honours and arms 4111:Kaunitz-Rietberg 4077:". Authors like 4039: 4036: 4013: 4006: 3999: 3983: 3982: 3981: 3971: 3970: 3969: 3954: 3877:Neues Volksblatt 3811:Fatherland Front 3608: 3598: 3544:von Hofmannsthal 3491:Carlsbad Decrees 3438:Multiculturalism 3398:Austrian culture 3347: 3337: 3322: 3321: 3117: 2971:Mariánská Týnice 2876:Pope Gregory XVI 2819: 2738:István Széchenyi 2673:Saint Petersburg 2545:Carlsbad Decrees 2494:Carlsbad Decrees 2463: 2430:Eastern Question 2400:Joseph Esterházy 2372:Maria Leopoldina 2278:social hierarchy 2238: 2095:Duchess of Parma 2042: 1972:Tsar Alexander I 1842:Council of State 1828:As France's ally 1775:Battle of Wagram 1764:Foreign minister 1621: 1594:Marie-Clementine 1521:Kaunitz-Rietberg 1155:balance of power 1144: 1139: 1119: 1112: 1105: 1089: 1088: 1087: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1060: 983:Neues Volksblatt 917:Fatherland Front 714: 704: 650:von Hofmannsthal 597:Carlsbad Decrees 544:Multiculturalism 504:Austrian culture 453: 443: 428: 427: 418: 343: 341: 322: 320: 301: 299: 257: 255: 230: 228: 215:Personal details 201: 193:Count Warthausen 189: 159: 137: 127: 97: 65: 43: 42: 21: 12163: 12162: 12158: 12157: 12156: 12154: 12153: 12152: 11968: 11967: 11966: 11954: 11944: 11942: 11932: 11930: 11920: 11918: 11910: 11908: 11903: 11900:Politics portal 11887: 11739: 11696: 11642: 11636: 11576:Christian right 11553: 11479:Prat de la Riba 11247: 11188: 10857: 10803:Public morality 10773:Ordered liberty 10678:Noblesse oblige 10639:Culture of life 10634:Cultural values 10579: 10540: 10465: 10458: 10388: 10291: 10266: 10214: 10161: 10024: 9952: 9945: 9898:Carlo-francoism 9867: 9808: 9773: 9736: 9723:State Socialism 9641: 9611:Nouvelle Droite 9544: 9484: 9456: 9433: 9391: 9341: 9313: 9264: 9165: 9159: 9154: 9124: 9119: 9073: 9052: 9016: 8980: 8971:Antonio Rosmini 8941:Goffredo Mameli 8891:Giosuè Carducci 8869: 8860:Ruggero Settimo 8788: 8767: 8748:Capture of Rome 8597: 8588: 8535: 8526: 8465: 8441: 8425: 8423:Further reading 8406: 8404:Primary sources 8396: 8364: 8333: 8246: 8218: 8199: 8152: 8147: 8146: 8136: 8134: 8122: 8121: 8117: 8106: 8105: 8101: 8084: 8080: 8069: 8065: 8060:Wayback Machine 8047: 8043: 8026: 8022: 8005: 8001: 7991: 7989: 7987: 7971: 7967: 7958: 7956: 7945: 7941: 7924: 7920: 7907: 7903: 7890: 7886: 7876: 7874: 7867: 7866: 7843: 7822: 7818: 7801: 7797: 7786: 7782: 7772: 7770: 7758: 7754: 7737: 7733: 7717: 7716: 7712: 7698: 7694: 7673: 7669: 7658: 7654: 7639: 7638: 7634: 7624: 7622: 7611: 7607: 7598: 7596: 7588: 7584: 7583: 7579: 7564: 7563: 7559: 7550: 7548: 7536: 7535: 7526: 7521:Wayback Machine 7512: 7508: 7500: 7496: 7488: 7484: 7476: 7472: 7464: 7457: 7449: 7442: 7434: 7425: 7417: 7410: 7402: 7398: 7390: 7386: 7378: 7367: 7363:, pp. 3–4. 7359: 7355: 7347: 7340: 7332: 7323: 7315: 7311: 7303: 7294: 7286: 7282: 7274: 7267: 7259: 7248: 7240: 7231: 7223: 7216: 7208: 7204: 7196: 7187: 7179: 7175: 7167: 7163: 7155: 7142: 7134: 7130: 7122: 7113: 7105: 7098: 7090: 7086: 7078: 7069: 7061: 7057: 7049: 7042: 7034: 7025: 7017: 7010: 7002: 6998: 6990: 6979: 6971: 6967: 6959: 6944: 6936: 6929: 6921: 6914: 6906: 6899: 6891: 6880: 6872: 6868: 6860: 6853: 6845: 6832: 6824: 6820: 6812: 6799: 6791: 6782: 6774: 6767: 6759: 6755: 6747: 6740: 6733: 6719: 6715: 6708: 6694: 6690: 6682: 6678: 6670: 6661: 6653: 6644: 6636: 6627: 6619: 6610: 6602: 6598: 6590: 6581: 6573: 6564: 6556: 6547: 6539: 6535: 6527: 6520: 6512: 6499: 6491: 6480: 6472: 6465: 6457: 6446: 6438: 6429: 6421: 6417: 6405: 6401: 6393: 6386: 6378: 6369: 6361: 6357: 6349: 6342: 6334: 6330: 6322: 6311: 6303: 6296: 6289: 6275: 6271: 6263: 6259: 6251: 6247: 6239: 6235: 6227: 6223: 6215: 6211: 6203: 6199: 6191: 6184: 6176: 6167: 6159: 6148: 6140: 6133: 6128:Marriage record 6126: 6122: 6114: 6107: 6099: 6092: 6084: 6080: 6072: 6065: 6057: 6053: 6045: 6036: 6028: 6021: 6013: 6009: 6001: 5994: 5986: 5977: 5969: 5965: 5956:. Vol. 1. 5950: 5946: 5938: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5916: 5912: 5902: 5898: 5894:, p. 322). 5889: 5885: 5872: 5868: 5858: 5854: 5850:, p. 199). 5845: 5841: 5832: 5828: 5824:, p. 112). 5818:Jean Bernadotte 5815: 5811: 5782: 5778: 5759: 5754: 5750: 5728: 5696: 5692: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5671: 5666: 5211: 5205:in his honour. 5174: 5167: 5164: 5155: 5152: 5143: 5138: 5122: 5098: 5096: 5081: 5079: 5067: 5065: 5051: 5049: 5033: 5031: 5017: 5015: 5000: 4998: 4983: 4981: 4966: 4964: 4946: 4944: 4924: 4917: 4910: 4891: 4889: 4885:5 February 1820 4870: 4868: 4849: 4847: 4832:20 October 1817 4830:, with Collar, 4815: 4813: 4793: 4755: 4753: 4734: 4732: 4700: 4698: 4679: 4677: 4671:, in Diamonds, 4658: 4656: 4638: 4636: 4632:7 December 1814 4617: 4615: 4597: 4595: 4555: 4553: 4512: 4510: 4474: 4472: 4453: 4451: 4425:, in Diamonds, 4416:Austrian Empire 4409: 4407: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4299:Thurn und Taxis 4103: 4090:A. J. P. Taylor 4056:First World War 4037: 4027: 4017: 3979: 3977: 3967: 3965: 3958: 3957: 3919: 3911: 3910: 3864: 3856: 3855: 3834: 3826: 3825: 3766: 3758: 3757: 3733: 3725: 3724: 3620: 3612: 3611: 3606: 3596: 3587: 3579: 3578: 3519: 3511: 3510: 3486:Austrian Empire 3476:Austria-Hungary 3471: 3463: 3462: 3393: 3385: 3384: 3355: 3335: 3320: 3238:Richmond Palace 3234:Dorothea Lieven 3162: 3142:Johann Rechberg 3129:Academic Legion 3118: 3116:, p. 313). 3111: 3093:Joseph Radetsky 3085:Swiss Civil War 3081:François Guizot 3052: 3046: 2969:(together with 2959:Archduke Ludwig 2893: 2880:Lord Palmerston 2849:King of Hungary 2829:July Revolution 2820: 2818:, p. 246). 2812:July Revolution 2809: 2710: 2669:Karl Nesselrode 2588: 2583: 2469:Dorothea Lieven 2464: 2457: 2427:(the so-called 2409: 2337:Congress System 2290:Austrian Empire 2284:as well as the 2262: 2260:Paris and Italy 2239: 2232: 2109: 2103: 2086:Treaty of Paris 2056:Bourbon dynasty 2043: 2036: 1947: 1867: 1830: 1771: 1766: 1674: 1631:Imperial Recess 1622: 1608: 1598:Friedrich Gentz 1554: 1549: 1508:Andreas Hofmann 1468: 1429:plenipotentiary 1398:King of Bavaria 1345:to that of the 1324:Kynžvart Castle 1317: 1163:Austrian Empire 1137: 1123: 1085: 1083: 1073: 1071: 1064: 1063: 1025: 1017: 1016: 970: 962: 961: 940: 932: 931: 872: 864: 863: 839: 831: 830: 726: 718: 717: 712: 702: 693: 685: 684: 625: 617: 616: 592:Austrian Empire 582:Austria-Hungary 577: 569: 568: 499: 491: 490: 461: 441: 377: 348: 345: 337: 333: 330: 324: 316: 312: 309: 303: 295: 291: 288: 274:German Austrian 265:Austrian Empire 259: 253: 251: 231: 226: 224: 199: 187: 182: 160: 155: 135: 125: 120: 98: 93: 77: 74:Thomas Lawrence 56: 53: 50: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12161: 12151: 12150: 12145: 12140: 12135: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12115: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12095: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12065: 12060: 12055: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12035: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11965: 11964: 11952: 11940: 11928: 11905: 11904: 11902: 11897: 11892: 11889: 11888: 11886: 11885: 11880: 11879: 11878: 11877: 11876: 11866: 11856: 11851: 11850: 11849: 11839: 11838: 11837: 11832: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11805:Ethnopluralism 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11776: 11775: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11748:Anti-communism 11744: 11741: 11740: 11738: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11711: 11709: 11702: 11698: 11697: 11695: 11694: 11692:Ultra-royalism 11689: 11684: 11679: 11674: 11669: 11664: 11659: 11654: 11646: 11644: 11638: 11637: 11635: 11634: 11629: 11628: 11627: 11625:Ultramontanism 11622: 11612: 11607: 11606: 11605: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11584: 11583: 11573: 11567: 11565: 11559: 11558: 11555: 11554: 11552: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11426: 11421: 11416: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11326: 11321: 11316: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11255: 11253: 11249: 11248: 11246: 11245: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11220: 11215: 11209: 11207: 11198: 11194: 11193: 11190: 11189: 11187: 11186: 11181: 11176: 11171: 11166: 11161: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10941: 10936: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10865: 10863: 10859: 10858: 10856: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10838:State religion 10835: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10769: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10748: 10743: 10742: 10741: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10715: 10714: 10704: 10702:Fundamentalism 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10683: 10682: 10673: 10668: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10647: 10646: 10636: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10615: 10614: 10604: 10598: 10596: 10589: 10585: 10584: 10581: 10580: 10578: 10577: 10572: 10571: 10570: 10568:National Right 10565: 10554: 10552: 10546: 10545: 10542: 10541: 10539: 10538: 10533: 10531:Traditionalist 10528: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10497: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10476: 10470: 10468: 10460: 10459: 10457: 10456: 10455: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10423: 10422: 10411: 10409: 10400: 10394: 10393: 10390: 10389: 10387: 10386: 10385: 10384: 10381:Perezjimenismo 10374: 10373: 10372: 10364: 10363: 10362: 10354: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10323: 10322: 10317: 10305: 10299: 10297: 10293: 10292: 10290: 10289: 10284: 10276: 10274: 10268: 10267: 10265: 10264: 10259: 10258: 10257: 10247: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10224: 10222: 10216: 10215: 10213: 10212: 10207: 10200: 10195: 10188: 10182: 10180: 10173: 10167: 10166: 10163: 10162: 10160: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10143: 10142: 10132: 10131: 10130: 10122: 10121: 10120: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10086: 10085: 10080: 10070: 10069: 10068: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10049: 10048: 10038: 10032: 10030: 10026: 10025: 10023: 10022: 10021: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9979: 9978: 9968: 9963: 9957: 9955: 9947: 9946: 9944: 9943: 9936: 9934:Neocatholicism 9931: 9926: 9919: 9914: 9913: 9912: 9902: 9901: 9900: 9895: 9883: 9877: 9875: 9869: 9868: 9866: 9865: 9864: 9863: 9851: 9846: 9845: 9844: 9839: 9829: 9824: 9818: 9816: 9810: 9809: 9807: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9789: 9787:Golden Liberty 9783: 9781: 9775: 9774: 9772: 9771: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9746: 9744: 9738: 9737: 9735: 9734: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9709: 9708: 9698: 9697: 9696: 9691: 9681: 9679:Ordoliberalism 9676: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9651: 9649: 9643: 9642: 9640: 9639: 9637:Ultra-royalism 9634: 9629: 9620: 9615: 9606: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9567: 9565: 9556: 9550: 9549: 9546: 9545: 9543: 9542: 9541: 9540: 9530: 9525: 9524: 9523: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9492: 9490: 9486: 9485: 9483: 9482: 9480:Neo-Ottomanism 9477: 9472: 9466: 9464: 9458: 9457: 9455: 9454: 9449: 9443: 9441: 9435: 9434: 9432: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9414: 9409: 9401: 9399: 9393: 9392: 9390: 9389: 9388: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9355:Fundamentalist 9351: 9349: 9343: 9342: 9340: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9323: 9321: 9315: 9314: 9312: 9311: 9306: 9305: 9304: 9299: 9289: 9283: 9281: 9272: 9266: 9265: 9263: 9262: 9257: 9255:Traditionalist 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9176: 9174: 9167: 9161: 9160: 9153: 9152: 9145: 9138: 9130: 9121: 9120: 9118: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9081: 9079: 9075: 9074: 9072: 9071: 9066: 9060: 9058: 9054: 9053: 9051: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9024: 9022: 9018: 9017: 9015: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8988: 8986: 8982: 8981: 8979: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8961:Carlo Pisacane 8958: 8956:Silvio Pellico 8953: 8951:Ippolito Nievo 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8906:Vincenzo Cuoco 8903: 8898: 8896:Carlo Cattaneo 8893: 8888: 8883: 8877: 8875: 8871: 8870: 8868: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8796: 8794: 8790: 8789: 8787: 8786: 8781: 8775: 8773: 8769: 8768: 8766: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8738:Roman Question 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8659: 8658: 8656:Roman Republic 8653: 8648: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8607: 8605: 8599: 8598: 8591: 8589: 8587: 8586: 8581: 8579:Duchy of Parma 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8553:House of Savoy 8545: 8543: 8537: 8536: 8525: 8524: 8517: 8510: 8502: 8496: 8495: 8490: 8478: 8464: 8463:External links 8461: 8460: 8459: 8452: 8445: 8439: 8433:. De Gruyter. 8424: 8421: 8420: 8419: 8405: 8402: 8401: 8400: 8394: 8381: 8368: 8362: 8346: 8337: 8331: 8316: 8307: 8297:Chisholm, Hugh 8283: 8250: 8244: 8231: 8222: 8216: 8203: 8197: 8182: 8169: 8151: 8148: 8145: 8144: 8115: 8099: 8078: 8063: 8041: 8020: 7999: 7985: 7965: 7939: 7918: 7901: 7884: 7841: 7816: 7795: 7780: 7752: 7731: 7710: 7692: 7689:. p. 577. 7667: 7652: 7632: 7605: 7577: 7557: 7538:"Ritter-Orden" 7524: 7506: 7494: 7482: 7470: 7455: 7440: 7423: 7421:, pp. 1–4 7408: 7406:, p. 223. 7396: 7384: 7365: 7353: 7338: 7321: 7309: 7292: 7280: 7265: 7246: 7229: 7214: 7202: 7185: 7173: 7161: 7140: 7128: 7111: 7096: 7084: 7067: 7055: 7040: 7023: 7008: 6996: 6977: 6965: 6942: 6927: 6912: 6897: 6878: 6866: 6851: 6830: 6818: 6797: 6780: 6765: 6753: 6738: 6731: 6713: 6706: 6700:. I.B.Tauris. 6688: 6676: 6659: 6642: 6625: 6608: 6596: 6579: 6562: 6545: 6533: 6518: 6497: 6478: 6463: 6444: 6427: 6415: 6399: 6384: 6367: 6365:, p. 125. 6355: 6340: 6328: 6309: 6294: 6287: 6269: 6257: 6245: 6233: 6221: 6209: 6197: 6182: 6165: 6146: 6131: 6120: 6105: 6090: 6078: 6063: 6051: 6034: 6019: 6007: 5992: 5990:, pp. 5–8 5975: 5963: 5944: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5922: 5910: 5896: 5883: 5866: 5852: 5839: 5826: 5809: 5807:, p. 97). 5783:, namely that 5776: 5748: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5677: 5670: 5667: 5663: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5619: 5616: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5258: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5219: 5218: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5173: 5170: 5169: 5168: 5165: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5146: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5136: 5120: 5119: 5118: 5113: 5094: 5077: 5063: 5047: 5029: 5013: 4996: 4979: 4962: 4942: 4908: 4887: 4866: 4845: 4844: 4843: 4834: 4811: 4791: 4790: 4789: 4783: 4774: 4751: 4741:Duchy of Parma 4730: 4729: 4728: 4719: 4696: 4675: 4654: 4652:4 January 1815 4634: 4613: 4593: 4592: 4591: 4585:Pour le Mérite 4582: 4573: 4551: 4550: 4549: 4547:27 August 1813 4540: 4538:27 August 1813 4531: 4529:27 August 1813 4519:Russian Empire 4508: 4507: 4506: 4501: 4492: 4470: 4449: 4448: 4447: 4441: 4438: 4429: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4391: 4390: 4389: 4388: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4374: 4371: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4351: 4321:, by marriage 4317:With Countess 4315: 4314: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4302: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4290: 4287:Wassiltchikova 4270: 4267: 4249: 4248: 4247: 4246: 4232: 4225: 4224: 4223: 4212: 4209: 4173: 4172: 4169: 4168: 4167: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4142: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4107: 4102: 4099: 4023:Main article: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4015: 4008: 4001: 3993: 3990: 3989: 3988: 3987: 3975: 3960: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3920: 3918:Related topics 3917: 3916: 3913: 3912: 3909: 3908: 3901: 3898:Wiener Zeitung 3894: 3887: 3880: 3873: 3870:Kleine Zeitung 3865: 3862: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3854: 3853: 3848: 3841: 3835: 3832: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3792: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3767: 3764: 3763: 3760: 3759: 3756: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3727: 3726: 3723: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3685:de Paula Maria 3682: 3680:von Metternich 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3621: 3618: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3610: 3609: 3599: 3588: 3585: 3584: 3581: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3520: 3517: 3516: 3513: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3472: 3469: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3387: 3386: 3383: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3356: 3353: 3352: 3349: 3348: 3340: 3339: 3331: 3330: 3319: 3316: 3250:Franz Joseph I 3242:Johann Strauss 3201:Hanover Square 3161: 3158: 3109: 3045: 3042: 3019:Queen Victoria 2999:Adolphe Thiers 2903:In 1831 Egypt 2892: 2889: 2884:Foreign Office 2853:Zichy-Ferraris 2807: 2779:Lucia Antonia 2722:Hungarian Diet 2709: 2706: 2689:George Canning 2661:Pozzo di Borgo 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2553:Guglielmo Pepe 2531:The murder of 2522:Baden bei Wien 2462:, p. 182) 2455: 2425:Ottoman Empire 2408: 2405: 2329:Ottoman Empire 2261: 2258: 2230: 2142:Baden bei Wien 2102: 2099: 2048:Battle of Laon 2041:, p. 116) 2034: 1946: 1943: 1866: 1863: 1829: 1826: 1803:Georges Rouget 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1754:Weichsel river 1673: 1670: 1627:Moselle valley 1606: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1504:Hanover Square 1467: 1464: 1347:Imperial court 1316: 1313: 1267:. He disliked 1265:Ottoman Empire 1176:Born into the 1125: 1124: 1122: 1121: 1114: 1107: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1081: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1026: 1024:Related topics 1023: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1007: 1004:Wiener Zeitung 1000: 993: 986: 979: 976:Kleine Zeitung 971: 968: 967: 964: 963: 960: 959: 954: 947: 941: 938: 937: 934: 933: 930: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 898: 897: 892: 887: 882: 873: 870: 869: 866: 865: 862: 861: 856: 851: 846: 840: 837: 836: 833: 832: 829: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 791:de Paula Maria 788: 786:von Metternich 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 727: 724: 723: 720: 719: 716: 715: 705: 694: 691: 690: 687: 686: 683: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 626: 623: 622: 619: 618: 615: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 578: 575: 574: 571: 570: 567: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 500: 497: 496: 493: 492: 489: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 462: 459: 458: 455: 454: 446: 445: 437: 436: 424: 423: 420: 419: 412: 408: 407: 397: 393: 392: 383: 379: 378: 376: 375: 372: 368: 366: 362: 361: 354: 350: 349: 347: 346: 335: 331: 328: 327: 325: 314: 310: 307: 306: 304: 293: 289: 286: 285: 282: 280: 276: 275: 272: 268: 267: 248: 244: 243: 221: 217: 216: 212: 211: 208: 207: 202: 196: 195: 190: 184: 183: 181: 180: 175: 169: 167: 163: 162: 152: 151: 145: 144: 138: 132: 131: 128: 122: 121: 119: 118: 113: 107: 105: 101: 100: 90: 89: 83: 82: 79: 78: 66: 58: 57: 54: 51: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12160: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12036: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11975: 11973: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11951: 11941: 11939: 11929: 11927: 11917: 11916: 11913: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11890: 11884: 11881: 11875: 11872: 11871: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11861: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11854:Right realism 11852: 11848: 11845: 11844: 11843: 11840: 11836: 11835:United States 11833: 11831: 11828: 11827: 11826: 11825:Radical right 11823: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11774: 11773:United States 11771: 11770: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11745: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11712: 11710: 11706: 11703: 11699: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11687:Holy Alliance 11685: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11652: 11651:Ancien régime 11648: 11647: 11645: 11639: 11633: 11630: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11617: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11604: 11601: 11600: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11582: 11579: 11578: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11568: 11566: 11564: 11560: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11459:Pérez Jiménez 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11256: 11254: 11250: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11210: 11208: 11206: 11205:Organisations 11202: 11199: 11195: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10909:Chateaubriand 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10866: 10864: 10862:Intellectuals 10860: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10753: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10740: 10737: 10736: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10713: 10710: 10709: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10697:Family values 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10687:Ethical order 10685: 10680: 10679: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10663: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10645: 10642: 10641: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10613: 10610: 10609: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10599: 10597: 10593: 10590: 10586: 10576: 10573: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10560: 10559: 10556: 10555: 10553: 10551: 10547: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10481: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10474:Compassionate 10472: 10471: 10469: 10467: 10461: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10439: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10421: 10418: 10417: 10416: 10413: 10412: 10410: 10408: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10398:North America 10395: 10383: 10382: 10378: 10377: 10375: 10371: 10368: 10367: 10365: 10361: 10360: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10349: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10315: 10311: 10310: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10300: 10298: 10294: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10282: 10278: 10277: 10275: 10273: 10269: 10263: 10260: 10256: 10253: 10252: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10245: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10225: 10223: 10221: 10217: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10205: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10193: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10183: 10181: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10171:Latin America 10168: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10141: 10138: 10137: 10136: 10133: 10129: 10126: 10125: 10123: 10119: 10116: 10115: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10075: 10074: 10071: 10067: 10064: 10063: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10047: 10044: 10043: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10033: 10031: 10027: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10005: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9988:One-nationism 9986: 9984: 9981: 9977: 9974: 9973: 9972: 9971:Compassionate 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9958: 9956: 9954: 9948: 9942: 9941: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9924: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9911: 9908: 9907: 9906: 9903: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9893: 9892:Carloctavismo 9889: 9888: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9878: 9876: 9874: 9870: 9862: 9861: 9857: 9856: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9834: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9819: 9817: 9815: 9811: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9794: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9784: 9782: 9780: 9776: 9769: 9768: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9747: 9745: 9743: 9739: 9732: 9731: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9713:Ritter School 9711: 9707: 9704: 9703: 9702: 9701:Revolutionary 9699: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9686: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9674: 9673: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9652: 9650: 9648: 9644: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9627: 9626: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9613: 9612: 9607: 9604: 9603: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9575: 9574: 9569: 9568: 9566: 9564: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9551: 9539: 9536: 9535: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9522: 9519: 9518: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9493: 9491: 9487: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9467: 9465: 9463: 9459: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9444: 9442: 9440: 9436: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9424:Shōwa Statism 9422: 9420: 9419: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9407: 9403: 9402: 9400: 9398: 9394: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9372: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9352: 9350: 9348: 9344: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9324: 9322: 9320: 9316: 9310: 9307: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9294: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9284: 9282: 9280: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9267: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9220:Paternalistic 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9180:Authoritarian 9178: 9177: 9175: 9173:International 9171: 9168: 9162: 9158: 9151: 9146: 9144: 9139: 9137: 9132: 9131: 9128: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9082: 9080: 9076: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9061: 9059: 9057:National days 9055: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9025: 9023: 9019: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8983: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8878: 8876: 8872: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8850:Aurelio Saffi 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8835:Daniele Manin 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8815:Celso Ceretti 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8797: 8795: 8791: 8785: 8784:Flag of Italy 8782: 8780: 8777: 8776: 8774: 8770: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8643: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8636:Neo-Guelphism 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8608: 8606: 8604: 8600: 8595: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8554: 8550: 8547: 8546: 8544: 8542: 8538: 8534: 8532: 8523: 8518: 8516: 8511: 8509: 8504: 8503: 8500: 8494: 8491: 8488: 8483: 8479: 8476: 8471: 8467: 8466: 8457: 8453: 8450: 8446: 8442: 8436: 8432: 8427: 8426: 8417: 8416: 8411: 8408: 8407: 8397: 8391: 8387: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8373:History Today 8369: 8365: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8338: 8334: 8328: 8325:. Macmillan. 8324: 8323: 8317: 8313: 8308: 8304: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8251: 8247: 8245:0-571-09858-4 8241: 8237: 8232: 8228: 8223: 8219: 8217:0-471-05225-6 8213: 8209: 8204: 8200: 8194: 8190: 8189: 8183: 8178: 8177: 8170: 8165: 8164: 8158: 8154: 8153: 8133: 8129: 8127: 8119: 8111: 8110: 8103: 8095: 8091: 8090: 8082: 8076: 8072: 8067: 8061: 8057: 8054: 8050: 8045: 8037: 8033: 8032: 8024: 8016: 8012: 8011: 8003: 7988: 7986:9788400057800 7982: 7978: 7977: 7969: 7954: 7950: 7943: 7935: 7931: 7930: 7922: 7914: 7913: 7905: 7897: 7896: 7888: 7872: 7871: 7864: 7862: 7860: 7858: 7856: 7854: 7852: 7850: 7848: 7846: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7828: 7820: 7812: 7808: 7807: 7799: 7793: 7789: 7784: 7769: 7765: 7764: 7756: 7748: 7744: 7743: 7735: 7727: 7721: 7713: 7711:91-630-6744-7 7707: 7703: 7696: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7679: 7671: 7665: 7661: 7656: 7648: 7644: 7643: 7636: 7620: 7616: 7609: 7594: 7587: 7581: 7573: 7569: 7568: 7561: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7533: 7531: 7529: 7522: 7518: 7515: 7510: 7503: 7498: 7492:, p. 281 7491: 7486: 7479: 7474: 7467: 7462: 7460: 7452: 7447: 7445: 7437: 7432: 7430: 7428: 7420: 7415: 7413: 7405: 7400: 7393: 7388: 7381: 7376: 7374: 7372: 7370: 7362: 7357: 7350: 7345: 7343: 7335: 7330: 7328: 7326: 7319:, p. 308 7318: 7313: 7306: 7301: 7299: 7297: 7289: 7284: 7277: 7272: 7270: 7262: 7257: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7243: 7238: 7236: 7234: 7226: 7221: 7219: 7211: 7206: 7199: 7194: 7192: 7190: 7182: 7177: 7170: 7165: 7158: 7153: 7151: 7149: 7147: 7145: 7138:, p. 234 7137: 7132: 7125: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7108: 7103: 7101: 7093: 7088: 7081: 7076: 7074: 7072: 7064: 7059: 7052: 7047: 7045: 7037: 7032: 7030: 7028: 7020: 7015: 7013: 7005: 7000: 6993: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6975:, p. 279 6974: 6969: 6962: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6940:, p. 207 6939: 6934: 6932: 6924: 6919: 6917: 6909: 6904: 6902: 6894: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6876:, p. 197 6875: 6870: 6864:, p. 303 6863: 6858: 6856: 6848: 6843: 6841: 6839: 6837: 6835: 6828:, p. 182 6827: 6822: 6815: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6794: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6777: 6772: 6770: 6762: 6757: 6750: 6745: 6743: 6734: 6732:9781317863847 6728: 6724: 6717: 6709: 6707:9780857735706 6703: 6699: 6692: 6686:, p. 302 6685: 6680: 6673: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6656: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6639: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6622: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6605: 6600: 6593: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6576: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6559: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6542: 6537: 6531:, p. 257 6530: 6525: 6523: 6515: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6494: 6489: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6475: 6470: 6468: 6460: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6441: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6424: 6419: 6412: 6408: 6403: 6397:, p. 221 6396: 6391: 6389: 6381: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6364: 6359: 6352: 6347: 6345: 6338:, p. 77. 6337: 6332: 6325: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6306: 6301: 6299: 6290: 6288:9780674743922 6284: 6280: 6273: 6266: 6261: 6254: 6249: 6242: 6237: 6230: 6225: 6218: 6213: 6206: 6201: 6194: 6189: 6187: 6179: 6174: 6172: 6170: 6162: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6143: 6138: 6136: 6129: 6124: 6117: 6112: 6110: 6102: 6097: 6095: 6087: 6082: 6075: 6070: 6068: 6060: 6055: 6048: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6031: 6026: 6024: 6016: 6011: 6004: 5999: 5997: 5989: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5972: 5967: 5959: 5958:United States 5955: 5948: 5941: 5936: 5932: 5920: 5914: 5907: 5900: 5893: 5887: 5880: 5876: 5870: 5863: 5856: 5849: 5843: 5836: 5830: 5823: 5819: 5813: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5780: 5773: 5769: 5763: 5758: 5752: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5732: 5723: 5689: 5685: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5604: 5603: 5598: 5597: 5589: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5579: 5578: 5573: 5572: 5566: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5541: 5533: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5523: 5522: 5517: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5496: 5495: 5490: 5489: 5481: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5471: 5470: 5465: 5464: 5458: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5436: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5403: 5397: 5396: 5393: 5392: 5383: 5382: 5377: 5376: 5368: 5367: 5364: 5363: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5341: 5340: 5327: 5326: 5321: 5320: 5312: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5302: 5301: 5296: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5285: 5284: 5275: 5274: 5269: 5268: 5260: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5250: 5249: 5244: 5243: 5237: 5225: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5216: 5215: 5206: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5183: 5178: 5172:Other honours 5162: 5157: 5150: 5145: 5144: 5135: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5095: 5093: 5089: 5078: 5075: 5064: 5062: 5058: 5048: 5045: 5041: 5030: 5028: 5024: 5014: 5012: 5008: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4980: 4978: 4974: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4943: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4928: 4921: 4914: 4909: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4888: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4867: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4812: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4752: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4697: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4614: 4612: 4611:12 April 1814 4608: 4604: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4552: 4548: 4545:, 1st Class, 4544: 4541: 4539: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4509: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4471: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4406: 4405: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4352: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4328: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4320: 4312: 4308: 4305: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4288: 4284: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4260: 4259:(1780–1866): 4258: 4254: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4193: 4190: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4170: 4165: 4161: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4120: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4098: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4084: 4083:Ernst B. Haas 4080: 4079:Peter Viereck 4076: 4072: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4050: 4045: 4031: 4026: 4014: 4009: 4007: 4002: 4000: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3991: 3986: 3976: 3974: 3964: 3963: 3962: 3961: 3953: 3952: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3939:Pan Germanism 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3907: 3906: 3902: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3893: 3892: 3888: 3886: 3885: 3881: 3879: 3878: 3874: 3872: 3871: 3867: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3836: 3833:Organisations 3830: 3829: 3822: 3821:Team Stronach 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3797: 3796: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3771: 3770: 3762: 3761: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3721: 3720:von Vogelsang 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3655:von Hohenwart 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3605: 3604: 3600: 3595: 3594: 3590: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3575: 3574:von Vogelsang 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3521: 3518:Intellectuals 3515: 3514: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3423:Family values 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3341: 3338: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3323: 3315: 3312: 3308: 3300: 3295: 3291: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3265: 3260: 3256: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3222: 3218: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3157: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3115: 3108: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3064: 3056: 3051: 3041: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3004: 3003:Lajos Kossuth 3000: 2995: 2991: 2983: 2978: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2955:Archduke John 2952: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2897: 2888: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2817: 2813: 2806: 2802: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2744:the new Tsar 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2714: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2680: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2605: 2597: 2592: 2578: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2546: 2541: 2534: 2529: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2461: 2454: 2450: 2448: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2413: 2404: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2374:to a ship at 2373: 2368: 2366: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2319: 2318:Holy Alliance 2315: 2314:French francs 2310: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2266: 2257: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2236: 2229: 2224: 2222: 2221:Swiss cantons 2217: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2203:Joachim Murat 2200: 2196: 2192: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2133: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2040: 2033: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2012:Alexander at 2010: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1990: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1942: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1901: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1871: 1862: 1860: 1854: 1852: 1847: 1843: 1834: 1825: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1815:Anna Pavlovna 1812: 1804: 1799: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1740: 1730: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1678: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1620:, p. 39) 1619: 1615: 1611: 1605: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1562:Imperial Diet 1559: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1472: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1396:, the future 1395: 1391: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1157:known as the 1156: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1135: 1131: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1101: 1100: 1098: 1097: 1092: 1082: 1080: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1045:Pan Germanism 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1021: 1020: 1013: 1012: 1008: 1006: 1005: 1001: 999: 998: 994: 992: 991: 987: 985: 984: 980: 978: 977: 973: 972: 966: 965: 958: 955: 953: 952: 948: 946: 943: 942: 939:Organisations 936: 935: 928: 927:Team Stronach 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 904: 903: 902: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 877: 876: 868: 867: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 841: 835: 834: 827: 826:von Vogelsang 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 761:von Hohenwart 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 728: 722: 721: 711: 710: 706: 701: 700: 696: 695: 689: 688: 681: 680:von Vogelsang 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 627: 624:Intellectuals 621: 620: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 579: 573: 572: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 529:Family values 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 501: 495: 494: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 463: 457: 456: 452: 448: 447: 444: 439: 438: 434: 430: 429: 421: 417: 413: 409: 406: 402: 398: 394: 391: 387: 384: 380: 373: 370: 369: 367: 363: 360: 359: 355: 351: 326: 305: 284: 283: 281: 277: 273: 269: 266: 262: 249: 245: 242: 238: 234: 222: 218: 213: 209: 206: 203: 197: 194: 191: 185: 179: 176: 174: 171: 170: 168: 164: 158: 153: 150: 146: 142: 139: 133: 129: 123: 117: 114: 112: 109: 108: 106: 102: 96: 91: 88: 84: 80: 75: 71: 70: 64: 59: 49: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 11993:Anti-Masonry 11820:Para-fascism 11800:Elite theory 11758:Anti-Masonry 11649: 11588:Confucianism 11428: 11364:John Paul II 11139:Solzhenitsyn 10848:Subsidiarity 10823:Social order 10563:Centre Right 10379: 10357: 10312: 10279: 10255:Patrianovism 10242: 10204:Nacionalismo 10202: 10190: 9938: 9921: 9890: 9858: 9791: 9750:Berlusconism 9689:Cameralistic 9602:Maurrassisme 9429:State Shinto 9418:Nippon Kaigi 9416: 9404: 9292:Confucianism 9157:Conservatism 9006: 8992:Pope Pius IX 8886:Cesare Balbo 8793:Main leaders 8663:Quadrilatero 8569:Papal States 8531:Risorgimento 8530: 8489:at Wikiquote 8455: 8448: 8430: 8414: 8410:Walker, Mack 8385: 8376: 8372: 8353: 8350:Palmer, Alan 8341: 8321: 8314:. Routledge. 8311: 8300: 8262: 8258: 8235: 8226: 8207: 8187: 8175: 8162: 8150:Bibliography 8135:. Retrieved 8131: 8126:Metternichia 8125: 8118: 8108: 8102: 8088: 8081: 8070: 8066: 8048: 8044: 8030: 8023: 8009: 8002: 7990:. Retrieved 7975: 7968: 7957:, retrieved 7952: 7942: 7928: 7921: 7911: 7904: 7894: 7887: 7875:. Retrieved 7869: 7826: 7819: 7805: 7798: 7787: 7783: 7771:. Retrieved 7762: 7755: 7741: 7734: 7701: 7695: 7682: 7677: 7670: 7659: 7655: 7641: 7635: 7623:. Retrieved 7618: 7608: 7597:, retrieved 7592: 7580: 7566: 7560: 7549:, retrieved 7541: 7509: 7497: 7485: 7473: 7453:, p. 45 7404:Bertier 1962 7399: 7394:, p. 98 7387: 7382:, p. 43 7356: 7317:Musulin 1975 7312: 7283: 7276:Musulin 1975 7205: 7176: 7171:, p. 78 7164: 7131: 7087: 7058: 7004:Bertier 1962 6999: 6968: 6869: 6821: 6761:Bertier 1962 6756: 6722: 6716: 6697: 6691: 6679: 6606:, p. 47 6599: 6536: 6418: 6402: 6358: 6331: 6278: 6272: 6260: 6248: 6236: 6224: 6212: 6200: 6123: 6088:, p. 76 6081: 6054: 6047:Bertier 1962 6010: 5966: 5953: 5947: 5935: 5913: 5899: 5886: 5869: 5855: 5842: 5829: 5812: 5779: 5751: 5688: 5424: 5202:Metternichia 5200: 5186: 4959: 4939: 4906:20 June 1820 4905: 4884: 4863: 4840: 4831: 4808: 4786: 4780: 4771: 4762:Two Sicilies 4748: 4725: 4716: 4693: 4672: 4651: 4631: 4610: 4588: 4579: 4570: 4546: 4537: 4528: 4498: 4489: 4467: 4435: 4426: 4316: 4250: 4242: 4174: 4108: 4104: 4087: 4068: 4052: 4047: 4043: 3951:Überfremdung 3903: 3896: 3889: 3882: 3875: 3868: 3843: 3794: 3793: 3768: 3679: 3645:von Habsburg 3601: 3591: 3453:Subsidiarity 3304: 3268: 3227: 3214:embezzlement 3210:Eaton Square 3178: 3173:Eaton Square 3134:Count Taaffe 3120: 3106: 3072:Pope Pius IX 3069: 3007: 2987: 2935: 2917:Münchengrätz 2902: 2872:Papal States 2857: 2825:Johannisberg 2822: 2804: 2798:tuberculosis 2770: 2719: 2685: 2657:Pope Leo XII 2653:unilaterally 2643: 2626: 2601: 2566: 2549: 2514:tuberculosis 2498: 2466: 2452: 2443: 2428: 2418: 2369: 2365:Johannisberg 2361: 2341: 2325:Papal States 2322: 2305:Hundred Days 2298: 2271: 2256:on 18 June. 2241: 2226: 2191:Federal Diet 2187: 2178: 2167: 2138: 2082: 2045: 2031: 1998: 1964: 1904: 1896: 1876: 1865:As a neutral 1855: 1839: 1819: 1808: 1772: 1743: 1735: 1711: 1683: 1643: 1635:Ochsenhausen 1624: 1603: 1576:; or to the 1555: 1533: 1496:Joseph Haydn 1492:Edmund Burke 1484:William Pitt 1477: 1437: 1418: 1387: 1332: 1285: 1258: 1236:and his son 1226: 1210:Marie Louise 1175: 1146: 1133: 1129: 1128: 1057:Überfremdung 1009: 1002: 995: 988: 981: 974: 949: 900: 899: 874: 785: 751:von Habsburg 707: 697: 559:Subsidiarity 356: 250:11 June 1859 200:Succeeded by 156: 136:Succeeded by 94: 67: 40: 11983:1859 deaths 11978:1773 births 11842:Reactionary 11763:Aristocracy 11735:Corporatism 11715:Agrarianism 11620:Integralism 11314:Diefenbaker 11252:Politicians 11174:Tocqueville 10889:Buckley Jr. 10843:Stewardship 10833:Sovereignty 10808:Rule of law 10756:Conventions 10746:Nationalism 10724:Imperialism 10707:Gender role 10692:Familialism 10671:Meritocracy 10666:Aristocracy 10612:Traditional 10575:New Zealand 10479:Libertarian 10287:Pinochetism 10281:Gremialismo 10238:Integralism 10228:Bolsonarism 10192:Maurrasismo 10152:Switzerland 10105:Netherlands 9998:Thatcherism 9940:Noucentisme 9854:Slavophilia 9827:Eurasianism 9718:Romanticism 9684:Prussianism 9672:Neue Rechte 9580:Bonapartism 9439:South Korea 9385:Revisionist 9337:Principlist 9240:Reactionary 9235:Progressive 9185:Corporatist 8916:Ugo Foscolo 8698:Crimean War 8631:Young Italy 7992:14 November 7502:Palmer 1972 7480:, p. 2 7419:Palmer 1972 7349:Palmer 1972 7334:Palmer 1972 7305:Palmer 1972 7261:Palmer 1972 7242:Palmer 1972 7225:Palmer 1972 7198:Palmer 1972 7181:Palmer 1972 7157:Palmer 1972 7124:Palmer 1972 7107:Palmer 1972 7080:Palmer 1972 7063:Palmer 1972 7051:Palmer 1972 7036:Palmer 1972 6992:Palmer 1972 6961:Palmer 1972 6923:Palmer 1972 6893:Palmer 1972 6847:Palmer 1972 6814:Palmer 1972 6793:Palmer 1972 6776:Palmer 1972 6749:Palmer 1972 6672:Palmer 1972 6621:Palmer 1972 6592:Palmer 1972 6575:Palmer 1972 6558:Palmer 1972 6541:Palmer 1972 6514:Palmer 1972 6493:Palmer 1972 6459:Palmer 1972 6440:Palmer 1972 6380:Palmer 1972 6351:Palmer 1972 6336:Palmer 1972 6324:Palmer 1972 6305:Palmer 1972 6265:Palmer 1972 6241:Palmer 1972 6229:Palmer 1972 6217:Palmer 1972 6205:Palmer 1972 6193:Palmer 1972 6161:Palmer 1972 6142:Palmer 1972 6101:Palmer 1972 6074:Palmer 1972 6059:Palmer 1972 6030:Palmer 1972 6017:, p. . 6015:Nadeau 2016 6003:Palmer 1972 5988:Palmer 1972 5940:Palmer 1972 5906:Palmer 1972 5892:Palmer 1972 5879:Palmer 1972 5862:Palmer 1972 5848:Palmer 1972 5835:Palmer 1972 5822:Palmer 1972 5805:Palmer 1972 5772:Palmer 1972 5760: [ 5088:Netherlands 5046:, 1st Class 4940:August 1835 4856:Württemberg 4809:25 May 1817 4589:31 May 1842 4499:30 May 1825 4357:. No issue. 4231:. No issue. 4125:. No issue. 4064:Reform Bill 4038: 1770 3944:Remigration 3710:Starhemberg 3675:Schuschnigg 3619:Politicians 3428:Imperialism 3413:Clericalism 3279:Crimean War 3169:Blue plaque 3114:Palmer 1972 3097:martial law 2938:Ferdinand I 2816:Palmer 1972 2615:) and King 2557:Ferdinand I 2501:Württemberg 2460:Palmer 1972 2301:peace terms 2294:nationality 2286:rule of law 2235:Palmer 1972 2170:Castlereagh 2039:Palmer 1972 1688:became the 1650:Alexander I 1618:Palmer 1972 1275:revolts in 1273:nationalist 1254:Franz Josef 1238:Ferdinand I 1050:Remigration 816:Starhemberg 781:Schuschnigg 725:Politicians 534:Imperialism 519:Clericalism 271:Nationality 223:15 May 1773 188:Preceded by 178:Ferdinand I 141:Franz Anton 126:Preceded by 116:Ferdinand I 11972:Categories 11708:Ideologies 11643:background 11641:Historical 11429:Metternich 11404:Mannerheim 11279:Berlusconi 11009:La Mennais 10939:Dostoevsky 10914:Chesterton 10828:Solidarity 10793:Patriotism 10778:Organicism 10734:Monarchism 10651:Discipline 10595:Principles 10588:Philosophy 10376:Venezuela 10352:Fujimorism 10250:Monarchist 10233:Coronelism 10140:Monarchist 10128:Monarchist 10100:Luxembourg 10066:Monarchist 9961:Cameronism 9832:Monarchist 9767:Sanfedismo 9595:Legitimism 9496:Bangladesh 9475:Erdoğanism 9470:Democratic 9332:Monarchist 9327:Khomeinism 9115:Third Rome 8176:Metternich 7136:Cecil 1947 7092:Cecil 1947 7019:Cecil 1947 6938:Cecil 1947 6908:Cecil 1947 6874:Cecil 1947 6826:Cecil 1947 6655:Cecil 1947 6474:Cecil 1947 6409:, p. 6407:Riley 2013 6363:Cecil 1947 6253:Cecil 1947 6178:Cecil 1947 6116:Cecil 1947 6086:Cecil 1947 5971:Cecil 1947 5927:References 5917:Sister of 5197:Solanaceae 4960:March 1837 4060:repressive 3905:Österreich 3753:Tschugguel 3695:Rosenkranz 3586:Literature 3443:Organicism 3433:Monarchism 3392:Principles 3354:Ideologies 3287:Edward VII 3044:Revolution 3037:dissidents 2921:Zollverein 2746:Nicholas I 2734:Bratislava 2665:Czernowitz 2606:of Prince 2581:Chancellor 2486:Carl Ibell 2282:sovereigns 2228:committee. 2207:Neapolitan 2179:volte face 2150:Talleyrand 2121:Talleyrand 2117:Wellington 1712:After the 1574:Copenhagen 1566:Regensburg 1547:Ambassador 1480:George III 1414:Francis II 1402:Leopold II 1371:Königswart 1315:Early life 1281:censorship 1269:liberalism 1182:Strasbourg 1167:chancellor 1011:Österreich 859:Tschugguel 801:Rosenkranz 692:Literature 549:Organicism 539:Monarchism 498:Principles 460:Ideologies 254:1859-06-12 227:1773-05-15 18:Metternich 11926:Biography 11539:de Valera 11499:Salisbury 11444:Netanyahu 11399:Macdonald 11369:Kaczyński 11349:de Gaulle 11309:Churchill 11289:Bolsonaro 11274:Andreotti 11114:Santayana 11079:Oakeshott 11039:Mansfield 10919:Coleridge 10869:Bainville 10853:Tradition 10788:Orthodoxy 10607:Authority 10558:Australia 10521:Reaganism 10511:Old Right 10494:Tea Party 10484:Fusionism 10370:Herrerism 10332:Guatemala 10179:Argentina 10118:Miguelist 10114:Portugal 9993:Powellism 9917:Integrism 9905:Francoism 9881:Alfonsism 9804:Sarmatism 9694:Socialist 9632:Sarkozysm 9618:Orléanism 9538:Chiangism 9528:Singapore 9501:Hong Kong 9452:New Right 9380:Religious 9287:Chiangism 9245:Religious 9230:Pragmatic 9166:by region 9100:Redshirts 8985:Opponents 8616:Carbonari 8279:830314384 8271:2327-3917 8210:. Wiley. 7720:cite book 7490:Ford 1971 7478:Sked 1983 7466:Sked 1983 7451:Sked 1983 7436:Okey 2001 7392:Okey 2001 7380:Sked 1983 7288:Okey 2001 7210:Okey 2001 7169:Okey 2001 6973:Ford 1971 6862:Ford 1971 6684:Ford 1971 6638:Okey 2001 6529:Ford 1971 6423:Ross 1969 6395:Ford 1971 5189:J.C.Mikan 5007:Brunswick 4587:(civil), 4239:Hohenlohe 4095:Alan Sked 3743:Schönfeld 3732:Activists 3640:von Gentz 3539:von Hayek 3534:von Gentz 3458:Tradition 3197:Blackwall 3193:chartists 3189:The Hague 3185:Amsterdam 3154:commoners 3150:Feldsberg 3124:petitions 3083:over the 2942:Black Sea 2766:Beethoven 2702:Bad Ischl 2617:George IV 2506:Final Act 2018:Châtillon 1920:Opotschna 1780:Altenburg 1758:Inn river 1723:River Inn 1668:instead. 1610:Colloredo 1568:; to the 1406:Frankfurt 1363:Beilstein 1293:Beethoven 1234:Francis I 849:Schönfeld 838:Activists 746:von Gentz 645:von Hayek 640:von Gentz 564:Tradition 411:Signature 396:Known for 382:Education 258:(aged 86) 173:Francis I 157:In office 111:Francis I 95:In office 11962:Politics 11874:European 11610:Islamism 11593:Hindutva 11563:Religion 11534:Vajpayee 11524:Trujillo 11519:Thatcher 11509:Stolypin 11464:Pinochet 11379:Khomeini 11374:Khamenei 11344:Fujimori 11329:Dollfuss 11319:Disraeli 11284:Bismarck 11269:Adenauer 11197:Politics 11184:Voegelin 11154:Spengler 11124:Schlegel 11089:Peterson 11049:Menéndez 11024:Leontiev 10994:Karamzin 10969:Hitchens 10739:Royalism 10644:Pro-Life 10536:Trumpism 10501:Movement 10420:Trumpism 10415:Populism 10366:Uruguay 10359:Odriismo 10308:Colombia 10262:Populism 10198:Menemism 10124:Romania 10083:Populist 10078:Metaxism 10062:Georgia 9923:Mellismo 9849:Putinism 9822:Duginism 9730:Völkisch 9660:Hegelian 9655:Agrarian 9585:Gaullism 9516:Pakistan 9511:Malaysia 9447:Ilminism 9365:Kahanism 9225:Populist 9215:National 9210:Moderate 9190:Cultural 8603:Timeline 8352:(1972). 8289:(1911). 8159:(1962). 8056:Archived 7877:24 April 7625:24 March 7517:Archived 7361:May 1963 5731:-ər-nikh 5669:See also 5209:Ancestry 5057:Holy See 4334:Lensgraf 4257:Ferraris 4185:Freiherr 4177:Baroness 3845:Heimwehr 3700:Schüssel 3670:Nehammer 3630:Dollfuss 3554:Mannheim 3327:a series 3325:Part of 3255:Brussels 3230:Brighton 3110:— 2994:Istanbul 2946:railways 2841:Brussels 2808:— 2773:Freiherr 2730:nobility 2694:cardinal 2650:Pyrenees 2574:Piedmont 2456:— 2439:Karlsbad 2392:Florence 2274:Napoleon 2231:— 2168:Leaving 2162:Portugal 2035:— 2005:Breisgau 1936:and the 1907:Gitschin 1756:and the 1607:— 1351:Kageneck 1301:Paganini 1250:Brussels 1246:Brighton 1206:Napoleon 1151:Austrian 951:Heimwehr 806:Schüssel 776:Nehammer 736:Dollfuss 660:Mannheim 433:a series 431:Part of 358:See list 353:Children 166:Monarchs 104:Monarchs 11950:Austria 11912:Portals 11701:Related 11549:Zemmour 11514:Suharto 11494:Salazar 11424:Metaxas 11419:Menzies 11414:Maurras 11334:Erdoğan 11324:Dmowski 11299:Canning 11294:GW Bush 11164:Strauss 11134:Scruton 11129:Schmitt 11119:Savigny 11104:Rivarol 11074:Novalis 11044:Maurras 11034:Maistre 11019:Le 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Knowledge

Klemens von Metternich

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