800:
3569:
3081:
1316:
3015:
374:
for making such determination nor did it define the terms. The nature of the findings would so differ from one legal system to another that they would give rise to serious disputes among the parties to the convention. It was suggested that the reference to such rules would make the issue more complicated, for it would endow the rules with a semblance of legal binding force. This allows state parties to pass domestic laws that permit acts of torture that they believe are within the lawful sanctions clause. However, the most widely adopted interpretation of the lawful sanctions clause is that it refers to sanctions authorized by
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1793:
539:
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1329:
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3585:
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681:
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886:
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309:, regarding the prohibition against torture (Article 10). Parties also must keep interrogation rules, instructions, methods, and practices under systematic review regarding individuals who are under custody or physical control in any territory under their jurisdiction, in order to prevent all acts of torture (Article 11). Parties are also obliged to prevent all acts of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment in any territory under their jurisdiction, and to investigate any allegation of such treatment. (Article 16).
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rights are being implemented. Upon ratifying the convention, states must submit a report within one year, after which they are obliged to report every four years. The
Committee examines each report and addresses its concerns and recommendations to the State party in the form of "concluding observations". Under certain circumstances, the CAT may consider complaints or communications from individuals claiming that their rights under the Convention have been violated.
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3109:
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2358:
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2003:
1199:
1008:
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2255:
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1590:
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2220:
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1880:
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646:
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3173:
2742:
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1810:
1501:
1363:
1025:
956:
903:
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3144:
2813:
2655:
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1147:
1042:
1536:
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2157:
1845:
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1705:
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1398:
1234:
991:
868:
786:
752:
664:
611:
3716:
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3190:
3050:
2882:
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2140:
2123:
1484:
1345:
699:
575:
558:
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4227:
3521:
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3068:
2410:
2106:
2054:
1986:
1933:
1775:
1269:
939:
834:
4072:
3751:
3538:
2929:
2724:
2637:
2392:
2273:
1739:
1687:
593:
165:
4182:
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1572:
3734:
3365:
2831:
2673:
2602:
2531:
2513:
2324:
2174:
2020:
1669:
1625:
1416:
1111:
851:
2707:
3781:
3329:
1518:
1251:
2795:
2760:
2307:
2088:
1898:
1640:
1094:
921:
2899:
1554:
3900:
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1951:
4248:
4206:
3242:
1969:
1863:
45:
4137:
4683:
319:(Article 17), and empowers it to investigate allegations of systematic torture (Article 20). It also establishes an optional dispute-resolution mechanism between parties (Article 21) and allows parties to recognize the competence of the committee to hear complaints from individuals about violations of the convention by a party (Article 22).
3806:
international and national bodies to places where people are deprived of their liberty, in order to prevent torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment," to be overseen by a
Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.
373:
The words "inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctions" remain vague and very broad. It is extremely difficult to determine what sanctions are "inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctions" in a particular legal system and what are not. The drafters of the
Convention neither provided any criteria
3805:
The
Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (OPCAT), adopted by the General Assembly on 18 December 2002 and in force since 22 June 2006, provides for the establishment of "a system of regular visits undertaken by independent
513:
requires parties to prevent "other acts of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment which do not amount to torture as defined in article 1" in any territory under their jurisdiction. Because it is often difficult to distinguish between cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment
272:
to bring cases of torture to trial where an alleged torturer cannot be extradited (Article 5). Parties must promptly investigate any allegation of torture (Articles 12 and 13), and victims of torture, or their dependents in case victims died as a result of torture, must have an enforceable right to
4041:
The
Committee Against Torture (CAT) is a body of human rights experts that monitors implementation of the convention by State parties. The committee is one of eight UN-linked human rights treaty bodies. All state parties are obliged under the convention to submit regular reports to the CAT on how
484:
any person to a state "where there are substantial grounds for believing that he would be in danger of being subjected to torture." The
Committee Against Torture has held that this danger must be assessed not just for the initial receiving state, but also to states to which the person may be
378:. Pursuant to this interpretation, only sanctions that are authorized by international law will fall within this exclusion. The interpretation of the lawful sanctions clause leaves no scope of application and is widely debated by authors, historians, and scholars alike.
260:(Articles 1–16) contains a definition of torture (Article 1), and commits parties to taking effective measures to prevent any act of torture in any territory under their jurisdiction (Article 2). These include ensuring that torture is a criminal offense under a party's
5513:
410:, or any form of armed conflict. In other words, torture cannot be justified as a means to protect public safety or prevent emergencies. Subordinates who commit acts of torture cannot abstain themselves from legal responsibility on the grounds that they were
389:
prohibits torture, and requires parties to take effective measures to prevent it in any territory under their jurisdiction. This prohibition is absolute and non-derogable. "No exceptional circumstances whatsoever" may be invoked to justify torture, including
5473:
4309:
5398:
5408:
230:, in honor of the convention. Since the convention's entry was enforced, the absolute prohibition against torture and other acts of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment has become accepted as a principle of
5493:
5378:
4294:
found that countries that adopt national laws that prohibit torture (defining it in line with the standards codified in the UN Convention against
Torture) subsequently experience reductions in police torture.
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365:
him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a
325:(Articles 25–33) governs ratification, entry into force, and amendment of the convention. It also includes an optional arbitration mechanism for disputes between parties (Article 30).
5222:
496:
obligates the government of the state in which the alleged offense occurred to either prosecute the accused party, or extradite them to a state that will, under the principle of
5692:
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5423:
5286:
251:
6417:
5632:
6522:
3836:
464:
The other articles of part I lay out specific obligations intended to implement this absolute prohibition by preventing, investigating, and punishing acts of torture.
5732:
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17:
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or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in, or incidental to, lawful sanctions.
6512:
6497:
4314:
227:
4795:
Carey, Henry (Chip); Mitchell, Stacey M. (2023). "Legalization of Reform of
Torture Laws and Practices: Compliant, Exceptionalist, and Hybrid Types".
4657:"Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment – Addendum to Initial reports of States parties due in 1995"
5767:
4856:
6492:
5582:
5108:
4049:. Members are elected to four-year terms by State parties and can be re-elected if nominated. The current membership of the CAT, as of June 2023:
353:, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him, or a third person, information or a
6547:
6537:
6057:
5453:
5298:
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264:(Article 4), establishing jurisdiction over acts of torture committed by or against a party's nationals (Article 5), ensuring that torture is an
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5792:
5413:
5138:
4862:
3986:
3842:
461:, or any other of its areas, and protects all people under its effective control, regardless of nationality or how that control is exercised.
226:
on 10 December 1984 and, following ratification by the 20th state party, it came into force on 26 June 1987. 26 June is now recognized as the
6572:
6422:
5557:
421:
The prohibition on torture applies to anywhere under a party's effective jurisdiction inside or outside of its borders, whether on board its
4696:
285:
people where there are substantial grounds for believing they will be tortured (Article 3). Parties are required to train and educate their
5627:
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315:(Articles 17–24) governs reporting and monitoring of the convention and the steps taken by the parties to implement it. It establishes the
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143:
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193:
77:
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243:
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5822:
5622:
5500:
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3574:
6062:
5947:
5577:
5478:
4975:
4697:"9.b Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment"
4329:
219:, and forbids member states to transport people to any country where there is reason to believe they will be tortured.
4538:
4436:
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4398:
168:
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514:
and torture, the
Committee regards Article 16's prohibition of such act as similarly absolute and non-derogable.
223:
4634:
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6327:
6167:
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5612:
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5459:
Protocol to the
African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol)
5364:
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
5351:
5179:
5123:
4036:
3975:
3766:
As of 17 November 2021, there are 173 States parties. 22 UN Member States are not yet party to the convention.
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205:
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6007:
5992:
5952:
5942:
5932:
5897:
5817:
5757:
5727:
5702:
5494:
Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention)
5184:
4965:
231:
4556:"CAT General Comment No. 01: Implementation of article 3 of the Convention in the context of article 22"
4491:
Reproductive Freedom, Torture and International Human Rights: Challenging the Masculinisation of Torture
6462:
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on the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment in the
4381:
Status of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
357:, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or
6387:
6212:
6187:
6092:
6032:
5982:
5887:
5812:
5772:
5174:
4797:
Legalization of International Law and Politics: Multi-Level Governance of Human Rights and Aggression
4324:
316:
5519:
on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women (Belém do Pará Convention)
4887:
1076:
294:
4310:
European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
5488:
5276:
5032:
4607:
4197:
498:
4656:
5399:
Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
5189:
5164:
5057:
2191:
2186:
885:
269:
4820:
4581:
5325:
4745:
4304:
2945:
1181:
4904:
5403:
5255:
5133:
4990:
3584:
442:
415:
211:
The Convention requires member states to take effective measures to prevent torture in any
4512:"Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment"
8:
5552:
5200:
5090:
5037:
5000:
1914:
628:
430:
4722:
4365:
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
3877:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
182:
Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
38:
Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
5572:
5074:
5069:
5042:
4980:
4888:
UN Convention Against Torture (1984–2014) – Bibliography (Books/Articles), UNOG Library
4773:
2689:
1379:
399:
5409:
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance
4985:
4835:
4800:
4777:
4765:
4587:
4376:
1607:
1449:
375:
345:
For the purpose of this Convention, the term "torture" means any act by which severe
27:
International human rights instrument against torture and cruel or unusual punishment
5404:
International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid
4874:
Introductory note by Hans Danelius, procedural history note and audiovisual material
4873:
5514:
on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities
5103:
5052:
4757:
4108:
2340:
354:
5374:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
5458:
5169:
4970:
4583:
United Nations Convention Against Torture and its Optional Protocol: A Commentary
4542:
4440:
4421:
4402:
3981:
It may require cleanup to comply with Knowledge's content policies, particularly
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478:
411:
366:
290:
282:
4878:
Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
4877:
4857:
Tortured Justice: Using Coerced Evidence to Prosecute Terrorist Suspects (2008)
3921:
3601:
3162:
1305:
1286:
286:
197:
505:
5601:
5261:
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
4918:
4863:
Leave No Marks: Enhanced Interrogation Techniques and the Risk of Criminality
4845:
4769:
4577:
4152:
4121:
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2201:
1756:
434:
407:
298:
261:
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3125:
3032:
2918:
1658:
1645:
973:
438:
395:
358:
306:
216:
4882:
4465:"CAT General Comment No. 2: Implementation of Article 2 by States Parties"
3346:
3224:
2847:
2777:
2565:
2547:
1432:
1216:
733:
278:
265:
4883:
UN Convention Against Torture (1984–2014) – Research Guide, UNOG Library
4761:
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2357:
2254:
2236:
2070:
2002:
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1198:
1007:
768:
716:
172:
277:
produced by torture in their courts (Article 15), and are barred from
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3259:
2583:
2374:
2219:
1879:
1721:
680:
645:
403:
350:
254:(ICESCR), with a preamble and 33 articles, divided into three parts:
4608:"Italy passes law making torture a crime, critics say full of holes"
5379:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
5047:
3398:
3311:
3294:
3172:
3143:
2812:
2741:
2654:
2426:
2289:
2036:
1809:
1792:
1500:
1362:
1146:
1041:
1024:
955:
902:
450:
426:
362:
274:
3809:
As of April 2022, the Protocol has 76 signatories and 91 parties.
6518:
Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
4867:
International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims (IRCT);
4232:
4077:
3715:
3680:
3645:
3554:
3467:
3189:
3049:
2881:
2864:
2618:
2495:
2460:
2156:
2139:
2122:
1844:
1826:
1704:
1624:
1535:
1483:
1466:
1397:
1344:
1233:
1164:
990:
867:
815:
785:
751:
698:
663:
610:
574:
557:
458:
201:
3780:
6478:
Treaties adopted by United Nations General Assembly resolutions
5064:
4253:
4211:
4187:
4166:
4098:
4046:
3750:
3537:
3520:
3485:
3328:
3067:
2928:
2898:
2794:
2723:
2636:
2409:
2391:
2272:
2105:
2053:
1985:
1932:
1774:
1738:
1686:
1553:
1268:
1058:
938:
920:
833:
592:
454:
446:
302:
5424:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
5287:
Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
252:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
44:
5243:
4908:
4893:
4274:
4142:
4045:
The CAT usually meets in April/May and November each year in
3733:
3364:
3276:
3241:
2979:
2830:
2672:
2601:
2530:
2512:
2323:
2173:
2019:
1968:
1950:
1862:
1668:
1571:
1415:
1334:
1128:
1110:
850:
273:
compensation (Article 14). Parties must also ban the use of
3449:
2759:
2706:
2306:
2087:
1897:
1517:
1250:
1093:
506:
Ban on cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment
422:
346:
5230:
4635:"The BIOT: A judicial vacuum now consuming Tamil refugees"
301:, or treatment of any individual subjected to any form of
234:. As of April 2024, the convention has 174 state parties.
5114:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
391:
5293:
Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women
4470:. Committee Against Torture. 23 November 2007. p. 2
4320:
International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims
5149:
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
488:
5693:
Treaties of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
4840:
4799:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 95–125.
3974:
A major contributor to this section appears to have a
5389:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
5305:
Declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity
4580:; Birk, Moritz; Monina, Giuliana (14 November 2019).
3606:
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
153:
Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish
5484:
Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
5419:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
5310:
American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man
4649:
3928:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a
248:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
206:
cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment
6418:
Treaties of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
3776:
Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture
5633:Treaties of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
5538:
5104:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials)
4746:"Does Criminalizing Torture Deter Police Torture?"
4626:
4315:International Day in Support of Victims of Torture
479:prohibits parties from returning, extraditing, or
228:International Day in Support of Victims of Torture
6523:Treaties extended to the Turks and Caicos Islands
5599:
5583:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
5134:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
5109:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
517:
6488:Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands
5299:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
4576:
3794: states that signed, but have not ratified
485:subsequently expelled, returned or extradited.
60: states that have signed, but not ratified
5414:Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989
4948:
3101:had previously ratified on 10 September 1991)
222:The text of the convention was adopted by the
6528:Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles
5733:Treaties of the People's Republic of Bulgaria
5558:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
5216:
4934:
4794:
4545:, Article 3.1. Retrieved on 30 December 2008.
6343:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
5568:Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness
5454:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
4846:Human Rights Watch summary of the Convention
4488:
4443:, Article 33. Retrieved on 30 December 2008.
4424:, Article 25. Retrieved on 30 December 2008.
4405:, Article 27. Retrieved on 30 December 2008.
3812:
531:Ratification, accession (a), succession (d)
242:The Convention follows the structure of the
5968:Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic
5563:Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
5384:Convention on the Political Rights of Women
4715:
4506:
4504:
4391:
4389:
3851:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1296:22 February 1993 d (previously ratified by
6308:Treaties of the Somali Democratic Republic
5783:Treaties of the People's Republic of China
5320:Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
5272:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
5223:
5209:
5119:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
4941:
4927:
4914:Decisions of the Committee Against Torture
4894:Decisions of the Committee Against Torture
6513:Treaties extended to the Pitcairn Islands
6498:Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands
5245:Declarations, manifestos, and resolutions
5139:Special Panels of the Dili District Court
4900:Committee against Torture – Jurisprudence
4632:
4529:
4023:Learn how and when to remove this message
4005:Learn how and when to remove this message
3948:Learn how and when to remove this message
3636:With specific reservations detailed here.
186:United Nations Convention Against Torture
33:United Nations Convention Against Torture
18:United Nations Convention against Torture
6223:Treaties of the Polish People's Republic
5768:Treaties of the Central African Republic
5474:Convention for the Prevention of Torture
4851:List of links to other related documents
4723:"Committee Against Torture – Membership"
4689:
4501:
4427:
4408:
4386:
3779:
333:
6493:Treaties extended to the Cayman Islands
14:
6548:Treaties extended to British Hong Kong
6538:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
6058:Treaties of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
5600:
5282:Declaration of the Rights of the Child
5232:International human rights instruments
4743:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4345:
3909:contains content that is written like
3153:28 May 1993 d (previously ratified by
341:of the Convention defines torture as:
268:offense (Article 8), and establishing
6553:Treaties extended to Portuguese Macau
5793:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo
5537:
5440:
5394:Convention on the Rights of the Child
5349:
5348:
5331:Declaration on the Rights of Peasants
5266:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
5242:
5204:
4922:
4841:Convention Against Torture Initiative
4750:American Journal of Political Science
4459:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4292:American Journal of Political Science
467:
244:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
6573:Treaties extended to the Isle of Man
6423:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates
3959:
3893:
3857:
3816:
3769:
489:Obligation to prosecute or extradite
5628:Treaties entered into force in 1987
5501:American Convention on Human Rights
4342:
3702:Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
1661:also ratified on 9 September 1987)
24:
6198:Treaties of the State of Palestine
5848:Treaties of the Dominican Republic
5718:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
5479:European Convention on Nationality
4788:
4446:
4377:General Assembly resolution 40/128
4363:United Nations Treaty Collection:
4330:World Organization Against Torture
4242:Sébastien Touze (Vice-chairperson)
3565:24 February 1987 (ratified as the
328:
25:
6589:
6278:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
5469:Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
4869:What is torture? Defining torture
4814:
4633:Bashfield, Samuel (1 June 2022).
3832:This section has multiple issues.
3800: states that have not signed
3077:12 March 2001 d (ratified as the
2967:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2092:Lao People's Democratic Republic
1320:Democratic Republic of the Congo
872:Bolivia (Plurinational State of)
381:
194:international human rights treaty
66: states that have not signed
6578:Treaties extended to West Berlin
5441:
4701:United Nations Treaty Collection
4489:Ronli Sifris (4 December 2013).
4267:
4246:
4225:
4204:
4180:
4159:
4135:
4114:
4091:
4070:
3985:. Please discuss further on the
3964:
3898:
3862:
3821:
3749:
3732:
3714:
3696:
3679:
3662:
3644:
3622:
3600:
3583:
3567:
3553:
3536:
3519:
3502:
3484:
3466:
3448:
3431:
3414:
3397:
3380:
3363:
3345:
3327:
3310:
3293:
3275:
3258:
3240:
3223:
3205:
3188:
3171:
3155:
3142:
3124:
3107:
3091:
3079:
3066:
3048:
3031:
3013:
2995:
2978:
2961:
2944:
2927:
2911:
2897:
2880:
2863:
2846:
2829:
2811:
2793:
2776:
2758:
2740:
2722:
2705:
2688:
2671:
2653:
2635:
2617:
2600:
2582:
2564:
2546:
2529:
2511:
2494:
2477:
2459:
2442:
2425:
2408:
2390:
2373:
2356:
2339:
2322:
2305:
2288:
2271:
2253:
2235:
2218:
2200:
2185:
2172:
2155:
2138:
2121:
2104:
2086:
2069:
2052:
2035:
2018:
2001:
1984:
1967:
1949:
1931:
1913:
1896:
1878:
1861:
1843:
1825:
1808:
1791:
1773:
1755:
1737:
1720:
1703:
1685:
1667:
1651:
1638:
1623:
1606:
1588:
1570:
1552:
1534:
1516:
1499:
1482:
1465:
1448:
1431:
1414:
1396:
1378:
1361:
1343:
1327:
1314:
1298:
1285:
1267:
1249:
1232:
1215:
1197:
1180:
1163:
1145:
1127:
1109:
1092:
1075:
1057:
1040:
1023:
1006:
989:
972:
954:
937:
919:
901:
884:
866:
849:
832:
814:
798:
784:
767:
750:
732:
715:
697:
679:
662:
644:
627:
609:
591:
573:
556:
537:
163:
43:
6508:Treaties extended to Montserrat
5653:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
4821:Official text of the Convention
4737:
4677:
4600:
4570:
4548:
3840:or discuss these issues on the
1961:12 January 1989, 5 July 2017 a
224:United Nations General Assembly
6543:Treaties extended to Greenland
6503:Treaties extended to Gibraltar
6428:Treaties of the United Kingdom
5828:Treaties of the Czech Republic
5541:International humanitarian law
5180:International humanitarian law
5124:Special Court for Sierra Leone
4836:U.N. Committee against Torture
4482:
4370:
4037:Committee Against Torture (UN)
3614:British Indian Ocean Territory
3087:Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
2909:3 March 1987 (ratified as the
1635:1 October 1990 (Signed as the
13:
1:
6563:Treaties extended to Guernsey
6483:Treaties extended to Anguilla
6433:Treaties of the United States
5923:Treaties of Georgia (country)
5868:Treaties of Equatorial Guinea
5509:to Prevent and Punish Torture
4335:
518:Signatories and ratifications
6558:Treaties extended to Bermuda
6253:Treaties of the Soviet Union
5144:Special Tribunal for Lebanon
5129:International Criminal Court
4725:. United Nations OHCHR. 2023
4558:. UN OHCHR. 21 November 1997
4367:. Retrieved on 26 June 2018.
7:
6568:Treaties extended to Jersey
6378:Treaties of North Macedonia
6218:Treaties of the Philippines
6158:Treaties of the Netherlands
5185:International speech crimes
4966:Customary international law
4586:. Oxford University Press.
4298:
4221:Ana Racu (Vice-chairperson)
1646:Federal Republic of Germany
232:customary international law
10:
6594:
6533:Treaties extended to Aruba
5823:Treaties of Czechoslovakia
5623:Treaties concluded in 1984
5505:Inter-American Convention
5369:Convention against Torture
5006:Convention Against Torture
4950:International criminal law
4536:Convention Against Torture
4434:Convention Against Torture
4415:Convention Against Torture
4396:Convention Against Torture
4285:
4176:Erdogan Iscan (Rapporteur)
4034:
3773:
1659:German Democratic Republic
394:, threat of war, internal
237:
169:Convention against Torture
6063:Treaties of Liechtenstein
5948:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
5548:
5533:
5449:
5436:
5359:
5344:
5251:
5238:
5175:Joint criminal enterprise
5157:
5088:
5019:
4956:
4325:Use of torture since 1948
3871:This section needs to be
3813:Committee Against Torture
3628:United States of America
1081:Central African Republic
317:Committee Against Torture
162:
157:
149:
139:
131:
123:
115:
107:
99:
91:
83:
73:
42:
37:
6403:Treaties of Turkmenistan
6313:Treaties of South Africa
6293:Treaties of Sierra Leone
6268:Treaties of Saudi Arabia
6088:Treaties of the Maldives
5958:Treaties of the Holy See
5918:Treaties of West Germany
5913:Treaties of East Germany
5738:Treaties of Burkina Faso
5608:Human rights instruments
5095:(in order of foundation)
4744:Berlin, Mark S. (2021).
4664:U.S. Department of State
4383:, A/RES/40/128, under 2.
196:under the review of the
6358:Treaties of Switzerland
6318:Treaties of South Sudan
6238:Treaties of South Korea
6163:Treaties of New Zealand
5863:Treaties of El Salvador
5803:Treaties of Ivory Coast
5618:United Nations treaties
5277:Declaration of Montreal
5033:Crimes against humanity
4541:9 November 2007 at the
4439:9 November 2007 at the
4420:9 November 2007 at the
4401:9 November 2007 at the
4198:Bakhtiyar Tuzmukhamedov
890:Bosnia and Herzegovina
499:aut dedere aut judicare
439:peacekeeping operations
184:(commonly known as the
78:Human rights convention
6443:Treaties of Uzbekistan
6383:Treaties of East Timor
6368:Treaties of Tajikistan
6288:Treaties of Seychelles
6283:Treaties of Yugoslavia
6263:Treaties of San Marino
6138:Treaties of Mozambique
6128:Treaties of Montenegro
6103:Treaties of Mauritania
6078:Treaties of Madagascar
6073:Treaties of Luxembourg
6028:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
6013:Treaties of Kazakhstan
5908:Treaties of the Gambia
5798:Treaties of Costa Rica
5763:Treaties of Cape Verde
5688:Treaties of Bangladesh
5678:Treaties of Azerbaijan
5190:Universal jurisdiction
5165:Command responsibility
5058:Incitement to genocide
4996:United Nations Charter
3802:
3019:São Tomé and Príncipe
2950:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2192:Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
796:13 March 1987 (as the
443:health care industries
371:
270:universal jurisdiction
6473:1984 in New York City
6453:Treaties of Venezuela
6328:Treaties of Sri Lanka
6168:Treaties of Nicaragua
6108:Treaties of Mauritius
6068:Treaties of Lithuania
5978:Treaties of Indonesia
5938:Treaties of Guatemala
5668:Treaties of Australia
5658:Treaties of Argentina
5613:Anti-torture treaties
5326:Yogyakarta Principles
4305:Psychological torture
3983:neutral point of view
3930:neutral point of view
3783:
3589:United Arab Emirates
3369:Syrian Arab Republic
412:just following orders
396:political instability
343:
334:Definition of torture
200:that aims to prevent
6373:Treaties of Thailand
6348:Treaties of Eswatini
6338:Treaties of Suriname
6303:Treaties of Slovenia
6298:Treaties of Slovakia
6228:Treaties of Portugal
6208:Treaties of Paraguay
6193:Treaties of Pakistan
6123:Treaties of Mongolia
5963:Treaties of Honduras
5883:Treaties of Ethiopia
5843:Treaties of Djibouti
5788:Treaties of Colombia
5753:Treaties of Cameroon
5748:Treaties of Cambodia
5723:Treaties of Botswana
5256:Brazilian Resolution
5091:International courts
4991:Nuremberg principles
4861:Human Rights First;
4855:Human Rights First;
4379:(13 December 1985),
4290:A 2021 study in the
3788: states parties
3673:28 September 1995 a
3042:23 September 1997 a
2955:21 September 2020 a
2869:Republic of Moldova
2488:14 September 1999 a
2333:13 September 1990 a
2183:16 May 1989 a (then
2166:22 September 2004 a
1714:26 September 2019 a
1476:25 September 2014 a
1325:18 March 1996 a (as
673:13 September 1993 a
633:Antigua and Barbuda
431:military occupations
144:UN Secretary-General
54: states parties
6458:Treaties of Vietnam
6448:Treaties of Vanuatu
6438:Treaties of Uruguay
6393:Treaties of Tunisia
6273:Treaties of Senegal
6248:Treaties of Romania
6243:Treaties of Moldova
6178:Treaties of Nigeria
6143:Treaties of Namibia
6133:Treaties of Morocco
6053:Treaties of Liberia
6048:Treaties of Lesotho
6043:Treaties of Lebanon
5988:Treaties of Ireland
5973:Treaties of Iceland
5893:Treaties of Finland
5878:Treaties of Estonia
5873:Treaties of Eritrea
5853:Treaties of Ecuador
5838:Treaties of Denmark
5808:Treaties of Croatia
5743:Treaties of Burundi
5713:Treaties of Bolivia
5698:Treaties of Belgium
5683:Treaties of Bahrain
5673:Treaties of Austria
5663:Treaties of Armenia
5648:Treaties of Andorra
5643:Treaties of Algeria
5638:Treaties of Albania
5553:Genocide Convention
5038:Crime of aggression
5001:Genocide Convention
3922:promotional content
3425:12 December 1994 d
3304:16 November 2021 a
2938:15 December 2008 a
2903:Russian Federation
2891:18 December 1990 a
2874:28 November 1995 a
2852:Republic of Korea
2694:State of Palestine
2505:28 November 1994 a
2367:17 November 2004 a
2316:26 February 1999 a
2149:12 November 2001 a
2080:5 September 1997 a
2029:21 February 1997 a
1995:13 November 1991 a
1384:Dominican Republic
1226:18 December 1995 a
1051:19 December 1986 a
1000:18 February 1993 a
895:1 September 1993 d
34:
6468:Treaties of Zambia
6413:Treaties of Uganda
6408:Treaties of Tuvalu
6398:Treaties of Turkey
6353:Treaties of Sweden
6258:Treaties of Rwanda
6203:Treaties of Panama
6183:Treaties of Norway
6118:Treaties of Monaco
6113:Treaties of Mexico
6083:Treaties of Malawi
6038:Treaties of Latvia
6023:Treaties of Kuwait
6008:Treaties of Jordan
5993:Treaties of Israel
5953:Treaties of Guyana
5943:Treaties of Guinea
5933:Treaties of Greece
5898:Treaties of France
5818:Treaties of Cyprus
5758:Treaties of Canada
5728:Treaties of Brazil
5703:Treaties of Belize
5573:Geneva Conventions
5043:Crime of apartheid
4981:Geneva Conventions
4762:10.1111/ajps.12684
4200:(Vice-chairperson)
4066:Abderrazak Rouwane
3924:and inappropriate
3803:
3743:5 November 1991 a
3547:3 November 1986 a
3478:23 September 1988
3391:11 January 1995 a
3199:24 January 1990 a
3004:18 September 2002
2840:11 January 2000 a
2680:20 September 2011
2523:26 September 2012
2453:23 October 2006 d
2436:24 January 2002 a
2419:6 December 1991 a
2384:9 December 1992 a
2247:29 September 1987
2229:1 February 1996 a
2098:26 September 2012
2095:21 September 2010
1922:28 September 1992
1819:5 December 1996 a
1767:24 September 2013
1764:12 September 2000
1617:26 October 1994 a
1600:28 September 2018
1493:21 October 1991 a
1454:Equatorial Guinea
1372:5 November 2002 a
1243:12 October 1992 d
1172:22 September 2000
1121:30 September 1988
1118:23 September 1987
1086:11 October 2016 a
1034:15 October 1992 a
946:22 September 2015
943:Brunei Darussalam
931:28 September 1989
928:23 September 1985
656:24 September 1986
621:22 September 2006
600:24 September 2013
585:12 September 1989
281:, extraditing, or
208:around the world.
204:and other acts of
32:
6463:Treaties of Yemen
6363:Treaties of Syria
6333:Treaties of Sudan
6323:Treaties of Spain
6233:Treaties of Qatar
6173:Treaties of Niger
6153:Treaties of Nepal
6148:Treaties of Nauru
6098:Treaties of Malta
6018:Treaties of Kenya
6003:Treaties of Japan
5998:Treaties of Italy
5928:Treaties of Ghana
5903:Treaties of Gabon
5858:Treaties of Egypt
5833:Treaties of Zaire
5778:Treaties of Chile
5708:Treaties of Benin
5595:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5578:Hague Conventions
5529:
5528:
5432:
5431:
5352:International law
5340:
5339:
5198:
5197:
5024:international law
4986:Nuremberg Charter
4976:Hague Conventions
4831:Optional Protocol
4806:978-3-031-17169-7
4593:978-0-19-884617-8
4283:
4282:
4279:31 December 2025
4258:31 December 2023
4237:31 December 2023
4216:31 December 2025
4192:31 December 2023
4171:31 December 2023
4147:31 December 2025
4126:31 December 2025
4103:31 December 2023
4082:31 December 2025
4033:
4032:
4025:
4015:
4014:
4007:
3978:with its subject.
3958:
3957:
3950:
3892:
3891:
3855:
3770:Optional Protocol
3764:
3763:
3760:7 October 1998 a
3705:15 February 1985
3634:21 October 1994 (
3612:8 December 1988 (
3562:27 February 1986
3460:18 November 1987
3408:2 October 2007 a
3374:19 August 2004 a
3269:3 January 1994 a
3217:10 December 1998
3022:6 September 2000
3007:27 November 2006
2906:10 December 1985
2857:9 January 1995 a
2731:22 February 1985
2611:5 October 1998 a
2576:10 December 1989
2558:21 December 1988
2520:12 November 2001
2345:Marshall Islands
2265:13 December 2005
2244:22 February 1985
2132:5 October 2000 a
2012:26 August 1998 a
1834:28 November 1986
1731:5 January 1990 a
1679:7 September 2000
1676:7 September 2000
1582:8 September 2000
1564:18 February 1986
1459:8 October 2002 a
1209:11 November 1993
1136:12 December 1986
983:4 January 1999 a
966:16 December 1986
913:8 September 2000
910:8 September 2000
793:19 December 1985
778:5 October 1998 a
741:16 December 2008
726:16 August 1996 a
688:10 December 1985
582:26 November 1985
455:detention centers
376:international law
178:
177:
16:(Redirected from
6585:
6388:Treaties of Togo
6213:Treaties of Peru
6188:Treaties of Oman
6093:Treaties of Mali
6033:Treaties of Laos
5983:Treaties of Iraq
5888:Treaties of Fiji
5813:Treaties of Cuba
5773:Treaties of Chad
5535:
5534:
5438:
5437:
5346:
5345:
5315:Paris Principles
5240:
5239:
5225:
5218:
5211:
5202:
5201:
5158:Related concepts
5096:
5053:Genocidal intent
4943:
4936:
4929:
4920:
4919:
4810:
4782:
4781:
4741:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4703:. United Nations
4693:
4687:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4661:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4604:
4598:
4597:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4552:
4546:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4508:
4499:
4498:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4469:
4461:
4444:
4431:
4425:
4412:
4406:
4393:
4384:
4374:
4368:
4361:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4109:Todd F. Buchwald
4097:
4095:
4094:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4052:
4051:
4028:
4021:
4010:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3990:
3976:close connection
3968:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3933:
3911:an advertisement
3902:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3884:
3878:
3866:
3865:
3858:
3847:
3825:
3824:
3817:
3799:
3793:
3787:
3754:
3753:
3737:
3736:
3726:5 February 2015
3723:7 November 2013
3719:
3718:
3701:
3700:
3684:
3683:
3667:
3666:
3656:24 October 1986
3653:4 February 1985
3649:
3648:
3627:
3626:
3605:
3604:
3588:
3587:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3558:
3557:
3541:
3540:
3530:24 March 2024 a
3524:
3523:
3507:
3506:
3493:25 January 1988
3489:
3488:
3471:
3470:
3453:
3452:
3442:16 April 2003 a
3436:
3435:
3420:North Macedonia
3419:
3418:
3402:
3401:
3385:
3384:
3368:
3367:
3357:2 December 1986
3354:4 February 1985
3350:
3349:
3336:4 February 1985
3332:
3331:
3321:26 March 2004 a
3315:
3314:
3298:
3297:
3280:
3279:
3263:
3262:
3252:21 October 1987
3249:4 February 1985
3245:
3244:
3234:30 April 2015 a
3228:
3227:
3214:29 January 1993
3210:
3209:
3193:
3192:
3176:
3175:
3165:on 7 July 1988)
3161:
3159:
3158:
3147:
3146:
3129:
3128:
3112:
3111:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3071:
3070:
3057:4 February 1985
3053:
3052:
3036:
3035:
3025:10 January 2017
3018:
3017:
3000:
2999:
2989:28 March 2019 a
2983:
2982:
2972:1 August 2001 a
2966:
2965:
2949:
2948:
2932:
2931:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2902:
2901:
2885:
2884:
2868:
2867:
2851:
2850:
2834:
2833:
2823:9 February 1989
2820:4 February 1985
2816:
2815:
2802:13 January 1986
2798:
2797:
2781:
2780:
2763:
2762:
2749:23 October 1989
2745:
2744:
2727:
2726:
2710:
2709:
2693:
2692:
2676:
2675:
2658:
2657:
2644:4 February 1985
2640:
2639:
2622:
2621:
2605:
2604:
2587:
2586:
2573:14 January 1986
2569:
2568:
2555:4 February 1985
2551:
2550:
2534:
2533:
2516:
2515:
2499:
2498:
2482:
2481:
2464:
2463:
2447:
2446:
2430:
2429:
2413:
2412:
2402:23 January 1986
2395:
2394:
2378:
2377:
2361:
2360:
2350:12 March 2018 a
2344:
2343:
2327:
2326:
2310:
2309:
2299:20 April 2004 a
2293:
2292:
2276:
2275:
2258:
2257:
2240:
2239:
2223:
2222:
2212:2 November 1990
2205:
2204:
2190:
2189:
2177:
2176:
2160:
2159:
2143:
2142:
2126:
2125:
2115:14 April 1992 a
2109:
2108:
2091:
2090:
2074:
2073:
2057:
2056:
2040:
2039:
2023:
2022:
2006:
2005:
1989:
1988:
1972:
1971:
1958:4 February 1985
1954:
1953:
1940:22 October 1986
1936:
1935:
1918:
1917:
1901:
1900:
1890:28 October 1998
1887:23 October 1985
1883:
1882:
1870:14 October 1997
1866:
1865:
1855:23 October 1996
1852:4 February 1985
1848:
1847:
1830:
1829:
1813:
1812:
1796:
1795:
1782:25 January 1988
1778:
1777:
1760:
1759:
1749:10 October 1989
1742:
1741:
1725:
1724:
1708:
1707:
1694:4 February 1985
1690:
1689:
1672:
1671:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1632:13 October 1986
1628:
1627:
1611:
1610:
1597:23 October 1985
1593:
1592:
1579:21 January 1986
1575:
1574:
1561:4 February 1985
1557:
1556:
1543:4 February 1985
1539:
1538:
1521:
1520:
1510:14 March 1994 a
1504:
1503:
1487:
1486:
1470:
1469:
1453:
1452:
1436:
1435:
1419:
1418:
1405:4 February 1985
1401:
1400:
1390:24 January 2012
1387:4 February 1985
1383:
1382:
1366:
1365:
1352:4 February 1985
1348:
1347:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1319:
1318:
1308:on 7 July 1988)
1304:
1302:
1301:
1290:
1289:
1272:
1271:
1258:27 January 1986
1254:
1253:
1237:
1236:
1220:
1219:
1206:4 February 1985
1202:
1201:
1185:
1184:
1168:
1167:
1157:8 December 1987
1150:
1149:
1132:
1131:
1114:
1113:
1097:
1096:
1080:
1079:
1062:
1061:
1045:
1044:
1028:
1027:
1011:
1010:
994:
993:
977:
976:
959:
958:
942:
941:
924:
923:
906:
905:
889:
888:
875:4 February 1985
871:
870:
860:12 March 1992 a
854:
853:
843:17 March 1986 a
837:
836:
823:4 February 1985
819:
818:
806:Byelorussian SSR
804:
802:
801:
789:
788:
772:
771:
755:
754:
737:
736:
720:
719:
702:
701:
684:
683:
667:
666:
653:4 February 1985
649:
648:
632:
631:
614:
613:
596:
595:
578:
577:
561:
560:
547:4 February 1985
543:
541:
540:
522:
521:
451:day care centers
400:public emergency
305:, detention, or
293:involved in the
291:private citizens
250:(ICCPR) and the
167:
166:
119:20 ratifications
87:10 December 1984
65:
59:
53:
47:
35:
31:
21:
6593:
6592:
6588:
6587:
6586:
6584:
6583:
6582:
5598:
5597:
5596:
5587:
5544:
5525:
5445:
5428:
5355:
5336:
5247:
5234:
5229:
5199:
5194:
5170:Superior orders
5153:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5084:
5026:
5023:
5015:
4971:Peremptory norm
4952:
4947:
4896:
4826:List of parties
4817:
4807:
4791:
4789:Further reading
4786:
4785:
4742:
4738:
4728:
4726:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4706:
4704:
4695:
4694:
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4682:
4678:
4668:
4666:
4659:
4655:
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4650:
4640:
4638:
4631:
4627:
4617:
4615:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4594:
4575:
4571:
4561:
4559:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4543:Wayback Machine
4534:
4530:
4520:
4518:
4510:
4509:
4502:
4487:
4483:
4473:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4462:
4447:
4441:Wayback Machine
4432:
4428:
4422:Wayback Machine
4413:
4409:
4403:Wayback Machine
4394:
4387:
4375:
4371:
4362:
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4288:
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4092:
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4000:
3994:
3991:
3980:
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3965:
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3943:
3937:
3934:
3915:
3903:
3899:
3888:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3867:
3863:
3826:
3822:
3815:
3801:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3772:
3748:
3731:
3713:
3695:
3690:12 July 2011 a
3678:
3661:
3643:
3621:
3599:
3594:19 July 2012 a
3582:
3568:
3566:
3552:
3535:
3518:
3513:25 June 1999 a
3501:
3483:
3475:26 August 1987
3465:
3447:
3430:
3413:
3396:
3379:
3362:
3344:
3339:8 January 1986
3326:
3309:
3292:
3287:10 August 2021
3274:
3257:
3239:
3222:
3204:
3187:
3182:16 July 1993 a
3170:
3156:
3154:
3141:
3123:
3106:
3092:
3090:
3080:
3078:
3065:
3060:21 August 1986
3047:
3030:
3012:
2994:
2977:
2960:
2943:
2926:
2912:
2910:
2896:
2879:
2862:
2845:
2828:
2810:
2792:
2787:18 June 1986 a
2775:
2757:
2739:
2734:24 August 1987
2721:
2704:
2699:2 April 2014 a
2687:
2670:
2652:
2634:
2616:
2599:
2581:
2563:
2545:
2528:
2510:
2493:
2476:
2468:8 January 1986
2458:
2441:
2424:
2407:
2389:
2372:
2355:
2338:
2321:
2304:
2287:
2282:11 June 1996 a
2270:
2262:1 October 2001
2252:
2234:
2217:
2199:
2184:
2171:
2154:
2137:
2120:
2103:
2085:
2068:
2063:8 March 1996 a
2051:
2046:22 July 2019 a
2034:
2017:
2000:
1983:
1978:29 June 1999 a
1966:
1948:
1943:3 October 1991
1930:
1912:
1895:
1877:
1860:
1842:
1824:
1807:
1802:26 June 2002 a
1790:
1772:
1754:
1736:
1719:
1702:
1697:6 October 1988
1684:
1666:
1652:
1650:
1639:
1637:
1622:
1605:
1587:
1569:
1551:
1546:30 August 1989
1533:
1515:
1498:
1481:
1464:
1447:
1442:17 June 1996 a
1430:
1425:25 June 1986 a
1413:
1395:
1377:
1360:
1342:
1328:
1326:
1313:
1299:
1297:
1291:Czech Republic
1284:
1276:9 October 1985
1266:
1248:
1231:
1214:
1196:
1191:30 July 2003 a
1179:
1162:
1144:
1139:4 October 1988
1126:
1108:
1091:
1074:
1066:23 August 1985
1056:
1039:
1022:
1005:
988:
971:
953:
936:
918:
900:
883:
865:
848:
831:
813:
799:
797:
783:
766:
761:6 March 1998 a
749:
731:
714:
696:
678:
661:
643:
638:19 July 1993 a
626:
608:
603:2 October 2019
590:
572:
555:
538:
536:
520:
508:
491:
473:
384:
367:public official
336:
331:
329:Main provisions
287:public servants
240:
164:
95:4 February 1985
69:
68:
67:
63:
61:
57:
55:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6591:
6581:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
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6545:
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6505:
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6405:
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6380:
6375:
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6335:
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6320:
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6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
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6280:
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6255:
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5555:
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5546:
5545:
5531:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5503:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5491:
5489:Social Charter
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5434:
5433:
5430:
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5406:
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5279:
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5205:
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5167:
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5136:
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5098:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5083:
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5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5055:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5029:
5027:
5022:Crimes against
5020:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4962:
4960:
4954:
4953:
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4902:
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4890:
4885:
4880:
4871:
4865:
4859:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
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4823:
4816:
4815:External links
4813:
4812:
4811:
4805:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4756:(4): 932–947.
4736:
4714:
4688:
4676:
4648:
4625:
4599:
4592:
4578:Nowak, Manfred
4569:
4547:
4528:
4500:
4497:. p. 145.
4481:
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4104:
4101:
4088:
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4035:Main article:
4031:
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4013:
4012:
3972:
3970:
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3955:
3926:external links
3906:
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3774:Main article:
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3651:
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3631:18 April 1988
3629:
3618:
3617:
3616:not included)
3610:
3609:15 March 1985
3607:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3579:
3578:
3563:
3560:
3549:
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3515:
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3509:
3498:
3497:
3496:2 August 1988
3494:
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3479:
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3473:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3457:25 March 1987
3455:
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3167:
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3163:Czechoslovakia
3151:
3149:
3138:
3137:
3136:25 April 2001
3134:
3133:18 March 1985
3131:
3120:
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3116:
3114:
3103:
3102:
3099:SFR Yugoslavia
3075:
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2772:
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2765:
2754:
2753:
2752:12 March 1990
2750:
2747:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2718:
2717:
2716:9 June 2020 a
2714:
2712:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2662:17 April 2008
2660:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2591:15 April 1985
2589:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2542:
2541:
2540:14 May 1991 a
2538:
2536:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2399:18 March 1985
2397:
2386:
2385:
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2380:
2369:
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2365:
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2352:
2351:
2348:
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2335:
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2245:
2242:
2231:
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2227:
2225:
2214:
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2207:
2206:Liechtenstein
2196:
2195:
2181:
2179:
2168:
2167:
2164:
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2151:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2117:
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2082:
2081:
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2048:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2008:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1927:
1926:
1925:11 April 2002
1923:
1920:
1909:
1908:
1907:7 July 2011 a
1905:
1903:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1839:
1838:
1837:15 April 1987
1835:
1832:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1761:Guinea-Bissau
1751:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1663:
1662:
1633:
1630:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1530:
1529:
1528:16 March 2016
1526:
1523:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1410:
1409:
1408:30 March 1988
1406:
1403:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1339:
1338:
1323:
1321:
1310:
1309:
1306:Czechoslovakia
1294:
1292:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1221:Côte d'Ivoire
1211:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1154:10 April 1985
1152:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1105:
1104:
1103:9 June 1995 a
1101:
1099:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1019:
1018:
1017:4 June 1992 a
1015:
1013:
1002:
1001:
998:
996:
985:
984:
981:
979:
968:
967:
964:
961:
950:
949:
947:
944:
933:
932:
929:
926:
915:
914:
911:
908:
897:
896:
893:
891:
880:
879:
878:12 April 1999
876:
873:
862:
861:
858:
856:
845:
844:
841:
839:
828:
827:
824:
821:
810:
809:
794:
791:
780:
779:
776:
774:
763:
762:
759:
757:
746:
745:
742:
739:
728:
727:
724:
722:
711:
710:
707:
706:14 March 1985
704:
693:
692:
691:8 August 1989
689:
686:
675:
674:
671:
669:
658:
657:
654:
651:
640:
639:
636:
634:
623:
622:
619:
618:5 August 2002
616:
605:
604:
601:
598:
587:
586:
583:
580:
569:
568:
567:11 May 1994 a
565:
563:
552:
551:
548:
545:
533:
532:
529:
526:
519:
516:
507:
504:
490:
487:
472:
466:
435:military bases
404:terrorist acts
383:
382:Ban on torture
380:
335:
332:
330:
327:
239:
236:
198:United Nations
176:
175:
160:
159:
155:
154:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
133:
129:
128:
125:
121:
120:
117:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
62:
56:
50:
49:
48:
40:
39:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6590:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5547:
5543:
5542:
5536:
5532:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5448:
5444:
5439:
5435:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5358:
5354:
5353:
5347:
5343:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5300:
5297:
5294:
5291:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5250:
5246:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5226:
5221:
5219:
5214:
5212:
5207:
5206:
5203:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5156:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5092:
5087:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5070:Slave trading
5068:
5066:
5063:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5018:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4944:
4939:
4937:
4932:
4930:
4925:
4924:
4921:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4905:CAT decisions
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4864:
4860:
4858:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4808:
4802:
4798:
4793:
4792:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4740:
4724:
4718:
4702:
4698:
4692:
4685:
4680:
4665:
4658:
4652:
4636:
4629:
4614:. 5 July 2017
4613:
4609:
4603:
4595:
4589:
4585:
4584:
4579:
4573:
4557:
4551:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4532:
4517:
4513:
4507:
4505:
4496:
4492:
4485:
4466:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4442:
4438:
4435:
4430:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4411:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4392:
4390:
4382:
4378:
4373:
4366:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4341:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4296:
4293:
4278:
4276:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4255:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4234:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4213:
4202:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4189:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4168:
4157:
4155:(chairperson)
4154:
4153:Claude Heller
4151:
4150:
4146:
4144:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4123:
4122:United States
4112:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4100:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4079:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4061:Term Expires
4060:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4027:
4024:
4009:
4006:
3998:
3988:
3984:
3979:
3977:
3971:
3962:
3961:
3952:
3949:
3941:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3907:This section
3905:
3896:
3895:
3886:
3874:
3869:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3852:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3819:
3818:
3810:
3807:
3782:
3777:
3767:
3759:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3711:
3708:29 July 1991
3707:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3575:Ukrainian SSR
3564:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3510:
3508:Turkmenistan
3505:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3211:South Africa
3208:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3152:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3130:Sierra Leone
3127:
3122:
3121:
3118:5 May 1992 a
3117:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3088:
3076:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3039:
3037:Saudi Arabia
3034:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2908:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2805:26 July 1989
2804:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2629:28 June 2001
2628:
2626:28 July 1988
2625:
2620:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2491:
2487:
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2209:27 June 1985
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2015:
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1525:1 March 2016
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1279:18 July 1991
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1069:24 June 1987
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1037:
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1021:
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1016:
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999:
997:
992:
987:
986:
982:
980:
978:Burkina Faso
975:
970:
969:
965:
963:10 June 1986
962:
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951:
948:
945:
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935:
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826:25 June 1999
825:
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723:
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713:
712:
709:29 July 1987
708:
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559:
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550:1 April 1987
549:
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534:
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512:
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462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
419:
417:
413:
409:
408:violent crime
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
379:
377:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
342:
340:
326:
324:
320:
318:
314:
310:
308:
304:
300:
299:interrogation
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
271:
267:
263:
262:municipal law
259:
255:
253:
249:
245:
235:
233:
229:
225:
220:
218:
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209:
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102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
79:
76:
72:
46:
41:
36:
30:
19:
5539:
5443:Regional law
5442:
5350:
5244:
5011:Rome Statute
5005:
4796:
4753:
4749:
4739:
4727:. Retrieved
4717:
4705:. Retrieved
4700:
4691:
4686:, Article 1.
4679:
4667:. Retrieved
4663:
4651:
4639:. Retrieved
4637:. Al Jazeera
4628:
4616:. Retrieved
4611:
4602:
4582:
4572:
4560:. Retrieved
4550:
4531:
4519:. Retrieved
4515:
4490:
4484:
4472:. Retrieved
4429:
4410:
4380:
4372:
4291:
4289:
4044:
4040:
4019:
4001:
3992:
3973:
3944:
3935:
3920:by removing
3916:Please help
3908:
3880:
3872:
3848:
3841:
3835:
3834:Please help
3831:
3808:
3804:
3765:
3437:Timor-Leste
3351:Switzerland
3284:4 June 1986
3229:South Sudan
2919:Soviet Union
2782:Philippines
2770:7 July 1988
2767:29 May 1985
2665:3 June 2010
2647:9 July 1986
2594:5 July 2005
2570:New Zealand
2552:Netherlands
1785:19 May 1988
1746:30 May 1986
1636:
1437:El Salvador
1355:27 May 1987
1261:17 May 1995
744:31 May 2018
544:Afghanistan
525:Participant
510:
509:
497:
493:
492:
480:
475:
474:
469:
463:
420:
386:
385:
372:
359:intimidating
344:
338:
337:
322:
321:
312:
311:
307:imprisonment
266:extraditable
257:
256:
241:
221:
217:jurisdiction
215:under their
210:
189:
185:
181:
179:
111:26 June 1987
29:
4707:10 December
4669:10 December
4131:Maeda Naoko
4087:Ilvija Puce
3668:Uzbekistan
3386:Tajikistan
3113:Seychelles
3001:San Marino
2483:Mozambique
2448:Montenegro
2362:Mauritania
2259:Madagascar
2241:Luxembourg
2075:Kyrgyzstan
2007:Kazakhstan
1203:Costa Rica
1012:Cabo Verde
773:Bangladesh
721:Azerbaijan
470:refoulement
414:from their
339:Article 1.1
124:Signatories
5602:Categories
5075:Starvation
4336:References
4263:Liu Huawen
3995:April 2020
3938:April 2020
3918:improve it
3837:improve it
3316:Swaziland
3264:Sri Lanka
2588:Nicaragua
2379:Mauritius
2224:Lithuania
1884:Indonesia
1726:Guatemala
685:Australia
650:Argentina
528:Signature
511:Article 16
429:or in its
355:confession
173:Wikisource
140:Depositary
5465:European
5080:War crime
4778:244550445
4770:1540-5907
4495:Routledge
3987:talk page
3883:July 2018
3843:talk page
3720:Viet Nam
3403:Thailand
3299:Suriname
3177:Slovenia
3148:Slovakia
2817:Portugal
2746:Paraguay
2659:Pakistan
2431:Mongolia
2294:Maldives
2041:Kiribati
1814:Honduras
1797:Holy See
1505:Ethiopia
1367:Djibouti
1151:Colombia
1046:Cameroon
1029:Cambodia
960:Bulgaria
907:Botswana
494:Article 7
481:refouling
476:Article 3
459:embassies
416:superiors
387:Article 2
351:suffering
283:refouling
279:deporting
213:territory
192:)) is an
158:Full text
150:Languages
116:Condition
108:Effective
5333:(UNDROP)
5301:(UNDRIP)
5048:Genocide
4539:Archived
4521:16 March
4437:Archived
4418:Archived
4399:Archived
4299:See also
3685:Vanuatu
3650:Uruguay
3559:Ukraine
3472:Tunisia
3194:Somalia
3054:Senegal
2886:Romania
2623:Nigeria
2500:Namibia
2465:Morocco
2161:Liberia
2144:Lesotho
2127:Lebanon
1919:Ireland
1849:Iceland
1831:Hungary
1709:Grenada
1629:Germany
1612:Georgia
1540:Finland
1488:Estonia
1471:Eritrea
1402:Ecuador
1349:Denmark
1238:Croatia
1169:Comoros
995:Burundi
820:Belgium
790:Belarus
756:Bahrain
738:Bahamas
703:Austria
668:Armenia
615:Andorra
579:Algeria
562:Albania
427:aircraft
363:coercing
323:Part III
275:evidence
246:(UDHR),
103:New York
100:Location
5295:(DEVAW)
5289:(DEDAW)
4958:Sources
4729:12 June
4641:10 June
4612:Reuters
4562:15 June
4474:16 June
4286:Effects
4233:Moldova
4078:Morocco
3873:updated
3755:Zambia
3542:Uganda
3525:Tuvalu
3490:Turkey
3333:Sweden
3072:Serbia
2933:Rwanda
2799:Poland
2728:Panama
2641:Norway
2414:Monaco
2396:Mexico
2277:Malawi
2110:Latvia
2058:Kuwait
1990:Jordan
1937:Israel
1779:Guyana
1743:Guinea
1691:Greece
1594:Gambia
1558:France
1273:Cyprus
1063:Canada
925:Brazil
838:Belize
597:Angola
468:Ban on
447:schools
313:Part II
295:custody
238:Summary
202:torture
132:Parties
84:Drafted
5322:(VDPA)
5268:(UDHR)
5065:Piracy
4803:
4776:
4768:
4618:6 July
4590:
4272:
4254:France
4251:
4230:
4212:Russia
4209:
4188:Turkey
4185:
4167:Mexico
4164:
4140:
4119:
4099:Latvia
4096:
4075:
4047:Geneva
3798:
3792:
3786:
3738:Yemen
3572:
3281:Sudan
3246:Spain
3160:
3096:
3084:
2984:Samoa
2916:
2835:Qatar
2677:Palau
2606:Niger
2535:Nepal
2517:Nauru
2328:Malta
2178:Libya
2024:Kenya
1973:Japan
1955:Italy
1867:India
1673:Ghana
1656:
1649:. The
1643:
1576:Gabon
1420:Egypt
1332:
1303:
1186:Congo
1133:China
1115:Chile
855:Benin
803:
542:
303:arrest
258:Part I
92:Signed
64:
58:
52:
4909:OHCHR
4774:S2CID
4684:OPCAT
4660:(PDF)
4516:OHCHR
4468:(PDF)
4275:China
4143:Japan
4058:State
3454:Togo
2764:Peru
2711:Oman
2311:Mali
1902:Iraq
1522:Fiji
1335:Zaire
1255:Cuba
1098:Chad
423:ships
190:UNCAT
4801:ISBN
4766:ISSN
4731:2023
4709:2018
4671:2018
4643:2022
4620:2017
4588:ISBN
4564:2008
4523:2022
4476:2008
4055:Name
347:pain
289:and
180:The
74:Type
4907:on
4758:doi
425:or
392:war
361:or
349:or
171:at
135:174
5604::
4772:.
4764:.
4754:67
4752:.
4748:.
4699:.
4662:.
4610:.
4514:.
4503:^
4493:.
4448:^
4388:^
4344:^
3846:.
3638:)
3577:)
3089:;
2921:)
2194:)
1337:)
808:)
502:.
457:,
453:,
449:,
445:,
441:,
437:,
433:,
418:.
406:,
402:,
398:,
297:,
127:83
5224:e
5217:t
5210:v
4942:e
4935:t
4928:v
4809:.
4780:.
4760::
4733:.
4711:.
4673:.
4645:.
4622:.
4596:.
4566:.
4525:.
4478:.
4026:)
4020:(
4008:)
4002:(
3997:)
3993:(
3989:.
3951:)
3945:(
3940:)
3936:(
3932:.
3914:.
3885:)
3881:(
3875:.
3853:)
3849:(
188:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
