380:
258:
357:
851:
182:
388:
1206:
doubt many such occasions had their origins in a genuine concern for the public good The position of the war-band leader as the strong arm of the community's defence would increasingly be confirmed by the subjection of the community to the members of what were becoming, demonstrably, elites, This period, embracing part of the fifth and all of the fourth and third millennia before the present era, is absolutely pivotal to the development of the modern world.
2134:
80:
39:
2146:
731:
Government agencies are not profit-oriented and their employees are often motivated differently. Studies of their work have found contrasting results including both higher levels of effort and fewer hours of work. A survey in the UK found that private sector hiring managers do not credit government
681:
They may involve outputs that are hard to attribute to specific individual effort or hard to measure in terms of key characteristics such as quality. They often require high levels of training and education. They may attract people with a public service ethos who wish to give something to the wider
1271:
of Rome's state god. The
Chinese emperor certainly stood over his subjects as 'Son of Heaven,' but if he fell into disfavor with heaven and his country was visited by famine, plague, earthquakes, and floods, he could be overthrown. The Moloch of Carthage demanded children as sacrifices; the Aztecs
1205:
As the more advanced social institutions began to take shape they contributed to some counterbalancing of the essential insecurity of man's condition. It was inevitable that ambitious and assertive men should see an opportunity for establishing for themselves positions of power and influence. No
732:
experience as much as private sector experience. Public workers tend to make less in wages when adjusting for education, although that difference is reduced when benefits and hours are included. Public servants have other intangible benefits such as increased job security and high wages.
928:
is provided in this manner: the government reimburses part of the price of the medication. Also, bus traffic, electricity, healthcare and waste management are privatized in this way. One recent innovation, used in the UK increasingly as well as
Australia and Canada, is using
916:
until 2007, the rest being owned by private investors. A 49% share did not make it a "government enterprise", but it meant that all other investors together would have to oppose the state's opinion in order to overturn the state's decisions in the shareholder's meeting.
288:
agency, via public financing available to private businesses or voluntary organisations, or provided by private businesses subject to a high level of government regulation. Some public services are provided on behalf of a government's residents or in the
880:
was implemented in the belief that it would make production more efficient. Many public services, especially electricity, fossil fuels and public transport are products of this era. Following the Second World War, many countries also began to implement
760:
at sustainable levels of energy and resource use. They provide analysis about factors in social provisioning and assess that improving beneficial provisioning-factors and infrastructure would allow for sustainable forms of sufficient need satisfaction.
903:
There are several ways to privatize public services. A free-market corporation may be established and sold to private investors, relinquishing government control altogether. Thus it becomes a private (not public) service. Another option, used in the
780:". It set out the coalition's programme for reform of public services, described as a programme of "wide ambitions" expected to be implemented over a period of time, not all at once. Five principles were to underlie open public services:
1236:
Pharaonic Egypt epitomizes a regulatory, public law regime. The principal function of this elaborate apparatus was to maintain order and security, and, above all, to acquire as much of the surplus agricultural wealth and labor as
812:
on public demand for choice in public services which reported in 2013. The principle of choice where possible was embodied in the Choice
Charter, published on 16 May 2013, where four choice principles were outlined:
623:, where private provision is arguably proportionally more significant. Nonetheless, such privately provided public services are often strongly regulated, for example (in the US) by
685:
The process of assessing the needs of the people of an area, and then designing and securing an appropriate public service to meet those needs, is often referred to in the UK as
560:
Governing bodies have long provided core public services. The tradition of keeping citizens secure through organized military defense dates to at least four thousand years ago.
924:, then the corporation is typically heavily regulated, to prevent abuse of monopoly power. Lastly, the government can buy the service on the free market. In many countries,
1333:
1346:
2344:
638:, drainage and sewage disposal, water, gas and electricity supply, police and fire services, the Post Office, transport, hospital services, and the provision of
839:
973:
1030:
McGregor, Eugene B. Jr.; Campbell, Alan K.; Macy, Anthony itua; Cleveland, Harlan (July–August 1982). "Symposium: The Public
Service as Institution".
920:
A regulated corporation can also acquire permits on the agreement that they fulfill certain public service duties. When a private corporation runs a
948:
1267:
To ensure the favor of the gods was the preeminent task of ancient rulers worldwide, for they all were priestly kings. The Roman Caesar was the
192:
1428:"Public sector stigma: The 100,000 workers Tim Hudak removes from the provincial payroll could have a tough transition to the private sector"
988:
1456:
552:
is, however, a global initiative which aims to influence the provision of public services and infrastructure for marginalized demographics.
2433:
1364:
2407:
1400:
361:
1654:
1347:
Modernising
Commissioning: Increasing the role of charities, social enterprises, mutuals and cooperatives in public service delivery
2324:
715:
Public services can be constructed, coordinated and operated in many ways or forms. They include government agencies, independent
2359:
2184:
1871:
908:, is to establish a corporation, but keep ownership or voting power essentially in the hands of the government. For example, the
701:, to determine who will provide the services, at what cost and on what terms. Commissioning is often seen as a cyclical process.
615:. In most developed countries, local or national governments continue to provide such services, the biggest exceptions being the
1260:
1229:
1198:
144:
1000:
983:
116:
1508:"Socio-economic conditions for satisfying human needs at low energy use: An international analysis of social provisioning"
2386:
1563:
284:
intended to address specific needs pertaining to the aggregate members of a community, whether provided directly by a
123:
2417:
1005:
933:, which involve giving a long lease to private consortia in return for partly or fully funding infrastructure costs.
697:: when the private or third sector is involved the process of commissioning will usually be linked with a process of
244:
226:
163:
66:
1163:
2369:
2150:
529:, public services tend to be much less well developed. For example, water services might only be available to the
257:
2412:
1289:
379:
97:
52:
27:
1138:
130:
2459:
2379:
2374:
930:
549:
101:
1550:
1506:
Vogel, Jefim; Steinberger, Julia K.; O'Neill, Daniel W.; Lamb, William F.; Krishnakumar, Jaya (29 June 2021).
1931:
1785:
1647:
503:
1427:
573:(prefectures) under the control of a centrally appointed prefect. Historical evidence of state provision of
2329:
835:
112:
830:
Between
December 2012 and May 2013, "Choice Frameworks" were scheduled for publication covering NHS care,
2177:
2014:
773:
624:
1621:
European Center of
Enterprises with Public Participation and of Enterprises of General Economic Interest
1362:
Frank, Sue A.; Lewis, Gregory B. (March 2004). "Government
Employees: Working Hard or Hardly Working?".
2454:
595:
as public services in developed countries usually began in the late nineteenth century, often with the
23:, a sector of government composed mainly of career service personnel who are hired rather than elected.
293:
of its citizens. The term is associated with a social consensus (usually expressed through democratic
2354:
2339:
2272:
2039:
1991:
1481:
1312:
Eleanor Chance, Christina Colvin, Janet Cooper, C J Day, T G Hassall, Mary Jessup and Nesta Selwyn,
2464:
2287:
2277:
2138:
2034:
1843:
1790:
1640:
1010:
658:(being non rivalrous and non excludable), but most are services which may (according to prevailing
427:
208:
1276:
religions in which the relationship between deity and worshippers was one of contractual exchange.
826:
facilitating complaints over the degree of choice offered as well as over the quality of services.
2364:
2319:
2297:
2282:
1735:
1614:
753:
655:
90:
2391:
2349:
2334:
2292:
2170:
1770:
776:
in the United
Kingdom in July 2011, aimed to create a comprehensive policy framework for "good
698:
2246:
1883:
1826:
1720:
1705:
1623:
1120:
1055:
978:
882:
710:
564:
1579:
1313:
1073:
348:, when made in the public's interest and with its motivations, is a type of public service.
137:
2304:
1866:
801:
518:
392:
8:
2314:
2119:
1888:
1876:
1833:
667:
457:
326:
281:
204:
58:
563:
Maintaining order through local delegated authority originated at least as early as the
200:
2084:
1381:
1047:
943:
757:
674:. They may be provided by local or national monopolies, especially in sectors that are
663:
580:
A primary public service in ancient history involved ensuring the general favor of the
574:
526:
498:
1320:, ed. Alan Crossley and C R Elrington (London, 1979), pp. 350-364, accessed 5 May 2022
2212:
1986:
1966:
1911:
1529:
1385:
1256:
1225:
1194:
958:
422:
399:
266:
1524:
1507:
1272:
and Mayas offered their Gods still-quivering hearts. These political religions were
689:. The commissioned services may be delivered by organisations in the public sector,
2046:
1893:
1861:
1838:
1674:
1519:
1373:
1110:
1039:
921:
905:
877:
694:
675:
513:
483:
302:
387:
2109:
2099:
2056:
2006:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1816:
1811:
1755:
1745:
1684:
1679:
1627:
1610:
1250:
1219:
1188:
1124:
963:
863:
823:
making clear, accessible and high-quality information available to support choice
777:
749:
745:
488:
402:, the term "public services" (or "services of general interest") often includes:
341:
310:
290:
1059:
2094:
2063:
2051:
2019:
1961:
1926:
1921:
1853:
1715:
1710:
1098:
968:
831:
809:
716:
690:
639:
635:
620:
592:
585:
508:
478:
462:
333:
1564:
Barriers to choice - a review of public services and the government's response
2448:
2251:
2236:
2207:
2193:
2104:
2029:
1981:
1806:
1765:
1760:
1740:
1730:
1533:
1377:
953:
898:
616:
472:
345:
285:
20:
1097:
Anderfuhren-Biget, Simon; Varone, Frédéric; Giauque, David (December 2014).
356:
2232:
2089:
2024:
1976:
1971:
1903:
1780:
1775:
1482:"Securing decent living standards for all while reducing global energy use"
1334:
Partnership in Public
Services: An action plan for third sector involvement
850:
659:
596:
577:
through a legal/justice system goes back at least as far as ancient Egypt.
533:
493:
306:
1594:
2227:
2217:
1941:
1916:
1750:
1700:
805:
719:-funded institutes, government-coordinated organizations, civil society,
612:
608:
432:
417:
1224:. Cheltemham, Gloucestershire: Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 43–44.
820:
allowing people the opportunity to exercise choice where it is available
740:
A study concluded that public services are associated with higher human
2222:
2114:
1996:
1936:
1725:
1115:
1051:
995:
925:
744:
satisfaction and lower energy requirements while contemporary forms of
467:
337:
1617:/ Public Services International Research Unit (SIRIUS), February 2006
886:
869:
607:
services. Later, governments began to provide other services such as
412:
365:
322:
318:
567:(5th to 3rd centuries BCE) in ancient China with the institution of
79:
2241:
1043:
720:
643:
600:
544:, which reduces the finance potentially available for expansion to
537:
452:
447:
442:
294:
1632:
817:
allowing people a say in how public services are provided for them
297:) that certain services should be available to all, regardless of
2309:
2079:
909:
748:
are linked with the opposite. Authors find that the contemporary
545:
541:
373:
262:
2162:
1505:
1318:
A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 4, the City of Oxford
1221:
Law's Political Foundations: Rivers, Rifles, Rice, and Religion
913:
873:
631:
530:
369:
314:
298:
1401:"Government Employees Work Less than Private-Sector Employees"
1096:
1029:
855:
671:
654:
A public service may sometimes have the characteristics of a
604:
581:
407:
332:
Even where public services are neither publicly provided nor
1821:
1599:
741:
437:
1566:, published on 24 January 2013, accessed on 19 August 2024
872:
of the first half of the twentieth century. In parts of
1604:
735:
1255:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 4–5.
1336:, published December 2006, accessed 17 February 2021
1349:, page 7, published 2010, accessed 17 February 2021
1332:Cabinet Office, Office of the Third Sector (2006),
858:'Damas de Rojo', volunteers at their local hospital
104:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1099:"Policy Environment and Public Service Motivation"
974:Labour Relations (Public Service) Convention, 1978
630:Examples noted in a history of public services in
1620:
1553:, published 1 July 2011, accessed 8 February 2021
1164:"Sustainable Development Goal 5: Gender equality"
584:through a theologically and ceremonially correct
16:Service(s) provided to all members of a community
2446:
1611:Beyond the Market: The Future of Public Services
787:Decentralisation to the lowest appropriate level
949:Certificate of public convenience and necessity
1090:
756:and that to date no nation can provide decent
2178:
1648:
1252:The Cambridge Companion to Political Theology
1248:
989:The Odisha Right to Public Services Act, 2012
889:under the funding and guidance of the state.
804:conducted an independent review for the UK's
568:
189:The examples and perspective in this article
2434:Civil service reform in developing countries
1582:, published 16 May 2013, accessed 3 May 2024
1365:The American Review of Public Administration
670:, i.e. they do not involve manufacturing of
1605:Public Services International Research Unit
1023:
67:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2185:
2171:
1655:
1641:
1361:
1249:Hovey, Craig; Phillips, Elizabeth (2015).
1578:Open Public Services and Cabinet Office,
1523:
1457:"Are public-sector employees "overpaid"?"
1114:
752:is structurally misaligned with goals of
383:Trains are a public service in Australia.
245:Learn how and when to remove this message
227:Learn how and when to remove this message
164:Learn how and when to remove this message
1398:
849:
682:public or community through their work.
386:
378:
355:
309:. Examples of such services include the
256:
1613:, TIN Public Services Yearbook 2005/6,
868:Nationalization took off following the
726:
2447:
1574:
1572:
1545:
1543:
1454:
1328:
1326:
1143:European Economic and Social Committee
634:include street-repair, cleansing, and
278:service of general (economic) interest
261:Tbilisi Public Service Hall Building,
2166:
1636:
1450:
1448:
1425:
1399:Richwine, Jason (11 September 2012).
1357:
1355:
1217:
2145:
1407:(2724). The Heritage Foundation: 1–6
1186:
1001:United Nations Public Service Awards
984:Right to Public Services legislation
736:Need satisfaction and sustainability
666:. In most cases public services are
175:
102:adding citations to reliable sources
73:
32:
1662:
1569:
1540:
1323:
340:going beyond that applying to most
13:
2408:National civil service commissions
1445:
1352:
1287:
845:
649:
569:
344:for social and political reasons.
14:
2476:
2192:
1588:
1551:Open public services: white paper
1455:Volokh, Sasha (7 February 2014).
1193:. London: Routledge. p. 13.
1006:United Nations Public Service Day
772:, a white paper published by the
48:This article has multiple issues.
2144:
2133:
2132:
892:
548:communities. The United Nations
362:National Bureau of Investigation
180:
78:
37:
1556:
1525:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102287
1499:
1474:
1419:
1392:
1339:
1306:
1290:"Concept Of Public Service (1)"
704:
364:(NBI) headquarters building in
89:needs additional citations for
56:or discuss these issues on the
28:Public service (disambiguation)
1281:
1242:
1211:
1180:
1156:
1139:"Services of general interest"
1131:
1074:"Definition of PUBLIC SERVICE"
1066:
550:Sustainable Development Goal 5
540:reasons, the service is often
336:, they are usually subject to
1:
1932:Needle and syringe programmes
1786:Universal access to education
1600:Public Services International
1294:Andhra Pradesh PCS Exam Notes
1017:
504:Transportation infrastructure
1032:Public Administration Review
591:The widespread provision of
7:
2015:Publicly funded health care
1512:Global Environmental Change
936:
931:public-private partnerships
662:) be under-provided by the
327:public service broadcasting
203:, discuss the issue on the
10:
2481:
1595:Municipal Services Project
1426:Ovsey, Dan (27 May 2014).
1038:(4). Washington: 304–320.
896:
861:
708:
625:Public Utility Commissions
555:
351:
25:
18:
2426:
2400:
2265:
2200:
2128:
2072:
2040:National health insurance
2005:
1992:Supervised injection site
1902:
1852:
1799:
1693:
1670:
784:Choice, wherever possible
764:
723:agencies and volunteers.
2418:Civil service by country
2035:Single-payer health care
1844:Universal basic services
1791:Universal basic services
1378:10.1177/0275074003258823
1011:Universal basic services
428:Environmental protection
19:Not to be confused with
1736:Public good (economics)
1615:Transnational Institute
1218:Haley, John O. (2016).
774:Cameron–Clegg coalition
754:sustainable development
2413:Government occupations
1187:Rice, Michael (1998).
1109:(4). London: 807–825.
859:
395:
384:
376:
269:
2460:Public administration
2247:Public administration
1884:Public infrastructure
1721:Public administration
1706:Free-culture movement
1190:The Power of the Bull
1103:Public Administration
979:New Public Management
883:universal health care
853:
711:Public administration
565:Warring States period
484:Public transportation
390:
382:
359:
260:
2266:By country/territory
1609:Daniel Chavez (ed),
834:, school education,
770:Open Public Services
727:Government employees
527:developing countries
519:Water supply network
393:Ghana Police Service
209:create a new article
201:improve this article
191:may not represent a
98:improve this article
26:For other uses, see
2120:Public viewing area
1889:Public water system
1877:Municipal broadband
1834:Public broadcasting
1461:The Washington Post
458:Public broadcasting
400:developed countries
2085:Government auction
1771:Public procurement
1626:2011-08-13 at the
1116:10.1111/padm.12026
944:Act of entrustment
860:
676:natural monopolies
575:dispute resolution
499:Telecommunications
423:Emergency services
396:
385:
377:
270:
2455:Political economy
2442:
2441:
2213:Government agency
2160:
2159:
1987:Public university
1967:Public open space
1912:Drinking fountain
1872:Telecommunication
1314:'Public Services'
1288:by (2019-10-29).
1262:978-1-107-05274-1
1231:978-1-78536-850-9
1200:978-1-317-72583-1
959:Community service
840:adult social care
334:publicly financed
255:
254:
247:
237:
236:
229:
211:, as appropriate.
174:
173:
166:
148:
71:
2472:
2380:Northern Ireland
2187:
2180:
2173:
2164:
2163:
2148:
2147:
2136:
2135:
2047:Social insurance
1894:Waste management
1862:Electric utility
1839:Public transport
1756:Public ownership
1675:Municipalization
1657:
1650:
1643:
1634:
1633:
1583:
1576:
1567:
1562:Cabinet Office,
1560:
1554:
1549:Cabinet Office,
1547:
1538:
1537:
1527:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1452:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1359:
1350:
1345:Cabinet Office,
1343:
1337:
1330:
1321:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1269:pontifex maximus
1246:
1240:
1239:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1118:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1027:
922:natural monopoly
906:Nordic countries
878:central planning
758:living standards
593:public utilities
572:
514:Waste management
479:Public utilities
463:Public libraries
453:Public buildings
342:economic sectors
303:physical ability
250:
243:
232:
225:
221:
218:
212:
184:
183:
176:
169:
162:
158:
155:
149:
147:
113:"Public service"
106:
82:
74:
63:
41:
40:
33:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2465:Public services
2445:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2422:
2396:
2261:
2196:
2191:
2161:
2156:
2124:
2110:Public security
2100:Public offering
2068:
2057:Social security
2007:Social services
2001:
1957:Public hospital
1952:Public computer
1947:Public bookcase
1898:
1848:
1817:Law enforcement
1812:Fire department
1795:
1746:Public interest
1689:
1685:Progressive tax
1680:Nationalization
1666:
1664:Public services
1661:
1628:Wayback Machine
1591:
1586:
1577:
1570:
1561:
1557:
1548:
1541:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1453:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1408:
1397:
1393:
1360:
1353:
1344:
1340:
1331:
1324:
1311:
1307:
1298:
1296:
1286:
1282:
1263:
1247:
1243:
1232:
1216:
1212:
1201:
1185:
1181:
1172:
1170:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1148:
1146:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1095:
1091:
1082:
1080:
1078:Merriam-Webster
1072:
1071:
1067:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
964:Good governance
939:
901:
895:
866:
864:Nationalization
848:
846:Nationalization
800:The journalist
778:public services
767:
750:economic system
746:economic growth
738:
729:
713:
707:
652:
650:Characteristics
599:development of
558:
523:
489:Social services
354:
251:
240:
239:
238:
233:
222:
216:
213:
198:
185:
181:
170:
159:
153:
150:
107:
105:
95:
83:
42:
38:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2478:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2392:European Union
2389:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2375:United Kingdom
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2257:Public service
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2167:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2142:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2095:Public holiday
2092:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2064:Youth services
2061:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2052:Social pension
2044:
2043:
2042:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2020:Public housing
2017:
2011:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1962:Public library
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1927:Infrastructure
1924:
1922:Free education
1919:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1856:
1854:Public utility
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1827:Savings system
1822:Postal service
1819:
1814:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1800:Basic services
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1716:Product sample
1713:
1711:Free newspaper
1708:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1618:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1590:
1589:External links
1587:
1585:
1584:
1580:Choice Charter
1568:
1555:
1539:
1498:
1473:
1444:
1432:Financial Post
1418:
1391:
1351:
1338:
1322:
1305:
1280:
1261:
1241:
1230:
1210:
1199:
1179:
1155:
1130:
1089:
1065:
1044:10.2307/975969
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
992:
991:
981:
976:
971:
969:Infrastructure
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
940:
938:
935:
897:Main article:
894:
891:
862:Main article:
847:
844:
838:education and
832:social housing
828:
827:
824:
821:
818:
810:Cabinet Office
798:
797:
796:Accountablity.
794:
791:
788:
785:
766:
763:
737:
734:
728:
725:
709:Main article:
706:
703:
691:private sector
651:
648:
586:state religion
557:
554:
522:
521:
516:
511:
509:Urban planning
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
404:
391:A unit of the
353:
350:
274:public service
253:
252:
235:
234:
195:of the subject
193:worldwide view
188:
186:
179:
172:
171:
86:
84:
77:
72:
46:
45:
43:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2477:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2387:United States
2385:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2252:Public policy
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2237:Spoils system
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2208:Public sector
2206:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2194:Civil service
2188:
2183:
2181:
2176:
2174:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2153:
2152:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2105:Public sector
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2030:Job guarantee
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1982:Public toilet
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1972:Public school
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1867:Oil & gas
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1807:Civil service
1805:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1766:Public rights
1764:
1762:
1761:Public policy
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1741:Public health
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1731:Public domain
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1565:
1559:
1552:
1546:
1544:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1449:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1358:
1356:
1348:
1342:
1335:
1329:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1245:
1238:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1214:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1183:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1022:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
990:
987:
986:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
954:Civil service
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
941:
934:
932:
927:
923:
918:
915:
912:owned 49% of
911:
910:Finnish state
907:
900:
899:Privatization
893:Privatization
890:
888:
885:and expanded
884:
879:
875:
871:
865:
857:
852:
843:
841:
837:
833:
825:
822:
819:
816:
815:
814:
811:
807:
803:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
782:
781:
779:
775:
771:
762:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
733:
724:
722:
718:
712:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
687:commissioning
683:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
589:
587:
583:
578:
576:
571:
566:
561:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
532:
528:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
474:
473:Public policy
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
403:
401:
394:
389:
381:
375:
371:
367:
363:
358:
349:
347:
346:Public policy
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
311:fire services
308:
307:mental acuity
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
286:public sector
283:
279:
275:
268:
264:
259:
249:
246:
231:
228:
220:
210:
206:
202:
196:
194:
187:
178:
177:
168:
165:
157:
154:December 2016
146:
143:
139:
136:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115: –
114:
110:
109:Find sources:
103:
99:
93:
92:
87:This article
85:
81:
76:
75:
70:
68:
61:
60:
55:
54:
49:
44:
35:
34:
29:
22:
21:Civil service
2430:
2256:
2233:Merit system
2149:
2137:
2090:Public float
2025:Job creation
1977:Public space
1904:Public works
1781:Public value
1776:Public trust
1663:
1558:
1515:
1511:
1501:
1489:. Retrieved
1485:
1476:
1464:. Retrieved
1460:
1435:. Retrieved
1431:
1421:
1409:. Retrieved
1405:Backgrounder
1404:
1394:
1372:(1): 36–51.
1369:
1363:
1341:
1317:
1308:
1297:. Retrieved
1293:
1283:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1251:
1244:
1235:
1220:
1213:
1204:
1189:
1182:
1171:. Retrieved
1167:
1158:
1147:. Retrieved
1145:. 2012-07-09
1142:
1133:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1081:. Retrieved
1077:
1068:
1035:
1031:
1025:
919:
902:
867:
829:
799:
769:
768:
739:
730:
714:
705:Implications
695:third sector
686:
684:
680:
660:social norms
653:
642:, parks and
629:
590:
579:
562:
559:
534:middle class
524:
494:State school
468:Public parks
397:
331:
277:
273:
271:
241:
223:
214:
190:
160:
151:
141:
134:
127:
120:
108:
96:Please help
91:verification
88:
64:
57:
51:
50:Please help
47:
2345:New Zealand
2228:Technocracy
2218:Bureaucracy
1942:Public bank
1917:Free clinic
1751:Public land
1701:Common good
854:A group of
836:early years
802:David Boyle
699:procurement
656:public good
613:health care
609:electricity
433:Health care
418:Electricity
2449:Categories
2401:Categories
2278:Bangladesh
2223:Bureaucrat
2115:Public use
1997:Urban park
1937:Public art
1726:Public bad
1518:: 102287.
1466:18 January
1437:16 January
1411:16 January
1299:2020-09-24
1173:2020-09-23
1149:2020-06-16
1125:1639861884
1083:2019-08-21
1018:References
996:SGI Europe
926:medication
870:World wars
644:cemeteries
542:subsidized
398:In modern
338:regulation
323:paramedics
124:newspapers
53:improve it
2431:See also:
2370:Sri Lanka
2365:Singapore
2298:Hong Kong
2273:Australia
1534:0959-3780
1386:155017646
1274:do ut des
1237:possible.
1060:197199863
887:education
790:Diversity
597:municipal
538:political
413:Education
366:Tikkurila
319:air force
295:elections
217:July 2020
205:talk page
59:talk page
2355:Pakistan
2340:Malaysia
2242:Diplomat
2201:Concepts
2139:Category
2073:See also
1694:Concepts
1624:Archived
1486:phys.org
1168:UN Women
1121:ProQuest
1056:ProQuest
937:See also
808:and the
806:Treasury
793:Fairness
721:military
668:services
636:lighting
619:and the
448:Policing
443:Military
291:interest
199:You may
2350:Nigeria
2325:Ireland
2310:Germany
2151:Commons
2080:Commons
1491:10 July
1052:i240003
856:Chilean
556:History
531:wealthy
475:-making
374:Finland
352:Sectors
282:service
280:is any
267:Georgia
263:Tbilisi
138:scholar
2360:Russia
2315:Greece
2305:France
2288:Canada
2283:Brazil
1532:
1384:
1259:
1228:
1197:
1123:
1058:
1050:
914:Kemira
874:Europe
765:Choice
664:market
632:Oxford
546:poorer
536:. For
408:Courts
370:Vantaa
315:police
299:income
140:
133:
126:
119:
111:
2335:Japan
2330:Italy
2320:India
2293:China
1382:S2CID
1316:, in
1048:JSTOR
717:state
672:goods
640:baths
605:water
207:, or
145:JSTOR
131:books
1530:ISSN
1493:2021
1468:2016
1439:2016
1413:2016
1257:ISBN
1226:ISBN
1195:ISBN
742:need
617:U.S.
611:and
603:and
582:gods
570:xiĂ n
438:Mail
360:The
325:and
117:news
1520:doi
1374:doi
1111:doi
1040:doi
693:or
601:gas
525:In
305:or
276:or
100:by
2451::
2235:/
1571:^
1542:^
1528:.
1516:69
1514:.
1510:.
1484:.
1459:.
1447:^
1430:.
1403:.
1380:.
1370:34
1368:.
1354:^
1325:^
1292:.
1265:.
1234:.
1203:.
1166:.
1141:.
1119:.
1107:92
1105:.
1101:.
1076:.
1054:.
1046:.
1036:42
1034:.
876:,
842:.
678:.
646:.
627:.
621:UK
588:.
372:,
368:,
329:.
321:,
317:,
313:,
301:,
272:A
265:,
62:.
2186:e
2179:t
2172:v
1656:e
1649:t
1642:v
1536:.
1522::
1495:.
1470:.
1441:.
1415:.
1388:.
1376::
1302:.
1176:.
1152:.
1127:.
1113::
1086:.
1062:.
1042::
248:)
242:(
230:)
224:(
219:)
215:(
197:.
167:)
161:(
156:)
152:(
142:·
135:·
128:·
121:·
94:.
69:)
65:(
30:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
