Superpower - Knowledge

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position of the United States as the world's largest long-term creditor nation and its principal supplier of goods; moreover, it had built up a strong industrial and technological infrastructure that had greatly advanced its military strength into a primary position on the global stage. Despite attempts to create multinational coalitions or legislative bodies (such as the United Nations), it became increasingly clear that the superpowers had very different visions about what the post-war world ought to look like and after the withdrawal of British aid to

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the claim that the world was unipolar, arguing: "There is now only one superpower. But that does not mean that the world is unipolar", describing it instead as "a strange hybrid, a uni-multipolar system with one superpower and several major powers". He further wrote that "Washington is blind to the fact that it no longer enjoys the dominance it had at the end of the Cold War. It must relearn the game of international politics as a major power, not a superpower, and make compromises".

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will be a far more challenging entity for the West to confront. The authors state that China's military dominance in the Asia-Pacific is already eroding American influence at a rapid pace, and the costs for the US to defend its interests there will continue to rise. Moreover, China's economic influence has already broken out of its regional confines long ago and is on track to directly contest the US role as the center for economic trade and commerce.

154: 433: 376: 764: 38: 2227: 301:, "a superpower must be able to conduct a global strategy, including the possibility of destroying the world; to command vast economic potential and influence; and to present a universal ideology". Although "many modifications may be made to this basic definition". According to Professor June Teufel Dreyer, " superpower must be able to project its power, soft and hard, globally". In his book 727:

time would not match. Additionally, some experts have suggested the possibility of the United States losing its superpower status completely in the future, citing speculation of its decline in power relative to the rest of the world, economic hardships, a declining dollar, Cold War allies becoming less dependent on the United States, and the emergence of future powers around the world.

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theorize that because the threat of the Soviet Union no longer exists to formerly American-dominated regions such as Western Europe and Japan, American influence is only declining since the end of the Cold War because such regions no longer need protection or have necessarily similar foreign policies

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as a central goal of policy. As the majority of World War II had been fought far from its national boundaries, the United States had not suffered the industrial destruction nor massive civilian casualties that marked the wartime situation of the countries in Europe or Asia. The war had reinforced the

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Russia with methods like those employed during the Cold War with the Soviet Union, though this would be tested by Russia's overt and covert efforts to destabilize Western alliances and political systems. On the other hand, China is a peer competitor to the United States that cannot be contained, and

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wrote: "The United States, of course, is the sole state with preeminence in every domain of power – economic, military, diplomatic, ideological, technological, and cultural – with the reach and capabilities to promote its interests in virtually every part of the world". However, Huntington rejected

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The idea that the Cold War period revolved around only two blocs, or even only two nations, has been challenged by some scholars in the post–Cold War era, who have noted that the bipolar world only exists if one ignores all of the various movements and conflicts that occurred without influence from

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which spoke of the global reach of a super-empowered nation. Fox used the word superpower to identify a new category of power able to occupy the highest status in a world in which—as the war then raging demonstrated—states could challenge and fight each other on a global scale. According to him, at

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The Suez Crisis in particular is regarded by historians to be a political and diplomatic disaster for the British Empire, as it led to large-scale international condemnation, including extensive pressure from the United States and Soviet Union. This forced the British and the French to withdraw in

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in Canada, "generally, this term was used to signify a political community that occupied a continental-sized landmass; had a sizable population (relative at least to other major powers); a superordinate economic capacity, including ample indigenous supplies of food and natural resources; enjoyed a

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option whereby the most powerful nations, the superpowers, reduce their interventions in an area. Such disengagement could be multilateral among superpowers or lesser powers, or bilateral between two superpowers, or unilateral. It could mean an end to either direct or indirect interventions. For

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predicted that the United States superpower status will have eroded to merely being first among equals by 2030, but that it would remain highest among the world's most powerful countries because of its influence in many different fields and global connections that the great regional powers of the

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The term potential superpowers has been applied by scholars and other qualified commentators to the possibility of several political entities achieving superpower status in the 21st century. Due to their large markets, growing military strength, economic potential, and influence in international

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survey found that 57% of global investors predicted that China would replace the U.S. as the world's biggest superpower by 2030. However, many historians, writers, and critics have expressed doubts whether China or India would ever emerge as a new superpower. Some political scientists and other

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No agreed definition of what a superpower is exists and may differ between sources. However, a fundamental characteristic that is consistent with all definitions of a superpower is a nation or state that has mastered the seven dimensions of state power, namely geography, population, economy,

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in world history and considered the foremost great power, holding sway over 25% of the world's population and controlling about 25% of the Earth's total land area, while the United States and the Soviet Union grew in power before and during World War II. The UK would face serious political,

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These are proposed examples of ancient or historical superpowers, taking into account that the knowledge of what the "known world" was constitued was extremely limited in past eras (for example, Europeans became aware of the existence of the Americas and Australia only after the

1057:(2001), French sociologist Emmanuel Todd predicts the eventual decline and fall of the United States as a superpower. "After years of being perceived as a problem-solver, the US itself has now become a problem for the rest of the world." Since the 2010s, as a result of 714:

is too simplified, in part because of the difficulty in classifying the European Union at its current stage of development. Others argue that the notion of a superpower is outdated, considering complex global economic interdependencies and propose that the world is

102:. While a great power state is capable of exerting its influence globally, superpowers are states so influential that no significant action can be taken by the global community without first considering the positions of the superpowers on the issue. 267:

financial, and colonial issues after World War II that left it unable to match Soviet or American power. Ultimately, Britain's empire would gradually dissolve over the course of the 20th century, sharply reducing its global power projection.

235:. This was because the United States and the Soviet Union had proved themselves to be capable of casting great influence in global politics and military dominance. The term in its current political meaning was coined by Dutch-American 1014:(IMF) which it had previously ironically helped create, receiving funding of $ 3.9 billion, the largest-ever loan to be requested up until that point. In 1979, the country suffered major widespread strikes known as the 622:

After the Soviet Union disintegrated in the early 1990s, the term hyperpower began to be applied to the United States as the sole remaining superpower of the Cold War era. This term, popularized by French foreign minister

738:, Professor Howard J. Shatz, and policy analyst Ali Wyne, Russia in the breakdown of a disintegrating unipolar world order, while not a peer competitor to the United States, would still remain a player and a potential 1875:

The contact between distant civilizations was highly facilitated as well as the mapping of a large part of the planet, with people in this historical period having a better understanding of the global map of the

315:, argues that a superpower is "a country that can exert enough military, political, and economic power to persuade nations in every region of the world to take important actions they would not otherwise take". 5871: 3486: 1086:

to de-escalate a superpower conflict back to a local problem based on local disputes. Disengagement can create buffers between superpowers that might prevent conflicts or reduce the intensity of conflicts.

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In the early history of both regions contact between these civilization was very limited, long distance trade definitely occurred but primarily through long chains of intermediaries rather than directly.

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military alliances, respectively, as most of Europe became aligned with either the United States or the Soviet Union. These alliances implied that these two nations were part of an emerging

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alongside only four other powers, and is one of the nine nuclear powers. Its capital city, London, continues to be regarded as one of the pre-eminent cities in the world, being ranked as a

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affairs, China, the European Union, India, and Russia are among the political entities most cited as having the potential of achieving superpower status in the 21st century. In 2020, a new

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According to Lyman Miller, "he basic components of superpower stature may be measured along four axes of power: military, economic, political, and cultural (or what political scientist

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Contact with other civilizations was very limited, long distance trade with Mesopotamia definitely occurred but primarily through long chains of intermediaries rather than directly.

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and United States. In the 1960s, the movement for decolonization reached its peak, with remaining imperial holdings achieving independence, accelerating the transition from the

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failures, and China's growing influence around the world, some academics and geopolitical experts have argued that the United States may already be experiencing a decay in its

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Really regular contact between Egypt, Mesopotamia and Anatolia really dates from this period. Mitanni was an important intermediary in the trade between these civilizations.

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of 1956 is considered by some commentators to be the beginning of the end of Britain's period as a superpower, but other commentators have pointed much earlier such as in

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Increasing doubts have emerged around the potential of Russia to gain superpower status given its declining economy, severe military underperformance during the

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or even an established one, as China represents the "biggest geopolitical test of the 21st century" to the United States, as it is "the only country with enough

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is an example of formal, multilateral, superpower disengagement which left Austria as neutral for the duration of the Cold War, with Austria staying out of the

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high degree of non-dependence on international intercourse; and, most importantly, had a well-developed nuclear capacity (eventually, normally defined as

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of the United Kingdom later experienced deindustrialization throughout the 1970s, coupled with high inflation and industrial unrest that unraveled the

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in the late 1990s, is controversial and the validity of classifying the United States in this way is disputed. One notable opponent to this theory is

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Many of the nations of this historical period were never superpowers, however they were regional powers with influence in their respective regions.

5886: 5820: 2593: 5302:, 37:2, 2002. pp. 115–36. – an explanation of the relations between the superpowers in the 20th century based on the notion of recognition. 6148: 386: 2869: 2705: 5398: 2475: 2146: 121:, the British Empire dissolved, leaving the United States and the Soviet Union to dominate world affairs. At the end of the Cold War and the 90:

on a global scale. This is done through the combined means of economic, military, technological, political, and cultural strength as well as

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The two countries opposed each other ideologically, politically, militarily, and economically. The Soviet Union promoted the ideology of

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by the Mori Foundation. In 2022, the United Kingdom was ranked the foremost European country in terms of soft power by Brand Finance.

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that moment, there were three states that were superpowers, namely the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom. The

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The more important candidates for disengagement were where Soviet and US forces faced each other directly such as in Germany and

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in a series of lectures in 1943 about the potential shape of a new post-war world order. This formed the foundation for the book

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During the Middle Ages the region was known by Arab merchants. Europeans were aware that the region existed (to the point that

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The record of such predictions has not been perfect. For example, in the 1980s, some commentators thought Japan would

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in the 21st century, including a formidable military. The United Kingdom continues to have a permanent seat on the

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world, with the United States as the world's sole remaining superpower. In 1999, political scientist and author

6233: 5261: 5148: 3786: 3344: 2085: 817:, as opposed to potential superpowers. The European Union has been called a "regulatory superpower" due to the 4681:"British Hegemony and Major Power War, 1815–1939: An Empirical Test of Gilpin's Model of Hegemonic Governance" 1864:

in 1688 and its pioneering role in the industrialization process in the 18th century would lead to its global

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Li, Bo; Zheng Yin (Chinese) (2001) 5000 years of Chinese history, Inner Mongolian People's publishing corp,

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either of the two superpowers. Additionally, much of the conflict between the superpowers was fought in

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status as early as 1944, but only gained its specific meaning with regard to the United States and the

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Strands of Modernization: The Circulation of Technology and Business Practices in East Asia, 1850–1920

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Russia Is a Rogue, Not a Peer; China Is a Peer, Not a Rogue: Different Challenges, Different Responses

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This article is about the geographic and political term. For the fictional superhuman abilities, see

2328:. Biennial meeting, South African Political Studies Association, 29 June-2 July 1999. Archived from 6062: 5784: 5699: 4665: 3725: 3608: 2877: 2832: 2703: 906:

made a similar prediction in 1976. Due to Russia's capabilities of conventional warfare during the

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Countries with the military bases and facilities of the present sole superpower – the United States

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The Super-powers: the United States, Britain, and the Soviet union—their responsibility for peace

1229: 1058: 995: 887: 667: 619:, which more often than not involved issues more complex than the standard Cold War oppositions. 390: 263: 255:

The Superpowers: The United States, Britain and the Soviet Union — Their Responsibility for Peace

91: 5007: 3464:"EU foreign policy chief dismisses Russia's superpower status, doubts Trump will pay Syria bill" 3363:"The world's regulatory superpower is taking on a regulatory nightmare: artificial intelligence" 3005: 4995: 4212: 3885: 2991: 2767:

Benjamin O. Fordham by World Peace Foundation; Massachusetts Institute of Technology April 1998

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Lonely Superpower or Unapologetic Hyperpower? Analyzing American Power in the post–Cold War Era

1978: 1914: 1853: 1641: 1007: 298: 4626: 3199: 2656: 2305:(Published 2008), by Professor George C. Herring (Professor of History at Kentucky University) 849:, and its loss of influence in Central Asia, a region once dominated by Moscow for centuries. 6153: 6057: 5739: 1377: 1224: 1171: 1130: 1098:

and the United States, largely because of the risk of any superpower conflict to escalate to

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has colloquially been applied by some authors retrospectively to describe various preeminent

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instance, disengagement could mean that the superpowers remove their support of proxies in

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The World Economy – Volume 1: A Millennial Perspective and Volume 2: Historical Statistics

8: 6133: 5810: 5694: 5689: 5158: 4896:. By Steven Englund. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004. Pp. xiv+575. $ 18.95" 3593: 3426: 2283: 2080: 1997: 1989: 1970: 1861: 1819: 1744: 1416: 1372: 1251: 1219: 1062: 83: 79: 5872:

Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC)

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The Elephant and the Dragon: The Rise of India and China and What it Means for All of Us

2571: 2329: 1773: 836:, creating a long period of economic slump in the country which has become known as the 5162: 4708: 4445: 4325: 4142: 4089: 3859: 3286: 3101: 2987: 2408:"The Debate – Macron in the middle? French president in China amid superpower showdown" 2257: 2186: 1624: 1605: 1535: 1345: 1314: 282: 3751:"Global Soft Power Index 2022: USA bounces back better to top of nation brand ranking" 3177: 2611: 6218: 5917: 5684: 5644: 5437: 5365: 5347: 5336: 5274: 5234: 5172: 5123: 5066: 5011: 4976: 4966: 4915: 4872: 4826: 4783: 4700: 4636: 4542: 4532: 4505: 4489: 4468: 4449: 4437: 4396: 4363: 4329: 4317: 4270: 4228: 4146: 4134: 4093: 4079: 4032: 3989: 3954: 3944: 3851: 3430: 3246: 3232: 3216: 3105: 2967: 2720: 2666: 2249: 2065: 1884: 1841: 1748: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1393: 1387: 1149:

is perhaps the most controversial proposal of superpower disengagement from Germany.

1111: 1003: 955: 585: 555: 250: 217: 182: 158: 52: 5937: 5314: 4501: 3973: 3058: 2757: 1567: 624: 5674: 5627: 5553: 5376: 5058: 5003: 4907: 4864: 4818: 4775: 4692: 4586: 4497: 4429: 4417: 4388: 4355: 4309: 4262: 4220: 4126: 4071: 4067: 4024: 3985: 3981: 3843: 3589: 3487:"View: Russia is a Potemkin superpower. The Ukrainian invasion has made that clear" 3422: 3093: 3062: 2241: 2040: 1837: 1825: 1662: 1600: 1585: 1487: 1455: 1255: 1159: 1046: 911: 731: 675: 562: 550: 239: 197: 87: 4767: 4433: 4254: 3654: 3198:

CNN (1999). Visions of China. CNN Specials, 1999. Retrieved on 11 March 2007 from

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Economic Interests, Party, and Ideology in Early Cold War Era U.S. Foreign Policy

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Robert Frazier, 'Did Britain Start the Cold War? Bevin and the Truman Doctrine',

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Not fully known outside East Asia. The West knew of these powers because of the

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Note: Does not take into account city-states and stateless nomadic peoples.

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objectives on an equal footing with the new superpowers without sacrificing

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Apart from its common denotation of the foremost post-WWII states, the term

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Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia

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Maher, Paul J; Igou, Eric R; van Tilburg, Wijnand A.P. (16 January 2018).

2284:"These Are the 5 Reasons Why the U.S. Remains the World's Only Superpower" 1579: 1449: 1330:(isolated civilization, little information about their type of government) 1317:(isolated civilization, little information about their type of government) 1022:

to China was seen by experts as the definitive end of the British Empire.

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Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA)

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as other key points in Britain's decline and loss of superpower status.

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The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives

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Gary E. Oldenburger by Oldenburger Independent Studies; December 2002

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commentators have even suggested that such countries might simply be

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Socialist states not allied with the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact

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Empires in world history : power and the politics of difference

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U.S. no longer superpower, now a besieged global power, scholars say

2476:"China poses "biggest geopolitical test" for the U.S., Blinken says" 2245: 541:, financially weakened by two world wars, could not then pursue its 432: 5825: 4911: 4632: 3644:

History's worst decisions and the people who made them, pp. 167–172

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Socialist states allied with the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact

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Known world by the ancient Greeks before the Hellenistic period

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The term usually refers to various policy proposals during the

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This map shows two global spheres during the Cold War in 1980:

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influence. Traditionally, superpowers are preeminent among the

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that holds a dominant position characterized by the ability to

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Spain's Road To Empire: The Making Of A World Power, 1492–1763

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Spain's Road To Empire: The Making Of A World Power, 1492–1763

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Experts argue that this older single-superpower assessment of

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The term was first used to describe nations with greater than

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State with extensive power or influence over much of the world

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

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Fertile Crescent and Mediterranean Sea in the Late Bronze Age

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From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776

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was the reserve currency in the Mediterranean and Near East

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Australia–New Zealand–United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)

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http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1999/china.50/asian.superpower/

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Nevertheless, the United Kingdom today has retained global

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Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)

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According to historical statistics and research from the

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Known world by the ancient Romans in their republican era

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Superpower: Three Choices for America's Role in the World

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South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)

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Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)

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Brill's Companion to Sieges in the Ancient Mediterranean

4060:"The Nature of Siege Warfare in the Neo-Assyrian Period" 3980:. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 1–7. 3121:"Vladimir Putin and Viktor Orban's special relationship" 1061:

within the United States, as well as globally perceived

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world, in contrast with a previously multipolar world.

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in the 19th century and early 20th century (before the

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Known world by Medieval Europeans and Middle Easterners

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Known world by the ancient Romans in their imperial era

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After the Empire – The Breakdown of the American Order

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

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Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion

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Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (26 August 2004).

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world has in the past been considered by some to be a

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After the Empire: The Breakdown of the American Order

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Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF)

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The Recognition Game: Soviet Russia Against the West

4817:, London: Macmillan Education UK, pp. 122–162, 3778: 2689:

Adam Klug and Gregor W. Smith, 'Suez and Sterling',

2007: 1122:

withdrew US troops from Vietnam in the early 1970s.

742:

that would undermine global affairs. The West could

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Russia in the 21st Century: The Prodigal Superpower

3804: 3693: 1948: 1570:(little information about their type of government) 1550:(little information about their type of government) 1538:(little information about their type of government) 1102:. Examples of one-sided disengagement include when 631:, who rejects this theory in favor of a multipolar 584:while the United States promoted the ideologies of 5913:Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation 5105: 3514:"War proves that Russia is no longer a superpower" 1813: 635:. Other international relations theorists such as 3452:1988 article "Japan From Superrich To Superpower" 3057:Dobbins, James; Shatz, Howard; Wyne, Ali (2018). 2612:"PDF Version – Foreign Policy Research Institute" 1698:(known by the Europeans in its very last years), 6190: 4023:, Routledge, pp. 499–520, 4 December 2013, 1106:decided to end Soviet support for the communist 6134:India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA) 5247: 4935:"Turkey Could Be a Naval Power in Europe Again" 4562:""Tang Civilization and the Chinese Centuries"" 4380: 3118: 2980: 2275: 1659:) (known by Europeans, Indians and East Asians) 1094:which attempted to defuse tensions between the 6079:Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS) 5959:Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) 5867:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 4465:State, Power and Legitimacy: The Gupta Kingdom 2098:(the business equivalent of a powerful nation) 670:trading floor. Economic power such as a large 5392: 5002:, Princeton University Press, pp. 1–18, 4958: 4219:, Oxford University Press, pp. 112–140, 4115:"In Defense of Nebuchadnezzar II the Warrior" 3029: 2945: 1408:, minted by many states, most notably in the 1152: 4213:"State Communications in the Persian Empire" 3543: 3137: 3082:Social Psychological and Personality Science 2954:. Archived from the original on 6 April 2003 2948:"The war that may end the age of superpower" 2867: 2785: 2437:"There are only two global superpowers left" 2000:accounted for roughly ⅔ of the world's GDP. 1887:(main reserve currency from c.1450 to 1530: 1507:, although little information reached them. 982:embarrassment and cemented the increasingly- 966:from the United States in 1945, the postwar 558:in 1947, the United States took the lead in 5054:The British Empire as a Superpower, 1919–39 3505: 2549:The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective 1644:(Known by Arabs, Europeans and East Asians) 1072: 779:—supported in varying degrees by academics 678:are important factors in the projection of 6089:Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries 5816:Central American Integration System (SICA) 5399: 5385: 5259: 5157: 4494:The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration 3511: 3231: 2898: 2844: 2736:, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Sep. 1984), pp. 715–727. 2721:The Cold War: The Geography of Containment 2693:, Vol. 36, No. 3 (July 1999), pp. 181–203. 1963:(main reserve currency from 1815 to 1920: 1917:(main reserve currency from 1720 to 1815: 1907:(main reserve currency from 1640 to 1720: 1897:(main reserve currency from 1530 to 1640: 1789:Isolated civilizations in relation to the 1612:" as a generic name for Europeans. Due to 1527:Isolated civilizations in relation to the 998:. As the Empire continued to crumble, the 6027:South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone 5995:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 5831:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 5790:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) 5147:Belt, Don (2004). "Europe's Big Gamble". 5008:10.23943/princeton/9780691196442.003.0001 5000:The Grand Strategy of the Habsburg Empire 4772:A History of the English-Speaking Peoples 4225:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199354771.003.0006 4217:State Correspondence in the Ancient World 4112: 3971: 3787:"America Is Losing Its Value Proposition" 3579: 3393:College of Social Sciences and Humanities 3158:"What kind of superpower could China be?" 3030:Martinez-Diaz, Leonardo (28 April 2007). 2870:"The Multipolar World Vs. The Superpower" 2833:Country profile: United States of America 2654: 2381:"What Happens When China Leads the World" 2177: 1760:Isolated civilization in relation to the 1211:Fertile Crescent in the Middle Bronze Age 420:Learn how and when to remove this message 6043:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) 5954:Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 5897:Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat (TCS) 5862:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) 5841:Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) 5111: 4993: 4113:Fantalkin, Alexander (1 December 2017). 3936: 3625: 3478: 3412: 3386: 3287:"Why India Will Not Become a Superpower" 2868:Schwenninger, Sherle (5 December 2003). 2559: 2546: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 1339: 1188:Fertile Crescent in the Early Bronze Age 762: 750: 661: 653: 431: 400:Relevant discussion may be found on the 176: 152: 5964:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) 5892:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) 5882:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) 5223: 5050: 4808: 4678: 4659: 4609: 4524: 4487: 4057: 3972:Giusfredi, Federico (11 January 2016). 3883: 3484: 3360: 3265: 2845:Huntington, Samuel P. (27 April 2006). 2838: 2748:by Signal Alpha News Achieve Press 2005 2513: 2511: 2378: 2144: 2140: 2138: 6191: 5716:Composite Index of National Capability 4889: 4344:"How Rome fell: death of a superpower" 4298:"Carthage: A Mediterranean Superpower" 3461: 3310: 3284: 3003: 2281: 1334: 1273: 852: 353: 126: 5836:Organization of American States (OAS) 5806:Association of Caribbean States (ACS) 5737: 5380: 5335:, Brookings Institution Press, 2001. 5305:Sicilia, David B.; Wittner, David G. 5230:The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers 5210: 5038:"World Reserve Currencies Since 1450" 4932: 4488:Lockard, Craig A. (4 February 2013). 4462: 4295: 4210: 4058:Siddall, Luis R. (13 November 2019), 4017:"The rise of the Neo-Assyrian empire" 3833: 3813:"The Soft War That America Is Losing" 3810: 3606: 3586:Weapons and the Law of Armed Conflict 3455: 3326: 3119:Janjevic, Darko (18 September 2018). 2520:"China: The 21st Century Superpower?" 2502:The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers 2350: 2308: 2109: 1709: 1574: 1559:Isolated civilization in relation to 643: 5319: 5146: 4994:Mitchell, A. Wess (1 October 2019), 4624: 4415: 4354:(7): 47–3968-47-3968. 1 March 2010. 3937:McDonald, Angela (10 January 2017). 3701:"Sterling devalued and the IMF loan" 3580:William H, Boothby (10 March 2016). 2835:, BBC News. Retrieved 11 March 2007. 2645:Portfolio (Penguin Group): New York. 2508: 2225: 2135: 1608:(Arabs, Persians, East Asians used " 1588:in the Mediterranean and Near East: 1458:in the Mediterranean and Near East: 894:in December 1991. As early as 1970, 369: 366:Soviet Union–United States relations 117:, and the United States. During the 109:, the term was first applied to the 31: 5612:International relations (1814–1919) 5185: 4774:, Cassell & Company Ltd, 1956, 4559: 3512:Von Drehle, David (15 March 2022). 2594:"The Superpowers – A Short History" 2517: 2379:Schuman, Michael (5 October 2020). 1166:Archaic globalization (before 1500) 455:Other NATO and United States allies 131:described as an emerging superpower 13: 5923:European Political Community (EPC) 4211:Kuhrt, Amélie (14 February 2014), 3884:Schwarz, Benjamin (11 July 2018). 3784: 3609:"1956: Suez and the end of empire" 3594:10.1093/law/9780198728504.003.0013 3427:10.1093/oso/9780190088583.001.0001 3313:"Why China Is Still No Superpower" 3266:Saloway, Scott (24 January 2020). 2899:Von Drehle, David (5 March 2006). 2658:The New Cambridge Medieval History 2565: 2455: 2321: 2145:Leonard, Mark (18 February 2005). 954:at its prewar parity in 1925, the 890:in November 1989, and finally the 343:The New Cambridge Medieval History 337:Rome: The World's First Superpower 204:in February 1945, near the end of 157:A world map in 1945. According to 127:became the world's sole superpower 14: 6250: 5359: 5333:France in an Age of Globalization 4585:, Pluto Press, pp. 241–248, 3561:from the original on 1 March 2022 3549:"Russia Is a Potemkin Superpower" 3180:. China.usc.edu. 13 November 2007 2926:"No Longer the "Lone" Superpower" 2596:. 8 December 2008. Archived from 2434: 2233:American Political Science Review 2199: 2115: 925: 862:Dramatic changes occurred in the 6053:Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG) 5408:Power in international relations 5079: 5044: 5030: 4987: 4952: 4926: 4883: 4845: 4802: 4760: 4745: 4719: 3811:Kokas, Aynne (15 January 2021). 3285:Biswas, Soutik (13 March 2012). 3004:Almond, Steve (22 August 2007). 2691:Explorations in Economic History 2226:Hall, H. Duncan (October 1944). 2202:"superpower (Political Science)" 2024: 2010: 1949:Modern globalization (1800-1945) 1784: 1755: 1522: 1040: 830:high economic growth at the time 493:Other allies of the Soviet Union 374: 161:, the United States (blue), the 36: 5857:Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD) 5139: 5087:"Second French Colonial Empire" 4685:International Studies Quarterly 4672: 4653: 4618: 4603: 4571: 4553: 4518: 4502:10.1002/9781444351071.wbeghm130 4481: 4456: 4409: 4374: 4336: 4289: 4247: 4204: 4178: 4153: 4106: 4051: 4009: 3965: 3930: 3905: 3877: 3827: 3769: 3718: 3672: 3647: 3638: 3626:Reynolds, Paul (24 July 2006). 3619: 3600: 3573: 3537: 3528: 3443: 3406: 3380: 3354: 3304: 3278: 3259: 3225: 3205: 3192: 3170: 3150: 3034:. Brookings.edu. Archived from 3023: 2997: 2826: 2802: 2770: 2751: 2739: 2726: 2714: 2696: 2683: 2648: 2629: 2604: 2586: 2540: 2494: 2468: 2449: 2428: 2400: 2372: 2353:"Why China Is Not a Superpower" 2240:(5). cambridge.org: 1013–1015. 1814:Proto-globalization (1500–1800) 892:dissolution of the Soviet Union 857: 834:Japan's economy crashed in 1991 688:dissolution of the Soviet Union 123:dissolution of the Soviet Union 6224:International relations theory 6063:Polynesian Leaders Group (PLG) 5969:Eurasian Economic Union (EaEU) 5233:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. 4890:Jordan, David P. (June 2007). 4531:. Princeton University Press. 4416:Raza, Ahmed (16 August 2021). 3986:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe265 3726:"Global Power City Index 2020" 3607:Brown, Derek (14 March 2001). 3485:Krugman, Paul (1 March 2022). 3462:Gamble, Hadley (20 May 2017). 3413:Bradford, Anu (1 March 2020). 3311:Yuanan, Zhang (31 July 2013). 3138:King, Winnie (22 March 2019). 2946:Henry C K Liu (5 April 2003). 2901:"The Multipolar Unilateralist" 2570:. stanford.edu. Archived from 2505:(1987) written by Paul Kennedy 2344: 2296: 2193: 2171: 2086:International relations theory 1735:(known by Arabs and Europeans) 1498: 1308: 1077:Superpower disengagement is a 986:Cold War politics between the 900:predictions of Soviet collapse 1: 6229:Political science terminology 5974:Organization of Turkic States 5811:Caribbean Community (CARICOM) 5602:List of medieval great powers 4962:Turkey : a short history 4933:Suciu, Peter (5 March 2022). 4900:The Journal of Modern History 4751: 4625:Page, Melvin E., ed. (2003). 4525:Burbank, Jane (5 July 2011). 4434:10.1080/09700161.2021.1965348 3943:. National Geographic Books. 2103: 1979:Second French Colonial Empire 1943:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 1367:Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt 1182: 724:National Intelligence Council 5721:Comprehensive National Power 5597:List of ancient great powers 4780:10.5040/9781472582362.ch-009 4490:"Chinese emigration to 1948" 4267:10.1017/cbo9780511518539.006 4119:Altorientalische Forschungen 3730:The Mori Memorial Foundation 3032:"U.S.: A Losing Superpower?" 3006:"Seizing American supremacy" 2661:. Vol. 1: C.500-c.700. 2147:"Europe: the new superpower" 1596:, minted by the Caliphates. 1289: 599:. This was reflected in the 297:In the opinion of Professor 7: 6058:Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) 6011:Union for the Mediterranean 5764:Union for the Mediterranean 5607:List of modern great powers 5311:University of Toronto Press 5260:Rosefielde, Steven (2005). 5200:Central European Superpower 4823:10.1007/978-1-349-24729-5_6 4679:Spiezio, K. Edward (1990). 3886:"It's Time to Disrupt NATO" 3834:Layne, Christopher (1989). 3215:, "W.W Norton and Company" 2282:Bremer, Ian (28 May 2015). 2091:List of modern great powers 2003: 1143:European Economic Community 1012:International Monetary Fund 908:Russian invasion of Ukraine 734:paper by American diplomat 216:, military, diplomacy, and 125:in 1991, the United States 45:It has been suggested that 27:Superpower (disambiguation) 10: 6255: 6139:Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) 5650:Hegemonic stability theory 5300:Cooperation & Conflict 5271:Cambridge University Press 4894:Napoleon: A Political Life 4662:Napoleon: A Political Life 4255:"Alexander and his empire" 3978:The Encyclopedia of Empire 3836:"Superpower Disengagement" 3534:The final fall, Todd, 1976 3238:Russia in the 21st Century 2663:Cambridge University Press 1952: 1817: 1554: 1169: 1153:Proposed early superpowers 1044: 958:, the loss of wealth from 910:Russia was compared to a " 754: 647: 465:Anti-communist guerrillas 363: 357: 346:to "the other superpower, 244:The Geography of the Peace 20: 6162: 6071: 6035: 6019: 6003: 5982: 5946: 5905: 5849: 5798: 5772: 5751: 5747: 5733: 5708: 5620: 5589: 5544: 5493: 5418: 5414: 5063:10.1007/978-1-349-08609-2 5051:Clayton, Anthony (1986). 4076:10.1163/9789004413740_004 3917:Google Arts & Culture 3178:"China as a global power" 2972:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2763:28 September 2012 at the 1283:Indus Valley Civilisation 872:the 1980s and early 1990s 828:due to its large GDP and 148: 5740:Organizations and groups 5700:Superpower disengagement 5193:. Harcourt, Brace a. Co. 5112:Maddison, Angus (2006). 4863:(7): 218. 1 March 2004. 4809:Aldrich, Robert (1996), 4666:Harvard University Press 4660:Englund, Steven (2005). 4610:Aldrich, Robert (1996). 4165:cards.algoreducation.com 4029:10.4324/9781315879895-41 3387:kdaponte (24 May 2023). 3361:dmalloy (15 June 2023). 3098:10.1177/1948550617750737 2547:Maddison, Angus (2001). 1592:, later replaced by the 1462:, later replaced by the 1321: 1073:Superpower disengagement 690:in 1991 which ended the 62:Proposed since May 2024. 6204:20th-century neologisms 6084:Commonwealth of Nations 5918:Council of Europe (CoE) 5680:Power transition theory 5371:Encyclopædia Britannica 5253:The European Superpower 4965:. Thames & Hudson. 4591:10.2307/j.ctt183p1d6.13 4296:Miles, Richard (2011). 3659:Encyclopedia Britannica 2847:"The Lonely Superpower" 2797:Foreign Policy Magazine 2746:Conflicts of Superpower 2183:The European Superpower 2122:Encyclopedia Britannica 1328:Caral–Supe civilization 1304:(isolated civilization) 1298:(isolated civilization) 1230:Middle Kingdom of Egypt 1206:(isolated civilization) 1059:asymmetric polarization 996:Commonwealth of Nations 888:fall of the Berlin Wall 668:New York Stock Exchange 4959:Stone, Norman (2017). 4869:10.5860/choice.41-3809 4360:10.5860/choice.47-3968 4131:10.1515/aofo-2017-0014 2992:University of Illinois 1915:French colonial Empire 1642:Sultanate of Mogadishu 1008:the Sick Man of Europe 804: 683: 659: 530: 208: 174: 25:. For other uses, see 6234:Political terminology 6154:Uniting for Consensus 5255:. Palgrave Macmillan. 5249:McCormick, John, John 5211:Kamen, Henry (2003). 5118:. OECD Publishing by 4996:"The Habsburg Puzzle" 4939:The National Interest 4857:Choice Reviews Online 4811:"The French Overseas" 4463:Sinha, Kanad (2019). 4393:10.4324/9780203391266 4348:Choice Reviews Online 4314:10.1353/hsp.2011.0059 4302:Historically Speaking 4021:The Ancient Near East 3815:. Stanford University 3775:Todd, Constable, 2001 3705:The National Archives 3628:"Suez: End of empire" 3516:. The Washington Post 2791:Charles Krauthammer, 2641:29 April 2018 at the 2322:Nossal, Kim Richard. 1840:emerged, such as the 1718:was mentioned in the 1417:Carthaginian Republic 1378:Neo-Babylonian Empire 1225:Old Babylonian Empire 1172:Archaic globalization 1131:Austrian State Treaty 1020:Handover of Hong Kong 940:Depression of 1920–21 777:Potential superpowers 766: 751:Potential superpowers 722:A 2012 report by the 665: 657: 640:as the United States. 503:Communist guerrillas 435: 387:synthesis of material 358:Further information: 328:medieval great powers 324:ancient great empires 187:Franklin D. Roosevelt 180: 156: 6214:Military terminology 6020:Africa–South America 5983:North America–Europe 5159:Brzezinski, Zbigniew 4768:"The Spanish Armada" 4583:The Crimes of Empire 3582:"13 Nuclear Weapons" 3547:(28 February 2022). 3493:. The Economic Times 2810:"www.gaikoforum.com" 2708:2 April 2012 at the 2635:Bremmer, Ian. 2015. 2351:Bekkevold, Jo Inge. 1955:Modern globalization 1941:during the reign of 1684:(known by Eurasians) 1601:Eastern Roman Empire 1542:Zapotec civilization 1263:New Kingdom of Egypt 1204:Old Kingdom of Egypt 1016:Winter of Discontent 946:, the return of the 944:Partition of Ireland 920:nuclear-weapon state 790: European Union 757:Potential superpower 704:Samuel P. Huntington 629:Samuel P. Huntington 340:or the reference in 55:into this article. ( 48:Potential superpower 23:Superpower (ability) 6170:United Nations (UN) 5938:Visegrád Group (V4) 5928:European Union (EU) 5695:Superpower collapse 5690:Sphere of influence 5665:Philosophy of power 5150:National Geographic 4259:Conquest and Empire 3680:"National Archives" 3350:on 4 December 2013. 3211:Meredith, R (2008) 2905:The Washington Post 2793:The Unipolar Moment 2600:on 8 December 2008. 2555:. pp. 98, 242. 2456:Eaglen, Mackenzie. 2081:Historic recurrence 1990:early modern period 1971:First French Empire 1862:Glorious Revolution 1820:Proto-globalization 1745:Kingdom of Zimbabwe 1568:Chavín Civilization 1373:Neo-Assyrian Empire 1340:Indian subcontinent 1335:Classical antiquity 1274:Indian subcontinent 1220:Old Assyrian Empire 1063:U.S. foreign policy 1031:UN Security Council 853:Superpower collapse 847:invasion of Ukraine 826:become a superpower 774: United States 354:During the Cold War 330:, in works such as 311:, president of the 173:) were superpowers. 80:supranational union 6239:Types of countries 6004:Africa–Asia–Europe 4731:www.britannica.com 4422:Strategic Analysis 4384:A History of India 4070:, pp. 35–52, 3913:"Age of Discovery" 3785:French, Howard W. 3491:The New York Times 3233:Rosefielde, Steven 3166:. 19 October 2012. 2734:Historical Journal 2655:Cambridge (1995). 2568:"www.stanford.edu" 2187:Palgrave Macmillan 1992:, Western Europe, 1710:Sub-Saharan Africa 1625:Rashidun Caliphate 1606:Carolingian Empire 1575:Post-Classical Age 1536:Olmec civilization 1315:Olmec civilization 1235:Kingdom of Mitanni 1069:around the world. 805: 684: 660: 644:After the Cold War 531: 397:to the main topic. 391:verifiably mention 385:possibly contains 287:Queen's University 283:Kim Richard Nossal 281:In the opinion of 209: 175: 6186: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6178: 6177: 5729: 5728: 5685:Second Superpower 5645:Deterrence theory 5331:Védrine, Hubert. 5269:. Cambridge, UK: 5153:. pp. 54–65. 5093:. 1 December 2021 5072:978-1-349-08611-5 5040:. 6 January 2021. 4972:978-0-500-29299-0 4832:978-0-333-56740-1 4789:978-1-4725-8236-2 4538:978-0-691-15236-3 4234:978-0-19-935477-1 4038:978-1-315-87989-5 3950:978-1-4654-5753-0 3436:978-0-19-008858-3 3270:. Yahoo Finance ( 3252:978-0-521-54529-7 3235:(February 2005). 3221:978-0-393-33193-6 2857:on 27 April 2006. 2776:Henry Kissinger, 2518:Dellios, Rosita. 2066:Second superpower 1885:Portuguese Empire 1749:Kingdom of Mutapa 1637:Abbasid Caliphate 1633:Fatimid Caliphate 1629:Umayyad Caliphate 1394:Macedonian Empire 1388:Achaemenid Empire 1004:postwar consensus 972:Winter of 1946–47 956:Fall of Singapore 768:Extant superpower 586:liberal democracy 527: 520: 511: 501: 494: 485: 476: 463: 456: 447: 430: 429: 422: 251:William T. R. Fox 218:national identity 196:, meeting at the 191:General Secretary 183:Winston Churchill 159:William T. R. Fox 69: 68: 64: 6246: 6209:1940s neologisms 5749: 5748: 5735: 5734: 5675:Power projection 5660:Internationalism 5633:Balance of power 5628:American decline 5416: 5415: 5401: 5394: 5387: 5378: 5377: 5328: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5268: 5256: 5244: 5220: 5194: 5182: 5154: 5134: 5133: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5026: 5024: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4756:. pp. 640p. 4749: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4657: 4651: 4650: 4622: 4616: 4615: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4560:Lockard, Craig. 4557: 4551: 4550: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4467:. 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Archived from 2142: 2133: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2113: 2041:American Century 2034: 2029: 2028: 2020: 2015: 2014: 1838:early modern age 1834:colonial empires 1832:, and the first 1826:Age of Discovery 1774:Purépecha Empire 1729:(known by Arabs) 1663:Ethiopian Empire 1586:reserve currency 1456:reserve currency 1256:Mycenaean Greeks 1160:Age of Discovery 1047:American decline 968:Age of Austerity 801: 795: 789: 783: 773: 732:RAND Corporation 676:reserve currency 633:balance of power 574:Marxism–Leninism 563:Soviet expansion 551:reserve currency 528: 523: 518: 516: 509: 507: 502: 497: 492: 490: 483: 481: 471: 469: 464: 459: 454: 452: 442: 440: 425: 418: 414: 411: 405: 378: 377: 370: 264:extensive empire 240:Nicholas Spykman 198:Yalta Conference 105:In 1944, during 60: 40: 39: 32: 6254: 6253: 6249: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6244: 6243: 6189: 6188: 6187: 6174: 6158: 6067: 6036:Oceania–Pacific 6031: 6015: 5999: 5978: 5942: 5901: 5845: 5794: 5768: 5743: 5725: 5704: 5655:Multilateralism 5616: 5585: 5540: 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3929: 3904: 3876: 3840:Foreign Policy 3826: 3803: 3791:Foreign Policy 3777: 3768: 3742: 3717: 3692: 3671: 3646: 3637: 3618: 3599: 3572: 3554:New York Times 3536: 3527: 3504: 3477: 3454: 3442: 3435: 3405: 3379: 3353: 3341:www.ccs.org.za 3325: 3303: 3277: 3258: 3251: 3224: 3204: 3191: 3169: 3149: 3130: 3125:Deutsche Welle 3111: 3068: 3049: 3038:on 2 June 2010 3022: 2996: 2979: 2938: 2917: 2891: 2860: 2837: 2825: 2801: 2784: 2769: 2750: 2738: 2725: 2713: 2695: 2682: 2671: 2647: 2628: 2617:. www.fpri.org 2603: 2585: 2574:on 11 May 2014 2558: 2539: 2507: 2493: 2482:. 3 March 2021 2467: 2448: 2435:Simon, Kuper. 2427: 2416:. 5 April 2023 2399: 2371: 2358:Foreign Policy 2343: 2307: 2295: 2274: 2218: 2200:Munro, André. 2192: 2170: 2134: 2116:Munro, André. 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2099: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2046:Indian Century 2043: 2037: 2036: 2035: 2021: 2005: 2002: 1982: 1981: 1968: 1965:Pound sterling 1961:British Empire 1953:Main article: 1950: 1947: 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Russia is a 896:Andrei Amalrik 859: 856: 854: 851: 798: 792: 786: 780: 770: 755:Main article: 752: 749: 645: 642: 625:Hubert Védrine 597:market economy 547:convertibility 543:foreign policy 513: 504: 487: 478: 466: 449: 437: 428: 427: 382: 380: 373: 355: 352: 332:Channel 5 (UK) 294:capability)". 260:British Empire 249:A year later, 167:British Empire 150: 147: 111:British Empire 67: 66: 44: 42: 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6251: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6161: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6070: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6034: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6018: 6012: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6002: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5981: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 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