Standard Chinese - Knowledge

2392: 2050: 1799: 9226: 7803: 7814: 2078:, or 'common speech', reinforces this idea. However, due to Standard Chinese being a "public" lingua franca, other Chinese varieties and even non-Sinitic languages have shown signs of losing ground to the standard dialect. In many areas, especially in southern China, it is commonly used for practical reasons, as linguistic diversity is so great that residents of neighboring cities may have difficulties communicating with each other without a lingua franca. 3267: 492: 9876: 2365:

own promotion of Mandarin too, and similar to Singapore, but to a lesser extent, experienced language shift from other Chinese variants to Mandarin. Today, Mandarin functions as lingua franca among Malaysian Chinese, while Hokkien and Cantonese are still retained in the northern part and central part of Peninsular Malaysia respectively.

2346:" since the late 1970s, with the use of other Chinese varieties in broadcast media being prohibited and their use in any context officially discouraged until recently. This has led to some resentment amongst the older generations, as Singapore's migrant Chinese community is made up almost entirely of people of south Chinese descent. 1850:), with little fanfare or official announcement. This dictionary was similar to the previous published one except that it normalized the pronunciations for all characters into the pronunciation of the Beijing dialect. Elements from other dialects continue to exist in the standard language, but as exceptions rather than the rule. 1615: 2061:

While Standard Chinese was made China's official language in the early 20th century, local languages continue to be the main form of everyday communication in much of the country. The language policy adopted by the Chinese government promotes the use of Standard Chinese while also making allowances

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In Malaysia, Mandarin has been adopted by local Chinese-language schools as the medium of instruction with the standard shared with Singaporean Chinese. Together influenced by the Singaporean Speak Mandarin Campaign and Chinese culture revival movement in the 1980s, Malaysian Chinese started their

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In both mainland China and Taiwan, Standard Chinese is used in most official contexts, as well as the media and educational system, contributing to its proliferation. As a result, it is now spoken by most people in both countries, though often with some regional or personal variation in vocabulary

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in writing. Some Chinese speakers who are older or from rural areas cannot speak Standard Chinese fluently or at all—though most are able to understand it. Meanwhile, those from urban areas—as well as younger speakers, who have received their education primarily in Standard Chinese—are almost all

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The Chinese government's language policy been largely successful, with over 80% of the Chinese population able to speak Standard Chinese as of 2020. The Chinese government's current goal is to have 85% of the country's population speak Standard Chinese by 2025, and virtually the entire country by

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The Chinese have different languages in different provinces, to such an extent that they cannot understand each other.... also have another language which is like a universal and common language; this is the official language of the mandarins and of the court; it is among them like Latin among

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In both mainland China and Taiwan, Standard Chinese is taught by immersion starting in elementary school. After the second grade, the entire educational system is in Standard Chinese, except for local language classes that have been taught for a few hours each week in Taiwan starting in the

2269:, discouraging or in some cases forbidding the use of Hokkien and other non-standard varieties. This resulted in Standard Chinese replacing Hokkien as the country's lingua franca, and ultimately, a political backlash in the 1990s. Starting in the 2000s during the administration of President 2273:, the Taiwanese government began making efforts to recognize the country's other languages. They began being taught in schools, and their use increased in media, though Standard Chinese remains the country's lingua franca. Chen often used Hokkien in his speeches; later Taiwanese President 2119:

on television and the radio, as well as on public buses. The standardization campaign has been challenged by local dialectical and ethnic populations, who fear the loss of their cultural identity and native dialect. In the summer of 2010, reports of a planned increase in the use of the

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Due to evolution and standardization, Mandarin, although based on the Beijing dialect, is no longer synonymous with it. Part of this was due to the standardization to reflect a greater vocabulary scheme and a more archaic and "proper-sounding" pronunciation and vocabulary.

4197:, though their pronunciation, and often meaning, has shifted dramatically over two millennia. However, there are several words, many of them heavily used, which have no classical counterpart or whose etymology is obscure. Two strategies have been used to write such words: 2350:, the initiator of the campaign, admitted that to most Chinese Singaporeans, Mandarin was a "stepmother tongue" rather than a true mother language. Nevertheless, he saw the need for a unified language among the Chinese community not biased in favor of any existing group. 2338:

is used in informal daily life and is heavily influenced in terms of both grammar and vocabulary by local languages such as Cantonese, Hokkien, and Malay. Instances of code-switching with English, Hokkien, Cantonese, Malay, or a combination thereof are also common.

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Hakka language is one of the national languages, equal to the languages of other ethnic groups. The people shall be given guarantee on their right to study in Hakka language and use it in enjoying public services and partaking of the dissemination of resources.

1735:) in an attempt to conform the speech of bureaucrats to the standard. These attempts had little success: as late as the 19th century, the emperor had difficulty understanding some of his ministers in court, who did not always follow a standard pronunciation. 2097:, the government is required to promoted its use. Officially, the Chinese government has not stated its intent to replace regional varieties with Standard Chinese. However, regulations enacted by local governments to implement the national law−such as the 1370:('common tongue') deliberately avoids calling the dialect a 'national language', in order to mitigate the impression of coercing minority groups to adopt the language of the majority. Such concerns were first raised by the early Communist leader 1884:

In 1956, the PRC officially defined Standard Chinese as "the standard form of Modern Chinese with the Beijing phonological system as its norm of pronunciation, and Northern dialects as its base dialect, and looking to exemplary modern works in

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may have reflected standard systems of pronunciation. However, these standard dialects were mostly used by the educated elite, whose pronunciation may still have possessed great variation. For these elites, the Chinese language was unified in

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While the Standard Chinese spoken in Taiwan is nearly identical to that of mainland China, the colloquial form has been heavily influenced by other local languages, especially Taiwanese Hokkien. Notable differences include: the merger of

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Taiwan does not have any legally designated official language. Mandarin is the primary language used in business and education and is spoken by the vast majority of the population. Not designated but meets the legal definition, that is

1943:. Written vernacular Chinese is loosely based upon a synthesis of predominantly northern grammar and vocabulary, with southern and Literary elements. This distinguishes Standard Chinese from the dialect heard on the streets of Beijing. 1837:

Gradually, the members of the National Language Commission came to settle upon the Beijing dialect, which became the major source of standard national pronunciation due to its prestigious status. In 1932, the commission published the

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Indigenous languages are national languages. To carry out historical justice, promote the preservation and development of indigenous languages, and secure indigenous language usage and heritage, this act is enacted according to...

5796: 5729: 2415:(PSC) has become popular. Employers often require a level of Standard Chinese proficiency from applicants depending on the position, and many university graduates on the mainland take the PSC before looking for a job. 5032: 6047:[For purposes of this Law, the standard spoken and written Chinese language means Putonghua (a common speech with pronunciation based on the Beijing dialect) and the standardized Chinese characters.] 4041:

Although Chinese speakers make a clear distinction between Standard Chinese and the Beijing dialect, there are aspects of Beijing dialect that have made it into the official standard. Standard Chinese has a

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It is common for Standard Chinese to be spoken with the speaker's regional accent, depending on factors such as age, level of education, and the need and frequency to speak in official or formal situations.

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A 2007 survey conducted by the Chinese Ministry of Education indicated that 53.06% of the population were able to effectively communicate using Standard Chinese. By 2020, this figure had risen to over 80%.

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is nearly identical to the standards of China and Taiwan, with minor vocabulary differences. It is the Mandarin variant used in education, media, and official settings. Meanwhile, a colloquial form called

3368:) and certain syllables in polysyllabic words. These syllables are short, with their pitch determined by the preceding syllable. Such syllables are commonly described as being in the neutral tone. 7471: 6536: 6277: 2192:

may also be used in informal settings such as advertisements, magazines, popular literature, and comics. Mixture of formal and informal written Chinese occurs to various degrees. After the

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Ran, Yunyun; Weijer, Jeroen van de (2016), "On L2 English Intonation Patterns by Mandarin and Shanghainese Speakers: A Pilot Study", in Sloos, Marjoleine; Weijer, Jeroen van de (eds.),

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from the mainland. The Standard Chinese used in Taiwan differs very little from that of mainland China, with differences largely being in technical vocabulary introduced after 1949.

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is that women were more concerned about their teachers' bad Mandarin pronunciation, and implied that it was an inferior form of Mandarin, which signified their aspiration to speak

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Standard Chinese is written with characters corresponding to syllables of the language, most of which represent a morpheme. In most cases, these characters come from those used in

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areas on the mainland, the PRC has been more sensitive to the status of non-Sinitic minority languages, and has generally not discouraged their social use outside of education.

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as a specific language variety promoted for general use by the citizenry was originally borrowed from Japan in the early 20th century. In 1902, the Japanese Diet had formed the

1881:. The forms of Standard Chinese used in China and Taiwan have diverged somewhat since the end of the Civil War, especially in newer vocabulary, and a little in pronunciation. 8104: 5503:

in common usage, 'Mandarin' or 'Mandarin Chinese' usually refers to China's standard spoken language. In fact, I would argue that this is the predominant meaning of the word

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and regionalisms. The vocabulary of all Chinese varieties, especially in more technical fields like science, law, and government, is very similar—akin to the profusion of

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All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

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We recorded a number of English sentences spoken by speakers with Mandarin Chinese (standard northern Mandarin) as their first language and by Chinese speakers with

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Each full syllable is pronounced with a phonemically distinctive pitch contour. There are four tonal categories, marked in pinyin with diacritics, as in the words

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between the polite and informal "you" that comes from the Beijing dialect, although its use is quite diminished in daily speech. It also distinguishes between "

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Proceedings of the second workshop "Chinese Accents and Accented Chinese" (2nd CAAC) 2016, at the Nordic Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 26-27 October 2015

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The PRC, as well as several other governments and institutions, has promulgated a set of simplified character forms. Under this system, the forms of the words

5437: 404: 5751: 5693: 5299: 9158: 9148: 7482: 5050:"A word pronounced in a wrong tone or inaccurate tone sounds as puzzling as if one said 'bud' in English, meaning 'not good' or 'the thing one sleeps in. 6546: 1774:). Reformers in the Qing bureaucracy took inspiration and borrowed the term into Chinese, and in 1909 the Qing education ministry officially proclaimed 1312:). Reformers in the Qing bureaucracy took inspiration and borrowed the term into Chinese, and in 1909 the Qing education ministry officially proclaimed 4957:

Rén rén shēng ér zìyóu, zài zūnyán hé quánlì shàng yīlǜ píngděng. Tāmen fùyǒu lǐxìng hé liángxīn, bìng yīng yǐ xiōngdì guānxì de jīngshén xiāng duìdài.

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and similar quantifiers. There are many different classifiers in the language, and each noun generally has a particular classifier associated with it.

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as a specific language variety promoted for general use by the citizenry was originally borrowed from Japan; in 1902 the Japanese Diet had formed the

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An unrelated character with the same or similar pronunciation might be used, especially if its original sense was no longer common. For example, the

1145:(SVO) word order. Compared with southern varieties, the language has fewer vowels, final consonants and tones, but more initial consonants. It is an 14257: 9067: 6422: 6515: 1924:

vocabulary in European languages. This means that much of the vocabulary of Standard Chinese is shared with all varieties of Chinese. Much of the

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is the colloquial term for Standard Chinese. In 2017 and 2018, the Taiwanese government introduced two laws explicitly recognizing the indigenous

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Chinese characters were traditionally read from top to bottom, right to left, but in modern usage it is more common to read from left to right.

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cinema" until the mid-1960s. Gradually, the term has been re-appropriated to refer specifically to Standard Chinese. The term is mostly used in

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between Mandarin and Taiwanese Hokkien is common, as the majority of the population continues to also speak the latter as a native language.

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As a result of the spread of standard northern Mandarin and major regional varieties of provincial capitals since 1950, many of the smaller

4058:" ('we', not including the listener). In practice, neither distinction is commonly used by most Chinese, at least outside the Beijing area. 12199: 9910: 14362: 14106: 9234: 8472: 6032: 4977: 1288:) says: "(In 1631) as Manchu ministers do not comprehend the Han language, each ministry shall create a new position to be filled up by 7861: 6153: 1830:

that did not match any existing speech. Meanwhile, despite the lack of a workable standardized pronunciation, colloquial literature in

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urges people to "Speak Putonghua to welcome guests from all around, use the language of the civilized to give your sincere feelings".

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vocabulary of the Beijing dialect is not considered part of Standard Chinese, and may not be understood by people outside Beijing.

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The time when something happens can be given by an explicit term such as "yesterday", by relative terms such as "formerly", etc.

2099: 192: 126: 6593: 1750:. By some accounts, as late as 1900 the position of the Nanjing dialect was considered by some to be above that of Beijing; the 9532: 4987: 2193: 1947:

Proficiency in the new standard was initially limited, even among Mandarin speakers, but increased over the following decades.

1775: 1668: 1609: 1313: 1214: 388: 187: 6862: 6367: 13740: 12996: 8771: 7750: 7663: 7655: 7631: 7599: 7580: 7532: 7513: 7422: 7403: 7385: 7366: 7321: 7270: 7247: 7221: 7199: 6907: 6791: 6569: 6394: 6307: 6243: 5866: 5842: 5394: 5351: 5257: 5174: 5141: 4933: 14250: 9972: 9582: 2284: 7135: 7114: 6443:

Yao, Qian (September 2014), "Analysis of Computer Terminology Translation Differences between Taiwan and Mainland China",

6196: 3353:, whereas the fourth tone is relatively short. Statistically, vowels and tones are of similar importance in the language. 1122:, used for formal written communication in Hong Kong and Macau, is a form of Standard Chinese that is read aloud with the 12906: 9424: 7670:

Ladefoged, Peter; Wu, Zhongji (1984), "Places of articulation: An investigation of Pekingese fricatives and affricates",

4982: 2735: 2708: 2688: 2580: 2380: 2291:, Hakka and Aboriginal languages may be used in Taiwanese passports. Previously, only Mandarin names could be romanized. 544: 6028:

Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37)

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became increasingly influential, despite the mix of officials and commoners speaking various dialects in the capital,

12279: 3740:. To do this in English, speakers generally flag the topic of a sentence by prefacing it with "as for". For example: 2745: 1087: 416: 311: 31: 17: 7764:

Weng, Jeffrey (2018), "What Is Mandarin? The Social Project of Language Standardization in Early Republican China",

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Blum, Susan D. (2002), "Ethnic and Linguistic Diversity in Kunming", in Blum, Susan Debra; Jensen, Lionel M (eds.),

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Weng, Jeffrey (2018), "What is Mandarin? The social project of language standardization in early Republican China",

2132:-speaking citizens. While the use of Standard Chinese is encouraged as the common working language in predominantly 14698: 14000: 12192: 9903: 400: 6486: 5450: 4553:

Welcome! / You're welcome! (Literally: No need to thank me!) / Don't mention it! (Literally: Don't be so polite!)

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The following samples are some phrases from the Beijing dialect which are not yet accepted into Standard Chinese:

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standards established in 1906 included spellings that reflected elements of Nanjing pronunciation. The sense of

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Proceedings of the 2020 3rd International Conference on Humanities Education and Social Sciences (ICHESS 2020)

3349:; 'curse'). The tonal categories also have secondary characteristics. For example, the third tone is long and 2062:

for the use and preservation of local varieties. From an official point of view, Standard Chinese serves as a

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students. The term has strong legal connotations, as it is derived from the title of a 2000 law which defines

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The following samples are some phrases from Beijing dialect which have become accepted as Standard Chinese:

14683: 14010: 13440: 12272: 11035: 10095: 9879: 9790: 9314: 3487:. Attitudes towards southern accents, particularly the Cantonese accent, range from disdain to admiration. 2795:

with three other series, the dental sibilants, retroflexes and velars, which never occur in this position.

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Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Vol II: Texts

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accurately represent and express the sounds of standard Northern Mandarin (Putonghua) . Central to the

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as encompassing all "languages of the nation", rather than exclusively referring to Standard Chinese.

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series (z, c, s), frequent mergers of the "neutral tone" with a word's original tone, and absence of

3394:, as well as more neutral tones. An example of standard versus Beijing dialect would be the standard 2718: 2374: 2175: 1671:

spoken within the imperial courts. The term "Mandarin" is borrowed directly from the Portuguese word

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forms a complete syllable. A reduced form of this syllable occurs as a sub-syllabic suffix, spelled

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A Beginners' Chinese-English Dictionary of the National Language (Gwoyeu): Fourth Revised Edition

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Adelaar, K. Alexander (1996), "Contact languages in Indonesia and Malaysia other than Malay", in

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as a national language with a standard pronunciation as well as to assisting literacy in the non-

3522: 2590: 2343: 251: 9768: 9617: 5527: 5023:" ("a natural language used by an original people group of Taiwan and the Taiwan Sign Language") 14521: 14341: 14266: 14206: 14143: 13669: 13330: 13235: 13190: 13130: 12991: 12602: 12407: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12303: 11849: 11666: 11348: 10173: 10168: 10139: 10127: 9709: 9552: 8150: 7451: 5265: 4283:

A new character, usually a phono-semantic or semantic compound, might be created. For example,

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connotation. The suffix modifies the coda of the base syllable in a rhotacizing process called

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2035. Throughout the country, Standard Chinese has heavily influenced local languages through

14367: 14048: 13550: 13430: 13175: 13028: 12922: 12880: 12138: 12114: 11837: 11800: 10298: 9704: 9627: 9341: 9319: 8074: 7907: 7437:"What Is a Chinese "Dialect/Topolect"? Reflections on Some Key Sino-English Linguistic terms" 6145: 5782: 5245: 5201: 4202: 3869: 3506: 3260: 2505: 2495: 1474: 1111: 12012: 3663:

The predicate can be an intransitive verb, a transitive verb followed by a direct object, a

1861:(PRC) continued standardisation efforts on the mainland, and in 1955 officially began using 1229:; 'bureaucrat speech'), which referred to the late imperial lingua franca. The term 14576: 14479: 14201: 14183: 13925: 13904: 13495: 13185: 13016: 13006: 12784: 11785: 11646: 11465: 11445: 11430: 11166: 11131: 10939: 9472: 9440: 9269: 8394: 7889: 5446: 5410: 5272: 5189:

status of the official language in China and is legislated as the standard form of Chinese.

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was established in 1912, there was more success in promoting a common national language. A

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The final, which occurs only after dental sibilant and retroflex initials, is a syllabic

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There are also weak syllables, including grammatical particles such as the interrogative

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also openly spoke Hokkien. In an amendment to the Enforcement Rules of the Passport Act (

2103:—have included coercive measures to control the public's use of both spoken dialects and 2086:, replacing them entirely in some cases, especially among younger people in urban areas. 2034: 2033:

In overseas Chinese communities outside Asia where Cantonese once dominated, such as the

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for its grammatical norms." According to the official definition, Standard Chinese uses:

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with local standards in mainland China, Taiwan and Singapore that mainly differ in their

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in vocabulary items that are left unadorned in descriptions of the standard such as the

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Breaking Down the Barriers: Interdisciplinary Studies in Chinese Linguistics and Beyond

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used in imperial China are also used in daily conversation in modern Mandarin, such as

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Chinese additionally differs from English in that it forms another kind of sentence by

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used throughout the territory controlled by the dynastic states of China. For example,

1414: 1134: 1091: 292: 224: 162: 13095: 11450: 10060: 7684: 7481:, Beijing: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica, pp. 735–754, archived from 2049: 14612: 14607: 14597: 14571: 14566: 14561: 14529: 14489: 14407: 14372: 14303: 14118: 14096: 13990: 13889: 13884: 13872: 13862: 13827: 13625: 13590: 13420: 13390: 13260: 13160: 13150: 13011: 12950: 12937: 12843: 12838: 12800: 12660: 12611: 12576: 12489: 12429: 12022: 11682: 11556: 11501: 11393: 11301: 11296: 11253: 11175: 10906: 10886: 10811: 10788: 10561: 10443: 10413: 10255: 10246: 10198: 10188: 10035: 9967: 9743: 9733: 9612: 9577: 9432: 9384: 9336: 9103: 8956: 8890: 8746: 8731: 8402: 8379: 8333: 8258: 8184: 8064: 8032: 7986: 7925: 7915: 7880: 7787: 7746: 7659: 7651: 7627: 7595: 7576: 7563: 7528: 7509: 7418: 7399: 7381: 7362: 7317: 7266: 7259: 7243: 7217: 7195: 6903: 6787: 6565: 6541: 6460: 6347: 6303: 6253: 6239: 5862: 5838: 5390: 5347: 5253: 5170: 5137: 4190: 3526: 3502: 2477: 2246: 2231: 2189: 2188:; 'written language') used in schools, local government, and formal writing. 1909: 1854: 1636: 1146: 1130: 1079: 1025: 1017: 869: 861: 766: 711: 703: 234: 111: 13370: 13210: 7477:, in Cao, Guangshun; Djamouri, Redouane; Chappell, Hilary; Wiebusch, Thekla (eds.), 5931: 540: 14602: 14544: 14509: 14499: 14484: 14399: 14113: 14081: 14076: 13935: 13909: 13894: 13837: 13768: 13610: 13570: 13490: 13485: 13465: 13455: 13415: 13405: 13395: 13340: 13310: 13300: 13255: 13225: 13135: 13100: 12984: 12816: 12620: 12535: 12499: 12484: 12479: 12472: 12457: 12253: 12248: 12093: 12088: 12058: 12017: 11997: 11886: 11881: 11825: 11795: 11744: 11633: 11506: 11486: 11435: 11402: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11311: 11306: 11288: 11136: 11126: 11030: 10979: 10974: 10949: 10876: 10569: 10546: 10541: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10423: 10363: 10288: 10231: 10226: 10211: 9982: 9849: 9369: 9108: 9098: 9083: 9029: 8951: 8902: 8863: 8812: 8726: 8678: 8662: 8542: 8502: 8497: 8384: 8338: 8284: 8279: 8269: 8263: 8092: 8037: 8022: 7898: 7870: 7773: 7712: 7679: 7551: 7340: 7292: 7187: 6448: 6335: 6229: 5492: 3514: 3513:

to express relationships between the parts of a sentence. Nouns are not marked for

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Historia del Principio y Progresso de la Compañia de Jesus en las Indias Orientales

1690: 1597: 1554: 1550: 1469:; 'written Chinese') refers to written Chinese. Among foreigners, the term 1336: 1210: 1083: 376: 121: 116: 11641: 6487:"Taiwan language-in-education policy: social, cultural and practical implications" 6388: 2245:

Prior to 1949, the varieties most commonly spoken by Taiwan's Han population were

2230:. Standard Chinese started being widely spoken in Taiwan following the end of the 1473:

is most commonly used in textbooks and Standard Chinese education, such as in the

14622: 14617: 14539: 14534: 14504: 14472: 14442: 14133: 14123: 13977: 13945: 13940: 13930: 13877: 13815: 13808: 13757: 13600: 13515: 13510: 13450: 13355: 13320: 13315: 13305: 13295: 13250: 13240: 13230: 13170: 13165: 13145: 13140: 12971: 12945: 12848: 12751: 12731: 12665: 12548: 12525: 12520: 12494: 12385: 12375: 12334: 12329: 12243: 12073: 12063: 12053: 12002: 11992: 11866: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11618: 11608: 11603: 11571: 11561: 11546: 11536: 11526: 11496: 11460: 11410: 11373: 11338: 11278: 11258: 11238: 11203: 11188: 11183: 11106: 11045: 11025: 11020: 11015: 10959: 10851: 10821: 10770: 10745: 10730: 10704: 10699: 10679: 10664: 10609: 10551: 10536: 10531: 10516: 10511: 10456: 10388: 10368: 10303: 10278: 10206: 10183: 10085: 10050: 10045: 10020: 9992: 9987: 9800: 9780: 9677: 9637: 9622: 9361: 9211: 9201: 9181: 9138: 9133: 8999: 8963: 8946: 8936: 8875: 8693: 8629: 8571: 8519: 8514: 8416: 8312: 8307: 8216: 8163: 8158: 8138: 8123: 8118: 8059: 8054: 8044: 8027: 7999: 7971: 7948: 7396:

Language Attitudes and Identities in Multilingual China: A Linguistic Ethnography

6598: 6575: 5697: 5279:

with which to convey the pronunciation of spoken words and written characters in

5164: 3549: 3496: 2489: 2482: 2430: 2322: 2305:

Mandarin is one of the four official languages of Singapore, along with English,

2037:, the use of Standard Chinese, which is the primary lingua franca of more recent 1798: 1743: 1739: 1558: 1508: 1269: 1107: 989: 833: 675: 131: 98: 88: 7542:

Scott, Mandy; Tiun, Hak-khiam (2007), "Mandarin-Only to Mandarin-Plus: Taiwan",

7143: 7122: 6234: 4757: 4747: 4621: 4536: 4526: 4394: 3686:, forming complete predicates in their own right without a copula. For example, 2433:. The usual unit of analysis is the syllable, consisting of an optional initial 2212:

in Hong Kong since the handover, including the training of police and teachers.

1583: 912: 896: 754: 738: 14432: 14318: 14308: 14287: 14086: 13803: 13745: 13713: 13708: 13630: 13620: 13605: 13565: 13540: 13535: 13520: 13500: 13470: 13460: 13435: 13385: 13360: 13290: 13285: 13245: 13215: 13155: 13115: 13110: 13105: 13085: 13065: 13045: 12853: 12736: 12708: 12515: 12467: 12424: 12414: 12357: 12339: 12083: 12027: 12007: 11810: 11775: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11661: 11613: 11551: 11521: 11516: 11378: 11368: 11333: 11243: 11208: 11193: 11141: 11101: 11096: 11091: 11040: 10984: 10954: 10934: 10924: 10919: 10896: 10816: 10801: 10796: 10765: 10740: 10725: 10720: 10689: 10684: 10674: 10669: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10599: 10574: 10521: 10433: 10418: 10383: 10353: 10348: 10328: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10236: 10221: 10163: 10158: 10065: 10025: 10010: 9854: 9844: 9815: 9805: 9522: 9494: 9206: 9191: 9093: 9044: 9039: 9024: 8968: 8907: 8789: 8761: 8741: 8688: 8657: 8634: 8624: 8619: 8581: 8564: 8509: 8374: 8356: 8274: 8248: 8189: 8109: 8097: 8049: 8004: 7994: 7920: 7432: 3979: 3557: 3425: 3350: 2310: 2306: 2270: 1921: 1500: 1382:

was phased out in the PRC, only surviving in established compound nouns, e.g. '

1374:

in 1931. His concern echoed within the Communist Party, which adopted the term

973: 817: 659: 346: 214: 177: 84: 62: 10040: 9225: 7825: 7778: 7717: 7700: 7555: 7345: 5497: 1702:

ourselves.... Two of our fathers have been learning this mandarin language...

1427:) alongside Standard Chinese. Since then, there have been efforts to redefine 14667: 14627: 14422: 14163: 14148: 14138: 13963: 13693: 13635: 13595: 13585: 13560: 13555: 13375: 13280: 13270: 13033: 12870: 12741: 12723: 12688: 12584: 12553: 12452: 12434: 12068: 11942: 11918: 11861: 11690: 11623: 11581: 11566: 11491: 11343: 11248: 11121: 11116: 10969: 10881: 10861: 10856: 10846: 10836: 10831: 10806: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10735: 10694: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10604: 10594: 10589: 10579: 10526: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10428: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10378: 10358: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10293: 10283: 10268: 10263: 10216: 10178: 10080: 10070: 9655: 9467: 9462: 9034: 8978: 8973: 8941: 8928: 8804: 8756: 8683: 8639: 8529: 8366: 8289: 8128: 7976: 7963: 7802: 7231: 5564: 3987: 3873: 2326: 2250: 2063: 1925: 1644: 1515:

produced in Hong Kong were imported into Malaysia and collectively known as "

1418: 1150: 6594:"In Myanmar's Remote Mongla Region, Mandarin Supplants The Burmese Language" 6339: 1614: 1355:) has been used by the Chinese government since the 2010s, mostly targeting 14128: 14038: 13752: 13730: 13325: 13195: 12831: 12652: 12048: 11913: 11876: 11576: 11541: 11531: 11511: 11383: 11263: 11228: 11218: 11213: 11198: 11086: 11010: 10914: 10891: 10584: 10451: 10373: 10323: 10273: 10075: 10015: 9527: 9477: 8853: 8736: 8709: 8253: 8243: 7831: 7179: 6579: 6510: 5317: 3683: 2347: 2274: 1897:

of the Beijing dialect, if not always with each phoneme having the precise

1664: 1553:

has had considerable dialectal variation throughout its history, including

1332: 1292:

official who can comprehend the national language." Howevery, the sense of

1265: 945: 789: 631: 182: 7813: 7212:(1992), "Chinese as a pluricentric language", in Clyne, Michael G. (ed.), 7191: 6222:"Effects of Ways of Communication on the Preservation of Shanghai Dialect" 5713: 14427: 14235: 14058: 14020: 14015: 13725: 13703: 13698: 13674: 13205: 13200: 13125: 13120: 12700: 12675: 12643: 11959: 11935: 11908: 11898: 11871: 11856: 11832: 11656: 11233: 11156: 11151: 11111: 10841: 9672: 9646: 9542: 9512: 9489: 9457: 9196: 9186: 8990: 8885: 8870: 8833: 8781: 8602: 8593: 8489: 8328: 8203: 7930: 6360:

Standing Committee on Language Education & Research (25 March 2006),

4194: 3857:'As for the money that Mom gave us, I have already bought candy with it.' 3431:

The stereotypical "southern Chinese" accent does not distinguish between

2729: 2262: 2239: 2174:; 'spoken language') as the primary spoken language, alongside a 2133: 1572: 1532: 1157: 167: 12891: 7136:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Chinese, Mandarin (Simplified)" 7115:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Chinese, Mandarin (Simplified)" 6324:"Hong Kong written Chinese: Language change induced by language contact" 4274:, the name of a country and later a rare surname, was borrowed to write 2066:

to facilitate communication between speakers of mutually unintelligible

14357: 14005: 13180: 12826: 12683: 11987: 11925: 11903: 11273: 11146: 9088: 9062: 8828: 8794: 8299: 8226: 7380:, Language Policies and Practices in China, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 3545: 3283: 2529: 2235: 1905: 1289: 12264: 7304: 6777:"The functional load of tone in Mandarin is as high as that of vowels" 6268:"One-third of Chinese do not speak Putonghua, says Education Ministry" 5835:

Chinese films in Malaysia: local and overseas styles and auteur theory

4599: 4588: 4584: 3463:

respectively. Southern-accented Standard Chinese may also interchange

3384:

Distinctive features of the Beijing dialect are more extensive use of

2791:

analysis. Since they occur only before high front vowels, they are in

1363:

as the one and only "Countrywide Common Spoken and Written Language".

14417: 14412: 14382: 13985: 13798: 13720: 13679: 12821: 12633: 12227: 12177: 11964: 11952: 11947: 11891: 11223: 9962: 9888: 9537: 9288: 9279: 9007: 8897: 8549: 8537: 8348: 8179: 5366:, which of course may be a sub-variety of Mandarin or something else. 3541: 3540:(SVO), as in English. Nouns are generally preceded by any modifiers ( 3411: 2670: 2438: 2434: 2335: 2161: 2157: 2145: 2129: 2125: 2083: 1894: 1588: 1562: 1528: 1520: 1371: 1123: 477: 451: 439: 410: 370: 70: 6852:"Code-switching and Identity Constructions in Taiwan TV Commercials" 3266: 2441:, a main vowel and an optional coda, and further distinguished by a 14377: 14043: 13995: 11930: 9827: 9413: 9054: 8235: 7839: 7296: 2788: 2467: 2396: 2108:

fluent in it, with some being unable to speak their local dialect.

1898: 1722: 1678: 1524: 1383: 959: 803: 645: 552: 394: 9859: 6784:

Proceedings of the International Conference on Speech Prosody 2004

5780: 1264:; 'national language') was initially used during the late 491: 13735: 11969: 9726: 9406: 9293: 9122: 8718: 5246:"Fifty Years of Script and Written Language Reform in the P.R.C." 2524: 2318: 1951:

Percentage of population of China proficient in Standard Chinese

1932: 1747: 1278: 1115: 548: 6045:普通话就是现代汉民族共同语，是全国各民族通用的语言。普通话以北京语音为标准音，以北方话为基础方言，以典范的现代白话文著作语法规范 2429:

The pronunciation of Standard Chinese is defined as that of the

1802:

Distribution of Mandarin subgroups in mainland China, as of 1987

14592: 14071: 9785: 9587: 7643:, Far Eastern Publications, Yale University, (New Haven), 1956. 5418: 5276: 3553: 2227: 1878: 1684: 1063: 358: 66: 7331:

Lee, Wai-Sum; Zee, Eric (2003), "Standard Chinese (Beijing)",

5933:

Comprehensive geography of the Chinese empire and dependencies

5763:, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 89, 92–96, archived from 5439:

Becoming Taiwanese: Negotiating Language, Culture and Identity

14494: 13832: 9298: 7472:"The Classification of Sinitic Languages: What Is "Chinese"?" 7023: 6999: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5414: 4997: 4216:'that' have no counterparts in Classical Chinese, which used 3420: 3288: 2288: 2149: 1917: 1913: 1567: 1331:; 'common tongue') dates back to 1906 in writings by 382: 7693:

Language & Linguistics in the People's Republic of China

7214:

Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations

6537:"New Hokkien drama aimed at seniors to be launched on Sep 9" 5166:

Multilingual China: National, Minority and Foreign Languages

2265:

between 1949 and 1987, the Taiwanese government revived the

1738:

Before the 19th century, the lingua franca was based on the

13842: 7827:

A History of Mandarin: China's Search for a Common Language

7011: 6963: 6939: 6927: 6900:

China Off Center: Mapping the Margins of the Middle Kingdom

6300:

The Learning and Teaching of Cantonese as a Second Language

2383:

in northern Myanmar, Mandarin serves as the lingua franca.

1600:, a form that was primarily written, as opposed to spoken. 1351:

The term "Countrywide common spoken and written language" (

7059: 6007: 5887:

Linguæ Sinarum Mandarinicæ Hieroglyphicæ Grammatica Duplex

5471: 2317:, which primarily spoke the Southern Chinese languages of 1197:

Among linguists, Standard Chinese has been referred to as

551:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

7047: 7035: 6987: 6708: 6696: 6648: 6624: 6562:

From Third World to First: The Singapore Story: 1965-2000

5911: 5656: 7083: 5797:

Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China

5730:

Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China

5607: 5605: 5362:

are disappearing by being absorbed into larger regional

1689:('minister')—and was initially used to refer to Chinese 1499:) referred to all the language varieties used among the 7729:

Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage

6466: 6176:"Language management in the People's Republic of China" 5704:

National Language Committee, People's Republic of China

5181:

Despite not being defined as such in the Constitution,

2787:

The palatal initials , and pose a classic problem of

1814:

was convened with delegates from the entire country. A

1667:(1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1912) dynasties to refer to 1335:

to differentiate the standard vernacular Mandarin from

27:

Standard form of Chinese and official language of China

7236:

Mandarin Primer: an Intensive Course in Spoken Chinese

6197:"China says 85% of citizens will use Mandarin by 2025" 6128:"Over 80 percent of Chinese population speak Mandarin" 5580: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5431: 5429: 5107:"Over 80 percent of Chinese population speak Mandarin" 4289:'pursue', 'overtake', is written with a new character 2208:. There has been significant effort to promote use of 1763: 1762:

to standardize a form of the Japanese language dubbed

1682: 1301: 1300:

to standardize a form of the Japanese language dubbed

7095: 7071: 6915: 6879: 6819: 6807: 6744: 6732: 6720: 6684: 6672: 6660: 6636: 6612: 6592:

Aung Thein Kha; Gerin, Roseanne (17 September 2019),

6075: 6063: 5959: 5947: 5837:] (in Chinese), Lianjing chuban, pp. 36–41, 5602: 5590: 5537: 5508: 5458:

a consistent gender pattern found across all the age

5385:, in Doughty, Catherine J.; Long, Michael H. (eds.), 5330: 5328: 5239: 5237: 5222: 4955: 4921: 4895: 4869: 4843: 4817: 4791: 4765: 4733: 4714: 4688: 4662: 4636: 4607: 4570: 4544: 4512: 4493: 4474: 4447: 4428: 4402: 4332: 4326: 4312: 4301: 4284: 4275: 4269: 4257: 4251: 4233: 4222: 4211: 4205: 4165: 4154: 4143: 4125: 4114: 4103: 4092: 4081: 4070: 4053: 4047: 4021: 4003: 3668: 3401: 3395: 3336: 3322: 3310: 3296: 2342:

In Singapore, the government has heavily promoted a "

2128:

led to demonstrations on the streets by thousands of

1840:

Vocabulary of National Pronunciation for Everyday Use

1576: 1022: 1008: 994: 978: 964: 950: 866: 852: 838: 822: 808: 794: 708: 694: 680: 664: 650: 636: 507: Statutory or de facto national working language 5995: 5983: 5646: 5644: 5072: 7734:Milsky, C., "New Developments in Language Reform", 6591: 5859:

The Chinese Language: Its History and Current Usage

5745: 5743: 5571: 5426: 5401:Escure goes on to analyse second dialect texts of 5376: 5374: 5133:

Sign Languages of the World: A Comparative Handbook

3851:

Māma gěi wǒmen de qián, wǒ yǐjīng mǎi-le tángguǒ(r)

3682:In predicative use, Chinese adjectives function as 7743:Language Reform in China: Documents and Commentary 7619: 7258: 6975: 6831: 6756: 6087: 6051: 5971: 5807: 5325: 5293: 5291: 5234: 5084: 4317:'drought'. This method was used to represent many 3552:), and verbs also generally follow any modifiers ( 1078:'modern standard Han speech') is a modern 7705:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 7333:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 6951: 6506:"NTU professors' language rule draws groups' ire" 5641: 5250:Language Policy in the People's Republic of China 5156: 1663:; 'official speech') was used during the 14665: 7738:, No. 53, (January–March 1973), pp. 98–133. 7626:(2nd ed.), University of California Press, 7359:Mandarin Chinese: A functional reference grammar 7182:; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tryon, Darrell T. (eds.), 6902:, University of Hawaii Press, pp. 160–161, 5740: 5371: 5344:Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages 1672: 1635:('Middle Kingdom's Common Speech'), used on the 7646:Ladefoged, Peter; & Maddieson, Ian (1996). 6414: 6146:"In Chinatown, Sound of the Future Is Mandarin" 5929: 5894:] (in Latin), Paris: Hippolyte-Louis Guérin 5636:满大臣不解汉语，故每部设启心郎一员，以通晓国语之汉员为之，职正三品，每遇议事，座在其中参预之。 5288: 5275:of Chinese characters was the development of a 5101: 5099: 5033:National Commission on Language and Script Work 3975:) is gradually replacing specific classifiers. 2287:announced that romanized spellings of names in 6774: 5624:张杰 (2012), "论清代满族语言文字在东北的兴废与影响", in 张杰 (ed.), 5163:Adamson, Bob; Feng, Anwei (27 December 2021), 3854:Mom give us REL money I already buy-PERF candy 3270:Relative pitch contours of the four full tones 1812:Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation 1769: 1721:During the 17th century, the state had set up 1307: 14251: 12907: 12280: 12193: 9904: 7855: 7527:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 6782:, in Bel, Bernard; Marlien, Isabelle (eds.), 6453:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1030-1032.1650 5892:Grammar of the Mandarin Chinese Hieroglyphics 5018: 4948: 4941: 4914: 4907: 4888: 4881: 4862: 4855: 4836: 4829: 4810: 4803: 4784: 4777: 4755: 4745: 4726: 4707: 4700: 4681: 4674: 4655: 4648: 4629: 4619: 4596: 4582: 4563: 4556: 4534: 4524: 4505: 4486: 4467: 4460: 4440: 4421: 4414: 4392: 4356: 4350: 4344: 4338: 4307: 4296: 4290: 4263: 4245: 4239: 4228: 4217: 4160: 4149: 4138: 4120: 4109: 4098: 4087: 4076: 4065: 4033: 4015: 3970: 3964: 3952:one-top hat three-volume book that-branch pen 3738:stating a topic and following it by a comment 3674: 3316: 2278: 2226:Standard Chinese is the official language of 1711: 1422: 1283: 910: 894: 752: 736: 596: 580: 9654: 7731:, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1972. 7695:, University of Texas Press, (Austin), 1975. 7361:, Berkeley: University of California Press, 7261:Modern Chinese: History and sociolinguistics 6491:Arizona Working Papers in SLA & Teaching 6108:More than half of Chinese can speak Mandarin 5096: 2057:as of 1987, including Mandarin (light brown) 1912:in general, excepting what are deemed to be 1233:is used to distinguish it from older forms. 513: More than 1,000,000 L1 and L2 speakers 37:"Huayu" redirects here. For other uses, see 7669: 7573:Dialect and Nationalism in China, 1860–1960 6775:Surendran, Dinoj; Levow, Gina-Anne (2004), 6125: 5389:, Blackwell Publishing, U.K., p. 201, 5387:The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition 5162: 4978:Comparison of national standards of Chinese 4950:人人生而自由，在尊嚴和權利上一律平等。他們賦有理性和良心，並應以兄弟關係的精神相對待。 4943:人人生而自由，在尊严和权利上一律平等。他们赋有理性和良心，并应以兄弟关系的精神相对待。 3653:Tā wèi tā-de péngyǒu zuò-le zhè-ge gōngzuò. 1630: 1565:is thought to have used a dialect known as 1457:; 'Han language') refers to spoken 1205:. It is colloquially referred to as simply 1073: 496:Countries where Standard Chinese is spoken 14265: 14258: 14244: 12914: 12900: 12287: 12273: 12200: 12186: 10126: 9911: 9897: 9875: 9645: 7862: 7848: 7353: 7065: 7053: 7041: 7029: 7017: 7005: 6993: 6969: 6945: 6933: 4800:I want to fly to London on the eighteenth 2313:. Historically, it was seldom used by the 2089:The Chinese government is keen to promote 1571:rather than regional dialects; during the 490: 12921: 7777: 7741:Seybolt, P. J. and Chiang, G. K. (eds.), 7716: 7683: 7541: 7508:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 7344: 7316:(2nd ed.), Oxford University Press, 6503: 6472: 6233: 5861:, Tuttle Publishing, pp. 22–23, 93, 5824: 5822: 5496: 5297: 3868:or measure words are required when using 2449:Initial consonants with pinyin spellings 2093:as the national lingua franca: under the 1693:. The Portuguese then began referring to 1639:of an early Chinese grammar published by 1209:, though this term may also refer to the 7285:Journal of the American Oriental Society 7265:, New York: Cambridge University Press, 6553: 6126:E'nuo, Zhao; Wu, Yue (16 October 2020), 5880: 5679:(in Chinese), Tribune of Social Sciences 5677:恢复"国语名"称的建议为何不被接受_──《国家通用语言文字法》学习中的探讨和思考 5243: 4826:How much will it cost to get to Munich? 4819:Wǒ xiǎng shíbā hào zuò fēijī dào Lúndūn. 3848:妈妈/媽媽给/給我们/我們的钱/錢, 我已经/已經买了/買了糖果。 3656:He for he-GEN friend do-PERF this-CL job 3265: 2390: 2184: 2170: 2111:The Chinese government has disseminated 2095:National Common Language and Writing Law 2048: 1797: 1613: 405:Chinese Language Standardisation Council 12936: 12311: 12294: 9570: 7283:(2000), "A brief history of Mandarin", 7216:, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 305–324, 7208: 7186:, de Gruyter Mouton, pp. 695–711, 7177: 7158:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 6390:Online training to boost Chinese skills 6173: 6019: 6013: 5514: 5334: 5228: 5129: 3533:is marked using post-verbal particles. 2100:Guangdong National Language Regulations 1378:in 1955. Since 1949, usage of the word 545:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 82:Began acquiring native speakers in 1988 14: 14666: 12610: 12575: 12207: 9918: 7722:, with supplementary sound recordings. 7522: 7500: 7330: 7311: 7279: 7101: 7089: 7077: 6921: 6885: 6813: 6750: 6738: 6726: 6714: 6702: 6690: 6678: 6666: 6654: 6642: 6630: 6618: 6366:, Hong Kong Government, archived from 6328:Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 6143: 6001: 5989: 5965: 5917: 5905: 5819: 5662: 5611: 5543: 5380: 5078: 4988:Protection of the varieties of Chinese 4052:" ('we', including the listener) and " 3949:yī-dǐng màozi, sān-běn shū, nèi-zhī bǐ 3784: 2799:Syllable finals with pinyin spellings 2139: 1873:; 'common speech') instead of 1610:Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca) 1241: 1024: 868: 710: 389:Education and Youth Development Bureau 14239: 13741:Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien 12895: 12268: 12181: 11066: 10125: 9892: 7843: 7745:, M. E. Sharpe (White Plains), 1979. 7698: 7393: 5936:, Shanghai: Tusewei Press, p. iv 5930:Richard, Louis; Kennelly, M. (1908), 5630:(in Chinese), 辽宁民族出版社, archived from 5090: 4934:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 3594: 2200:from Portugal, their governments use 1434: 1090:(1912‒1949). It is designated as the 7869: 7617: 7589: 7469: 7431: 7415:Essential Grammar for Modern Chinese 7256: 7230: 6897: 6849: 6837: 6825: 6762: 6093: 6081: 6069: 6057: 5977: 5953: 5856: 5813: 5749: 5726:Indigenous Languages Development Act 5596: 5584: 5482: 5435: 5340:"Chapter 5: East and Southeast Asia" 2283:) passed on 9 August 2019, Taiwan's 2234:in 1949, with the relocation of the 1826:) was published in 1919, defining a 1816:Dictionary of National Pronunciation 1697:as "the language of the mandarins". 11067: 7648:The sounds of the world's languages 7570: 7412: 7155: 6981: 6957: 6559: 6518:from the original on 17 August 2019 6442: 6321: 6315: 6297: 6265: 6219: 5674: 5650: 5466:, the good version of the language. 5346:, Routledge, p. 500 (e-book), 4983:Mandarin Chinese in the Philippines 4193:to write cognate morphemes of late 4159:means 'good male friend', 'buddy'; 3371: 1092:official language of mainland China 1086:that was first codified during the 24: 7610: 7594:, The University of Malaya Press, 7375: 6545:, 1 September 2016, archived from 6418:Panel on Education working reports 6291: 6228:, Atlantis Press, pp. 56–59, 6189: 6174:Spolsky, Bernard (December 2014), 5828: 5623: 5517:"The Four Languages of "Mandarin"" 5136:, Walter de Gruyter, p. 772, 4572:Huānyíng! / Búyòng xiè! / Bú kèqì! 4502:I don't want it / I don't want to 4238:respectively. Hence the character 3938: 3927: 3916: 3905: 3894: 3883: 3840: 3826: 3815: 3804: 3793: 3780: 3769: 3758: 3747: 3715: 3704: 3693: 3679:) followed by a noun phrase, etc. 3659:'He did this job for his friends.' 3642: 3633: 3628: 3614: 3603: 3589: 3578: 3567: 2395:A poster outside a high school in 2238:(KMT) to the island along with an 1760:National Language Research Council 1591:that were written starting in the 1587:; 'common language'). The 1298:National Language Research Council 25: 14710: 7795: 7314:The phonology of standard Chinese 6484: 6425:from the original on 21 July 2011 6415:Hong Kong LegCo (19 April 1999), 6397:from the original on 21 July 2011 6156:from the original on 14 July 2011 6035:from the original on 24 July 2013 5407:standard Beijing Mandarin Chinese 5342:, in Moseley, Christopher (ed.), 4852:I don't speak Chinese very well. 4174: 3864:As in many east Asian languages, 2772: 2762: 2756: 2744: 2734: 2717: 2707: 2697: 2687: 2675: 2658: 2648: 2638: 2628: 2618: 2608: 2589: 2579: 2569: 2559: 2549: 2539: 2504: 2494: 2044: 1901:values as those heard in Beijing. 1877:, which remains the name used in 1793: 1346: 1316:to be the new national language. 1217:. "Mandarin" is a translation of 1213:as a whole, or the late imperial 1172:, more specifically qualified as 312:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 32:Standard Chinese (disambiguation) 14001:Malay trade and creole languages 9874: 9352:Literary and colloquial readings 9224: 7812: 7801: 7760:, Lund Humphries (London), 1975. 7650:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. 7107: 6560:Yew, Lee Kuan (3 October 2000), 6302:, Abingdon/New York: Routledge, 6280:from the original on 2 June 2015 6266:Luo, Chris (23 September 2014), 6144:Semple, Kirk (21 October 2009), 5409:) produced by speakers of other 4256:'to meet' was borrowed to write 3509:, and relying on word order and 3414:sounds (zh, ch, sh, r) with the 2253:to a lesser extent. Much of the 525: More than 100,000 speakers 519: More than 500,000 speakers 12956:comparison with British English 7699:Le, Wai-Sum; Zee, Eric (2003). 6891: 6843: 6768: 6585: 6529: 6497: 6478: 6436: 6408: 6393:, Hong Kong Police Department, 6381: 6353: 6322:Shi, Dingxu (12 October 2006), 6259: 6220:Zuo, Xinyi (16 December 2020), 6213: 6167: 6137: 6119: 6099: 5923: 5898: 5874: 5850: 5774: 5707: 5683: 5668: 5617: 5549: 5130:Tai, James; Tsay, Jane (2015), 5044: 4871:Wǒ de Hànyǔ shuō de bú tài hǎo. 4774:How do you get to the airport? 4716:Nín néng shuō de zài mànxiē ma? 4697:Can you speak a little slower? 3831: 3619: 1935:and idioms of exemplary modern 1160:, the dialect has been labeled 14689:Chinese languages in Singapore 7575:, Cambridge University Press, 7470:——— (2013), 7357:; Thompson, Sandra A. (1981), 7170: 6850:Chiu, Miao-chin (April 2012), 6493:, vol. 20, pp. 76–95 6363:Putonghua promotion stepped up 5194: 5123: 5026: 5020:本法所稱國家語言，指臺灣各固有族群使用之自然語言及臺灣手語。 5010: 4949: 4942: 4915: 4908: 4889: 4882: 4863: 4856: 4837: 4830: 4811: 4804: 4785: 4778: 4756: 4746: 4723:Good morning! / Good morning! 4708: 4701: 4682: 4675: 4656: 4649: 4630: 4620: 4597: 4583: 4564: 4557: 4535: 4525: 4468: 4461: 4422: 4415: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4319:elements in the periodic table 4246: 4240: 4034: 4027: 4016: 4009: 3971: 3965: 3955:'a hat, three books, that pen' 3365: 3361: 3346: 3342: 3332: 3328: 3317: 3306: 3302: 2379:In some regions controlled by 2257:population spoke their native 2204:to communicate with the PRC's 2179: 2176:local form of Standard Chinese 2165: 2154:special administrative regions 1870: 1866: 1847: 1843: 1823: 1819: 1787: 1783: 1731: 1726: 1660: 1656: 1626: 1622: 1603: 1582: 1496: 1492: 1454: 1450: 1423: 1421:as "Languages of the nation" ( 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1352: 1328: 1324: 1284: 1261: 1257: 1226: 1222: 1168:, and in common speech simply 1068: 1059: 1051: 1023: 1009: 995: 979: 965: 951: 911: 895: 867: 853: 839: 823: 809: 795: 753: 737: 709: 695: 681: 665: 651: 637: 597: 581: 501: Majority native language 13: 1: 7685:10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30883-6 6861:, vol. 5, archived from 6183:Linguistic Society of America 5716:Council of Indigenous Peoples 5449:. p. 300. Archived from 5252:, Springer, pp. 22, 24, 5061: 4845:Dào Mùníhēi yào duōshǎo qián? 3993: 2407:With an increase in internal 2331:Standard Singaporean Mandarin 2315:Chinese Singaporean community 1236: 1192: 1106:. It is largely based on the 9880:List of varieties of Chinese 7820:travel guide from Wikivoyage 7766:The Journal of Asian Studies 7703:. Illustrations of the IPA. 7701:"Standard Chinese (Beijing)" 7417:, Boston: Cheng & Tsui, 6786:, SProSIG, pp. 99–102, 6504:Jason Pan (16 August 2019), 5700:(Guoyu, Putonghua, Huayu)". 5526:, no. 4, archived from 5485:The Journal of Asian Studies 5066: 4361:, among many other changes. 4097:means 'do not worry about'; 3560:and prepositional phrases). 2418: 2386: 2294: 2279: 2196:from the United Kingdom and 2113:public service announcements 1790:), the 'national language'. 1632:Medii Regni Communis Loquela 1593:Northern and Southern period 1215:form used as a lingua franca 1094:and a major language in the 7: 7622:A Grammar of Spoken Chinese 7592:Mandarin Spread in Malaysia 6445:Advanced Materials Research 6235:10.2991/assehr.k.201214.465 6185:, vol. 90, p. 168 6031:, Gov.cn, 31 October 2000, 5799:, the Ministry of Justice, 5750:Wang Baojian (王保鍵) (2018), 5732:, the Ministry of Justice, 5515:Sanders, Robert M. (1987), 5383:"Chapter 8: Social Context" 5307:, p. 4, archived from 5248:, in Zhou, Minglang (ed.), 4966: 4956: 4922: 4896: 4870: 4844: 4818: 4792: 4766: 4734: 4715: 4689: 4663: 4637: 4608: 4571: 4545: 4513: 4494: 4475: 4448: 4429: 4403: 4367: 4333: 4327: 4313: 4302: 4295:, composed of the signific 4285: 4276: 4270: 4258: 4252: 4234: 4223: 4212: 4206: 4170:means 'frugal' or 'stingy'. 4166: 4155: 4148:means 'not very skillful'; 4144: 4126: 4115: 4104: 4093: 4082: 4071: 4054: 4048: 4022: 4004: 3669: 3521:. Verbs are not marked for 3402: 3396: 3337: 3323: 3311: 3297: 3282:in pinyin and often with a 2353: 2285:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2206:Central People's Government 1764: 1683: 1677:, in turn derived from the 1577: 1545:History of Standard Chinese 1302: 10: 14715: 9838:Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols 7523:Ramsey, S. Robert (1987), 7398:, Springer International, 7378:Language Planning in China 5829:Xu Weixian (許維賢) (2018), 5281:standard northern Mandarin 5277:system of phonetic symbols 5244:Rohsenow, John S. (2004), 4483:I am fine, how about you? 4476:Nǐ hǎo ma? / Nǐ zěnmeyàng? 4262:'this', and the character 4181:Written vernacular Chinese 4178: 3982:, the language allows for 3494: 3490: 3263:, prolonging the initial. 2793:complementary distribution 2425:Standard Chinese phonology 2422: 2413:Putonghua Proficiency Test 2372: 2368: 2357: 2298: 2267:Mandarin Promotion Council 2219: 1941:written vernacular Chinese 1887:written vernacular Chinese 1859:People's Republic of China 1832:written vernacular Chinese 1607: 1542: 1538: 1199:Standard Northern Mandarin 1162:Standard Northern Mandarin 36: 29: 14653:Singaporean Sign Language 14645: 14585: 14520: 14453: 14398: 14391: 14350: 14331: 14296: 14280: 14273: 14219: 14194: 14171: 14162: 14107:comparison with Malaysian 14057: 14031: 13976: 13956: 13918: 13853: 13786: 13662: 13653: 13269: 13074: 13058: 13044: 12970: 12929: 12809: 12793: 12775: 12722: 12699: 12674: 12651: 12642: 12619: 12601: 12566: 12534: 12508: 12443: 12366: 12350: 12320: 12302: 12236: 12215: 12149: 12122:Southern (Shanghai) Sign 12107: 12036: 11980: 11784: 11722: 11675: 11632: 11594: 11479: 11401: 11392: 11324: 11287: 11174: 11165: 11077: 11073: 11062: 11003: 10905: 10787: 10713: 10560: 10442: 10254: 10245: 10197: 10149: 10138: 10134: 10121: 10114: 10094: 10001: 9949: 9942: 9926: 9872: 9756: 9725: 9636: 9561: 9503: 9423: 9398: 9360: 9307: 9233: 9222: 9169: 9121: 9076: 9053: 8998: 8989: 8927: 8846: 8821: 8803: 8780: 8717: 8708: 8671: 8648: 8610: 8601: 8592: 8528: 8488: 8415: 8393: 8365: 8347: 8321: 8298: 8234: 8225: 8202: 8172: 8149: 8073: 8013: 7985: 7962: 7939: 7906: 7897: 7888: 7877: 7779:10.1017/S0021911818000487 7718:10.1017/S0025100303001208 7556:10.1007/s10993-006-9040-5 7346:10.1017/S0025100303001208 5753:客家基本法之制定與發展：兼論 2018 年修法重點 5498:10.1017/S0021911818000487 5464:standard Beijing Mandarin 5436:Chen, Ying-Chuan (2013). 5320:as their first language, 5169:, Routledge, p. 90, 5019: 4727: 4725: 4506: 4504: 4487: 4485: 4441: 4439: 4393: 4391: 4308: 4297: 4291: 4264: 4229: 4218: 4185:Modern Chinese characters 4161: 4150: 4139: 4121: 4110: 4099: 4088: 4077: 4066: 3675: 2728: 2669: 2523: 2488: 2453: 2375:Chinese people in Myanmar 2215: 2041:, is rapidly increasing. 2024: 1960: 1955: 1853:Following the end of the 1770: 1575:, texts also referred to 1466: 1308: 1203:Standard Beijing Mandarin 1187: 1182:Standard Mandarin Chinese 1166:Standard Beijing Mandarin 1120:Hong Kong written Chinese 1037: 1016: 1002: 988: 972: 958: 944: 937: 932: 928: 920: 904: 888: 881: 860: 846: 832: 816: 802: 788: 781: 776: 772: 762: 746: 730: 723: 702: 688: 674: 658: 644: 630: 623: 618: 614: 606: 590: 574: 570: 563: 531: 489: 475: 449: 437: 432: 333: 319: 269:Official language in 267: 262: 248: 211: 155: 95: 76: 58: 53: 48: 14226:Nearly extinct languages 7641:China's Language Reforms 7240:Harvard University Press 7066:Li & Thompson (1981) 7054:Li & Thompson (1981) 7042:Li & Thompson (1981) 7030:Li & Thompson (1981) 7018:Li & Thompson (1981) 7006:Li & Thompson (1981) 6994:Li & Thompson (1981) 6970:Li & Thompson (1981) 6946:Li & Thompson (1981) 6934:Li & Thompson (1981) 6447:, 1030–1032: 1650–1652, 6421:, Hong Kong Government, 6273:South China Morning Post 6044: 5830: 5761:Journal of Civil Service 5752: 5689:Yuan, Zhongrui. (2008) " 5676: 5675:Cao Dehe (曹德和) (2011), 5202: 5003: 4973:Chinese speech synthesis 3650:他为/為他的朋友做了这个/這個工作。 3536:The basic word order is 1977:Mandarin-speaking areas 1480: 1396:), or 'Chinese cinema' ( 1231:Modern Standard Mandarin 1178:Modern Standard Mandarin 1133:, Standard Chinese is a 1110:. Standard Chinese is a 890:Traditional Chinese 732:Traditional Chinese 576:Traditional Chinese 421:Promote Mandarin Council 240:Two-cell Chinese Braille 230:Mainland Chinese Braille 14699:Chinese language reform 14179:Malaysian Sign Language 12119:Northern (Beijing) Sign 7618:Chao, Yuen Ren (1968), 7571:Tam, Gina Anne (2020), 6473:Scott & Tiun (2007) 6340:10.1075/japc.16.2.09shi 5831:華語電影在後馬來西亞：土腔風格、華夷風與作者論 5273:phonetic writing system 4735:Zǎoshang hǎo! / Zǎo'ān! 4378:Traditional characters 4337:('there') changed from 4306:'run' and the phonetic 3959:The general classifier 2344:Speak Mandarin Campaign 2261:. During the period of 2124:on local television in 1126:reading of characters. 906:Simplified Chinese 748:Simplified Chinese 592:Simplified Chinese 14267:Languages of Singapore 14207:Selangor Sign Language 13326:Bruneian/Kedayan Malay 13131:Kelantan-Pattani Malay 10128:Sino-Tibetan languages 7691:Lehmann, W. P. (ed.), 7590:Wang, Xiaomei (2012), 7525:The languages of China 7450:: 1–31, archived from 7413:Lin, Helen T. (1981), 5904:Translation quoted in 4964: 4897:Nǐ huì shuō Yīngyǔ ma? 4878:Do you speak English? 4638:Búshì. / Bú duì. / Bù. 4430:Nǐ jiào shénme míngzi? 4381:Simplified characters 4203:demonstrative pronouns 3935: 3924: 3913: 3902: 3891: 3880: 3837: 3823: 3812: 3801: 3790: 3777: 3766: 3755: 3744: 3712: 3701: 3690: 3639: 3625: 3611: 3600: 3586: 3575: 3564: 3517:and rarely marked for 3507:inflectional morphemes 3501:Chinese is a strongly 3271: 2400: 2105:traditional characters 2058: 2055:Chinese dialect groups 2035:Chinatown in Manhattan 1834:continued to develop. 1803: 1719: 1712: 1673: 1648: 1631: 1445:Among Chinese people, 1275:Memoir of Qing Dynasty 1211:Mandarin dialect group 1069:Xiàndài biāozhǔn hànyǔ 533:This article contains 91:speakers: 80% of China 39:Huayu (disambiguation) 13446:Kota Marudu Talantang 13176:Negeri Sembilan Malay 12923:Languages of Malaysia 12881:Yilan Creole Japanese 7836:- Talk by David Moser 7394:Liang, Sihua (2014), 7192:10.1515/9783110819724 6298:Lee, Siu-lun (2023), 5857:Kane, Daniel (2006), 5783:Hakka Affairs Council 5696:26 April 2009 at the 5456:on 19 February 2020. 5381:Siegel, Jeff (2003), 5314:on 11 December 2016, 4939: 4937:in Standard Chinese: 4793:Qù jīchǎng zěnme zǒu? 4244:(later simplified as 3946:一顶帽子, 三本书/書, 那支笔/筆 3439:, pronouncing pinyin 3269: 2437:, an optional medial 2394: 2156:of the PRC, there is 2115:promoting the use of 2072:non-Sinitic languages 2052: 1801: 1699: 1617: 1487:Until the mid-1960s, 1475:Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi 1112:pluricentric language 417:Ministry of Education 401:Ministry of Education 365:Ministry of Education 353:Ministry of Education 14332:Indigenous languages 14202:Penang Sign Language 14184:Manually Coded Malay 12785:Taiwan Sign Language 7672:Journal of Phonetics 7444:Sino-Platonic Papers 7312:Duanmu, San (2007), 6691:Lee & Zee (2003) 6667:Lee & Zee (2003) 5634:on 5 November 2020, 5524:Sino-Platonic Papers 5447:University of Ottawa 5411:varieties of Chinese 4993:Chinese language law 3391:Xiandai Hanyu Cidian 2301:Singaporean Mandarin 2255:Taiwanese Aboriginal 2194:Hong Kong's handover 2068:varieties of Chinese 2053:Distribution of the 1828:hybrid pronunciation 1708:Alessandro Valignano 1459:varieties of Chinese 1393:Guóyǔ liúxíng yīnyuè 1341:varieties of Chinese 30:For other uses, see 14684:Languages of Taiwan 14392:Immigrant languages 13685:Malaysian Cantonese 13441:Klias River Kadazan 12296:Languages of Taiwan 12162:NM = Inner Mongolia 7736:The China Quarterly 7376:Li, Yuming (2015), 7257:Chen, Ping (1999), 7032:, pp. 320–320. 7008:, pp. 141–143. 6859:Monumenta Taiwanica 6717:, pp. 144–145. 6705:, pp. 143–144. 6657:, pp. 140–141. 6633:, pp. 138–139. 6549:on 19 December 2016 6016:, pp. 313–314. 5920:, pp. 549–550. 5785:(31 January 2018), 5665:, pp. 133–134. 4411:What is your name? 4075:means 'very much'; 3538:subject–verb–object 3505:, having almost no 3451:in the same way as 3437:alveolar consonants 3400:(door) and Beijing 2800: 2450: 2140:Hong Kong and Macau 2030:and pronunciation. 1991:non-Mandarin areas 1952: 1752:postal romanization 1149:, albeit with many 1143:subject–verb–object 1056:traditional Chinese 321:Recognised minority 173:Eastern Han Chinese 14694:Standard languages 14679:Languages of China 14032:Mixed & Others 13774:Malaysian Mandarin 12629:Taiwanese Mandarin 12209:Languages of Macau 11699:Formosan languages 9920:Languages of China 9833:Cantonese Bopomofo 9700:Chinese characters 9628:Written Sichuanese 8212:Zhangjiakou–Hohhot 7834:, 23 February 2018 7807:Chinese (Mandarin) 7146:on 19 January 2022 7125:on 19 January 2022 6564:, Harper Collins, 6485:Hubbs, Elizabeth, 6150:The New York Times 5770:on 5 November 2020 4495:Wǒ hěn hǎo, nǐ ne? 4130:means 'man, male'. 3272: 2798: 2703:⟨sh⟩ 2644:⟨ch⟩ 2575:⟨zh⟩ 2448: 2409:migration in China 2401: 2360:Malaysian Mandarin 2259:Formosan languages 2240:influx of refugees 2222:Taiwanese Mandarin 2059: 2039:Chinese immigrants 1950: 1939:, a form known as 1937:Chinese literature 1804: 1649: 1415:Formosan languages 1277:, Volume: Emperor 1156:In the context of 1048:simplified Chinese 225:Chinese characters 163:Proto-Sino-Tibetan 14661: 14660: 14641: 14640: 14327: 14326: 14233: 14232: 14223:Extinct languages 14215: 14214: 13972: 13971: 13649: 13648: 13481:Mainstream Kenyah 12966: 12965: 12889: 12888: 12801:Taiwanese Braille 12771: 12770: 12767: 12766: 12718: 12717: 12661:Taiwanese Hokkien 12597: 12596: 12593: 12592: 12568:Malayo-Polynesian 12562: 12561: 12262: 12261: 12175: 12174: 11718: 11717: 11714: 11713: 11710: 11709: 11703: 11695: 11687: 11590: 11589: 11320: 11319: 11058: 11057: 11054: 11053: 10783: 10782: 10779: 10778: 10110: 10109: 9886: 9885: 9868: 9867: 9695: 9694: 9613:Written Cantonese 9608: 9607: 9390:Classical grammar 9385:Cantonese grammar 9220: 9219: 9117: 9116: 8923: 8922: 8842: 8841: 8704: 8703: 8411: 8410: 8198: 8197: 8088:Chengdu–Chongqing 7881:Sinitic languages 7751:978-0-87332-081-8 7664:978-0-631-19815-4 7656:978-0-631-19814-7 7633:978-0-520-00219-7 7601:978-983-100-958-1 7582:978-1-108-77640-0 7534:978-0-691-01468-5 7515:978-0-521-29653-3 7424:978-0-917056-10-9 7405:978-3-319-12618-0 7387:978-1-61451-558-6 7368:978-0-520-06610-6 7323:978-0-19-921579-9 7272:978-0-521-64572-0 7249:978-0-674-73288-9 7223:978-3-11-012855-0 7201:978-3-11-081972-4 7156:Nations, United, 7092:, pp. 74–75. 7020:, pp. 15–16. 6972:, pp. 24–26. 6948:, pp. 12–13. 6936:, pp. 11–12. 6909:978-0-8248-2577-5 6828:, pp. 39–40. 6793:978-2-9518233-1-0 6571:978-0-06-019776-6 6542:Channel News Asia 6309:978-1-000-88989-5 6245:978-94-6239-301-1 6084:, pp. 27–28. 6072:, pp. 37–38. 5956:, pp. 16–17. 5882:Fourmont, Étienne 5868:978-0-8048-3853-5 5844:978-957-08-5098-7 5599:, pp. 11–12. 5561:Oxford Dictionary 5396:978-1-4051-5188-7 5353:978-1-135-79640-2 5259:978-1-4020-8039-5 5176:978-1-000-48702-2 5143:978-1-61451-817-4 4931:Article 1 of the 4929: 4928: 4904:I have no money. 4616:No. / Incorrect. 4191:Classical Chinese 4086:means 'stagger'; 4038:; ' honorable'). 4020:; ' humble') and 3732:'I am not tired.' 3527:grammatical tense 3503:analytic language 3257: 3256: 2785: 2784: 2778:⟨y⟩ 2768:⟨r⟩ 2750:⟨l⟩ 2740:⟨w⟩ 2723:⟨h⟩ 2713:⟨x⟩ 2693:⟨s⟩ 2681:⟨f⟩ 2664:⟨k⟩ 2654:⟨q⟩ 2634:⟨c⟩ 2624:⟨t⟩ 2614:⟨p⟩ 2605: 2595:⟨g⟩ 2585:⟨j⟩ 2565:⟨z⟩ 2555:⟨d⟩ 2545:⟨b⟩ 2536: 2510:⟨n⟩ 2500:⟨m⟩ 2247:Taiwanese Hokkien 2232:Chinese Civil War 2190:Written Cantonese 2018: 2017: 1910:Mandarin dialects 1855:Chinese Civil War 1808:Republic of China 1776:imperial Mandarin 1691:scholar-officials 1669:the lingua franca 1555:prestige dialects 1314:imperial Mandarin 1174:Standard Mandarin 1147:analytic language 1141:organization and 1131:Sinitic languages 1076: 1041: 1040: 1033: 1032: 1004:Yale Romanization 939:Standard Mandarin 877: 876: 848:Yale Romanization 783:Standard Mandarin 767:National language 719: 718: 690:Yale Romanization 625:Standard Mandarin 559: 558: 541:rendering support 537:phonetic symbols. 335:Regulated by 235:Taiwanese Braille 54:Standard Mandarin 18:Standard Mandarin 16:(Redirected from 14706: 14674:Standard Chinese 14396: 14395: 14351:Creole languages 14338:Johor-Riau Malay 14278: 14277: 14260: 14253: 14246: 14237: 14236: 14169: 14168: 13769:Mandarin Chinese 13660: 13659: 13256:Terengganu Malay 13056: 13055: 12934: 12933: 12916: 12909: 12902: 12893: 12892: 12649: 12648: 12617: 12616: 12608: 12607: 12573: 12572: 12318: 12317: 12309: 12308: 12289: 12282: 12275: 12266: 12265: 12254:Mandarin Chinese 12202: 12195: 12188: 12179: 12178: 12131: 11701: 11693: 11685: 11399: 11398: 11172: 11171: 11075: 11074: 11064: 11063: 10252: 10251: 10147: 10146: 10136: 10135: 10123: 10122: 10119: 10118: 9947: 9946: 9934:Standard Chinese 9913: 9906: 9899: 9890: 9889: 9878: 9877: 9850:Taiwanese Hangul 9739:Mainland Chinese 9652: 9651: 9643: 9642: 9568: 9567: 9245:Standard Chinese 9228: 8996: 8995: 8715: 8714: 8608: 8607: 8599: 8598: 8481: 8469: 8457: 8445: 8433: 8232: 8231: 7904: 7903: 7895: 7894: 7871:Chinese language 7864: 7857: 7850: 7841: 7840: 7835: 7818:Standard Chinese 7816: 7805: 7790: 7781: 7721: 7720: 7688: 7687: 7636: 7625: 7605: 7586: 7567: 7538: 7519: 7497: 7495: 7493: 7488:on 16 April 2018 7487: 7476: 7466: 7464: 7462: 7456: 7441: 7428: 7409: 7390: 7372: 7350: 7348: 7327: 7308: 7281:Coblin, W. South 7276: 7264: 7253: 7227: 7205: 7180:Wurm, Stephen A. 7165: 7164: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7142:, archived from 7133: 7132: 7130: 7121:, archived from 7111: 7105: 7099: 7093: 7087: 7081: 7075: 7069: 7063: 7057: 7051: 7045: 7039: 7033: 7027: 7021: 7015: 7009: 7003: 6997: 6991: 6985: 6979: 6973: 6967: 6961: 6955: 6949: 6943: 6937: 6931: 6925: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6895: 6889: 6883: 6877: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6868:on 7 August 2020 6867: 6856: 6847: 6841: 6835: 6829: 6823: 6817: 6811: 6805: 6804: 6803:on 16 April 2007 6802: 6796:, archived from 6781: 6772: 6766: 6760: 6754: 6748: 6742: 6736: 6730: 6724: 6718: 6712: 6706: 6700: 6694: 6688: 6682: 6676: 6670: 6664: 6658: 6652: 6646: 6640: 6634: 6628: 6622: 6616: 6610: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6589: 6583: 6582: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6533: 6527: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6501: 6495: 6494: 6482: 6476: 6470: 6464: 6463: 6440: 6434: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6412: 6406: 6405: 6404: 6402: 6385: 6379: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6357: 6351: 6350: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6295: 6289: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6263: 6257: 6256: 6237: 6217: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6193: 6187: 6186: 6180: 6171: 6165: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6141: 6135: 6134: 6123: 6117: 6116: 6103: 6097: 6091: 6085: 6079: 6073: 6067: 6061: 6055: 6049: 6048: 6042: 6040: 6023: 6017: 6011: 6005: 5999: 5993: 5987: 5981: 5975: 5969: 5963: 5957: 5951: 5945: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5927: 5921: 5915: 5909: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5878: 5872: 5871: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5826: 5817: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5758: 5747: 5738: 5737: 5718:(14 June 2017), 5711: 5705: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5639: 5638: 5621: 5615: 5609: 5600: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5569: 5568: 5563:, archived from 5553: 5547: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5521: 5512: 5506: 5505: 5500: 5480: 5469: 5468: 5455: 5444: 5433: 5424: 5423: 5378: 5369: 5368: 5332: 5323: 5322: 5313: 5306: 5295: 5286: 5285: 5241: 5232: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5198: 5192: 5191: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5103: 5094: 5088: 5082: 5076: 5055: 5053: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5030: 5024: 5022: 5021: 5014: 4959: 4952: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4925: 4918: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4899: 4892: 4891: 4885: 4884: 4873: 4866: 4865: 4859: 4858: 4847: 4840: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4821: 4814: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4795: 4788: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4769: 4762: 4761: 4752: 4751: 4737: 4730: 4729: 4718: 4711: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4692: 4685: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4671:How much money? 4666: 4659: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4640: 4633: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4611: 4609:Shì. / Duì. / M. 4604: 4603: 4593: 4592: 4579:Yes. / Correct. 4574: 4567: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4548: 4541: 4540: 4531: 4530: 4516: 4509: 4508: 4497: 4490: 4489: 4478: 4471: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4451: 4444: 4443: 4432: 4425: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4406: 4399: 4398: 4372: 4371: 4360: 4359: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4347: 4342: 4341: 4336: 4330: 4316: 4311: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4299: 4294: 4293: 4288: 4279: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4243: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4220: 4215: 4209: 4169: 4164: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4141: 4129: 4124: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4068: 4057: 4051: 4037: 4036: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4018: 4013: 4007: 3974: 3973: 3968: 3967: 3833: 3786: 3678: 3677: 3672: 3635: 3621: 3596: 3550:relative clauses 3405: 3399: 3372:Regional accents 3367: 3363: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3314: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3276:rhotacized vowel 3249: 3242: 3237: 3230: 3225: 3218: 3203: 3196: 3191: 3184: 3175: 3168: 3163: 3156: 3151: 3144: 3139: 3132: 3123: 3116: 3111: 3104: 3099: 3092: 3087: 3080: 3075: 3068: 3059: 3052: 3047: 3040: 3035: 3028: 3023: 3016: 3011: 3004: 2999: 2992: 2983: 2976: 2971: 2964: 2959: 2952: 2945: 2938: 2933: 2926: 2921: 2914: 2909: 2902: 2897: 2890: 2885: 2878: 2873: 2866: 2861: 2854: 2849: 2842: 2837: 2830: 2825: 2818: 2813: 2806: 2801: 2797: 2779: 2776: 2769: 2766: 2760: 2751: 2748: 2741: 2738: 2724: 2721: 2714: 2711: 2704: 2701: 2694: 2691: 2682: 2679: 2665: 2662: 2655: 2652: 2645: 2642: 2635: 2632: 2625: 2622: 2615: 2612: 2601: 2596: 2593: 2586: 2583: 2576: 2573: 2566: 2563: 2556: 2553: 2546: 2543: 2534: 2511: 2508: 2501: 2498: 2451: 2447: 2381:insurgent groups 2325:, Cantonese, or 2282: 2281: 2198:Macau's handover 2186: 2181: 2172: 2167: 1953: 1949: 1872: 1868: 1849: 1845: 1825: 1821: 1789: 1785: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1742:, but later the 1733: 1732:zhèngyīn shūyuàn 1728: 1717: 1715: 1688: 1676: 1662: 1658: 1641:Étienne Fourmont 1634: 1628: 1624: 1619:Zhongguo Guanhua 1598:Literary Chinese 1586: 1580: 1551:Chinese language 1498: 1494: 1468: 1456: 1452: 1426: 1425: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1366:Use of the term 1354: 1337:Literary Chinese 1330: 1326: 1311: 1310: 1305: 1287: 1286: 1268:to refer to the 1263: 1259: 1228: 1224: 1084:Mandarin Chinese 1077: 1074: 1070: 1061: 1053: 1044:Standard Chinese 1029: 1028: 1027: 1012: 1011: 998: 997: 984: 983: 982: 968: 967: 954: 953: 930: 929: 924:Chinese language 916: 915: 900: 899: 873: 872: 871: 856: 855: 842: 841: 828: 827: 826: 812: 811: 798: 797: 774: 773: 758: 757: 742: 741: 715: 714: 713: 698: 697: 684: 683: 670: 669: 668: 654: 653: 640: 639: 616: 615: 602: 601: 586: 585: 561: 560: 524: 518: 512: 506: 500: 494: 471: 467:cosc (Putonghua) 454: 442: 377:Education Bureau 323:language in 254: 217: 193:Beijing Mandarin 137:Standard Chinese 127:Beijing Mandarin 101: 49:Standard Chinese 46: 45: 21: 14714: 14713: 14709: 14708: 14707: 14705: 14704: 14703: 14664: 14663: 14662: 14657: 14637: 14581: 14516: 14449: 14387: 14346: 14323: 14292: 14269: 14264: 14234: 14229: 14211: 14190: 14158: 14053: 14027: 13968: 13952: 13914: 13855: 13849: 13809:Malaysian Tamil 13782: 13655: 13645: 13366:Eastern Kadazan 13346:Coastal Kadazan 13272: 13265: 13077: 13070: 13049: 13040: 12962: 12925: 12920: 12890: 12885: 12810:Other languages 12805: 12789: 12763: 12732:Taiwanese Hakka 12714: 12711:(Wuqiu dialect) 12695: 12670: 12666:Teochew dialect 12638: 12589: 12558: 12530: 12504: 12439: 12362: 12346: 12298: 12293: 12263: 12258: 12244:Macanese Patois 12232: 12211: 12206: 12176: 12171: 12145: 12125: 12103: 12032: 11976: 11787: 11780: 11706: 11686:(Indo-European) 11671: 11628: 11586: 11475: 11388: 11316: 11283: 11161: 11069: 11068:Other languages 11050: 10999: 10930:Central Tibetan 10901: 10775: 10709: 10556: 10438: 10241: 10193: 10141: 10130: 10106: 10090: 9997: 9938: 9922: 9917: 9887: 9882: 9864: 9801:Tongyong Pinyin 9781:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 9769:Dungan Cyrillic 9752: 9721: 9691: 9632: 9623:Written Hokkien 9604: 9563: 9557: 9533:Middle Mandarin 9499: 9419: 9394: 9356: 9303: 9236: 9229: 9216: 9165: 9113: 9072: 9049: 8985: 8919: 8838: 8817: 8799: 8776: 8700: 8667: 8644: 8588: 8524: 8484: 8475: 8463: 8451: 8439: 8427: 8407: 8389: 8361: 8343: 8317: 8294: 8221: 8194: 8168: 8145: 8069: 8009: 7981: 7958: 7935: 7884: 7873: 7868: 7824: 7798: 7793: 7763: 7634: 7613: 7611:Further reading 7608: 7602: 7583: 7544:Language Policy 7535: 7516: 7491: 7489: 7485: 7474: 7460: 7458: 7454: 7439: 7433:Mair, Victor H. 7425: 7406: 7388: 7369: 7324: 7273: 7250: 7224: 7202: 7173: 7168: 7149: 7147: 7134: 7128: 7126: 7113: 7112: 7108: 7100: 7096: 7088: 7084: 7076: 7072: 7064: 7060: 7052: 7048: 7040: 7036: 7028: 7024: 7016: 7012: 7004: 7000: 6992: 6988: 6980: 6976: 6968: 6964: 6956: 6952: 6944: 6940: 6932: 6928: 6920: 6916: 6910: 6896: 6892: 6884: 6880: 6871: 6869: 6865: 6854: 6848: 6844: 6836: 6832: 6824: 6820: 6812: 6808: 6800: 6794: 6779: 6773: 6769: 6761: 6757: 6749: 6745: 6737: 6733: 6725: 6721: 6713: 6709: 6701: 6697: 6689: 6685: 6677: 6673: 6665: 6661: 6653: 6649: 6641: 6637: 6629: 6625: 6617: 6613: 6604: 6602: 6599:Radio Free Asia 6590: 6586: 6572: 6558: 6554: 6535: 6534: 6530: 6521: 6519: 6502: 6498: 6483: 6479: 6471: 6467: 6441: 6437: 6428: 6426: 6413: 6409: 6400: 6398: 6387: 6386: 6382: 6373: 6371: 6370:on 21 July 2011 6358: 6354: 6320: 6316: 6310: 6296: 6292: 6283: 6281: 6264: 6260: 6246: 6218: 6214: 6205: 6203: 6195: 6194: 6190: 6178: 6172: 6168: 6159: 6157: 6142: 6138: 6124: 6120: 6105: 6104: 6100: 6092: 6088: 6080: 6076: 6068: 6064: 6056: 6052: 6046: 6038: 6036: 6025: 6024: 6020: 6012: 6008: 6000: 5996: 5988: 5984: 5976: 5972: 5964: 5960: 5952: 5948: 5939: 5937: 5928: 5924: 5916: 5912: 5903: 5899: 5879: 5875: 5869: 5855: 5851: 5845: 5832: 5827: 5820: 5812: 5808: 5793:Hakka Basic Act 5779: 5775: 5767: 5756: 5754: 5748: 5741: 5712: 5708: 5698:Wayback Machine 5688: 5684: 5678: 5673: 5669: 5661: 5657: 5649: 5642: 5622: 5618: 5610: 5603: 5595: 5591: 5583: 5572: 5555: 5554: 5550: 5542: 5538: 5533:on 7 March 2012 5530: 5519: 5513: 5509: 5481: 5472: 5453: 5442: 5434: 5427: 5397: 5379: 5372: 5354: 5333: 5326: 5311: 5304: 5296: 5289: 5260: 5242: 5235: 5227: 5223: 5213: 5211: 5204: 5200: 5199: 5195: 5177: 5161: 5157: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5128: 5124: 5115: 5113: 5105: 5104: 5097: 5089: 5085: 5081:, pp. 251. 5077: 5073: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5058: 5051: 5049: 5045: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5015: 5011: 5006: 4969: 4923:Wǒ méiyǒu qián. 4565:欢迎！/ 不用谢！/ 不客气！ 4558:歡迎！/ 不用謝！/ 不客氣！ 4370: 4187: 4179:Main articles: 4177: 4044:T–V distinction 3996: 3957: 3944: 3933: 3922: 3911: 3900: 3889: 3859: 3846: 3835: 3821: 3810: 3799: 3788: 3775: 3764: 3753: 3734: 3721: 3710: 3699: 3667:(linking verb) 3661: 3648: 3637: 3623: 3609: 3598: 3584: 3573: 3558:auxiliary verbs 3499: 3497:Chinese grammar 3493: 3374: 3335:; 'horse') and 3243: 3231: 3219: 3197: 3185: 3169: 3157: 3145: 3133: 3117: 3105: 3093: 3081: 3069: 3053: 3041: 3029: 3017: 3005: 2993: 2977: 2965: 2953: 2939: 2927: 2915: 2903: 2891: 2879: 2867: 2855: 2843: 2831: 2819: 2807: 2777: 2767: 2749: 2739: 2722: 2712: 2702: 2692: 2680: 2663: 2653: 2643: 2633: 2623: 2613: 2594: 2584: 2574: 2564: 2554: 2544: 2528: 2509: 2499: 2431:Beijing dialect 2427: 2421: 2411:, the official 2389: 2377: 2371: 2362: 2356: 2303: 2297: 2224: 2218: 2142: 2047: 2027: 1796: 1744:Beijing dialect 1740:Nanjing dialect 1718: 1706: 1612: 1606: 1559:linguae francae 1547: 1541: 1503:. For example, 1485: 1443: 1357:ethnic minority 1349: 1270:Manchu language 1250: 1239: 1195: 1190: 1139:topic-prominent 1108:Beijing dialect 990:Tongyong Pinyin 980: 921:Literal meaning 834:Tongyong Pinyin 824: 763:Literal meaning 676:Tongyong Pinyin 666: 607:Literal meaning 539:Without proper 527: 526: 522: 520: 516: 514: 510: 508: 504: 502: 498: 470: 457: 450: 438: 428: 425: 419: 415: 399: 387: 375: 363: 351: 329: 324: 322: 270: 263:Official status 255: 250: 244: 218: 213: 207: 188:Middle Mandarin 158: 151: 102: 99:Language family 97: 83: 79: 78:Native speakers 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14712: 14702: 14701: 14696: 14691: 14686: 14681: 14676: 14659: 14658: 14656: 14655: 14649: 14647: 14646:Sign languages 14643: 14642: 14639: 14638: 14636: 14635: 14630: 14625: 14620: 14615: 14610: 14605: 14600: 14595: 14589: 14587: 14583: 14582: 14580: 14579: 14574: 14569: 14564: 14559: 14558: 14557: 14552: 14547: 14537: 14532: 14526: 14524: 14518: 14517: 14515: 14514: 14513: 14512: 14507: 14502: 14497: 14492: 14487: 14477: 14476: 14475: 14470: 14459: 14457: 14451: 14450: 14448: 14447: 14446: 14445: 14440: 14435: 14430: 14425: 14420: 14415: 14404: 14402: 14393: 14389: 14388: 14386: 14385: 14380: 14375: 14370: 14365: 14360: 14354: 14352: 14348: 14347: 14345: 14344: 14339: 14335: 14333: 14329: 14328: 14325: 14324: 14322: 14321: 14316: 14311: 14306: 14300: 14298: 14294: 14293: 14291: 14290: 14284: 14282: 14275: 14274:Main languages 14271: 14270: 14263: 14262: 14255: 14248: 14240: 14231: 14230: 14228: 14227: 14224: 14220: 14217: 14216: 14213: 14212: 14210: 14209: 14204: 14198: 14196: 14192: 14191: 14189: 14188: 14187: 14186: 14175: 14173: 14166: 14160: 14159: 14157: 14156: 14151: 14146: 14141: 14136: 14131: 14126: 14121: 14116: 14111: 14110: 14109: 14099: 14094: 14089: 14084: 14079: 14074: 14069: 14063: 14061: 14055: 14054: 14052: 14051: 14046: 14041: 14035: 14033: 14029: 14028: 14026: 14025: 14024: 14023: 14018: 14013: 14008: 13998: 13993: 13988: 13982: 13980: 13974: 13973: 13970: 13969: 13967: 13966: 13960: 13958: 13954: 13953: 13951: 13950: 13949: 13948: 13943: 13938: 13933: 13922: 13920: 13916: 13915: 13913: 13912: 13907: 13902: 13897: 13892: 13887: 13882: 13881: 13880: 13870: 13865: 13859: 13857: 13851: 13850: 13848: 13847: 13846: 13845: 13840: 13835: 13830: 13820: 13819: 13818: 13813: 13812: 13811: 13801: 13790: 13788: 13784: 13783: 13781: 13780: 13779: 13778: 13777: 13776: 13766: 13765: 13764: 13763: 13762: 13761: 13760: 13750: 13749: 13748: 13746:Penang Hokkien 13743: 13728: 13723: 13718: 13717: 13716: 13711: 13696: 13691: 13690: 13689: 13688: 13687: 13666: 13664: 13657: 13651: 13650: 13647: 13646: 13644: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13628: 13623: 13618: 13613: 13608: 13603: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13576:Selungai Murut 13573: 13568: 13563: 13558: 13553: 13548: 13543: 13538: 13533: 13528: 13526:Punan Bah-Biau 13523: 13518: 13513: 13508: 13506:Nonukan Tidong 13503: 13498: 13493: 13488: 13483: 13478: 13473: 13468: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13443: 13438: 13433: 13428: 13426:Keningau Murut 13423: 13418: 13413: 13408: 13403: 13398: 13393: 13388: 13383: 13378: 13373: 13368: 13363: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13283: 13277: 13275: 13267: 13266: 13264: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13082: 13080: 13072: 13071: 13069: 13068: 13062: 13060: 13053: 13042: 13041: 13039: 13038: 13037: 13036: 13026: 13025: 13024: 13019: 13014: 13009: 13004: 12999: 12989: 12988: 12987: 12976: 12974: 12968: 12967: 12964: 12963: 12961: 12960: 12959: 12958: 12948: 12942: 12940: 12931: 12927: 12926: 12919: 12918: 12911: 12904: 12896: 12887: 12886: 12884: 12883: 12878: 12873: 12868: 12867: 12866: 12861: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12835: 12834: 12824: 12819: 12813: 12811: 12807: 12806: 12804: 12803: 12797: 12795: 12791: 12790: 12788: 12787: 12781: 12779: 12773: 12772: 12769: 12768: 12765: 12764: 12762: 12761: 12760: 12759: 12754: 12749: 12744: 12739: 12728: 12726: 12720: 12719: 12716: 12715: 12713: 12712: 12709:Putian dialect 12705: 12703: 12697: 12696: 12694: 12693: 12692: 12691: 12680: 12678: 12672: 12671: 12669: 12668: 12663: 12657: 12655: 12646: 12640: 12639: 12637: 12636: 12631: 12625: 12623: 12614: 12605: 12599: 12598: 12595: 12594: 12591: 12590: 12588: 12587: 12581: 12579: 12570: 12564: 12563: 12560: 12559: 12557: 12556: 12551: 12546: 12540: 12538: 12532: 12531: 12529: 12528: 12523: 12518: 12512: 12510: 12506: 12505: 12503: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12477: 12476: 12475: 12470: 12460: 12455: 12449: 12447: 12441: 12440: 12438: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12421: 12420: 12412: 12411: 12410: 12405: 12395: 12390: 12389: 12388: 12383: 12372: 12370: 12364: 12363: 12361: 12360: 12354: 12352: 12348: 12347: 12345: 12344: 12343: 12342: 12332: 12326: 12324: 12315: 12306: 12300: 12299: 12292: 12291: 12284: 12277: 12269: 12260: 12259: 12257: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12240: 12238: 12234: 12233: 12231: 12230: 12225: 12219: 12217: 12213: 12212: 12205: 12204: 12197: 12190: 12182: 12173: 12172: 12170: 12169: 12166: 12163: 12160: 12157: 12156:HK = Hong Kong 12154: 12150: 12147: 12146: 12144: 12143: 12136: 12135: 12134: 12133: 12132: 12127:Hong Kong Sign 12120: 12111: 12109: 12105: 12104: 12102: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12076: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12040: 12038: 12034: 12033: 12031: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11984: 11982: 11978: 11977: 11975: 11974: 11973: 11972: 11967: 11957: 11956: 11955: 11950: 11940: 11939: 11938: 11933: 11923: 11922: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11896: 11895: 11894: 11889: 11884: 11869: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11853: 11852: 11847: 11846: 11845: 11835: 11830: 11829: 11828: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11792: 11790: 11782: 11781: 11779: 11778: 11773: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11737: 11732: 11726: 11724: 11720: 11719: 11716: 11715: 11712: 11711: 11708: 11707: 11705: 11704: 11702:(Austronesian) 11696: 11694:(Austronesian) 11688: 11679: 11677: 11673: 11672: 11670: 11669: 11664: 11659: 11654: 11649: 11644: 11638: 11636: 11630: 11629: 11627: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11600: 11598: 11592: 11591: 11588: 11587: 11585: 11584: 11579: 11574: 11569: 11564: 11559: 11554: 11549: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11483: 11481: 11477: 11476: 11474: 11473: 11468: 11463: 11458: 11453: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11407: 11405: 11396: 11390: 11389: 11387: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11330: 11328: 11322: 11321: 11318: 11317: 11315: 11314: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11293: 11291: 11285: 11284: 11282: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11211: 11206: 11201: 11196: 11191: 11186: 11180: 11178: 11169: 11163: 11162: 11160: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11083: 11081: 11071: 11070: 11060: 11059: 11056: 11055: 11052: 11051: 11049: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11007: 11005: 11001: 11000: 10998: 10997: 10992: 10987: 10982: 10977: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10911: 10909: 10903: 10902: 10900: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10872:Southern Qiang 10869: 10867:Northern Qiang 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10793: 10791: 10785: 10784: 10781: 10780: 10777: 10776: 10774: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10717: 10715: 10711: 10710: 10708: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10622: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10566: 10564: 10558: 10557: 10555: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10448: 10446: 10440: 10439: 10437: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10296: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10260: 10258: 10249: 10243: 10242: 10240: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10203: 10201: 10195: 10194: 10192: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10155: 10153: 10144: 10132: 10131: 10116: 10112: 10111: 10108: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10092: 10091: 10089: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10007: 10005: 9999: 9998: 9996: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9959: 9957: 9944: 9940: 9939: 9937: 9936: 9930: 9928: 9924: 9923: 9916: 9915: 9908: 9901: 9893: 9884: 9883: 9873: 9870: 9869: 9866: 9865: 9863: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9845:Taiwanese kana 9842: 9841: 9840: 9835: 9825: 9824: 9823: 9818: 9816:Lessing-Othmer 9813: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9773: 9772: 9771: 9760: 9758: 9754: 9753: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9729: 9723: 9722: 9720: 9719: 9714: 9713: 9712: 9707: 9696: 9693: 9692: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9658: 9649: 9640: 9634: 9633: 9631: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9618:Written Dungan 9615: 9609: 9606: 9605: 9603: 9602: 9597: 9596: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9574: 9572: 9565: 9559: 9558: 9556: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9523:Middle Chinese 9520: 9515: 9509: 9507: 9501: 9500: 9498: 9497: 9492: 9490:Wubi (Wang Ma) 9487: 9482: 9481: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9449: 9448: 9438: 9435: 9429: 9427: 9421: 9420: 9418: 9417: 9410: 9402: 9400: 9396: 9395: 9393: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9366: 9364: 9358: 9357: 9355: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9323: 9322: 9311: 9309: 9305: 9304: 9302: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9285: 9284: 9283: 9282: 9277: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9241: 9239: 9231: 9230: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9217: 9215: 9214: 9209: 9207:Xiangnan Tuhua 9204: 9199: 9194: 9192:Shaozhou Tuhua 9189: 9184: 9179: 9173: 9171: 9167: 9166: 9164: 9163: 9162: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9143: 9142: 9141: 9136: 9127: 9125: 9119: 9118: 9115: 9114: 9112: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9080: 9078: 9074: 9073: 9071: 9070: 9065: 9059: 9057: 9051: 9050: 9048: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9021: 9020: 9015: 9004: 9002: 8993: 8987: 8986: 8984: 8983: 8982: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8961: 8960: 8959: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8933: 8931: 8925: 8924: 8921: 8920: 8918: 8917: 8916: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8895: 8894: 8893: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8867: 8866: 8861: 8850: 8848: 8844: 8843: 8840: 8839: 8837: 8836: 8831: 8825: 8823: 8819: 8818: 8816: 8815: 8809: 8807: 8801: 8800: 8798: 8797: 8792: 8786: 8784: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8723: 8721: 8712: 8706: 8705: 8702: 8701: 8699: 8698: 8697: 8696: 8691: 8681: 8675: 8673: 8669: 8668: 8666: 8665: 8660: 8654: 8652: 8646: 8645: 8643: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8616: 8614: 8605: 8596: 8590: 8589: 8587: 8586: 8585: 8584: 8574: 8569: 8568: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8547: 8546: 8545: 8534: 8532: 8526: 8525: 8523: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8506: 8505: 8494: 8492: 8486: 8485: 8483: 8482: 8470: 8458: 8446: 8434: 8421: 8419: 8413: 8412: 8409: 8408: 8406: 8405: 8399: 8397: 8391: 8390: 8388: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8371: 8369: 8363: 8362: 8360: 8359: 8353: 8351: 8345: 8344: 8342: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8325: 8323: 8319: 8318: 8316: 8315: 8310: 8304: 8302: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8240: 8238: 8229: 8223: 8222: 8220: 8219: 8214: 8208: 8206: 8200: 8199: 8196: 8195: 8193: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8176: 8174: 8170: 8169: 8167: 8166: 8161: 8155: 8153: 8147: 8146: 8144: 8143: 8142: 8141: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8115: 8114: 8113: 8112: 8105:Renshou–Fushun 8102: 8101: 8100: 8090: 8079: 8077: 8071: 8070: 8068: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8041: 8040: 8030: 8025: 8019: 8017: 8015:Central Plains 8011: 8010: 8008: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7991: 7989: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7979: 7974: 7968: 7966: 7960: 7959: 7957: 7956: 7951: 7945: 7943: 7937: 7936: 7934: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7912: 7910: 7901: 7892: 7886: 7885: 7878: 7875: 7874: 7867: 7866: 7859: 7852: 7844: 7838: 7837: 7821: 7810: 7797: 7796:External links 7794: 7792: 7791: 7772:(3): 611–633, 7761: 7754: 7739: 7732: 7724: 7723: 7711:(1): 109–112. 7696: 7689: 7678:(3): 267–278, 7667: 7644: 7637: 7632: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7606: 7600: 7587: 7581: 7568: 7539: 7533: 7520: 7514: 7498: 7467: 7457:on 10 May 2018 7429: 7423: 7410: 7404: 7391: 7386: 7373: 7367: 7355:Li, Charles N. 7351: 7339:(1): 109–112, 7328: 7322: 7309: 7297:10.2307/606615 7291:(4): 537–552, 7277: 7271: 7254: 7248: 7232:Chao, Yuen Ren 7228: 7222: 7210:Bradley, David 7206: 7200: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7166: 7162:United Nations 7106: 7094: 7082: 7070: 7068:, p. 112. 7058: 7056:, p. 105. 7046: 7044:, p. 104. 7034: 7022: 7010: 6998: 6996:, p. 141. 6986: 6984:, p. 169. 6974: 6962: 6950: 6938: 6926: 6924:, p. 159. 6914: 6908: 6890: 6888:, p. 140. 6878: 6842: 6830: 6818: 6816:, p. 148. 6806: 6792: 6767: 6755: 6753:, p. 236. 6743: 6741:, p. 147. 6731: 6729:, p. 225. 6719: 6707: 6695: 6693:, p. 111. 6683: 6681:, p. 142. 6671: 6669:, p. 110. 6659: 6647: 6645:, p. 139. 6635: 6623: 6621:, p. 138. 6611: 6584: 6570: 6552: 6528: 6496: 6477: 6465: 6435: 6407: 6380: 6352: 6334:(2): 299–318, 6314: 6308: 6290: 6258: 6244: 6212: 6188: 6166: 6136: 6132:People's Daily 6118: 6115:, 7 March 2007 6098: 6086: 6074: 6062: 6050: 6018: 6014:Bradley (1992) 6006: 5994: 5982: 5970: 5968:, p. 134. 5958: 5946: 5922: 5910: 5897: 5873: 5867: 5849: 5843: 5818: 5816:, pp. 11. 5806: 5773: 5739: 5706: 5702:China Language 5682: 5667: 5655: 5640: 5616: 5614:, p. 537. 5601: 5589: 5587:, p. 737. 5570: 5567:on 3 July 2020 5548: 5546:, p. 136. 5536: 5507: 5491:(1): 611–633, 5470: 5425: 5395: 5370: 5352: 5336:Bradley, David 5324: 5287: 5258: 5233: 5231:, p. 307. 5229:Bradley (1992) 5221: 5208:law.moj.gov.tw 5193: 5175: 5155: 5142: 5122: 5111:People's Daily 5095: 5083: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5043: 5025: 5008: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5001: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4968: 4965: 4927: 4926: 4919: 4912: 4905: 4901: 4900: 4893: 4886: 4879: 4875: 4874: 4867: 4860: 4853: 4849: 4848: 4841: 4834: 4827: 4823: 4822: 4815: 4808: 4801: 4797: 4796: 4789: 4782: 4775: 4771: 4770: 4763: 4753: 4743: 4739: 4738: 4731: 4724: 4720: 4719: 4712: 4705: 4698: 4694: 4693: 4686: 4679: 4672: 4668: 4667: 4664:Shénme shíhou? 4660: 4653: 4646: 4642: 4641: 4634: 4627: 4617: 4613: 4612: 4605: 4594: 4580: 4576: 4575: 4568: 4561: 4554: 4550: 4549: 4542: 4532: 4522: 4518: 4517: 4510: 4503: 4499: 4498: 4491: 4484: 4480: 4479: 4472: 4465: 4458: 4454: 4453: 4445: 4438: 4437:My name is... 4434: 4433: 4426: 4419: 4412: 4408: 4407: 4400: 4390: 4386: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4369: 4366: 4323: 4322: 4281: 4176: 4175:Writing system 4173: 4172: 4171: 4132: 4131: 4119:means 'slip'; 3995: 3992: 3980:word formation 3934: 3923: 3912: 3901: 3890: 3879: 3878: 3874:demonstratives 3836: 3822: 3811: 3800: 3789: 3776: 3765: 3754: 3743: 3742: 3711: 3700: 3689: 3688: 3638: 3624: 3610: 3599: 3585: 3574: 3563: 3562: 3495:Main article: 3492: 3489: 3426:Code-switching 3373: 3370: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3238: 3226: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3192: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3164: 3152: 3140: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3112: 3100: 3088: 3076: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3048: 3036: 3024: 3012: 3000: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2972: 2960: 2947: 2946: 2934: 2922: 2910: 2898: 2886: 2874: 2862: 2850: 2838: 2826: 2814: 2783: 2782: 2780: 2770: 2754: 2752: 2742: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2715: 2705: 2695: 2685: 2683: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2656: 2646: 2636: 2626: 2616: 2606: 2598: 2597: 2587: 2577: 2567: 2557: 2547: 2537: 2532: 2521: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2502: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2423:Main article: 2420: 2417: 2388: 2385: 2370: 2367: 2358:Main article: 2355: 2352: 2299:Main article: 2296: 2293: 2271:Chen Shui-Bian 2220:Main article: 2217: 2214: 2185:syu1 min6 jyu5 2141: 2138: 2046: 2045:Mainland China 2043: 2026: 2023: 2016: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2005:whole country 2002: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1974: 1973: 1970: 1969:Comprehension 1967: 1966:Comprehension 1963: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1945: 1944: 1929: 1902: 1795: 1794:Republican era 1792: 1704: 1608:Main article: 1605: 1602: 1543:Main article: 1540: 1537: 1501:Chinese nation 1484: 1479: 1442: 1433: 1403:Guóyǔ diànyǐng 1348: 1347:Usage concerns 1345: 1249: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1151:compound words 1135:tonal language 1096:United Nations 1088:republican era 1039: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1020: 1014: 1013: 1006: 1000: 999: 992: 986: 985: 976: 970: 969: 962: 956: 955: 948: 942: 941: 935: 934: 933:Transcriptions 926: 925: 922: 918: 917: 908: 902: 901: 892: 886: 885: 879: 878: 875: 874: 864: 858: 857: 850: 844: 843: 836: 830: 829: 820: 814: 813: 806: 800: 799: 792: 786: 785: 779: 778: 777:Transcriptions 770: 769: 764: 760: 759: 750: 744: 743: 734: 728: 727: 721: 720: 717: 716: 706: 700: 699: 692: 686: 685: 678: 672: 671: 662: 656: 655: 648: 642: 641: 634: 628: 627: 621: 620: 619:Transcriptions 612: 611: 608: 604: 603: 594: 588: 587: 578: 572: 571: 568: 567: 557: 556: 543:, you may see 529: 528: 521: 515: 509: 503: 497: 495: 487: 486: 481: 473: 472: 469: 468: 465: 462: 458: 455: 447: 446: 443: 435: 434: 433:Language codes 430: 429: 427: 426: 424: 423: 407: 391: 379: 367: 355: 347:Mainland China 342: 339: 337: 331: 330: 327: 325: 320: 317: 316: 315: 314: 309: 308:United Nations 306: 299:Singapore (as 297: 284: 271: 268: 265: 264: 260: 259: 258:Signed Chinese 256: 249: 246: 245: 243: 242: 237: 232: 227: 221: 219: 215:Writing system 212: 209: 208: 206: 205: 204: 203: 202: 201: 200: 199: 198: 197: 196: 195: 178:Middle Chinese 161: 159: 156: 153: 152: 150: 149: 148: 147: 146: 145: 144: 143: 142: 141: 140: 139: 105: 103: 96: 93: 92: 80: 77: 74: 73: 63:Mainland China 60: 59:Native to 56: 55: 51: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14711: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14671: 14669: 14654: 14651: 14650: 14648: 14644: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14604: 14601: 14599: 14596: 14594: 14591: 14590: 14588: 14584: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14565: 14563: 14560: 14556: 14553: 14551: 14548: 14546: 14543: 14542: 14541: 14538: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14528: 14527: 14525: 14523: 14519: 14511: 14508: 14506: 14503: 14501: 14498: 14496: 14493: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14483: 14482: 14481: 14478: 14474: 14471: 14469: 14466: 14465: 14464: 14461: 14460: 14458: 14456: 14452: 14444: 14441: 14439: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14410: 14409: 14406: 14405: 14403: 14401: 14397: 14394: 14390: 14384: 14381: 14379: 14376: 14374: 14371: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14355: 14353: 14349: 14343: 14342:Orang Seletar 14340: 14337: 14336: 14334: 14330: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14312: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14301: 14299: 14295: 14289: 14286: 14285: 14283: 14279: 14276: 14272: 14268: 14261: 14256: 14254: 14249: 14247: 14242: 14241: 14238: 14225: 14222: 14221: 14218: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14199: 14197: 14193: 14185: 14182: 14181: 14180: 14177: 14176: 14174: 14170: 14167: 14165: 14161: 14155: 14152: 14150: 14147: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14137: 14135: 14132: 14130: 14127: 14125: 14122: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14108: 14105: 14104: 14103: 14100: 14098: 14095: 14093: 14092:East Timorese 14090: 14088: 14085: 14083: 14080: 14078: 14075: 14073: 14070: 14068: 14065: 14064: 14062: 14060: 14056: 14050: 14047: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14037: 14036: 14034: 14030: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14003: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13994: 13992: 13989: 13987: 13984: 13983: 13981: 13979: 13975: 13965: 13962: 13961: 13959: 13955: 13947: 13944: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13928: 13927: 13924: 13923: 13921: 13917: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13879: 13876: 13875: 13874: 13871: 13869: 13866: 13864: 13861: 13860: 13858: 13852: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13836: 13834: 13831: 13829: 13826: 13825: 13824: 13823:Indo-European 13821: 13817: 13814: 13810: 13807: 13806: 13805: 13802: 13800: 13797: 13796: 13795: 13792: 13791: 13789: 13785: 13775: 13772: 13771: 13770: 13767: 13759: 13756: 13755: 13754: 13751: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13738: 13737: 13734: 13733: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13722: 13719: 13715: 13712: 13710: 13707: 13706: 13705: 13702: 13701: 13700: 13697: 13695: 13692: 13686: 13683: 13682: 13681: 13678: 13677: 13676: 13673: 13672: 13671: 13668: 13667: 13665: 13661: 13658: 13652: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13561:Sarawak Malay 13559: 13557: 13554: 13552: 13549: 13547: 13544: 13542: 13539: 13537: 13534: 13532: 13529: 13527: 13524: 13522: 13519: 13517: 13514: 13512: 13509: 13507: 13504: 13502: 13499: 13497: 13494: 13492: 13489: 13487: 13484: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13439: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13429: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13389: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13331:Brunei Bisaya 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13278: 13276: 13274: 13268: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13236:Southern Thai 13234: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13191:Orang Seletar 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13083: 13081: 13079: 13073: 13067: 13064: 13063: 13061: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13047: 13043: 13035: 13032: 13031: 13030: 13027: 13023: 13020: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12997:North Bornean 12995: 12994: 12993: 12990: 12986: 12983: 12982: 12981: 12980:Austroasiatic 12978: 12977: 12975: 12973: 12969: 12957: 12954: 12953: 12952: 12949: 12947: 12944: 12943: 12941: 12939: 12935: 12932: 12928: 12924: 12917: 12912: 12910: 12905: 12903: 12898: 12897: 12894: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12869: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12856: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12833: 12830: 12829: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12814: 12812: 12808: 12802: 12799: 12798: 12796: 12792: 12786: 12783: 12782: 12780: 12778: 12774: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12750: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12734: 12733: 12730: 12729: 12727: 12725: 12721: 12710: 12707: 12706: 12704: 12702: 12698: 12690: 12689:Matsu dialect 12687: 12686: 12685: 12682: 12681: 12679: 12677: 12673: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12658: 12656: 12654: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12641: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12626: 12624: 12622: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12600: 12586: 12583: 12582: 12580: 12578: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12565: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12541: 12539: 12537: 12533: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12513: 12511: 12507: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12465: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12450: 12448: 12446: 12442: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12418: 12417: 12416: 12413: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12400: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12378: 12377: 12374: 12373: 12371: 12369: 12365: 12359: 12356: 12355: 12353: 12349: 12341: 12338: 12337: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12327: 12325: 12323: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12301: 12297: 12290: 12285: 12283: 12278: 12276: 12271: 12270: 12267: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12241: 12239: 12235: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12220: 12218: 12214: 12210: 12203: 12198: 12196: 12191: 12189: 12184: 12183: 12180: 12167: 12165:XJ = Xinjiang 12164: 12161: 12158: 12155: 12152: 12151: 12148: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12130: 12128: 12124: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12117: 12116: 12113: 12112: 12110: 12106: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12041: 12039: 12035: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11985: 11983: 11979: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11962: 11961: 11958: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11945: 11944: 11941: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11928: 11927: 11924: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11879: 11878: 11875: 11874: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11851: 11848: 11844: 11841: 11840: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11827: 11824: 11823: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11798: 11797: 11794: 11793: 11791: 11789: 11783: 11777: 11774: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11727: 11725: 11721: 11700: 11697: 11692: 11689: 11684: 11681: 11680: 11678: 11674: 11668: 11667:Western Yugur 11665: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11639: 11637: 11635: 11631: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11601: 11599: 11597: 11593: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11484: 11482: 11478: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11408: 11406: 11404: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11391: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11349:Eastern Yugur 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11331: 11329: 11327: 11323: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11294: 11292: 11290: 11286: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11269:Small Flowery 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11181: 11179: 11177: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11164: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11084: 11082: 11080: 11079:Austroasiatic 11076: 11072: 11065: 11061: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11008: 11006: 11002: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10912: 10910: 10908: 10904: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10794: 10792: 10790: 10786: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10718: 10716: 10712: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10567: 10565: 10563: 10559: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10449: 10447: 10445: 10441: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10261: 10259: 10257: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10244: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10204: 10202: 10200: 10196: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10156: 10154: 10152: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10137: 10133: 10129: 10124: 10120: 10117: 10113: 10103: 10101: 10097: 10093: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10008: 10006: 10004: 10000: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9960: 9958: 9956: 9952: 9948: 9945: 9941: 9935: 9932: 9931: 9929: 9925: 9921: 9914: 9909: 9907: 9902: 9900: 9895: 9894: 9891: 9881: 9871: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9830: 9829: 9826: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9778: 9777: 9774: 9770: 9767: 9766: 9765: 9764:Cyrillization 9762: 9761: 9759: 9755: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9728: 9724: 9718: 9715: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9702: 9701: 9698: 9697: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9657: 9656:Script styles 9653: 9650: 9648: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9635: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9610: 9601: 9598: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9580: 9579: 9576: 9575: 9573: 9569: 9566: 9560: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9510: 9508: 9506: 9502: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9465: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9447: 9444: 9443: 9442: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9430: 9428: 9426: 9422: 9416: 9415: 9411: 9409: 9408: 9404: 9403: 9401: 9397: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9367: 9365: 9363: 9359: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9321: 9318: 9317: 9316: 9313: 9312: 9310: 9306: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9272: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9247: 9246: 9243: 9242: 9240: 9238: 9232: 9227: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9174: 9172: 9168: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9146: 9144: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9131: 9129: 9128: 9126: 9124: 9120: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9081: 9079: 9075: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9060: 9058: 9056: 9052: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9010: 9009: 9006: 9005: 9003: 9001: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8988: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8966: 8965: 8962: 8958: 8955: 8954: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8934: 8932: 8930: 8926: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8900: 8899: 8896: 8892: 8889: 8888: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8856: 8855: 8852: 8851: 8849: 8845: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8826: 8824: 8820: 8814: 8811: 8810: 8808: 8806: 8802: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8787: 8785: 8783: 8779: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8724: 8722: 8720: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8707: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8686: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8676: 8674: 8670: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8655: 8653: 8651: 8647: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8617: 8615: 8613: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8591: 8583: 8580: 8579: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8552: 8551: 8548: 8544: 8541: 8540: 8539: 8536: 8535: 8533: 8531: 8527: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8504: 8501: 8500: 8499: 8496: 8495: 8493: 8491: 8487: 8479: 8474: 8471: 8467: 8462: 8459: 8455: 8450: 8447: 8443: 8438: 8435: 8431: 8426: 8423: 8422: 8420: 8418: 8414: 8404: 8401: 8400: 8398: 8396: 8392: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8372: 8370: 8368: 8364: 8358: 8355: 8354: 8352: 8350: 8346: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8326: 8324: 8320: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8301: 8297: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8241: 8239: 8237: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8224: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8209: 8207: 8205: 8201: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8177: 8175: 8171: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8156: 8154: 8152: 8148: 8140: 8137: 8136: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8111: 8108: 8107: 8106: 8103: 8099: 8096: 8095: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8085: 8084: 8081: 8080: 8078: 8076: 8072: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8039: 8036: 8035: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8016: 8012: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7992: 7990: 7988: 7984: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7965: 7961: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7942: 7938: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7913: 7911: 7909: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7882: 7876: 7872: 7865: 7860: 7858: 7853: 7851: 7846: 7845: 7842: 7833: 7829: 7828: 7822: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7799: 7789: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7762: 7759: 7755: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7737: 7733: 7730: 7726: 7725: 7719: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7697: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7681: 7677: 7673: 7668: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7642: 7638: 7635: 7629: 7624: 7623: 7616: 7615: 7603: 7597: 7593: 7588: 7584: 7578: 7574: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7540: 7536: 7530: 7526: 7521: 7517: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7502:Norman, Jerry 7499: 7484: 7480: 7473: 7468: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7420: 7416: 7411: 7407: 7401: 7397: 7392: 7389: 7383: 7379: 7374: 7370: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7329: 7325: 7319: 7315: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7268: 7263: 7262: 7255: 7251: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7176: 7175: 7163: 7159: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7110: 7104:, p. 76. 7103: 7102:Norman (1988) 7098: 7091: 7090:Norman (1988) 7086: 7080:, p. 74. 7079: 7078:Norman (1988) 7074: 7067: 7062: 7055: 7050: 7043: 7038: 7031: 7026: 7019: 7014: 7007: 7002: 6995: 6990: 6983: 6978: 6971: 6966: 6960:, p. 19. 6959: 6954: 6947: 6942: 6935: 6930: 6923: 6922:Norman (1988) 6918: 6911: 6905: 6901: 6894: 6887: 6886:Norman (1988) 6882: 6864: 6860: 6853: 6846: 6840:, p. 47. 6839: 6834: 6827: 6822: 6815: 6814:Norman (1988) 6810: 6799: 6795: 6789: 6785: 6778: 6771: 6765:, p. 24. 6764: 6759: 6752: 6751:Duanmu (2007) 6747: 6740: 6739:Norman (1988) 6735: 6728: 6727:Duanmu (2007) 6723: 6716: 6715:Norman (1988) 6711: 6704: 6703:Norman (1988) 6699: 6692: 6687: 6680: 6679:Norman (1988) 6675: 6668: 6663: 6656: 6655:Norman (1988) 6651: 6644: 6643:Norman (1988) 6639: 6632: 6631:Norman (1988) 6627: 6620: 6619:Norman (1988) 6615: 6601: 6600: 6595: 6588: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6567: 6563: 6556: 6548: 6544: 6543: 6538: 6532: 6517: 6513: 6512: 6507: 6500: 6492: 6488: 6481: 6475:, p. 57. 6474: 6469: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6439: 6424: 6420: 6419: 6411: 6396: 6392: 6391: 6384: 6369: 6365: 6364: 6356: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6318: 6311: 6305: 6301: 6294: 6279: 6276:, Hong Kong, 6275: 6274: 6269: 6262: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6216: 6202: 6198: 6192: 6184: 6177: 6170: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6140: 6133: 6129: 6122: 6114: 6110: 6109: 6102: 6096:, p. 28. 6095: 6090: 6083: 6078: 6071: 6066: 6060:, p. 24. 6059: 6054: 6034: 6030: 6029: 6022: 6015: 6010: 6004:, p. 15. 6003: 6002:Ramsey (1987) 5998: 5992:, p. 10. 5991: 5990:Ramsey (1987) 5986: 5980:, p. 18. 5979: 5974: 5967: 5966:Norman (1988) 5962: 5955: 5950: 5935: 5934: 5926: 5919: 5918:Coblin (2000) 5914: 5908:, p. 539 5907: 5906:Coblin (2000) 5901: 5893: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5877: 5870: 5864: 5860: 5853: 5846: 5840: 5836: 5825: 5823: 5815: 5810: 5803: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5789: 5784: 5781:Sponsored by 5777: 5766: 5762: 5755: 5746: 5744: 5736: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5722: 5717: 5714:Sponsored by 5710: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5692: 5686: 5671: 5664: 5663:Norman (1988) 5659: 5653:, p. 76. 5652: 5647: 5645: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5628: 5620: 5613: 5612:Coblin (2000) 5608: 5606: 5598: 5593: 5586: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5552: 5545: 5544:Norman (1988) 5540: 5529: 5525: 5518: 5511: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5467: 5465: 5461: 5452: 5448: 5441: 5440: 5432: 5430: 5422: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5377: 5375: 5367: 5365: 5361: 5355: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5329: 5321: 5319: 5310: 5303: 5302: 5294: 5292: 5284: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5269: 5266:promotion of 5261: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5240: 5238: 5230: 5225: 5209: 5205: 5197: 5190: 5188: 5184: 5178: 5172: 5168: 5167: 5159: 5145: 5139: 5135: 5134: 5126: 5112: 5108: 5102: 5100: 5093:, p. 45. 5092: 5087: 5080: 5079:Norman (1988) 5075: 5071: 5047: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5013: 5009: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4970: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4953: 4946: 4938: 4936: 4935: 4924: 4920: 4913: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4861: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4835: 4828: 4825: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4809: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4783: 4776: 4773: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4722: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4706: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4691: 4690:Duōshǎo qián? 4687: 4680: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4601: 4595: 4590: 4586: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4562: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4482: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4466: 4459: 4457:How are you? 4456: 4455: 4450: 4446: 4436: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4420: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4396: 4388: 4387: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4373: 4365: 4362: 4335: 4331:('here') and 4329: 4320: 4315: 4304: 4287: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4260: 4254: 4236: 4225: 4214: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4182: 4168: 4157: 4146: 4137: 4136: 4135: 4128: 4127:dà lǎoyermenr 4117: 4108:means 'eat'; 4106: 4095: 4084: 4073: 4064: 4063: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4050: 4045: 4039: 4030: 4024: 4012: 4006: 4001: 3991: 3989: 3988:reduplication 3985: 3981: 3976: 3962: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3834: 3828: 3825: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3779: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3741: 3739: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3687: 3685: 3684:stative verbs 3680: 3671: 3666: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3636: 3630: 3627: 3622: 3616: 3613: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3597: 3591: 3588: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3534: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3498: 3488: 3486: 3482: 3479:, and vowels 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3398: 3393: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3369: 3359: 3354: 3352: 3339: 3325: 3313: 3309:; 'mother'), 3299: 3293: 3291: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3268: 3264: 3262: 3253: 3251: 3247: 3239: 3235: 3227: 3223: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3201: 3193: 3189: 3181: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3153: 3149: 3141: 3137: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3121: 3113: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3064: 3061: 3057: 3049: 3045: 3037: 3033: 3025: 3021: 3013: 3009: 3001: 2997: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2973: 2969: 2961: 2957: 2949: 2948: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2923: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2887: 2883: 2875: 2871: 2863: 2859: 2851: 2847: 2839: 2835: 2827: 2823: 2815: 2811: 2803: 2802: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2781: 2775: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2755: 2753: 2747: 2743: 2737: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2720: 2716: 2710: 2706: 2700: 2696: 2690: 2686: 2684: 2678: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2661: 2657: 2651: 2647: 2641: 2637: 2631: 2627: 2621: 2617: 2611: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2599: 2592: 2588: 2582: 2578: 2572: 2568: 2562: 2558: 2552: 2548: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2507: 2503: 2497: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2426: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2398: 2393: 2384: 2382: 2376: 2366: 2361: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2337: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2302: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2249:, as well as 2248: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2223: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2177: 2173: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2106: 2102: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2085: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2064:lingua franca 2056: 2051: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2022: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1957: 1954: 1948: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1891: 1890: 1888: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1851: 1841: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1800: 1791: 1781: 1777: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1734: 1724: 1714: 1709: 1703: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1686: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1666: 1654: 1646: 1645:Arcadio Huang 1642: 1638: 1633: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1601: 1599: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1579: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1546: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1513:Hokkien films 1510: 1506: 1502: 1490: 1483: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1464: 1460: 1448: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1405: 1395: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1322: 1317: 1315: 1304: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1281: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1255: 1248: 1244: 1234: 1232: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1071: 1065: 1057: 1049: 1045: 1036: 1026: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1007: 1005: 1001: 993: 991: 987: 977: 975: 971: 963: 961: 957: 949: 947: 943: 940: 936: 931: 927: 923: 919: 914: 909: 907: 903: 898: 893: 891: 887: 884: 880: 870: 865: 863: 859: 851: 849: 845: 837: 835: 831: 821: 819: 815: 807: 805: 801: 793: 791: 787: 784: 780: 775: 771: 768: 765: 761: 756: 751: 749: 745: 740: 735: 733: 729: 726: 722: 712: 707: 705: 701: 693: 691: 687: 679: 677: 673: 667:P'u-t'ung-hua 663: 661: 657: 649: 647: 643: 635: 633: 629: 626: 622: 617: 613: 610:Common speech 609: 605: 600: 595: 593: 589: 584: 579: 577: 573: 569: 566: 562: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 536: 530: 493: 488: 485: 482: 480: 479: 474: 466: 463: 460: 459: 456: 453: 448: 444: 441: 436: 431: 422: 418: 413: 412: 408: 406: 402: 397: 396: 392: 390: 385: 384: 380: 378: 373: 372: 368: 366: 361: 360: 356: 354: 349: 348: 344: 343: 341: 340: 338: 336: 332: 326: 318: 313: 310: 307: 304: 303: 298: 295: 294: 289: 285: 282: 278: 274: 273: 272: 266: 261: 257: 253: 247: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 222: 220: 216: 210: 194: 191: 190: 189: 186: 185: 184: 181: 180: 179: 176: 175: 174: 171: 170: 169: 166: 165: 164: 160: 154: 138: 135: 134: 133: 130: 129: 128: 125: 124: 123: 120: 119: 118: 115: 114: 113: 110: 109: 108: 104: 100: 94: 90: 86: 81: 75: 72: 68: 64: 61: 57: 52: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 14368:Chitty Malay 14363:Bazaar Malay 14011:Chetty Malay 13753:Chaoshan Min 13731:Southern Min 13670:Sino-Tibetan 13551:Sabah Bisaya 13431:Kinabatangan 13336:Bukar–Sadong 13196:Pahang Malay 12992:Austronesian 12832:Shanghainese 12777:Japonic Sign 12603:Sino-Tibetan 12304:Austronesian 12153:GX = Guangxi 12141: 12139:Tibetan Sign 12129: 12115:Chinese Sign 11981:Creole/Mixed 11850:Southeastern 11838:Southwestern 11801:Northeastern 11786:Varieties of 9933: 9786:Hanyu Pinyin 9776:Romanization 9683:Semi-cursive 9528:Old Mandarin 9485:Stroke count 9412: 9405: 9327:Old National 9244: 9170:Unclassified 8075:Southwestern 7908:Northeastern 7890:Major groups 7879: 7832:NYU Shanghai 7826: 7809:at Wikibooks 7769: 7765: 7757: 7742: 7735: 7728: 7708: 7704: 7692: 7675: 7671: 7647: 7640: 7621: 7591: 7572: 7550:(1): 53–72, 7547: 7543: 7524: 7505: 7490:, retrieved 7483:the original 7478: 7459:, retrieved 7452:the original 7447: 7443: 7414: 7395: 7377: 7358: 7336: 7332: 7313: 7288: 7284: 7260: 7235: 7213: 7183: 7161: 7148:, retrieved 7144:the original 7139: 7127:, retrieved 7123:the original 7118: 7109: 7097: 7085: 7073: 7061: 7049: 7037: 7025: 7013: 7001: 6989: 6977: 6965: 6953: 6941: 6929: 6917: 6899: 6893: 6881: 6870:, retrieved 6863:the original 6858: 6845: 6833: 6821: 6809: 6798:the original 6783: 6770: 6758: 6746: 6734: 6722: 6710: 6698: 6686: 6674: 6662: 6650: 6638: 6626: 6614: 6603:, retrieved 6597: 6587: 6561: 6555: 6547:the original 6540: 6531: 6520:, retrieved 6511:Taipei Times 6509: 6499: 6490: 6480: 6468: 6444: 6438: 6427:, retrieved 6417: 6410: 6399:, retrieved 6389: 6383: 6372:, retrieved 6368:the original 6362: 6355: 6331: 6327: 6317: 6299: 6293: 6284:18 September 6282:, retrieved 6271: 6261: 6225: 6215: 6204:, retrieved 6200: 6191: 6182: 6169: 6158:, retrieved 6149: 6139: 6131: 6121: 6107: 6101: 6089: 6077: 6065: 6053: 6037:, retrieved 6027: 6021: 6009: 5997: 5985: 5973: 5961: 5949: 5938:, retrieved 5932: 5925: 5913: 5900: 5891: 5886: 5876: 5858: 5852: 5834: 5809: 5800: 5792: 5787: 5776: 5765:the original 5760: 5733: 5725: 5720: 5709: 5701: 5685: 5670: 5658: 5635: 5632:the original 5626: 5619: 5592: 5565:the original 5560: 5551: 5539: 5528:the original 5523: 5510: 5502: 5488: 5484: 5463: 5457: 5451:the original 5438: 5406: 5402: 5400: 5386: 5363: 5359: 5357: 5343: 5318:Shanghainese 5315: 5309:the original 5300: 5280: 5267: 5263: 5249: 5224: 5212:. Retrieved 5210:(in Chinese) 5207: 5196: 5186: 5182: 5180: 5165: 5158: 5147:, retrieved 5132: 5125: 5114:, retrieved 5110: 5091:Liang (2014) 5086: 5074: 5046: 5028: 5012: 4961: 4954: 4947: 4940: 4932: 4930: 4812:我想18号坐飞机到伦敦。 4805:我想18號坐飛機到倫敦。 4631:不是。/ 不对。/ 不。 4363: 4324: 4188: 4133: 4060: 4040: 3997: 3977: 3960: 3958: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3941: 3930: 3919: 3909:three-volume 3908: 3897: 3886: 3863: 3860: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3843: 3829: 3818: 3807: 3796: 3783: 3772: 3761: 3750: 3735: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3718: 3707: 3696: 3681: 3662: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3645: 3631: 3617: 3606: 3592: 3581: 3570: 3535: 3500: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3430: 3419: 3408: 3389: 3385: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3357: 3355: 3294: 3287: 3279: 3273: 3258: 3245: 3233: 3221: 3199: 3187: 3171: 3159: 3147: 3135: 3119: 3107: 3095: 3083: 3071: 3055: 3043: 3031: 3019: 3007: 2995: 2979: 2967: 2955: 2941: 2929: 2917: 2905: 2893: 2881: 2869: 2857: 2845: 2833: 2821: 2809: 2786: 2730:Approximants 2428: 2406: 2402: 2378: 2363: 2348:Lee Kuan Yew 2341: 2304: 2275:Lee Teng-hui 2244: 2225: 2209: 2201: 2183: 2169: 2152:, which are 2143: 2121: 2116: 2110: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2088: 2080: 2075: 2060: 2032: 2028: 2019: 1958:Early 1950s 1946: 1883: 1874: 1862: 1852: 1839: 1836: 1815: 1805: 1779: 1755: 1737: 1730: 1720: 1700: 1694: 1652: 1650: 1637:frontispiece 1618: 1566: 1548: 1516: 1488: 1486: 1481: 1477:(HSK) test. 1470: 1462: 1446: 1444: 1439: 1435: 1428: 1410: 1408: 1401: 1391: 1379: 1375: 1367: 1365: 1360: 1350: 1333:Zhu Wenxiong 1320: 1318: 1293: 1273: 1266:Qing dynasty 1253: 1251: 1246: 1242: 1230: 1218: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1196: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1155: 1128: 1067: 1043: 1042: 946:Hanyu Pinyin 938: 882: 790:Hanyu Pinyin 782: 724: 652:ㄆㄨˇ ㄊㄨㄥㄏㄨㄚˋ 632:Hanyu Pinyin 624: 564: 532: 483: 476: 464:huyu (Huayu) 461:goyu (Guoyu) 409: 393: 381: 369: 357: 345: 300: 291: 287: 280: 276: 252:Signed forms 183:Old Mandarin 136: 107:Sino-Tibetan 43: 14577:Minangkabau 14021:Sabah Malay 14016:Cocos Malay 13905:Minangkabau 13856:archipelago 13726:Pu-Xian Min 13704:Eastern Min 13654:Significant 13496:Murik Kayan 13206:Reman Malay 13201:Perak Malay 13186:Orang Kanaq 13126:Kedah Malay 13121:Judeo-Malay 13002:Kayan–Murik 11647:Fuyu Kyrgyz 11446:Tai Hongjin 11132:Muak Sa-aak 9855:Xiao'erjing 9717:Punctuation 9710:Traditional 9663:Oracle bone 9647:Logographic 9543:Proto-Hakka 9518:Eastern Han 9513:Old Chinese 9375:Classifiers 9342:Northern Wu 9270:Singaporean 8476: [ 8464: [ 8452: [ 8440: [ 8428: [ 7756:Simon, W., 7171:Works cited 7140:unicode.org 7119:unicode.org 6838:Chen (1999) 6826:Chen (1999) 6763:Chao (1948) 6429:12 February 6401:12 February 6374:12 February 6206:22 December 6094:Chen (1999) 6082:Chen (1999) 6070:Chen (1999) 6058:Chen (1999) 5978:Chen (1999) 5954:Chen (1999) 5814:Mair (1991) 5597:Mair (1991) 5585:Mair (2013) 5149:26 February 5116:22 December 5036: [ 4521:Thank you! 4469:你好吗？/ 你怎么样？ 4462:你好嗎？/ 你怎麼樣？ 4210:'this' and 4195:Old Chinese 3931:that-branch 3866:classifiers 3729:I not tired 3546:possessives 3321:; 'hemp'), 3261:approximant 2535:unaspirated 2404:mid-1990s. 2263:martial law 2074:. The name 1725:academies ( 1716:(1542–1564) 1604:Late empire 1573:Han dynasty 1533:Philippines 1409:In Taiwan, 1272:. The 1655 1158:linguistics 1129:Like other 682:Pǔ-tong-huà 547:instead of 168:Old Chinese 157:Early forms 14668:Categories 14633:Vietnamese 14550:Mandailing 14522:Indonesian 14480:Indo-Aryan 14358:Baba Malay 14154:Vietnamese 14144:Sri Lankan 14102:Indonesian 14059:Immigrants 14006:Baba Malay 13926:Philippine 13919:Philippine 13900:Mandailing 13854:Indonesian 13641:Umaʼ Lasan 13531:Punan Batu 13476:Lun Bawang 13221:Semaq Beri 13076:Peninsular 13059:Nationwide 13051:Indigenous 13022:Sama–Bajaw 13017:Philippine 13007:Land Dayak 12876:Vietnamese 12864:Indonesian 12684:Fuzhounese 12544:Kanakanavu 12223:Portuguese 12168:XZ = Tibet 12159:MC = Macau 12099:Zhangzhung 11843:Sichuanese 11770:Vietnamese 11167:Hmong-Mien 11046:Waxianghua 10827:Khroskyabs 10115:Indigenous 10003:Prefecture 9978:Portuguese 9806:Wade–Giles 9705:Simplified 9600:Vernacular 9593:in Vietnam 9446:Simplified 9433:Biaoxingma 9380:Honorifics 9315:Historical 9260:Philippine 9250:Sichuanese 9177:Badong Yao 8881:Shao–Jiang 8752:Philippine 8560:Xiangxiang 8555:Shuangfeng 8300:Taizhou Wu 8083:Sichuanese 7639:Hsia, T., 7150:11 January 7129:11 January 6982:Lin (1981) 6958:Lin (1981) 5651:Tam (2020) 5557:"Mandarin" 5445:(Thesis). 5062:References 4864:我的汉语说得不太好。 4857:我的漢語說得不太好。 4728:早上好！ / 早安！ 4624:。/ 不對。/ 不。 4514:Wǒ bú yào. 4000:honorifics 3994:Vocabulary 3841:tángguǒ(r) 3726:Wǒ bú lèi. 3542:adjectives 3284:diminutive 2671:Fricatives 2530:affricates 2373:See also: 2236:Kuomintang 1926:colloquial 1906:vocabulary 1806:After the 1589:rime books 1531:, and the 1339:and other 1237:In Chinese 1193:In English 974:Wade–Giles 818:Wade–Giles 660:Wade–Giles 132:Beijingese 14562:Baweanese 14535:Banjarese 14468:Malayalam 14463:Dravidian 14418:Hainanese 14413:Cantonese 14383:Singdarin 14195:By states 14049:Esperanto 13986:Chavacano 13799:Malayalam 13794:Dravidian 13721:Hainanese 13680:Cantonese 13616:Tombonuwo 13581:Sembakung 13401:Kalabakan 13351:Daro-Matu 13091:Cheq Wong 13029:Tai-Kadai 12946:Malaysian 12859:Malaysian 12822:Cantonese 12794:Auxiliary 12463:Ketagalan 12381:Favorlang 12228:Cantonese 12079:Tocharian 12013:Qoqmončaq 11965:Cantonese 11919:Shaojiang 11892:Hainanese 11821:Zhongyuan 11816:Jiao-Liao 11750:Esperanto 11652:Ili Turki 11359:Khamnigan 11224:Kiong Nai 10995:Zitsadegu 9973:Mongolian 9963:Cantonese 9744:Taiwanese 9734:Cantonese 9578:Classical 9538:Proto-Min 9473:Microsoft 9332:Cantonese 9308:Phonology 9289:Cantonese 9280:Singdarin 9265:Malaysian 9255:Taiwanese 9159:Rongjiang 9149:Yongjiang 9145:Southern 9130:Northern 9104:Luo–Guang 9013:Hong Kong 9008:Guangzhou 8964:Taiwanese 8957:Changting 8891:Zhanjiang 8805:Zhongshan 8772:Malaysian 8767:Singapore 8732:Zhangzhou 8684:Zhongshan 8577:Yong–Quan 8473:Jing-Zhan 8403:Xuancheng 8380:Jiangshan 8259:Changzhou 8180:Junjiahua 8033:Guanzhong 7916:Changchun 7788:166176089 7727:Lin, Y., 7564:145009251 6522:17 August 6461:136508776 6348:143191355 6254:234515573 5721:原住民族語言發展法 5691:国语、普通话、华语 5403:Putonghua 5268:Putonghua 5183:Putonghua 5067:Citations 4838:到慕尼黑要多少钱？ 4831:到慕尼黑要多少錢？ 4742:Goodbye! 4709:您能说得再慢些吗？ 4702:您能說得再慢些嗎？ 4145:èr bǎ dāo 3984:compounds 3523:agreement 3511:particles 3433:retroflex 3412:retroflex 2603:aspirated 2473:Retroflex 2435:consonant 2419:Phonology 2387:Education 2336:Singdarin 2295:Singapore 2210:Putonghua 2202:Putonghua 2171:hau2 jyu5 2162:Cantonese 2158:diglossia 2146:Hong Kong 2130:Cantonese 2126:Guangdong 2122:Putonghua 2117:Putonghua 2091:Putonghua 2084:diglossia 2076:Putonghua 1972:Speaking 1895:phonology 1863:Putonghua 1651:The term 1647:) in 1742 1563:Confucius 1529:Indonesia 1521:Singapore 1505:Cantonese 1376:Putonghua 1372:Qu Qiubai 1368:Putonghua 1361:Putonghua 1321:Putonghua 1319:The term 1252:The word 1247:Putonghua 1124:Cantonese 1100:Singapore 696:Pǔtūnghwà 638:Pǔtōnghuà 565:Putonghua 478:Glottolog 452:ISO 639-6 440:ISO 639-3 411:Singapore 371:Hong Kong 281:Putonghua 71:Singapore 14613:Japanese 14608:Filipino 14598:Armenian 14572:Javanese 14567:Buginese 14530:Acehnese 14490:Gujarati 14378:Singlish 14373:Kristang 14314:Mandarin 14297:Official 14281:National 14134:Nepalese 14119:Japanese 14097:Filipino 14044:Tanglish 13996:Manglish 13991:Kristang 13890:Javanese 13885:Buginese 13873:Madurese 13863:Acehnese 13828:Gujarati 13656:minority 13626:Tringgus 13591:Serudung 13421:Kendayan 13391:Jangkang 13273:Malaysia 13161:Mah Meri 13151:Kristang 13078:Malaysia 12972:Families 12938:Official 12844:Japanese 12839:Filipino 12653:Southern 12621:Mandarin 12509:Southern 12490:Sakizaya 12430:Saisiyat 12368:Northern 12322:Atayalic 12313:Formosan 12216:Official 12023:Tangwang 12003:Macanese 11998:Lingling 11931:Northern 11914:Northern 11877:Southern 11796:Mandarin 11723:Minority 11683:Sarikoli 11596:Tungusic 11557:Naxi Yao 11502:Cao Miao 11426:Ningming 11326:Mongolic 11302:Dzao Min 11297:Biao Min 11254:Qo Xiong 11249:Pingtang 10945:Dongwang 10887:Tshobdun 10812:Guiqiong 10414:Sangkong 10189:Muangphe 10151:Mondzish 10105:numerous 10096:Counties 9943:Regional 9927:Official 9828:Bopomofo 9757:Phonetic 9749:Two-cell 9678:Clerical 9588:in Japan 9583:Adoption 9571:Official 9562:Literary 9437:Boshiamy 9414:Xiehouyu 9370:Numerals 9347:Mandarin 9275:Standard 9235:Standard 9109:Qin–Lian 9099:Yong–Xun 9084:Gao–Yang 9030:Jiujiang 9018:Malaysia 8952:Tingzhou 8903:Wenchang 8864:Jianyang 8854:Northern 8813:Sanxiang 8727:Quanzhou 8710:Southern 8679:Manjiang 8543:Changsha 8503:Nanchang 8498:Chang–Du 8395:Xuanzhou 8385:Qingtian 8339:Wencheng 8285:Jiangyin 8280:Jinxiang 8270:Shaoxing 8264:Hangzhou 8244:Shanghai 8185:Qinjiang 8093:Minjiang 8065:Xinjiang 8023:Dongping 7987:Jiaoliao 7926:Shenyang 7899:Mandarin 7504:(1988), 7492:15 April 7461:15 April 7435:(1991), 7234:(1948), 6580:7275961M 6516:archived 6423:archived 6395:archived 6278:archived 6201:ABC News 6154:archived 6039:27 April 6033:archived 5884:(1742), 5694:Archived 5627:清文化与满族精神 5338:(2008), 5187:de facto 4967:See also 4767:Zàijiàn! 4375:English 4368:Examples 4167:kōu ménr 4122:(大)老爷儿们儿 3986:and for 3870:numerals 3643:gōngzuò. 3471:, final 3416:alveolar 3351:murmured 3248:⟩ 3244:⟨ 3236:⟩ 3232:⟨ 3224:⟩ 3220:⟨ 3202:⟩ 3198:⟨ 3190:⟩ 3186:⟨ 3174:⟩ 3170:⟨ 3162:⟩ 3158:⟨ 3150:⟩ 3146:⟨ 3138:⟩ 3134:⟨ 3122:⟩ 3118:⟨ 3110:⟩ 3106:⟨ 3098:⟩ 3094:⟨ 3086:⟩ 3082:⟨ 3074:⟩ 3070:⟨ 3058:⟩ 3054:⟨ 3046:⟩ 3042:⟨ 3034:⟩ 3030:⟨ 3022:⟩ 3018:⟨ 3010:⟩ 3006:⟨ 2998:⟩ 2994:⟨ 2982:⟩ 2978:⟨ 2970:⟩ 2966:⟨ 2958:⟩ 2954:⟨ 2944:⟩ 2940:⟨ 2932:⟩ 2928:⟨ 2920:⟩ 2916:⟨ 2908:⟩ 2904:⟨ 2896:⟩ 2892:⟨ 2884:⟩ 2880:⟨ 2872:⟩ 2868:⟨ 2860:⟩ 2856:⟨ 2848:⟩ 2844:⟨ 2836:⟩ 2832:⟨ 2824:⟩ 2820:⟨ 2812:⟩ 2808:⟨ 2789:phonemic 2468:sibilant 2462:Alveolar 2397:Yangzhou 2354:Malaysia 2280:護照條例施行細則 2160:between 1899:phonetic 1723:orthoepy 1705:— 1679:Sanskrit 1674:mandarim 1525:Malaysia 1509:Mandarin 1463:Zhongwen 1440:Zhongwen 1384:Mandopop 1353:国家通用语言文字 1207:Mandarin 1170:Mandarin 1082:form of 1080:standard 960:Bopomofo 804:Bopomofo 646:Bopomofo 553:Help:IPA 395:Malaysia 328:Malaysia 288:de facto 286:Taiwan ( 277:de facto 122:Mandarin 14603:Burmese 14545:Angkola 14510:Sinhala 14500:Punjabi 14485:Bengali 14443:Teochew 14438:Hokkien 14433:Hokchew 14428:Henghwa 14408:Sinitic 14400:Chinese 14304:English 14114:Persian 14082:Burmese 14077:Bengali 14067:African 13978:Creoles 13936:Maranao 13895:Kerinci 13838:Punjabi 13758:Teochew 13736:Hokkien 13663:Chinese 13611:Timugon 13571:Sekapan 13491:Momogun 13486:Melanau 13466:Lengilu 13456:Lahanan 13416:Kelabit 13406:Kanowit 13396:Kajaman 13341:Bukitan 13311:Bintulu 13301:Berawan 13226:Semelai 13136:Kenaboi 13101:Jah Hut 13046:Natives 13012:Malayic 12951:English 12817:English 12757:Zhao'an 12752:Raoping 12701:Pu-Xian 12676:Eastern 12612:Sinitic 12577:Batanic 12500:Taivoan 12485:Qauqaut 12480:Makatao 12473:Luilang 12458:Kavalan 12249:English 12094:Xianbei 12089:Tuyuhun 12059:Old Yue 12037:Extinct 12018:Sanqiao 11909:Central 11899:Eastern 11882:Hokkien 11826:Lan-Yin 11806:Beijing 11788:Chinese 11745:Russian 11507:Chadong 11487:Ai-Cham 11456:Tai Nüa 11441:Tai Dón 11436:Tai Dam 11394:Kra-Dai 11364:Monguor 11354:Kangjia 11312:Kim Mun 11307:Iu Mien 11229:Luobohe 11219:Huishui 11199:Guiyang 11176:Hmongic 11137:Palaung 11127:Man Met 11031:Longjia 10980:Ladakhi 10975:Kyirong 10965:Khalong 10950:Drugchu 10907:Tibetic 10877:Shixing 10789:Qiangic 10570:Alingpo 10562:Nisoish 10547:Yangliu 10542:Xuzhang 10472:Laizisi 10467:Kuamasi 10462:Kua-nsi 10444:Lisoish 10424:Tsukong 10364:Laomian 10289:Baihong 10256:Hanoish 10247:Loloish 10232:Lhao Vo 10227:Chashan 10212:Xiandao 10199:Burmish 10142:Burmese 10100:Banners 10056:Tai Nüa 9983:Tibetan 9968:English 9727:Braille 9688:Cursive 9638:Scripts 9505:History 9495:ZhengMa 9441:Cangjie 9407:Chengyu 9362:Grammar 9337:Hokkien 9294:Hokkien 9202:Waxiang 9182:Danzhou 9154:Guandao 9139:Younian 9134:Tongdao 9123:Pinghua 9063:Taishan 8979:Raoping 8947:Huizhou 8937:Meixian 8913:Banqiao 8886:Leizhou 8876:Pu–Xian 8871:Central 8859:Jian'ou 8834:Longyan 8782:Teochew 8719:Hokkien 8694:Nanlang 8650:Fu–Ning 8630:Changle 8612:Houguan 8603:Eastern 8550:Loushao 8538:Changyi 8520:Da–Tong 8515:Ying–Yi 8461:Yanzhou 8329:Wenzhou 8322:Oujiang 8313:Tiantai 8308:Taizhou 8217:Zhi–Yan 8164:Nantong 8159:Nanjing 8134:Gui–Liu 8124:Nanping 8119:Kunming 8045:Luoyang 8000:Qingdao 7972:Tianjin 7949:Beijing 7941:Beijing 7658:(hbk); 7506:Chinese 6160:18 July 5940:6 March 5795:], 5728:], 5460:cohorts 5364:fangyan 5203:國家語言發展法 5185:enjoys 4890:你会说英语吗？ 4883:你會說英語嗎？ 4786:去机场怎么走？ 4779:去機場怎麼走？ 4488:我很好，你呢？ 4449:Wǒ jiào 4423:你叫什么名字？ 4416:你叫什麼名字？ 4404:Nǐ hǎo! 4389:Hello! 4384:Pinyin 4280:'that'. 4083:bànsuàn 3928:nèi-zhī 3906:sān-běn 3887:one-top 3884:yī-dǐng 3819:already 3604:péngyǒu 3554:adverbs 3491:Grammar 2478:Palatal 2466:Dental 2369:Myanmar 2323:Teochew 2319:Hokkien 1933:grammar 1748:Beijing 1695:Guanhua 1685:mantrin 1653:Guanhua 1539:History 1279:Nurhaci 1219:Guanhua 1116:lexicon 966:ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄩˇ 810:ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄩˇ 549:Unicode 275:China ( 117:Chinese 112:Sinitic 14623:Nepali 14618:Korean 14593:Arabic 14505:Sindhi 14473:Telugu 14455:Indian 14124:Korean 14072:Arabic 13957:Others 13941:Molbog 13931:Iranun 13878:Bawean 13868:Banjar 13816:Telugu 13787:Indian 13714:Fuzhou 13709:Fuqing 13601:Sungai 13546:Sa'ban 13516:Paluan 13511:Okolod 13451:Kuijau 13381:Ida'an 13356:Dumpas 13321:Bookan 13316:Bonggi 13306:Biatah 13296:Belait 13251:Temuan 13241:Temiar 13231:Semnam 13171:Mintil 13166:Minriq 13146:Kintaq 13141:Kensiu 13096:Duanoʼ 12985:Aslian 12849:Korean 12737:Sixian 12634:Junhua 12549:Saaroa 12536:Tsouic 12526:Puyuma 12521:Paiwan 12495:Siraya 12419:Kaxabu 12403:Arikun 12398:Hoanya 12393:Papora 12386:Taokas 12376:Babuza 12351:Rukaic 12335:Seediq 12330:Atayal 12074:Tangut 12064:Rouran 12054:Khitan 12044:Ba–Shu 12008:Maojia 11993:Hezhou 11904:Puxian 11887:Teoswa 11772:(Kinh) 11740:Kyrgyz 11735:Korean 11730:Kazakh 11634:Turkic 11619:Oroqen 11609:Manchu 11604:Evenki 11572:Qabiao 11562:Ong Be 11547:Maonan 11537:Lakkja 11527:Jiamao 11497:Buyang 11461:Tai Ya 11451:Tai Lü 11411:Bouyei 11403:Zhuang 11384:Torgut 11339:Buryat 11289:Mienic 11279:Younuo 11259:Raojia 11239:Pa-Hng 11234:Mashan 11204:Hm Nai 11189:Bu-Nao 11184:A-Hmao 11107:Bumang 11026:Jingpo 11021:Derung 11016:Caijia 10990:Zhongu 10960:Gserpa 10852:Namuyi 10822:Japhug 10771:Zauzou 10746:Namuyi 10731:Kucong 10705:Zokhuo 10700:Thopho 10680:Phupha 10665:Phukha 10610:Khlula 10552:Zibusi 10537:Toloza 10532:Sonaga 10517:Mangdi 10512:Lolopo 10457:Hlersu 10394:Phana’ 10389:Nuomei 10369:Laopin 10304:Bukong 10279:Angluo 10207:Achang 10184:Mondzi 10086:Zhuang 10061:Tai Lü 10051:Kazakh 10046:Kyrgyz 10031:Korean 10021:Bouyei 9993:Zhuang 9988:Uyghur 9796:Postal 9791:MPS II 9668:Bronze 9548:Ba–Shu 9468:Google 9463:Pinyin 9399:Idioms 9212:Yeheni 9094:Wu–Hua 9089:Goulou 9068:Xinhui 9045:Dapeng 9040:Weitou 9025:Xiguan 9000:Yuehai 8969:Sixian 8908:Haikou 8898:Hainan 8829:Zhenan 8795:Haklau 8790:Swatow 8762:Penang 8747:Taiwan 8742:Chawan 8689:Longdu 8658:Ningde 8635:Gutian 8625:Fuqing 8620:Fuzhou 8582:Qiyang 8565:Wugang 8510:Yi–Liu 8437:Xiu-Yi 8425:Ji-She 8375:Quzhou 8367:Chu–Qu 8357:Jinhua 8349:Wuzhou 8334:Rui'an 8275:Ningbo 8249:Suzhou 8139:Wuming 8110:Zigong 8098:Leshan 8060:Lanyin 8055:Dungan 8050:Xuzhou 8028:Gangou 8005:Weihai 7995:Dalian 7954:Taiwan 7921:Harbin 7823:Video 7786: 7749: 7666:(pbk). 7662: 7654: 7630: 7598: 7579: 7562: 7531: 7512: 7421: 7402: 7384: 7365: 7320: 7305:606615 7303: 7269: 7246: 7220: 7198: 6906: 6872:24 May 6790: 6605:31 May 6578: 6568: 6459: 6346: 6306: 6252: 6242: 6113:Xinhua 5865: 5841: 5419:Suzhou 5393: 5350: 5256: 5214:22 May 5173: 5140: 4645:When? 4546:Xièxie 4250:) for 4156:gēménr 4116:chūliū 4094:bù lìn 4049:zánmen 3895:màozi, 3827:mǎi-le 3816:yǐjīng 3723:我不累。 3665:copula 3629:zhè-ge 3615:zuò-le 3607:friend 3531:aspect 3529:, but 3519:number 3459:, and 3447:, and 2490:Nasals 2457:Labial 2309:, and 2228:Taiwan 2216:Taiwan 2025:Status 1879:Taiwan 1857:, the 1848:国音常用字汇 1844:國音常用字彙 1765:kokugo 1643:(with 1629:), or 1578:tōngyǔ 1511:, and 1388:国语流行音乐 1303:kokugo 1188:Naming 1104:Taiwan 1102:, and 1066:: 1064:pinyin 1060:現代標準漢語 1058:: 1052:现代标准汉语 1050:: 996:Huá-yǔ 981:Hua-yü 840:Guó-yǔ 825:Kuo-yü 523: 517: 511: 505: 499: 359:Taiwan 67:Taiwan 14586:Other 14540:Batak 14495:Hindi 14423:Hakka 14319:Tamil 14309:Malay 14288:Malay 14164:Signs 14087:Khmer 14039:Rojak 13946:Suluk 13833:Hindi 13804:Tamil 13694:Hakka 13631:Tutoh 13621:Tring 13606:Tagol 13566:Sebop 13541:Remun 13536:Penan 13521:Papar 13501:Narom 13471:Lotud 13461:Lelak 13436:Kiput 13411:Kayan 13386:Jagoi 13371:Ganaʼ 13361:Dusun 13291:Bajau 13286:Bahau 13261:Wila' 13246:Temoq 13216:Semai 13211:Sabüm 13156:Lanoh 13116:Jedek 13111:Jakun 13106:Jahai 13086:Batek 13066:Malay 13048:& 12854:Malay 12742:Hailu 12724:Hakka 12516:Bunun 12468:Basay 12425:Kulon 12415:Pazeh 12358:Rukai 12340:Truku 12237:Other 12084:Tuoba 12028:Wutun 11943:Xiang 11936:Auish 11862:Hakka 11811:Ji-Lu 11776:Wakhi 11765:Uzbek 11760:Tuvan 11755:Tatar 11676:Other 11662:Salar 11614:Nanai 11552:Mulam 11517:Gelao 11480:Other 11379:Santa 11374:Ordos 11369:Oirat 11334:Bonan 11274:Xixiu 11244:Pa Na 11209:Hmong 11194:Gejia 11142:Riang 11102:Bugan 11097:Bolyu 11092:Blang 11041:Tujia 11004:Other 10985:Tseku 10970:Khams 10955:Groma 10935:Choni 10925:Basum 10920:Baima 10897:Zhaba 10817:Horpa 10802:Choyo 10797:Baima 10766:Sanie 10741:Naruo 10726:Katso 10721:Gokhy 10714:Other 10690:Samei 10685:Phuza 10675:Phupa 10670:Phuma 10660:Phowa 10655:Phola 10650:Phala 10645:Nuosu 10600:Bokha 10575:Alugu 10522:Micha 10434:Yiche 10419:Suobi 10384:Nuobi 10354:Kaduo 10349:Kabie 10329:Habei 10319:Duota 10314:Duoni 10309:Cosao 10237:Zaiwa 10222:Lashi 10174:Mango 10169:Manga 10164:Maang 10159:Kathu 10140:Lolo- 10066:Zaiwa 10036:Qiang 10026:Tujia 10011:Hmong 9860:Nüshu 9564:forms 9478:Sogou 9425:Input 9299:Hakka 9237:forms 9077:Other 9035:Shiqi 8974:Hailu 8942:Wuhua 8929:Hakka 8847:Other 8822:Other 8757:Pedan 8672:Other 8663:Fu'an 8640:Matsu 8572:Ji–Xu 8530:Xiang 8480:] 8468:] 8456:] 8449:Qi-De 8444:] 8432:] 8290:Shadi 8236:Taihu 8190:Gyami 8173:Other 8129:Wuhan 8038:Xi'an 7977:Jinan 7784:S2CID 7560:S2CID 7486:(PDF) 7475:(PDF) 7455:(PDF) 7440:(PDF) 7301:JSTOR 6866:(PDF) 6855:(PDF) 6801:(PDF) 6780:(PDF) 6457:S2CID 6344:S2CID 6250:S2CID 6179:(PDF) 5890:[ 5833:[ 5791:[ 5788:客家基本法 5768:(PDF) 5757:(PDF) 5724:[ 5531:(PDF) 5520:(PDF) 5454:(PDF) 5443:(PDF) 5415:Wuhan 5312:(PDF) 5305:(PDF) 5040:] 5004:Notes 4998:Yayan 4916:我没有钱。 4909:我沒有錢。 4657:什么时候？ 4650:什麼時候？ 4602:。/ 嗯。 4598:是。 / 4591:。/ 嗯。 4442:我叫... 4346:那裏/那裡 4340:這裏/這裡 4328:zhèlǐ 4055:wǒmen 3998:Many 3844:candy 3824:买了/買了 3813:已经/已經 3797:money 3794:qián, 3770:wǒmen 3767:我们/我們 3745:妈妈/媽媽 3719:tired 3632:this- 3626:这个/這個 3590:tā-de 3421:erhua 3386:erhua 3289:erhua 2525:Stops 2483:Velar 2439:glide 2327:Hakka 2311:Tamil 2307:Malay 2289:Hoklo 2251:Hakka 2150:Macau 1961:1984 1922:Greek 1918:Latin 1914:slang 1875:Guoyu 1780:Guoyu 1756:Guoyu 1681:word 1568:yayan 1517:Huayu 1489:Huayu 1482:Huayu 1471:Hanyu 1447:Hanyu 1436:Hanyu 1429:Guoyu 1419:Hakka 1411:Guoyu 1380:Guoyu 1294:Guoyu 1285:清太祖實錄 1254:Guoyu 1243:Guoyu 1180:, or 1137:with 1010:Hwáyǔ 952:Huáyǔ 883:Huayu 854:Gwóyǔ 796:Guóyǔ 725:Guoyu 383:Macau 302:Huayu 293:Guoyu 290:, as 279:, as 14628:Thai 14555:Toba 14172:Main 14149:Thai 14139:Urdu 13964:Cham 13910:Rawa 13843:Urdu 13636:Ukit 13596:Sian 13586:Seru 13556:Sama 13376:Iban 13281:Abai 13271:East 12930:Main 12871:Thai 12747:Dabu 12585:Yami 12554:Tsou 12453:Amis 12445:East 12435:Thao 12408:Lloa 12108:Sign 12069:Saka 11970:Ping 11691:Tsat 11642:Äynu 11624:Xibe 11582:Then 11567:Paha 11522:Hlai 11492:Biao 11466:Yang 11431:Nong 11344:Daur 11122:Mang 11117:Kuan 11036:Nung 10915:Amdo 10882:Situ 10862:Pumi 10857:Naxi 10847:Muya 10837:Lizu 10832:Laze 10807:Ersu 10761:Samu 10756:Nusu 10751:Naxi 10736:Lahu 10695:Sani 10640:Nisu 10635:Nasu 10630:Muzi 10625:Muji 10620:Moji 10615:Lope 10605:Gepo 10595:Azhe 10590:Azha 10580:Aluo 10527:Mili 10507:Lisu 10502:Lipo 10497:Limi 10492:Lawu 10487:Lavu 10482:Lamu 10477:Lalo 10429:Woni 10409:Sadu 10404:Qidi 10399:Piyo 10379:Muda 10359:Lami 10344:Jino 10339:Honi 10334:Hani 10299:Budu 10294:Bisu 10284:Asuo 10269:Akha 10264:Akeu 10217:Pela 10179:Maza 10081:Hani 10071:Lisu 9955:SARs 9821:Yale 9811:EFEO 9673:Seal 9458:Dayi 9055:Siyi 8737:Amoy 8254:Wuxi 8151:Huai 7964:Jilu 7747:ISBN 7660:ISBN 7652:ISBN 7628:ISBN 7596:ISBN 7577:ISBN 7529:ISBN 7510:ISBN 7494:2018 7463:2018 7419:ISBN 7400:ISBN 7382:ISBN 7363:ISBN 7318:ISBN 7267:ISBN 7244:ISBN 7218:ISBN 7196:ISBN 7152:2022 7131:2022 6904:ISBN 6874:2020 6788:ISBN 6607:2020 6566:ISBN 6524:2019 6431:2011 6403:2011 6376:2011 6304:ISBN 6286:2017 6240:ISBN 6208:2021 6162:2011 6041:2010 5942:2024 5863:ISBN 5839:ISBN 5417:and 5391:ISBN 5360:tuyu 5348:ISBN 5254:ISBN 5216:2019 5171:ISBN 5151:2020 5138:ISBN 5118:2021 4683:多少钱？ 4676:多少錢？ 4587:。 / 4507:我不要。 4452:... 4355:and 4343:and 4334:nàlǐ 4268:for 4227:and 4183:and 4072:bèir 4005:jiàn 3920:book 3917:shū, 3914:书/書, 3832:PERF 3830:buy- 3791:钱/錢, 3762:give 3748:Māma 3716:lèi. 3620:PERF 3548:and 3515:case 3483:and 3475:and 3467:and 3435:and 3403:ménr 3274:The 3246:iong 3172:uang 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