Languages of Italy

4664: : 2.- «La tutela delle minoranze linguistiche è uno dei principi fondamentali del vigente ordinamento che la Costituzione stabilisce all'art. 6, demandando alla Repubblica il compito di darne attuazione "con apposite norme". Tale principio, che rappresenta un superamento delle concezioni dello Stato nazionale chiuso dell'Ottocento e un rovesciamento di grande portata politica e culturale, rispetto all'atteggiamento nazionalistico manifestato dal fascismo, è stato numerose volte valorizzato dalla giurisprudenza di questa Corte, anche perché esso si situa al punto di incontro con altri principi, talora definiti "supremi", che qualificano indefettibilmente e necessariamente l'ordinamento vigente (sentenze nn. 62 del 1992, 768 del 1988, 289 del 1987 e 312 del 1983): il principio pluralistico riconosciuto dall'art. 2 - essendo la lingua un elemento di identità individuale e collettiva di importanza basilare - e il principio di eguaglianza riconosciuto dall'art. 3 della Costituzione, il quale, nel primo comma, stabilisce la pari dignità sociale e l'eguaglianza di fronte alla legge di tutti i cittadini, senza distinzione di lingua e, nel secondo comma, prescrive l'adozione di norme che valgano anche positivamente per rimuovere le situazioni di fatto da cui possano derivare conseguenze discriminatorie.» 5136:

di specifiche sezioni nelle biblioteche pubbliche di enti locali o di interesse locale; d) programmi editoriali e radiotelevisivi; e) indagini e ricerche sui toponimi. 2. La Regione valorizza e promuove tutte le forme di espressione artistica del patrimonio storico linguistico quali il teatro tradizionale e moderno in lingua lombarda, la musica popolare lombarda, il teatro di marionette e burattini, la poesia, la prosa letteraria e il cinema. 3. La Regione promuove, anche in collaborazione con le università della Lombardia, gli istituti di ricerca, gli enti del sistema regionale e altri qualificati soggetti culturali pubblici e privati, la ricerca scientifica sul patrimonio linguistico storico della Lombardia, incentivando in particolare: a) tutte le attività necessarie a favorire la diffusione della lingua lombarda nella comunicazione contemporanea, anche attraverso l'inserimento di neologismi lessicali, l'armonizzazione e la codifica di un sistema di trascrizione; b) l'attività di archiviazione e digitalizzazione; c) la realizzazione, anche mediante concorsi e borse di studio, di opere e testi letterari, tecnici e scientifici, nonché la traduzione di testi in lingua lombarda e la loro diffusione in formato digitale."

4699:

segnato la fine dell'ideologia monolinguistica e delle politiche culturali, scolastiche, legislative a essa ispirata. (…) I grandi Stati nazionali europei si sono andati costituendo, a partire dal secolo XV, sull'assioma di una vincolante identità tra Stato-nazione-lingua. (…) Il divergente esempio svizzero a lungo è stato percepito come una curiosità isolata.(…) Le vie percorso dal plurilinguismo (…). In Italia il percorso, come si sa, non è stato agevole.(…) Nella pluridecennale ostilità ha operato un difetto profondo di cultura, un'opaca ignoranza fatta dall'intreccio di molte cose. (…) Finalmente nel 1999, vinte resistenze residue, anche lo Stato italiano si è dotato di una legge che, non eccelsa, attua tuttavia quanto disponeva l'art. 6 della Costituzione (...)»

1830:-speaking populations. The original list was approved, with the only exception of the nomadic peoples, who lacked the territoriality requisite and therefore needed a separate law. However, the draft was presented to the law-making bodies when the legislature was about to run its course, and had to be passed another time. The bill was met with resistance by all the subsequent legislatures, being reluctant to challenge the widely-held myth of "Italian linguistic homogeneity", and only in 1999 did it eventually pass, becoming a law. In the end, the historical linguistic minorities have been recognized by the Law no. 482/1999 ( 2157: 4002: 2022: 3930: 3672: 3611: 3942: 52: 3978: 3966: 3954: 3990: 3469: 1713: 2536: 202: 8651: 4035: 1463: 5893: 8640: 6791: 4021: 987: 248: 4237:«With some 1,6 million speakers, Sardinia is the largest minority language in Italy. Sardinians form an ethnic minority since they show a strong awareness of being an indigenous group with a language and a culture of their own. Although Sardinian appears to be recessive in use, it is still spoken and understood by a majority of the population on the island.» 1952: 4253:«Nel 1948 la Sardegna diventa, anche per le sue peculiarità linguistiche, Regione Autonoma a statuto speciale. Tuttavia a livello politico, ufficiale, non cambia molto per la minoranza linguistica sarda, che, con circa 1,2 milioni di parlanti, è la più numerosa tra tutte le comunità alloglotte esistenti sul territorio italiano.» 1762:, Article 6 of the Constitution represents "the overcoming of the closed notion of the 19th-century national State and a reversal of great political and cultural significance, compared to the nationalistic attitude manifested by Fascism" as well as being "one of the fundamental principles of the current constitutional system". 1639:'s Tuscan are considered to be historical founders of the Standard Italian linguistic majority; outside of such epicenters are, on the other hand, Friulian, Ladin, Sardinian, Franco-Provençal and Occitan, which are recognized as distinct languages. Michele Salazar found Bonamore's explanation "new and convincing". 3585:

All of these languages are considered innovative relative to the Romance languages as a whole, with some of the Gallo-Italian languages having phonological changes nearly as extreme as standard French (usually considered the most phonologically innovative of the Romance languages). This distinguishes

2076:

The region considers the cultural identity of the Sardinian people as a primary asset (l.r. N.26/97, l.r. N.22/18), in accordance with the values of equality and linguistic pluralism enshrined in the Italian Constitution and the European treaties, with particular reference to the European Charter for

5135:

varietà locali della lingua lombarda, in quanto significative espressioni del patrimonio culturale immateriale, attraverso: a) lo svolgimento di attività e incontri finalizzati a diffonderne la conoscenza e l'uso; b) la creazione artistica; c) la diffusione di libri e pubblicazioni, l'organizzazione

1837:

Some interpretations of said law seem to divide the twelve minority languages into two groups, with the first including the non-Latin speaking populations (with the exception of the Catalan-speaking one) and the second including only the Romance-speaking populations. Some other interpretations state

3455:

just to the north of Tuscany; however, the dialects of Occitan and Franco-Provençal spoken in the extreme northwest of Italy (e.g. the Valdôtain in the Aosta Valley) are generally excluded. The classification of these languages is difficult and not agreed-upon, due both to the variations among the

4698:

Tratto dalla “Presentazione” a firma del prof. Tullio De Mauro della prima edizione (31 dicembre 2004) del Grande Dizionario Bilingue Italiano-Friulano – Regione autonoma Friuli-Venezia Giulia – edizione CFL2000, Udine, pag. 5/6/7/8: «Anzitutto occorre rievocare il vasto movimento mondiale che ha

1578:

The indigenous Romance languages of Italy are therefore classified as separate languages that evolved from Latin just like Standard Italian, rather than "dialects" or variations of the latter. Conversely, with the spread of Standard Italian throughout Italy in the 20th century, local varieties of

3884:

Although "most all Italian dialects were being written in the Middle Ages, for administrative, religious, and often artistic purposes", use of local language gave way to stylized Tuscan, eventually labeled Italian. Local languages are still occasionally written, but only the following regional

1813:

eventually resolved to apply the previously neglected article of the country's fundamental Charter. The Parliament thus appointed a "Committee of three Sages" to single out the groups that were to be recognized as linguistic minorities, and further elaborate the reason for their inclusion. The

1865:

In actual practice, not each of the twelve historical linguistic minorities is given the same consideration. All of them still bear strong social pressure to assimilate to Italian, and some of them do not even have a widely acknowledged standard to be used for official purposes. In fact, the

1594:

Twelve languages have been legally granted official recognition as of 1999, but their selection to the exclusion of others is a matter of some controversy. Daniele Bonamore argues that many regional languages were not recognized in light of their communities' historical participation in the

1905:

The Charter does not, however, establish at what point differences in expression result in a separate language, deeming it an "often controversial issue", and citing the necessity to take into account, other than purely linguistic criteria, also "psychological, sociological and political

1654:

The original Italian constitution does not explicitly express that Italian is the official national language. Since the constitution was penned, there have been some laws and articles written on the procedures of criminal cases passed that explicitly state that Italian should be used:

1806:, already provided themselves with regional laws of their own. It has been estimated that less than 400.000 people, out of the two million people belonging to the twelve historical minorities (with Sardinian being the numerically biggest one), enjoyed state-wide protection. 3581:

Any such classification runs into the basic problem that there is a dialect continuum throughout northern Italy, with a continuous transition of spoken dialects between e.g. Venetian and Ladin, or Venetian and Emilio-Romagnolo (usually considered Gallo-Italian).

1567:, independently of what would become the standard national language, long before the fairly recent spread of Standard Italian throughout Italy. In fact, Standard Italian itself can be thought of as either a continuation of, or a dialect heavily based on, the 1765:

However, more than a half century passed before the Art. 6 was followed by any of the above-mentioned "appropriate measures". Italy applied in fact the Article for the first time in 1999, by means of the national law N.482/99. According to the linguist

1838:

that a further distinction is implied, considering only some groups to be "national minorities". Regardless of the ambiguous phrasing, all the twelve groups are technically supposed to be allowed the same measures of protection; furthermore, the

1786:) enjoyed some kind of acknowledgment and protection, stemming from specific clauses within international treaties. The other eight linguistic minorities were to be recognized only in 1999, including the Slovene-speaking minority in the 2014:

Friulian, Slovene and German are "promoted", but not recognised, by the region (Legge regionale 18 dicembre 2007, n. 29, Art. 1, comma 1); (Legge regionale 16 novembre 2007, n. 26, Art. 16); (Legge regionale 20 novembre 2009, n.

4269:«Sebbene in continua diminuzione, i sardi costituiscono tuttora la più grossa minoranza linguistica dello stato italiano con ca. 1.000.000 di parlanti stimati (erano 1.269.000 secondo le stime basate sul censimento del 2001)». 3916:

Venetian: "Grafia Veneta Unitaria", the official manual published in 1995 by the Regione Veneto local government, although written in Italian. It has been recently updated on 14 December 2017, under the name of "Grafia Veneta

2115:

German is co-official (enjoying the same dignity and standing of Italian) in the province of South Tyrol (Statuto speciale per il Trentino-Alto Adige, Titolo XI, Articolo 99); Ladin is the third co-official language of South

1738:

was drafted by the Founding Fathers to show sympathy for the country's historical linguistic minorities, in a way for the newly founded Republic to let them become part of the national fabric and distance itself from the

1579:

Standard Italian have also developed throughout the peninsula, influenced to varying extents by the underlying local languages, most noticeably at the phonological level; though regional boundaries seldom correspond to

1870:, owing to international treaties. For example, the institutional websites are only in Italian with a few exceptions, like a French version of the Italian Chamber of Deputies. A bill proposed by former prime minister 5406: 1773:

Before said legal framework entered into force, only four linguistic minorities (the French-speaking community in the Aosta Valley; the German-speaking community and, to a limited extent, the Ladin one in the

1822:. Based on linguistic, historical as well as anthropological considerations, the experts eventually selected thirteen groups, corresponding to the currently recognized twelve with the further addition of the 9320: 1814:

nominated people were Tullio de Mauro, Giovan Battista Pellegrini and Alessandro Pizzorusso, three notable figures who distinguished themselves with their life-long activity of research in the field of both

9471: 1551:" for some of them. The label "dialect" may be understood erroneously to imply that the native languages spoken in Italy are "dialects" of Standard Italian in the prevailing English-language sense of " 1878:

formally introduced a differential treatment between the twelve historical linguistic minorities, distinguishing between those with a "foreign mother tongue" (the groups protected by agreements with

1326:

across the regions' administrative boundaries, with speakers from one locale within a single region being typically aware of the features distinguishing their own variety from others spoken nearby.

9435: 9440: 9360: 4001: 1420:; at the present moment, Sardinian is regarded as the largest of such groups, with approximately one million speakers, even though the Sardophone community is overall declining. However, full 9481: 9450: 9340: 3760:

The Italo-Dalmatian languages, including Neapolitan and Sicilian, as well as the Sardinian-influenced Sassarese and Gallurese which are sometimes grouped with Sardinian but are actually of

9445: 9405: 9496: 1559:". This is not the case in Italy, as the country's long-standing linguistic diversity does not actually stem from Standard Italian. Most of Italy's variety of Romance languages predate 9375: 9335: 9310: 4494:(…) La spiegazione datane nell'opera sotto analisi appare nuova e convincente (…) il siciliano (…) il bolognese (…) l'umbro (…) il toscano (…) hanno fatto l'italiano, sono l'italiano 2077:

Regional or Minority Languages and the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (l.r. N.26/97). All the languages indigenous to the island (Sardinian, Catalan,

9486: 5817:. Amsterdam Studies in the Theory and History of Linguistic Science, Series IV Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. Vol. 212. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing. 9506: 9491: 9425: 9476: 9330: 9325: 9315: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9530: 9501: 9390: 9365: 9350: 1839: 4635:

Minority Language Planning and Micronationalism in Italy: An Analysis of the Situation of Friulian, Cimbrian and Western Lombard with Reference to Spanish Minority Languages

4803: 5574:

Andreose, Alvise; Renzi, Lorenzo (2013), "Geography and distribution of the Romance Languages in Europe", in Maiden, Martin; Smith, John Charles; Ledgeway, Adam (eds.),

4461:

Andreose, Alvise; Renzi, Lorenzo (2013), "Geography and distribution of the Romance Languages in Europe", in Maiden, Martin; Smith, John Charles; Ledgeway, Adam (eds.),

4380: 1647:

Italian was first declared to be Italy's official language during the Fascist period, more specifically through the R.D.l., adopted on 15 October 1925, with the name of

5087: 5064: 4721:

Camera dei deputati, Servizio Studi, Documentazione per le Commissioni Parlamentari, Proposte di legge della VII Legislatura e dibattito dottrinario,123/II, marzo 1982

2602:; an outlying dialect of Lombard not listed separately by the SIL; other dialects were formerly also spoken in southern Italy outside Sicily, especially in Basilicata 3941: 4901: 9119: 1866:

discrimination lay in the urgent need to award the highest degree of protection only to the French-speaking minority in the Aosta Valley and the German one in

1921:

French is co-official (enjoying the same dignity and standing of Italian) in the whole region (Le Statut spécial de la Vallée d'Aoste, Titre VI, Article 38);

5040:

Reg. Gen. nn. 159/I 198/I, Norme per lo Studio, la Tutela, la Valorizzazione della Lingua. Napoletana, dei Dialetti e delle Tradizioni Popolari in. Campania

5197:

Legge regionale 7 aprile 2009, n. 11. (Testo coordinato) "Valorizzazione e promozione della conoscenza del patrimonio linguistico e culturale del Piemonte"

1649:

Sull'Obbligo della lingua italiana in tutti gli uffici giudiziari del Regno, salvo le eccezioni stabilite nei trattati internazionali per la città di Fiume

5844: 4126: 9525: 3771:

All of these languages are considered conservative relative to the Romance languages as a whole, with Sardinian being the most conservative of them all.

2176:

is classified in different categories ranging from 'safe' (safe languages are not included in the atlas) to 'extinct' (when there are no speakers left).

1899: 9086: 5038: 2179:

The source for the languages' distribution is the Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger unless otherwise stated, and refers to Italy exclusively.

2061:

is unofficial but recognised as the regional language (Consiglio Regionale del Piemonte, Ordine del Giorno n. 1118, Presentato il 30 November 1999);

9400: 4819:"Lingue di minoranza e scuola. A dieci anni dalla Legge 482/99. Il plurilinguismo scolastico nelle comunità di minoranza della Repubblica Italiana" 4789: 1698: – "La lingua ufficiale della Repubblica è l'italiano." (Legge 482/1999, Art. 1 Comma 1, "The official language of the Republic is Italian.") 7710: 4746: 1890:) and those with a "peculiar dialect" (all the others). The bill was later implemented, but deemed unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court. 29:

This article is about the modern languages originating or spoken in Italy. For the regional varieties of the Italian language specifically, see

3929: 1770:, the Italian delay of over 50 years in implementing Article 6 was caused by "decades of hostility to multilingualism" and "opaque ignorance". 8687: 7742: 4107: 595: 4991: 8373: 7725: 5936: 5881: 4079: 2663:

Piedmontese: Piedmont except the Province of Novara, the western Alpine valleys and southern border areas, as well as minor adjacent areas

1755:

had excluded in fact from the school curriculum any language other than Italian, in accordance with the policy of linguistic nationalism.

4572: 2089:) are recognised and promoted as "enjoying the same dignity and standing of Italian" (l.r. N.26/97) in their respective linguistic areas. 9540: 9112: 8337: 7267: 5133:"L.R. 25/2016 - 1. Ai fini della presente legge, la Regione promuove la rivitalizzazione, la valorizzazione e la diffusione di tutte le 1285: 1017: 328: 34: 17: 5849: 5658: 5265: 4605: 1337:. In parallel, many Italians also communicate in one of the local languages, most of which, like Tuscan, are indigenous evolutions of 8471: 6352: 5859: 1842:, signed and ratified by Italy in 1997, applies to all the twelve groups mentioned by the 1999 national law, therefore including the 887: 9172: 8378: 4977: 2107:

are officially recognized and safeguarded. Sicilian is unofficial but recognised as the regional language (Legge regionale 9/2011).

1802:

and Cimbri) residing in provinces different from Bolzano. Some now-recognized minority groups, namely in Friuli-Venezia Giulia and

1132: 9415: 7943: 1927:

German is unofficial but recognised in the Lys Valley (Lystal) (Le Statut spécial de la Vallée d'Aoste, Titre VI, Art. 40 - bis).

601: 4289: 9050: 7155: 4384: 9105: 8621: 7784: 6598: 5840:

Sprach- und Sachatlas Italiens und der Südschweiz (AIS) (Linguistic and Ethnographic Atlas of Italy and Southern Switzerland)

4515: 882: 6085: 4496:- Bonamore, Daniele (2008). Lingue minoritarie Lingue nazionali Lingue ufficiali nella legge 482/1999, Editore Franco Angeli 2977:; Marchigiano-Abruzzese, Molisano, Apulian, Southern Laziale and Campanian including Neapolitan, Northern Lucano-Calabrese). 8418: 7693: 7501: 5110: 5016: 1902:, but has not ratified the treaty, and therefore its provisions protecting regional languages do not apply in the country. 1547:", both colloquially and in scholarly usage; however, the term may coexist with other labels like "minority languages" or " 4871:"Sentenza Corte costituzionale nr. 215 del 3 luglio 2013, depositata il 18 luglio 2013 su ricorso della regione Friuli-VG" 4531: 3953: 2160:

Frequency of use of regional languages in Italy, as the sole or principal languages at home, based on ISTAT data from 2015

1692:" (Codice di procedura penale, Art. 109 , "The acts of the criminal proceedings are carried out in the Italian language.") 8745: 7747: 7610: 7121:

Venetian is either grouped with the rest of the Italo-Dalmatian or the Gallo-Italic languages, depending on the linguist.

5237: 3767:

The Sardinian language, usually listed as a group of its own with two main Logudorese and Campidanese orthographic forms.

619: 6137: 5407:"La straordinaria rinascita dello Yiddish. Chi lo studia, chi lo parla e chi si nutre delle sue radici (anche italiane)" 5146: 4681: 4660:

Sentenze Corte costituzionale n. 15 del 1996, n. 62 del 1992, n. 768 del 1988, n. 289 del 1987 e n. 312 del 1983. Dalla

9345: 8466: 8051: 7678: 7511: 7272: 333: 5831: 4905: 1668:" (Statuto Speciale per il Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Art. 99, " Italian is the official language of the State.") 9385: 9242: 8680: 7698: 7673: 7516: 4433: 4406: 2267: 1329:

The official and most widely spoken language across the country is Italian, which started off based on the medieval

9355: 9232: 8070: 7351: 7237: 5874: 3989: 3977: 3689: 2169: 1138: 298: 1726: 9227: 9081: 8952: 8765: 8194: 8106: 7953: 7948: 7779: 7647: 6451: 6027: 814: 9157: 1535:

Almost all of the Romance languages spoken in Italy are native to the area in which they are spoken. Apart from

1513:. Latin emerged out of the Latino-Faliscan group and replaced the other languages spoken in Italy following the 1433: 9267: 9252: 9040: 8790: 8142: 7730: 7207: 4124: 3910: 1278: 1010: 268: 9197: 9182: 5169: 4318: 3893:

Piedmontese: traditional, definitely codified between the 1920s and the 1960s by Pinin Pacòt and Camillo Brero

9257: 9212: 9207: 9187: 9177: 9162: 9152: 9147: 8962: 8393: 8224: 8111: 7642: 7637: 4927: 4843: 2488: 1759: 1145: 1127: 9202: 9167: 674: 9430: 9380: 9370: 9277: 9247: 9222: 9192: 9055: 9007: 8877: 8872: 8673: 8152: 8091: 8076: 7928: 7789: 7242: 4775: 2701: 2217: 956: 669: 303: 3683: 2523:

Friulan: Friuli-Venezia Giulia except the Province of Trieste and western and eastern border regions, and

1401: 9562: 9272: 9237: 9217: 8496: 8214: 8060: 7842: 7752: 7652: 7538: 7506: 7191: 5867: 5195: 3965: 3515: 3447:

The Northern Italian languages are conventionally defined as those Romance languages spoken north of the

3377:

sometimes considered a dialect of Bavarian, also considered an outlying dialect of Bavarian by the UNESCO

2911:

according to areal and some typological features. The following five linguistic areas can be identified:

2347: 1680:(Codice di procedura civile, Art. 122, "In all procedures, the use of the Italian language is required.") 931: 809: 654: 3500: 2131:

are unofficial but recognised in (Statuto speciale per il Trentino-Alto Adige, Titolo XI, Articolo 102).

1361:(Greek). Other non-indigenous languages are spoken by a substantial percentage of the population due to 9395: 9012: 8837: 8551: 8179: 7999: 7906: 7879: 7814: 7688: 7222: 7148: 6654: 6243: 4619: 4007:

Percentage of people in Italy having a command of a regional language (Doxa, 1982; Coveri's data, 1984)

3761: 966: 804: 649: 283: 5889: 5223: 4744: 9535: 9017: 8979: 8581: 8347: 8270: 8234: 7252: 7217: 7212: 6467: 5976: 5704: 3495: 3457: 3448: 1490: 1271: 1051: 1034: 1003: 313: 278: 273: 4221: 9262: 8937: 8596: 8586: 8566: 8536: 8491: 8189: 8031: 7963: 7933: 7913: 7794: 7470: 7435: 7232: 6733: 6724: 6129: 5298: 3591: 3557: 3034: 2980: 1453: 971: 921: 644: 579: 293: 5705:"Grafia Veneta ufficiale – Lingua Veneta The modern international manual of the Venetian spelling" 4151: 4111: 2145:

is unofficial but recognised and promoted (Legge regionale 13 aprile 2007, n. 8, Art. 2, comma 2).

1924:

Franco-Provençal is unofficial, but protected and promoted according to federal and regional laws.

1222: 8907: 8867: 8847: 8827: 8730: 8476: 8239: 8096: 8066: 8041: 7958: 7918: 7857: 7756: 7521: 7491: 6893: 6878: 6664: 6572: 6429: 6306: 6109: 3461: 3197: 3185: 2395: 2391: 1583:

distinguishing these varieties, these variations of Standard Italian are commonly referred to as

1486: 1471: 1342: 961: 213: 5518:

The Linguistic Unity of Northern Italy and Rhaetia: Historical Grammar of the Padanian Language.

5428: 5250: 4243:. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: University of Hamburg: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 238. 4085: 9045: 8842: 8174: 8162: 7938: 7923: 7615: 7257: 7019: 6936: 6851: 6659: 6369: 3906:

Friulian: "Grafie uficiâl" created by the Osservatori Regjonâl de Lenghe e de Culture Furlanis;

3745: 3574: 3258: 2857: 2813: 2755: 2547: 2540: 2343: 2296:

in northwestern Sardinia; an outlying dialect of Catalan language not listed separately by the

2173: 2100: 1506: 1494: 1075: 926: 659: 613: 607: 506: 394: 318: 5612: 4580: 2005:

is "promoted", but not recognised, by the region (Reg. Gen. nn. 159/I 198/I, Art. 1, comma 4).

9065: 8997: 8967: 8922: 8917: 8892: 8750: 8481: 8408: 8388: 8302: 8251: 8009: 7989: 7799: 7393: 7361: 7247: 7227: 7141: 7082: 6931: 6435: 6278: 6075: 3740: 3676: 2819: 2747: 2684: 2304: 2008: 1735: 1552: 1437: 1354: 916: 716: 533: 379: 308: 288: 182: 9035: 6401: 4884: 2891:

is controversial, and listed here are two of the generally accepted classification systems.

8957: 8947: 8897: 8857: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8795: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8755: 8740: 8735: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8332: 8147: 8036: 8014: 7668: 7566: 7450: 7318: 6926: 6903: 6674: 6534: 6488: 6229: 5274: 4818: 3530: 3263: 3181: 2751: 2688: 2563: 2399: 2156: 2058: 1254: 1091: 853: 6828: 6820: 6341: 5928: 5912: 5360: 4222:"Letture e linguaggio. Indagine Multiscopo sulle famiglie "I cittadini e il tempo libero"" 3702: 3079: 2513: 2307:: the upper valleys of Piedmont (Val Mairo, Val Varacho, Val d'Esturo, Entraigas, Limoun, 2104: 2021: 1986: 1942: 1350: 369: 8: 9520: 9460: 9060: 9002: 8942: 8932: 8912: 8902: 8887: 8882: 8862: 8832: 8800: 8785: 8760: 8696: 8616: 8606: 8561: 8327: 8292: 8287: 8004: 7625: 7561: 7481: 6873: 6834: 6578: 6224: 6057: 6032: 5338:"L'uso della lingua italiana, dei dialetti e di altre lingue in Italia (Italian version)" 5323:

ISTAT Report "Use of Italian language, dialects, and foreign languages" (English version)

3709: 3662: 3173: 2599: 2595: 2480: 2429:; recently extinct in several other locations in the region; an outlying Bavarian dialect 2426: 2394:

and San Paolo Lucano in southern Basilicata; (vi) settlements in southern Calabria, e.g.

2379: 2221: 2002: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1744: 1624: 1231: 1213: 784: 694: 553: 543: 445: 7008: 6555: 6333: 5112:

Norme di tutela e promozione delle minoranze di lingua tedesca del Friuli Venezia Giulia

4731: 3525: 3478: 2694:

Sassarese: northwestern Sardinia; a transitional language between Corsican and Sardinian

2645: 2641: 2128: 1964: 1799: 8972: 8927: 8852: 8591: 8576: 8556: 8413: 8307: 8229: 8086: 8056: 8046: 8021: 7994: 7901: 7894: 7830: 7586: 7581: 7298: 6860: 6669: 6619: 6216: 6207: 6193: 6011: 5956: 5754: 5383: 4870: 4835: 4053: 3900: 3840: 3671: 3656: 3649: 3643: 3577:, including all the rest (although with some doubt regarding the position of Ligurian). 3473: 3468: 3452: 3422: 3396: 3370: 3338: 3274: 3232: 3218: 3168: 3096: 2823: 2635: 2587: 2528: 2506: 2484: 2466: 2458: 2418: 2082: 1810: 1596: 1568: 1417: 1315: 1180: 1170: 1155: 1061: 874: 843: 735: 721: 538: 516: 511: 496: 472: 467: 455: 424: 128: 4661: 3130: 2064:

the region "promotes", without recognising, the Occitan, Franco-Provençal, French and

9128: 8541: 8531: 8403: 8317: 8282: 8209: 8199: 7977: 7847: 7761: 7591: 7571: 7545: 7533: 7328: 7323: 7308: 7303: 7288: 7013: 7003: 6995: 6921: 6811: 6741: 6710: 6697: 6688: 6633: 6627: 6612: 6458: 6396: 6378: 6284: 6260: 6183: 6156: 6142: 6114: 6065: 6042: 5932: 5920: 5916: 5758: 4511: 4429: 4402: 4293: 3850: 3800: 3790: 3750: 3696: 3636: 3615: 3610: 3545: 3505: 3490: 3485: 3359: 3343: 3112: 3084: 2951: 2944: 2938: 2908: 2900: 2884: 2880: 2849: 2805: 2793: 2775: 2771: 2729: 2624: 2608: 2591: 2502: 2450: 2432: 2297: 2289: 2276: 2263: 2194: 2142: 2086: 1787: 1632: 1612: 1604: 1600: 1518: 1478: 1405: 1393: 1373: 1369: 1346: 1323: 1319: 1307: 1245: 1105: 848: 838: 799: 684: 679: 636: 563: 526: 459: 389: 374: 113: 108: 88: 74: 62: 6481: 6442: 6292: 5854: 4488:

Michele Salazar (Università di Messina, Direttore Rivista giuridica della scuola) -

3947:

Regional languages of Italy according to Clemente Merlo and Carlo Tagliavini in 1939

3886: 3570:

The Venetian language (sometimes grouped with the majority Gallo-Italian languages).

3456:

languages and to the fact that they share isoglosses of various sorts with both the

8611: 8433: 8383: 8364: 8359: 8312: 8219: 8157: 8137: 8125: 8081: 7884: 7864: 7852: 7715: 7596: 7313: 7176: 7168: 6752: 6606: 6548: 6527: 6511: 6504: 6495: 6421: 6270: 6252: 6162: 6096: 6090: 6080: 5993: 5985: 5960: 5948: 5746: 5493: 4955: 4790:"Coordinamentu sardu ufitziale, lettera a Consiglio d'Europa: "Rispettare impegni"" 4195: 4058: 4040: 3860: 3830: 3820: 3630: 3564: 3520: 3385: 3147: 3117: 2934: 2926: 2725: 2674: 2571: 2472: 2371: 2188: 2044: 2030: 1990: 1847: 1791: 1752: 1616: 1608: 1584: 1560: 1536: 1530: 1498: 1482: 1457: 1413: 1389: 1377: 1311: 1303: 1165: 1068: 1042: 903: 762: 689: 558: 429: 414: 399: 364: 258: 238: 163: 151: 143: 123: 67: 51: 30: 7683: 2826:

in Calabria; an outlying dialect of Occitan Alpine Provençal. It is considered by

2465:

district in northwestern Tuscany and in a zone called Traspadana Ferrarese in the

1951: 8521: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8398: 8322: 8184: 7703: 7601: 7486: 7386: 7293: 7087: 7068: 7038: 6986: 6967: 6883: 6759: 6585: 6474: 6391: 6386: 6346: 6315: 5952: 5835: 4839: 4750: 4419: 4130: 3810: 3727: 3586:

them significantly from standard Italian, which is extremely conservative in its

3411: 3348: 3327: 3253: 3241: 3201: 3135: 2873: 2837: 2833: 2739: 2616: 2583: 2559: 2551: 2494: 2442: 2414: 2351: 1982: 1827: 1767: 1748: 1636: 1620: 1572: 1397: 1381: 1236: 1204: 1115: 1110: 1100: 858: 789: 521: 501: 486: 419: 189: 157: 133: 5552: 4465:, vol. 2, Contexts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 302–308 3889:. This may be widely accepted or used alongside more traditional written forms: 2047:

is unofficial but recognised as the regional language (Legge regionale 25/2016).

1432:

whose mother tongue is German, Slovene or French, and enacted in the regions of

9137: 9097: 8654: 8601: 8571: 8516: 8423: 8297: 8244: 8204: 7874: 7869: 7720: 7620: 7576: 7528: 7476: 7430: 7398: 7356: 7333: 7074: 6950: 6913: 6898: 6746: 6705: 6541: 6047: 6037: 6003: 5944: 5803: 4535: 4048: 3603: 3535: 3510: 3177: 2845: 2801: 2785: 2666: 2657: 2476: 2446: 2406:; (viii) formerly also Villabadessa in Abruzzo; an outlying dialect of Albanian 2026: 1956: 1938: 1740: 1721:

The Republic safeguards linguistic minorities by means of appropriate measures.

1502: 1429: 1409: 1385: 1330: 1190: 1185: 1175: 1056: 936: 828: 794: 776: 753: 741: 664: 409: 229: 5530: 4978:"Conseil de la Vallée - Loi régionale 1er août 2005, n. 18 - Texte en vigueur" 1662:, (constitutional law of the northern region of Italy around Trento) – " 9556: 8526: 8167: 7737: 7425: 7403: 7262: 7043: 6972: 6959: 6888: 6766: 6323: 5940: 5924: 5750: 3714: 3287: 3237: 3213: 3193: 2870: 2713: 2670: 2065: 1968: 1945:

and Franco-Provençal are recognized and safeguarded (Legge regionale 5/2012).

1875: 1859: 1819: 1628: 1510: 1358: 1259: 1121: 911: 589: 548: 404: 384: 323: 177: 1341:. Some local languages do not stem from Latin, however, but belong to other 8644: 8451: 8256: 8026: 7630: 7496: 7445: 7420: 7093: 6868: 6796: 6070: 5828: 5578:, vol. 2, Contexts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 303 5496:

and Romagnol, with Bolognese characterized as transitional between the two.

4026: 3189: 2922: 2721: 2575: 2436: 2387: 2331: 2323: 2213: 1915: 1855: 1712: 1564: 1514: 1441: 1421: 1368:

Of the indigenous languages, twelve are officially recognized as spoken by

1338: 1322:. The majority of languages often labeled as regional are distributed in a 991: 5589: 5475:'dialect' throughout the book, intended as 'non-national language'. Since 5337: 5321: 4804:"Il Consiglio d'Europa: "Lingua sarda discriminata, norme non-rispettate"" 2673:

in the northeastern part of the Province of Udine; an outlying dialect of

2535: 2029:

in the 14th century (in green) and the modern geographical borders of the

201: 8546: 8486: 8456: 7809: 7440: 7101: 5964: 5683:

Grafia Veneta Unitaria - Manuale a cura della giunta regionale del Veneto

5635: 4763:

Lingue minoritarie lingue nazionali lingue ufficiali nella legge 482/1999

4477:

Lingue minoritarie Lingue nazionali Lingue ufficiali nella legge 482/1999

4141:

AIS, Sprach-und Sachatlas Italiens und der Südschweiz, Zofingen 1928-1940

3223: 2930: 2653: 2524: 2517: 2509:

in Apulia; a variety of Franco-Provençal not listed separately by the SIL

2327: 2209: 1871: 1867: 1815: 1362: 1195: 708: 434: 4165: 3540: 3031:

Upper Southern (Abruzzo, northern Puglia, Molise, Campania, Basilicata).

7804: 7413: 6411: 6148: 2767: 2743: 2620: 2579: 2375: 2238: 2191:: spoken in the Lys Valley of the Aosta Valley and in Northern Piedmont 2078: 1548: 8665: 5066:

Norme per la tutela, valorizzazione e promozione della lingua friulana

4399:

Storia linguistica dell'Italia repubblicana: dal 1946 ai nostri giorni

4081:

Le origini delle lingue neolatine: introduzione alla filologia romanza

3896:

Ligurian: "Grafîa ofiçiâ" created by the Académia Ligùstica do Brénno;

6188: 5516:

Hull, Geoffrey, PhD thesis 1982 (University of Sydney), published as

4425: 3625: 3620: 3587: 2853: 2827: 2809: 2779: 2763: 2733: 2628: 2555: 2462: 2366:; (v) North Calabrian zone: ca. 30 settlements in northern Calabria ( 2316: 2205: 2201: 1843: 4885:"Anche per la Consulta i friulani non-sono una minoranza di serie B" 3606:

according to the UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger:

3552:

One common classification divides these languages into four groups:

3284: 3280: 8461: 8446: 8441: 8342: 7376: 7371: 6518: 4238: 4034: 3756:

One common classification divides these languages into two groups:

3733: 3602:

Approximate distribution of the regional languages of Sardinia and

2841: 2649: 2363: 2359: 2312: 2234: 2227: 2121: 2052: 2038: 1998: 1976: 1887: 1851: 1803: 1716:

Communities recognized by Italy as historical linguistic minorities

1580: 1556: 1467: 1334: 1082: 346: 1689:

Gli atti del procedimento penale sono compiuti in lingua italiana.

7408: 7133: 7048: 6564: 6119: 6104: 5251:

Gazzetta Ufficiale della Regione Siciliana - Anno 65° - Numero 24

5240:. Regione autonoma della Sardegna – Regione Autònoma de Sardigna. 5226:. Regione autonoma della Sardegna – Regione Autònoma de Sardigna. 5089:

Norme regionali per la tutela della minoranza linguistica slovena

4710:

Le lingue tagliate. Storia della minoranze linguistiche in Italia

3720: 3006:'Gallo-Italian' (Piedmont, Lombardy, Liguria and Emilia-Romagna). 2789: 2697: 2634:

Lombard: Lombardy (except the southernmost border areas) and the

2612: 2605:

Gallurese: northeastern Sardinia; an outlying dialect of Corsican

2454: 2410: 2403: 2367: 2339: 2293: 2271: 2242: 1960: 1879: 1544: 1462: 5681: 4197:

Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche

1967:); the last living trace of the Greek elements that once formed 1477:

Numerous languages were spoken in ancient Italy. These included

247: 8101: 6406: 4606:"Tutela delle minoranze linguistiche e articolo 6 Costituzione" 3051: 2797: 2759: 2717: 2567: 2383: 2355: 2258: 2254: 2246: 2165: 2136: 2094: 1932: 1883: 1795: 196: 118: 9531:

Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities

5737:

and the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages".

5553:"Stranieri residenti e condizioni di vita : Lingua madre" 4990:

Puglia, QUIregione - Il Sito web Istituzionale della Regione.

4257:

Gli altri d'Italia : minoranze linguistiche allo specchio

3774: 2631:

on the Sant'Antioco Island off the southwest coast of Sardinia

1909: 1840:

Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities

1677:

In tutto il processo è prescritto l'uso della lingua italiana.

7381: 7164: 5892: 4992:"QUIregione - Il Sito web Istituzionale della Regione Puglia" 4776:"Lingua Sarda, Legislazione Internazionale, Sardegna Cultura" 2904: 2888: 2498: 2479:, the Alta Valle del Tevere district in northern part of the 2422: 2335: 2308: 2250: 1823: 5017:"Una lingua, un'identità: alla scoperta del griko salentino" 7889: 7366: 4996:

QUIregione - Il Sito web Istituzionale della Regione Puglia

2249:, northern Calabria, northern and central Apulia, southern 4561:. Manuals of Romance linguistics. De Gruyter. p. 506. 4275:. Manuals of Romance linguistics. De Gruyter. p. 499. 3935:

Officially recognised ethno-linguistic minorities of Italy

5479:

has a different connotation in English, we avoid it here.

2869:

All living languages indigenous to Italy are part of the

2413:

in Trentino; disappearing in Giazza (part of the commune

2068:

languages (Legge regionale 7 aprile 2009, n. 11, Art. 1).

4506:

Caretti, Paolo; Rosini, Monica; Louvin, Roberto (2017).

3403:

considered an outlying dialect of Bavarian by the UNESCO

3283:

is the individual language most present in Italy in the

3104:

recognized as a variant of the Albanian strain by UNESCO

4856: 4649:

Dal dialetto alla lingua negli anni Venti del Novecento

4241:

Aspects of multilingualism in European language history

5531:"Linguistic diversity among foreign citizens in Italy" 2516:) and the Alpine valleys to the north and east of the 1517:

of the whole peninsula; it is the ancestor of all the

5845:

An interactive map of languages and dialects in Italy

5686:, Commissione regionale per la grafia veneta unitaria 4902:"Chart of signatures and ratifications of Treaty 148" 2883:

and non-Romance languages. The classification of the

1318:, most of which, like Italian, belong to the broader 94: 6786: 5362:

Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

4620:"Articolo 6 Costituzione, Dispositivo e Spiegazione" 4442: 4254: 4016: 2996:

The following classification is proposed by Maiden:

2200:

Ladin: several valleys, comunes and villages in the

1893: 1521:, the only living subgroup of the Italic languages. 9526:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

7648:

Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia

5907: 5171:

Ordine del Giorno n. 1118, Presentato il 30/11/1999

5148:

Ordine del Giorno n. 1118, Presentato il 30/11/1999

4816: 4505: 1900:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

1707: 1702: 2172:, there are 31 endangered languages in Italy. The 2279:(Venetan): Veneto, parts of Friuli-Venezia Giulia 9554: 9127: 6819: 5009: 4508:Regioni a statuto speciale e tutela della lingua 4358: 4356: 1832:Legge 15 Dicembre 1999, n. 482, Art. 2, comma 1 1595:construction of the Standard Italian language: 5576:The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages 5355: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5347: 4957:Statut spécial de la Vallée d'Aoste, Title VIe 4600: 4598: 4573:"Lingue di Minoranza e Scuola: Carta Generale" 4556: 4463:The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages 4270: 2512:Franco-Provençal: spoken in the Aosta Valley ( 9113: 8681: 7149: 6732: 5875: 5815:Phonological theory and the dialects of Italy 5573: 4632: 4510:. Turin, Italy: G. Giappichelli. p. 72. 4460: 4313: 4311: 3879: 3597: 2680:Romani: spoken by the Roma community in Italy 1687: 1675: 1663: 1447: 1279: 1073: 1011: 596:National Memorial Day of the Exiles and Foibe 6958: 5376: 4732:"Italy's general legislation, Language Laws" 4418:Maiden, Martin; Parry, Mair (7 March 2006). 4378: 4353: 4239:Kurt Braunmüller, Gisella Ferraresi (2003). 3052:Albanian, Slavic, Greek and Romani languages 1760:Constitutional Court of the Italian Republic 1665:italiana è la lingua ufficiale dello Stato. 5774: 5505: 5489: 5344: 5267:Statuto speciale per il Trentino-Alto Adige 5218: 5216: 5214: 4595: 4417: 4216: 4214: 3775:Mother tongues of foreign citizens in Italy 3303: 3055: 1910:Regional recognition of the local languages 1539:, these languages are often referred to as 9541:Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights 9120: 9106: 8688: 8674: 7156: 7142: 5882: 5868: 5801: 5460: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4308: 4077: 3437: 2907:based on Pellegrini, who groups different 2270:in Lazio and in some communes of southern 1993:are officially recognized and safeguarded. 1642: 1286: 1272: 1018: 1004: 35:Ancient languages of the Italian peninsula 5768:Profilo linguistico dei dialetti italiani 5765: 5449: 5388:, UNESCO's Endangered Languages Programme 5365:, UNESCO's Endangered Languages Programme 5230: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4651:. Pisa-Roma, Fabrizio Serra Editore; p.78 4331: 4284: 4282: 4259:. Pergine Valsugana: Comune. p. 196. 3028:'Middle Italian' (Marche, Umbria, Lazio). 2970:; Central Marchigiano, Umbrian, Laziale). 2660:in Trentino; an outlying Bavarian dialect 2619:and Tuscany; settlements in the towns of 6215: 5797:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5429:"Endangered languages in Europe: report" 5224:"Legge Regionale 15 ottobre 1997, n. 26" 5211: 5115:, Regione Autonoma Friuli-Venezia Giulia 5092:, Regione Autonoma Friuli-Venezia Giulia 5069:, Regione Autonoma Friuli-Venezia Giulia 5031: 4929:What is a regional or minority language? 4211: 3299: 3046: 3037:(Salento, southern Calabria and Sicily). 2534: 2398:and Vena di Maida; (vii) Sicilian zone: 2283: 2170:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger 2155: 2020: 1950: 1778:; the Slovene-speaking community in the 1711: 1461: 56:Regional and minority languages of Italy 8695: 6696: 5812: 5783: 5732: 4448: 4367: 4362: 4347: 4343: 4335: 4064: 3959:Languages and language islands of Italy 2899:Loporcaro proposes a classification of 2354:in Campania; (iv) northern Basilicata: 2226:Sicilian: Sicily, southern and central 1428:) is legally granted only to the three 602:Anniversary of the Unification of Italy 14: 9555: 5792: 5291: 5260: 5258: 5238:"Legge Regionale 3 Luglio 2018, n. 22" 4950: 4948: 4946: 4667: 4411: 4339: 4279: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4152:"Cittadini Stranieri in Italia - 2018" 3909:Ladin: "Grafia Ladina" created by the 2720:in the upper Lys Valley/Lystal in the 2707: 2151: 2025:Comparison between the domains of the 1524: 9101: 8669: 7137: 5863: 4765:, FrancoAngeli Editore, Milano, p. 29 4319:"What Languages are Spoken in Italy?" 4290:"Lingue di Minoranza e Scuola, Sardo" 3903:" was experimentally adopted in 2006; 1743:policies promoted earlier because of 1472:Roman expansion and conquest of Italy 7694:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 5802:Pellegrini, Giovan Battista (1977). 5775:Maiden, Martin; Parry, Mair (1997). 5300:Legge regionale 13 aprile 2007, n. 8 5188: 5162: 5139: 5103: 5080: 5057: 5046:, Consiglio Regionale della Campania 4920: 4894: 2894: 1466:Ethnolinguistic map of Italy in the 5533:. Statistics of Italy. 25 July 2023 5255: 4943: 4904:. Council of Europe. Archived from 4183: 2856:to be a separate language known as 2812:to be a separate language known as 2439:off the northeast coast of Sardinia 1660:Statute of the Trentino-South Tyrol 620:National Unity and Armed Forces Day 80: 24: 7163: 6058:Intermediate Southern (Neapolitan) 5520:2 vols. Sydney: Beta Crucis, 2017. 5471:Note that Loporcaro uses the term 5151:, Consiglio Regionale del Piemonte 4989: 3451:, which runs through the northern 2987:; Salentino, Calabrian, Sicilian). 2683:Sardinian, consisting of both the 25: 9574: 9087:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 5822: 5788:(in Italian). Bologna: Il Mulino. 5200:, Consilio Regionale del Piemonte 4534:. Webcitation.org. Archived from 3590:(and notably conservative in its 3442: 2864: 1894:Recognition at the European level 33:. For the ancient languages, see 8650: 8649: 8638: 6789: 5908:Historical linguistic minorities 5891: 5663:, Istituto Ladin de la Dolomites 5660:PUBLICAZIOIGN DEL ISTITUTO LADIN 5303:, Consiglio Regionale del Veneto 5273:, Regione.taa.it, archived from 4577:Minoranze-linguistiche-scuola.it 4227:. ISTAT. 2000. pp. 106–107. 4033: 4019: 4000: 3988: 3976: 3964: 3952: 3940: 3928: 3670: 3609: 3467: 2677:not listed separately by the SIL 2615:and adjacent areas of Piedmont, 1955:Map showing the areas where the 1708:Recognition by the Italian state 1703:Historical linguistic minorities 1314:, as well as numerous local and 1306:, which serves as the country's 1139:The Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis 985: 246: 200: 95:historical linguistic minorities 50: 8379:Orders, decorations, and medals 7115: 5850:Ethnologue - Languages of Italy 5726: 5697: 5674: 5651: 5628: 5605: 5582: 5567: 5545: 5523: 5510: 5499: 5482: 5465: 5454: 5443: 5421: 5399: 5314: 5244: 5126: 4983: 4971: 4877: 4863: 4849: 4828: 4810: 4796: 4782: 4768: 4755: 4738: 4724: 4715: 4702: 4692: 4654: 4641: 4626: 4612: 4565: 4559:Manuale Di Linguistica Italiana 4550: 4524: 4499: 4482: 4469: 4454: 4391: 4381:"Che lingua parla un italiano?" 4325: 4273:Manuale Di Linguistica Italiana 4263: 4247: 3995:Main linguistic groups of Italy 3560:, including Ladin and Friulian. 2409:Cimbrian: vigorously spoken in 1858:etc., with the addition of the 5594:, Académia Ligùstica do Brénno 4684:Articolo 6, Lingue da tutelare 4231: 4158: 4144: 4135: 4118: 4100: 4071: 3983:Main dialectal groups of Italy 3911:Istituto Ladin de la Dolomites 2257:as well as eastern fringes of 13: 1: 5786:Dialetto, dialetti e italiano 5779:. London New York: Routledge. 4844:Italian electoral law of 2015 4479:, Editore Franco Angeli, p.16 4383:. Treccani.it. Archived from 4255:Wolftraud De Concini (2003). 3351:is the usual standard variety 3279:By ISO 639-3 classification, 2848:not listed separately by the 2804:not listed separately by the 2774:not listed separately by the 2728:not listed separately by the 2402:and two nearby villages near 2322:Arbëresh: (i) Adriatic zone: 2182: 1128:Pontifical Academy of Arcadia 216:Europeans and their Languages 5770:(in Italian). Bari: Laterza. 5733:Cravens, Thomas D. (2014). " 4817:Gabriele Iannàccaro (2010). 4712:, Rizzoli Editore, pp. 12–14 2985:dialetti meridionali estremi 2449:, parts of the provinces of 1898:Italy is a signatory of the 169:Other regional language (6%) 7: 8419:Water supply and sanitation 7843:Italian geographical region 7711:Monarchy and the World Wars 7653:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 7539:War of the Sicilian Vespers 7192:Timeline of Italian history 5813:Repetti, Lori, ed. (2000). 5808:(in Italian). Pisa: Pacini. 5805:Carta dei dialetti d'Italia 5766:Loporcaro, Michele (2009). 4084:. R. Patròn. Archived from 4012: 2961:dialetti centro-meridionali 2691:(central Sardinia) dialects 1782:and, with less rights, the 1684:Code for criminal procedure 10: 9579: 8338:Inventions and discoveries 7748:Fall of the Fascist regime 7731:Fourth War of Independence 7689:Expedition of the Thousand 7679:Second War of Independence 6655:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata 6138:Central-Southern Calabrian 5855:Rivista Etnie, linguistica 4761:Bonamore, Daniele (2008). 4682:"Schiavi Fachin, Silvana. 4475:Bonamore, Daniele (2006). 4078:Tagliavini, Carlo (1962). 3921: 3885:languages of Italy have a 3880:Standardised written forms 3598:Southern Italy and islands 2830:to be a separate language. 2782:to be a separate language. 2736:to be a separate language. 2461:in southern Lombardy, the 1528: 1451: 1448:Ancient languages of Italy 957:Italian Cultural Institute 28: 18:Southern Italian languages 9536:European Day of Languages 9515: 9459: 9414: 9286: 9136: 9074: 9026: 8988: 8703: 8634: 8432: 8278: 8269: 8133: 8124: 8112:Security and intelligence 7985: 7976: 7838: 7829: 7772: 7699:Third War of Independence 7674:First War of Independence 7661: 7554: 7463: 7344: 7281: 7200: 7184: 7175: 7061: 7031: 6994: 6985: 6949: 6912: 6859: 6850: 6810: 6806: 6784: 6723: 6687: 6645: 6597: 6468:Comasco-Lecchese dialects 6420: 6377: 6368: 6332: 6314: 6305: 6269: 6251: 6242: 6206: 6174: 6128: 6056: 6020: 6002: 5984: 5975: 5971: 5904: 5409:(in Italian). 4 July 2021 5019:(in Italian). 25 May 2020 4980:. Retrieved 25 April 2020 4647:Silvia Demartini (2010). 4637:. Peter Lang. p. 97. 4397:Tullio, de Mauro (2014). 4108:"La variazione diatopica" 3887:standardised written form 3669: 3608: 3466: 3316:Dialects spoken in Italy 3309: 3068:Dialects spoken in Italy 3061: 2975:dialetti alto-meridionali 2879:They can be divided into 2844:; an outlying dialect of 2800:; an outlying dialect of 2724:; an outlying dialect of 2702:Jewish community in Italy 2700:: spoken by parts of the 2489:Province of Pesaro-Urbino 2268:Metropolitan City of Rome 1696:Article 1 of law 482/1999 1563:and evolved locally from 1074: 1052:Italo-Dalmatian languages 209: 188: 176: 142: 101: 87: 73: 61: 49: 44: 7790:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus 7785:Institutional referendum 5834:11 December 2016 at the 5793:Posner, Rebecca (1996). 5751:10.1177/0014585814529221 5177:, Gioventura Piemontèisa 4662:sentenza nr. 15 del 1996 3558:Rhaeto-Romance languages 3003:Northern Italo-Romance: 2687:(southern Sardinia) and 2491:in the Marche (disputed) 2483:and eastern part of the 2445:: North to Northwestern 1672:Code for civil procedure 1497:languages. Furthermore, 1454:Ancient peoples of Italy 1033:This article is part of 937:National personification 8313:Emigration and diaspora 7522:Guelphs and Ghibellines 7507:the Sardinian Judicates 6028:Central-Northern Latian 5784:Marcato, Carla (2007). 5506:Maiden & Parry 1997 5490:Maiden & Parry 1997 5385:Degrees of endangerment 4960:, Region Vallée d'Aoste 4557:Sergio Lubello (2016). 4271:Sergio Lubello (2016). 4129:7 November 2005 at the 3575:Gallo-Italian languages 3462:Gallo-Romance languages 3458:Italo-Romance languages 3438:Geographic distribution 3198:Inner Carniolan dialect 3186:Natisone Valley dialect 3025:Tuscan (with Corsican). 2917:dialetti settentrionali 2392:San Costantino Albanese 1751:. Since 1934, Minister 1643:Legal status of Italian 1487:Indo-European languages 962:Dante Alighieri Society 214:Special Eurobarometer, 9321:Bosnia and Herzegovina 8746:Bosnia and Herzegovina 8195:Science and technology 8143:Italian regions by GDP 7944:Marine protected areas 7616:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 6660:Gallo-Italic of Sicily 6452:Bustocco and Legnanese 5838:Online version of the 4708:Salvi, Sergio (1975). 4633:Paolo Coluzzi (2007). 3563:The poorly researched 3022:Central and Southern: 2858:Apulia-Calabrian Greek 2852:. It is considered by 2836:: a few villages near 2814:Apulia-Calabrian Greek 2808:. It is considered by 2778:. It is considered by 2756:Province of Campobasso 2732:. It is considered by 2548:Gallo-Italic of Sicily 2543: 2541:Gallo-Italic of Sicily 2344:Casalvecchio di Puglia 2174:degree of endangerment 2161: 2101:Gallo-Italic of Sicily 2034: 1972: 1809:Around the 1960s, the 1732: 1717: 1688: 1676: 1664: 1474: 1310:, in its standard and 1076:Accademia della Crusca 395:Gallo-Italic of Sicily 9472:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 8394:Public administration 7502:the Holy Roman Empire 7083:Italian Sign Language 7032:Other German dialects 6175:Other Italo-Dalmatian 5795:The Romance languages 5777:The dialects of Italy 4857:"Chambre des députés" 4421:The Dialects of Italy 3460:to the south and the 3449:La Spezia–Rimini Line 3300:High German languages 3047:Non-Romance languages 2748:San Felice del Molise 2538: 2338:in Molise as well as 2284:Definitely endangered 2159: 2127:Ladin, Cimbrian, and 2024: 2009:Friuli-Venezia Giulia 1954: 1719: 1715: 1465: 1438:Friuli-Venezia Giulia 1370:linguistic minorities 1083:Enciclopedia Treccani 183:Italian Sign Language 9416:States with limited 8697:Languages of Europe 8622:World Heritage Sites 8077:Council of Ministers 7815:Coronavirus pandemic 7213:Currency and coinage 6535:Southwestern Lombard 4538:on 24 September 2015 4387:on 11 February 2018. 4200:, Italian parliament 4114:on 16 February 2012. 4065:Notes and references 3182:Torre Valley dialect 3000:Northern varieties: 2752:Acquaviva Collecroce 2564:Valguarnera Caropepe 2400:Piana degli Albanesi 2396:San Nicola dell'Alto 2212:in South Tyrol, the 1792:Germanic populations 1747:, especially during 1736:Italian Constitution 1727:Italian Constitution 1426:bilinguismo perfetto 1255:Syntactic gemination 883:World Heritage Sites 839:Association football 274:Currency and coinage 190:Keyboard layout 9521:Languages of Europe 8989:States with limited 8153:Automotive industry 8092:Metropolitan cities 7638:Early Modern period 7611:Kingdom of Sardinia 7562:Italian city-states 6835:Vaccarizzo Albanian 5280:on 26 November 2018 4932:, Council of Europe 4749:16 May 2012 at the 4401:. Editori Laterza, 4088:on 26 February 2018 3663:Campidanese dialect 2708:Severely endangered 2600:province of Messina 2596:Fondachelli-Fantina 2481:Province of Perugia 2427:Province of Vicenza 2380:San Demetrio Corone 2230:and southern Apulia 2222:Province of Belluno 2152:Conservation status 1784:Province of Gorizia 1780:Province of Trieste 1776:Province of Bolzano 1555:or variations of a 1525:Language or dialect 1434:Trentino-Alto Adige 1430:national minorities 756:and performing arts 9563:Languages of Italy 9129:Minority languages 8215:Telecommunications 7582:Maritime republics 6670:Judaeo-Piedmontese 6646:Other Gallo-Italic 5898:Languages of Italy 5735:Italia Linguistica 5617:, Sardegna Cultura 5614:Limba sarda comuna 4908:on 17 October 2015 4583:on 10 October 2017 4379:Domenico Cerrato. 4296:on 16 October 2018 4054:Language geography 3971:Languages of Italy 3901:Limba Sarda Comuna 3650:Logudorese dialect 3464:to the northwest. 3453:Apennine Mountains 3335:East Middle German 3174:Gai Valley dialect 2838:Reggio di Calabria 2824:Guardia Piemontese 2768:Shtokavian dialect 2742:: the villages of 2636:Province of Novara 2588:Montalbano Elicona 2544: 2529:Province of Venice 2507:Province of Foggia 2485:Province of Arezzo 2467:Province of Rovigo 2419:Province of Verona 2162: 2035: 1973: 1811:Italian Parliament 1718: 1597:Giacomo da Lentini 1589:italiano regionale 1569:Florentine dialect 1475: 1345:branches, such as 1316:regional languages 1300:languages of Italy 655:Oriental Orthodoxy 45:Languages of Italy 9550: 9549: 9465:other territories 9095: 9094: 8663: 8662: 8630: 8629: 8265: 8264: 8200:Southern question 8120: 8119: 8052:Political parties 8000:Foreign relations 7972: 7971: 7825: 7824: 7546:Kingdom of Naples 7534:Kingdom of Sicily 7131: 7130: 7110: 7109: 7057: 7056: 7014:Southern Bavarian 6981: 6980: 6945: 6944: 6937:Triestine Serbian 6846: 6845: 6821:Arbëresh language 6782: 6781: 6778: 6777: 6719: 6718: 6683: 6682: 6436:Brianzöö dialects 6364: 6363: 6301: 6300: 6238: 6237: 6202: 6201: 5637:Grafie dal O.L.F. 4517:978-88-921-6380-5 3877: 3876: 3762:southern Corsican 3737: 3724: 3706: 3693: 3666: 3653: 3640: 3637:Algherese dialect 3435: 3434: 3393:Bavarian-Austrian 3367:Bavarian-Austrian 3344:Tyrolean dialects 3297: 3296: 2909:Romance languages 2901:Romance languages 2895:Romance languages 2885:Romance languages 2881:Romance languages 2794:Province of Lecce 2792:peninsula in the 2716:: the village of 2625:San Pietro Island 2592:Novara di Sicilia 2514:Valdôtain dialect 2390:etc.) as well as 2350:in Apulia; (iii) 2298:SIL International 2290:Algherese Catalan 2216:in Trentino, and 2164:According to the 1959:is still spoken ( 1906:considerations". 1788:Province of Udine 1519:Romance languages 1308:national language 1296: 1295: 1122:The Divine Comedy 1106:Placiti Cassinesi 1065: 1028: 1027: 932:National monument 650:Eastern Orthodoxy 645:Roman Catholicism 223: 222: 16:(Redirected from 9570: 9436:Nagorno-Karabakh 9122: 9115: 9108: 9099: 9098: 9027:Dependencies and 8963:Northern Ireland 8704:Sovereign states 8690: 8683: 8676: 8667: 8666: 8653: 8652: 8645:Italy portal 8642: 8641: 8582:National symbols 8276: 8275: 8131: 8130: 7983: 7982: 7836: 7835: 7716:Kingdom of Italy 7643:Napoleonic Italy 7182: 7181: 7158: 7151: 7144: 7135: 7134: 7122: 7119: 7096: 7077: 7022: 6992: 6991: 6956: 6955: 6857: 6856: 6837: 6817: 6816: 6808: 6807: 6799: 6794: 6793: 6792: 6769: 6762: 6755: 6730: 6729: 6694: 6693: 6636: 6622: 6615: 6599:Emilian–Romagnol 6588: 6581: 6567: 6558: 6551: 6544: 6537: 6530: 6521: 6514: 6507: 6498: 6491: 6484: 6477: 6470: 6461: 6454: 6445: 6438: 6375: 6374: 6355: 6334:Franco-Provençal 6312: 6311: 6287: 6249: 6248: 6244:Occitano-Romance 6213: 6212: 6165: 6151: 6130:Extreme Southern 6099: 5994:Regional Italian 5982: 5981: 5973: 5972: 5929:Franco-Provençal 5896: 5895: 5884: 5877: 5870: 5861: 5860: 5818: 5809: 5798: 5789: 5780: 5771: 5762: 5720: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5701: 5695: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5609: 5603: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5527: 5521: 5514: 5508: 5503: 5497: 5486: 5480: 5469: 5463: 5458: 5452: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5403: 5397: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5357: 5342: 5341: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5279: 5272: 5262: 5253: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5220: 5209: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5176: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5143: 5137: 5130: 5124: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5045: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5013: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5002: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4952: 4941: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4853: 4847: 4838:of the attorney 4832: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4814: 4808: 4807: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4792:. 17 April 2017. 4786: 4780: 4779: 4772: 4766: 4759: 4753: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4728: 4722: 4719: 4713: 4706: 4700: 4696: 4690: 4689: 4678: 4665: 4658: 4652: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4602: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4579:. 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Archived from 4104: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4075: 4059:Regional Italian 4043: 4041:Languages portal 4038: 4037: 4029: 4024: 4023: 4022: 4004: 3992: 3980: 3968: 3956: 3944: 3932: 3779: 3778: 3731: 3718: 3710:Southern Italian 3700: 3687: 3684:Franco-Provençal 3674: 3660: 3647: 3634: 3613: 3565:Istriot language 3496:Emilian-Romagnol 3471: 3304: 3219:Hellenic (Greek) 3056: 3035:Extreme Southern 2981:Extreme Southern 2973:Upper Southern ( 2968:dialetti mediani 2834:Griko (Calabria) 2572:province of Enna 2539:Distribution of 2437:Maddalena Island 2346:in Apulia; (ii) 2305:Alpine Provençal 2204:, including the 2031:Lombard language 1965:Grecìa Salentina 1753:Francesco Ercole 1730: 1691: 1679: 1667: 1617:Jacopone da Todi 1609:Guido Guinizelli 1585:Regional Italian 1537:Standard Italian 1531:Regional Italian 1499:Celtic languages 1489:, consisting of 1458:Italic languages 1444:, respectively. 1402:Franco-Provençal 1288: 1281: 1274: 1214:Verb conjugation 1079: 1078: 1069:Regional Italian 1059: 1043:Italian language 1030: 1029: 1020: 1013: 1006: 992:Italy portal 990: 989: 988: 400:Italian Germanic 250: 241: 239:Culture of Italy 225: 224: 204: 54: 42: 41: 31:Regional Italian 21: 9578: 9577: 9573: 9572: 9571: 9569: 9568: 9567: 9553: 9552: 9551: 9546: 9545: 9511: 9464: 9455: 9441:Northern Cyprus 9417: 9410: 9361:North Macedonia 9289:European states 9288: 9282: 9139: 9132: 9126: 9096: 9091: 9070: 9028: 9022: 9008:Northern Cyprus 8990: 8984: 8878:North Macedonia 8699: 8694: 8664: 8659: 8639: 8626: 8597:Public holidays 8428: 8374:Life expectancy 8261: 8116: 8032:Law enforcement 7968: 7821: 7768: 7757:Social Republic 7721:Colonial Empire 7704:Capture of Rome 7657: 7550: 7459: 7352:Ancient peoples 7340: 7277: 7238:Historic states 7196: 7171: 7162: 7132: 7127: 7126: 7125: 7120: 7116: 7106: 7092: 7073: 7053: 7039:Austrian German 7027: 7018: 6977: 6968:Calabrian Greek 6941: 6908: 6894:Natisone Valley 6879:Inner Carniolan 6842: 6833: 6802: 6795: 6790: 6788: 6774: 6765: 6758: 6751: 6715: 6679: 6647: 6641: 6632: 6618: 6611: 6593: 6584: 6577: 6573:Eastern Lombard 6563: 6554: 6547: 6540: 6533: 6526: 6517: 6510: 6503: 6494: 6487: 6480: 6473: 6466: 6457: 6450: 6441: 6434: 6430:Western Lombard 6416: 6360: 6351: 6328: 6297: 6283: 6265: 6234: 6198: 6176: 6170: 6161: 6147: 6124: 6110:Southern Latian 6095: 6076:Castelmezzanese 6052: 6016: 5998: 5967: 5900: 5890: 5888: 5836:Wayback Machine 5825: 5729: 5724: 5723: 5713: 5711: 5703: 5702: 5698: 5689: 5687: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5666: 5664: 5657: 5656: 5652: 5643: 5641: 5634: 5633: 5629: 5620: 5618: 5611: 5610: 5606: 5597: 5595: 5588: 5587: 5583: 5572: 5568: 5558: 5556: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5536: 5534: 5529: 5528: 5524: 5515: 5511: 5504: 5500: 5492::273 separates 5487: 5483: 5470: 5466: 5461:Pellegrini 1977 5459: 5455: 5448: 5444: 5434: 5432: 5427: 5426: 5422: 5412: 5410: 5405: 5404: 5400: 5391: 5389: 5382: 5381: 5377: 5368: 5366: 5359: 5358: 5345: 5336: 5329: 5327: 5320: 5319: 5315: 5306: 5304: 5297: 5296: 5292: 5283: 5281: 5277: 5270: 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4416: 4412: 4396: 4392: 4377: 4368: 4361: 4354: 4330: 4326: 4321:. 29 July 2019. 4317: 4316: 4309: 4299: 4297: 4288: 4287: 4280: 4268: 4264: 4252: 4248: 4236: 4232: 4224: 4220: 4219: 4212: 4203: 4201: 4194: 4193: 4184: 4174: 4172: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4150: 4149: 4145: 4140: 4136: 4131:Wayback Machine 4123: 4119: 4106: 4105: 4101: 4091: 4089: 4076: 4072: 4067: 4039: 4032: 4025: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4008: 4005: 3996: 3993: 3984: 3981: 3972: 3969: 3960: 3957: 3948: 3945: 3936: 3933: 3924: 3882: 3782:Language (2018) 3777: 3754: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3730: 3725: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3699: 3694: 3686: 3681: 3678: 3668: 3667: 3659: 3654: 3646: 3641: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3600: 3551: 3549: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3501:Francoprovençal 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3480: 3476: 3445: 3440: 3349:Austrian German 3302: 3242:Calabrian Greek 3238:Griko (Salento) 3202:Istrian dialect 3136:Molise Croatian 3054: 3049: 2897: 2874:language family 2867: 2820:Gardiol Occitan 2740:Molise Croatian 2710: 2584:San Piero Patti 2560:Piazza Armerina 2475:: Southeastern 2415:Selva di Progno 2286: 2185: 2154: 1983:Calabrian Greek 1912: 1896: 1768:Tullio De Mauro 1731: 1725: 1710: 1705: 1645: 1533: 1527: 1501:were spoken in 1491:Latino-Faliscan 1460: 1450: 1292: 1116:Dolce Stil Novo 1111:Sicilian School 1101:Veronese Riddle 1024: 986: 984: 977: 976: 952: 951: 942: 941: 922:National anthem 907: 906: 895: 894: 878: 877: 866: 865: 864: 863: 832: 831: 820: 819: 780: 779: 768: 767: 758: 757: 745: 744: 739: 738: 727: 726: 712: 711: 700: 699: 640: 639: 628: 627: 626: 625: 583: 582: 571: 570: 569: 568: 490: 489: 478: 477: 463: 462: 440: 439: 360: 359: 341: 340: 339: 338: 299:Historic states 262: 261: 237: 205: 199: 172: 138: 57: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9576: 9566: 9565: 9548: 9547: 9544: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9517: 9516: 9513: 9512: 9510: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9468: 9466: 9457: 9456: 9454: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9422: 9420: 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Republic 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8707: 8705: 8701: 8700: 8693: 8692: 8685: 8678: 8670: 8661: 8660: 8658: 8657: 8647: 8635: 8632: 8631: 8628: 8627: 8625: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8438: 8436: 8430: 8429: 8427: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8370: 8369: 8368: 8367: 8352: 8351: 8350: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8279: 8273: 8267: 8266: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8248: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8205:Stock exchange 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8171: 8170: 8165: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8134: 8128: 8122: 8121: 8118: 8117: 8115: 8114: 8109: 8107:Municipalities 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8067:Prime Minister 8064: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8018: 8017: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7986: 7980: 7974: 7973: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7954:Regional parks 7951: 7949:National parks 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7910: 7909: 7899: 7898: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7861: 7860: 7858:Climate change 7850: 7845: 7839: 7833: 7827: 7826: 7823: 7822: 7820: 7819: 7818: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7776: 7774: 7770: 7769: 7767: 7766: 7765: 7764: 7759: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7734: 7733: 7723: 7718: 7708: 7707: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7665: 7663: 7659: 7658: 7656: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7634: 7633: 7623: 7621:Duchy of Savoy 7618: 7613: 7608: 7607: 7606: 7605: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7558: 7556: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7548: 7543: 7542: 7541: 7531: 7529:Lombard League 7526: 7525: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7467: 7465: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7457: 7456: 7455: 7454: 7453: 7451:Western Empire 7443: 7438: 7436:Roman conquest 7433: 7428: 7418: 7417: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7390: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7357:Italic peoples 7348: 7346: 7342: 7341: 7339: 7338: 7337: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7285: 7283: 7279: 7278: 7276: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7204: 7202: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7194: 7188: 7186: 7179: 7173: 7172: 7161: 7160: 7153: 7146: 7138: 7129: 7128: 7124: 7123: 7113: 7112: 7111: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7104: 7099: 7098: 7097: 7085: 7080: 7079: 7078: 7075:Italian Hebrew 7065: 7063: 7059: 7058: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7035: 7033: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7025: 7024: 7023: 7020:South Tyrolean 7011: 7006: 7000: 6998: 6989: 6983: 6982: 6979: 6978: 6976: 6975: 6970: 6964: 6962: 6953: 6947: 6946: 6943: 6942: 6940: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6918: 6916: 6914:Serbo-Croatian 6910: 6909: 6907: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6865: 6863: 6854: 6848: 6847: 6844: 6843: 6841: 6840: 6839: 6838: 6825: 6823: 6814: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6800: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6779: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6772: 6771: 6770: 6763: 6756: 6744: 6738: 6736: 6734:Rhaeto-Romance 6727: 6725:Rhaeto-Romance 6721: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6713: 6708: 6702: 6700: 6691: 6685: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6651: 6649: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6639: 6638: 6637: 6625: 6624: 6623: 6616: 6603: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6591: 6590: 6589: 6582: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6561: 6560: 6559: 6552: 6545: 6531: 6524: 6523: 6522: 6508: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6492: 6485: 6478: 6464: 6463: 6462: 6448: 6447: 6446: 6426: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6383: 6381: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6358: 6357: 6356: 6344: 6338: 6336: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6326: 6320: 6318: 6309: 6303: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6296: 6295: 6290: 6289: 6288: 6275: 6273: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6263: 6257: 6255: 6246: 6240: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6227: 6221: 6219: 6210: 6204: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6180: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6168: 6167: 6166: 6154: 6153: 6152: 6140: 6134: 6132: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6101: 6100: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6062: 6060: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6024: 6022: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6014: 6008: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5996: 5990: 5988: 5979: 5969: 5968: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5887: 5886: 5879: 5872: 5864: 5858: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5824: 5823:External links 5821: 5820: 5819: 5810: 5799: 5790: 5781: 5772: 5763: 5745:(2): 202–218. 5739:Forum Italicum 5728: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5696: 5673: 5650: 5627: 5604: 5581: 5566: 5544: 5522: 5509: 5498: 5481: 5464: 5453: 5450:Loporcaro 2009 5442: 5420: 5398: 5375: 5343: 5340:. ISTAT. 2017. 5313: 5290: 5254: 5243: 5229: 5210: 5187: 5161: 5138: 5125: 5102: 5079: 5056: 5030: 5008: 4982: 4970: 4942: 4919: 4893: 4876: 4862: 4848: 4827: 4809: 4795: 4781: 4767: 4754: 4737: 4723: 4714: 4701: 4691: 4666: 4653: 4640: 4625: 4611: 4594: 4564: 4549: 4523: 4516: 4498: 4481: 4468: 4453: 4441: 4434: 4410: 4390: 4366: 4352: 4332:Loporcaro 2009 4324: 4307: 4278: 4262: 4246: 4230: 4210: 4182: 4157: 4143: 4134: 4117: 4099: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4062: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4049:Bilingual sign 4045: 4044: 4030: 4014: 4011: 4010: 4009: 4006: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3927: 3923: 3920: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3907: 3904: 3897: 3894: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3871: 3867: 3866: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3793: 3787: 3786: 3783: 3776: 3773: 3769: 3768: 3765: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3726: 3713: 3708: 3695: 3682: 3675: 3655: 3642: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3604:Southern Italy 3599: 3596: 3579: 3578: 3571: 3568: 3561: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3477: 3472: 3444: 3443:Northern Italy 3441: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3352: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3277: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3235: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3171: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3144: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3044: 3043: 3040: 3039: 3038: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3011: 3010: 3007: 2994: 2993: 2990: 2989: 2988: 2978: 2971: 2959:Mid-Southern ( 2957: 2954: 2949: 2948: 2947: 2942: 2896: 2893: 2866: 2865:Classification 2863: 2862: 2861: 2831: 2817: 2783: 2737: 2709: 2706: 2705: 2704: 2695: 2692: 2681: 2678: 2664: 2661: 2658:Fersina Valley 2639: 2632: 2606: 2603: 2533: 2532: 2521: 2510: 2503:Celle San Vito 2492: 2477:Emilia-Romagna 2470: 2447:Emilia-Romagna 2440: 2430: 2407: 2320: 2301: 2292:: the town of 2285: 2282: 2281: 2280: 2274: 2261: 2231: 2224: 2210:Gardena Valley 2198: 2192: 2184: 2181: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2119: 2118: 2117: 2110: 2109: 2108: 2092: 2091: 2090: 2071: 2070: 2069: 2062: 2050: 2049: 2048: 2027:Duchy of Milan 2019: 2018: 2017: 2016: 2006: 1996: 1995: 1994: 1957:Griko language 1949: 1948: 1947: 1946: 1930: 1929: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1911: 1908: 1895: 1892: 1741:Italianization 1734:Art. 6 of the 1723: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1699: 1693: 1681: 1669: 1644: 1641: 1601:Cielo d'Alcamo 1526: 1523: 1509:was spoken in 1503:Cisalpine Gaul 1449: 1446: 1312:regional forms 1294: 1293: 1291: 1290: 1283: 1276: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1262: 1257: 1249: 1248: 1242: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1234: 1226: 1225: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1216: 1208: 1207: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1160: 1159: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1142: 1135: 1133:Italian Purism 1130: 1125: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1095: 1094: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1080: 1071: 1066: 1054: 1046: 1045: 1039: 1038: 1026: 1025: 1023: 1022: 1015: 1008: 1000: 997: 996: 995: 994: 979: 978: 975: 974: 969: 964: 959: 953: 949: 948: 947: 944: 943: 940: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 908: 902: 901: 900: 897: 896: 893: 892: 885: 879: 873: 872: 871: 868: 867: 862: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 835: 834: 833: 827: 826: 825: 822: 821: 818: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 781: 775: 774: 773: 770: 769: 766: 765: 759: 752: 751: 750: 747: 746: 740: 734: 733: 732: 729: 728: 725: 724: 719: 713: 707: 706: 705: 702: 701: 698: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 641: 635: 634: 633: 630: 629: 624: 623: 617: 611: 608:Liberation Day 605: 599: 593: 586: 585: 584: 578: 577: 576: 573: 572: 567: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 530: 529: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 493: 492: 491: 485: 484: 483: 480: 479: 476: 475: 470: 464: 454: 453: 452: 449: 448: 442: 441: 438: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 361: 355: 354: 353: 350: 349: 343: 342: 337: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 265: 264: 263: 257: 256: 255: 252: 251: 243: 242: 234: 233: 221: 220: 211: 207: 206: 194: 192: 186: 185: 180: 174: 173: 171: 170: 167: 161: 155: 148: 146: 140: 139: 137: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 105: 103: 99: 98: 91: 85: 84: 81:classification 77: 71: 70: 65: 59: 58: 55: 47: 46: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9575: 9564: 9561: 9560: 9558: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9518: 9514: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9482:Faroe Islands 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9469: 9467: 9462: 9458: 9452: 9451:South Ossetia 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9423: 9421: 9419: 9413: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9341:Liechtenstein 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9293: 9291: 9285: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9145: 9143: 9141: 9135: 9130: 9123: 9118: 9116: 9111: 9109: 9104: 9103: 9100: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9079: 9077: 9073: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9041:Faroe Islands 9039: 9037: 9034: 9033: 9031: 9025: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9013:South Ossetia 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8995: 8993: 8987: 8981: 8978: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8955: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8838:Liechtenstein 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8708: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8691: 8686: 8684: 8679: 8677: 8672: 8671: 8668: 8656: 8648: 8646: 8637: 8636: 8633: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8439: 8437: 8435: 8431: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8366: 8363: 8362: 8361: 8358: 8357: 8356: 8353: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8280: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8268: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8232: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8160: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8135: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8123: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8072: 8068: 8065: 8062: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8016: 8013: 8012: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7975: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7903: 7900: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7882: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7859: 7856: 7855: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7840: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7828: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7800:Years of Lead 7798: 7796: 7795:Economic Boom 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7782: 7781: 7778: 7777: 7775: 7771: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7738:Fascist Italy 7736: 7732: 7729: 7728: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7713: 7712: 7709: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7684:Niçard exodus 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7671: 7670: 7667: 7666: 7664: 7660: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7632: 7629: 7628: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7584: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7564: 7563: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7553: 7547: 7544: 7540: 7537: 7536: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7474: 7473: 7472: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7462: 7452: 7449: 7448: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7423: 7422: 7419: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7404:Magna Graecia 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7359: 7358: 7355: 7354: 7353: 7350: 7349: 7347: 7343: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7291: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7280: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7199: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7187: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7159: 7154: 7152: 7147: 7145: 7140: 7139: 7136: 7118: 7114: 7103: 7100: 7095: 7091: 7090: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7076: 7072: 7071: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7060: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7036: 7034: 7030: 7021: 7017: 7016: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6997: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6984: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6960:Italiot Greek 6957: 6954: 6952: 6948: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6932:Slavomolisano 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6911: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6849: 6836: 6832: 6831: 6830: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6798: 6787: 6768: 6764: 6761: 6757: 6754: 6750: 6749: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6735: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6722: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6686: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6665:Judeo-Italian 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6644: 6635: 6631: 6630: 6629: 6626: 6621: 6617: 6614: 6610: 6609: 6608: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6600: 6596: 6587: 6583: 6580: 6576: 6575: 6574: 6571: 6566: 6562: 6557: 6553: 6550: 6546: 6543: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6532: 6529: 6525: 6520: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6509: 6506: 6502: 6497: 6493: 6490: 6486: 6483: 6479: 6476: 6472: 6471: 6469: 6465: 6460: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6449: 6444: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6433: 6432: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6419: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6380: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6367: 6354: 6350: 6349: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6331: 6325: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6307:Gallo-Romance 6304: 6294: 6291: 6286: 6282: 6281: 6280: 6279:Vivaro-Alpine 6277: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6268: 6262: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6254: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6241: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6218: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6205: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6173: 6164: 6160: 6159: 6158: 6155: 6150: 6146: 6145: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6127: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6098: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6055: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6005: 6001: 5995: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5977:Italo-Romance 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5909: 5903: 5899: 5894: 5885: 5880: 5878: 5873: 5871: 5866: 5865: 5862: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5830: 5827: 5826: 5816: 5811: 5807: 5806: 5800: 5796: 5791: 5787: 5782: 5778: 5773: 5769: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5731: 5730: 5710: 5709:Lingua Veneta 5706: 5700: 5685: 5684: 5677: 5662: 5661: 5654: 5639: 5638: 5631: 5616: 5615: 5608: 5593: 5592: 5591:Grafîa ofiçiâ 5585: 5577: 5570: 5554: 5548: 5532: 5526: 5519: 5513: 5507: 5502: 5495: 5491: 5485: 5478: 5474: 5468: 5462: 5457: 5451: 5446: 5431:. Helsinki.fi 5430: 5424: 5408: 5402: 5387: 5386: 5379: 5364: 5363: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5339: 5326:, ISTAT, 2017 5325: 5324: 5317: 5302: 5301: 5294: 5276: 5269: 5268: 5261: 5259: 5252: 5247: 5239: 5233: 5225: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5199: 5198: 5191: 5173: 5172: 5165: 5150: 5149: 5142: 5134: 5129: 5114: 5113: 5106: 5091: 5090: 5083: 5068: 5067: 5060: 5042: 5041: 5034: 5018: 5012: 4997: 4993: 4986: 4979: 4974: 4959: 4958: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4931: 4930: 4923: 4907: 4903: 4897: 4886: 4880: 4872: 4866: 4858: 4852: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4831: 4824:. p. 82. 4820: 4813: 4805: 4799: 4791: 4785: 4777: 4771: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4748: 4745: 4741: 4733: 4727: 4718: 4711: 4705: 4695: 4687: 4685: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4663: 4657: 4650: 4644: 4636: 4629: 4621: 4615: 4607: 4601: 4599: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4568: 4560: 4553: 4537: 4533: 4527: 4519: 4513: 4509: 4502: 4495: 4491: 4490:Presentazione 4485: 4478: 4472: 4464: 4457: 4450: 4445: 4437: 4435:9781134834365 4431: 4428:. p. 2. 4427: 4423: 4422: 4414: 4408: 4407:9788858113622 4404: 4400: 4394: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4364: 4359: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4328: 4320: 4314: 4312: 4295: 4291: 4285: 4283: 4274: 4266: 4258: 4250: 4242: 4234: 4223: 4217: 4215: 4199: 4198: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4171: 4167: 4161: 4153: 4147: 4138: 4132: 4128: 4125: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4087: 4083: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4046: 4042: 4036: 4031: 4028: 4017: 4003: 3998: 3991: 3986: 3979: 3974: 3967: 3962: 3955: 3950: 3943: 3938: 3931: 3926: 3925: 3915: 3912: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3891: 3890: 3888: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3858: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3838: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3828: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3818: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3808: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3772: 3766: 3763: 3759: 3758: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3735: 3729: 3722: 3716: 3711: 3704: 3698: 3691: 3685: 3680: 3673: 3664: 3658: 3651: 3645: 3638: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3605: 3595: 3593: 3589: 3583: 3576: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3562: 3559: 3555: 3554: 3553: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3383: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3332:Middle German 3331: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3288:macrolanguage 3286: 3282: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3214:Italiot Greek 3212: 3211: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3194:Karst dialect 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3149: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3041: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3016: 3013: 3008: 3005: 3004: 3002: 3001: 2999: 2998: 2997: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2972: 2969: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2871:Indo-European 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2714:Walser German 2712: 2711: 2703: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2633: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2545: 2542: 2537: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2288: 2287: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2229: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2214:Fascia Valley 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2197:: South Tyrol 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2158: 2144: 2141: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2114: 2113: 2112:South Tyrol: 2111: 2106: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2074: 2072: 2067: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2013: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2000: 1997: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1970: 1969:Magna Graecia 1966: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1907: 1903: 1901: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1771: 1769: 1763: 1761: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1737: 1728: 1722: 1714: 1697: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1650: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1629:Carlo Goldoni 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1532: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1511:Magna Graecia 1508: 1507:ancient Greek 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1483:Italic branch 1480: 1473: 1470:, before the 1469: 1464: 1459: 1455: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1357:(Slavic) and 1356: 1355:Slavomolisano 1352: 1348: 1344: 1343:Indo-European 1340: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1320:Romance group 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1270: 1269: 1267: 1266: 1261: 1260:Tuscan gorgia 1258: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1210: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1148: 1147: 1146:The Betrothed 1143: 1141: 1140: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1123: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1031: 1021: 1016: 1014: 1009: 1007: 1002: 1001: 999: 998: 993: 983: 982: 981: 980: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 954: 950:Organisations 946: 945: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 909: 905: 899: 898: 891: 890: 886: 884: 881: 880: 876: 870: 869: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 836: 830: 824: 823: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 782: 778: 772: 771: 764: 761: 760: 755: 749: 748: 743: 737: 731: 730: 723: 720: 718: 715: 714: 710: 704: 703: 696: 695:Irreligiosity 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 660:Protestantism 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 642: 638: 632: 631: 621: 618: 615: 612: 609: 606: 603: 600: 598:(10 February) 597: 594: 591: 590:Tricolour Day 588: 587: 581: 575: 574: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 528: 525: 524: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 494: 488: 482: 481: 474: 471: 469: 466: 465: 461: 457: 451: 450: 447: 444: 443: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 385:Aostan French 383: 381: 380:Slavomolisano 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 362: 358: 352: 351: 348: 345: 344: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 266: 260: 254: 253: 249: 245: 244: 240: 236: 235: 231: 227: 226: 219: 217: 212: 208: 203: 198: 193: 191: 187: 184: 181: 179: 175: 168: 165: 162: 159: 156: 153: 150: 149: 147: 145: 141: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 106: 104: 100: 96: 92: 90: 86: 82: 78: 76: 72: 69: 66: 64: 60: 53: 48: 43: 40: 36: 32: 27: 19: 9461:Dependencies 9446:Transnistria 9406:Vatican City 9018:Transnistria 8980:Vatican City 8822: 8482:Architecture 8452:Quattrocento 8409:Social class 8389:Prostitution 8354: 8303:Demographics 8225:Trade unions 8168:Central Bank 8010:Human rights 7990:Constitution 7773:Contemporary 7743:World War II 7631:Italian Wars 7555:Early modern 7497:Papal States 7475:Italy under 7421:Ancient Rome 7117: 7094:Sinte Romani 6904:Torre Valley 6852:South Slavic 6797:Italy portal 6489:Vallassinese 6370:Gallo-Italic 5906: 5897: 5839: 5814: 5804: 5794: 5785: 5776: 5767: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5727:Bibliography 5712:. Retrieved 5708: 5699: 5688:, retrieved 5682: 5676: 5665:, retrieved 5659: 5653: 5642:, retrieved 5636: 5630: 5619:, retrieved 5613: 5607: 5596:, retrieved 5590: 5584: 5575: 5569: 5557:. Retrieved 5547: 5535:. Retrieved 5525: 5517: 5512: 5501: 5484: 5476: 5472: 5467: 5456: 5445: 5433:. Retrieved 5423: 5411:. Retrieved 5401: 5390:, retrieved 5384: 5378: 5367:, retrieved 5361: 5328:, retrieved 5322: 5316: 5305:, retrieved 5299: 5293: 5282:, retrieved 5275:the original 5266: 5246: 5232: 5202:, retrieved 5196: 5190: 5179:, retrieved 5170: 5164: 5153:, retrieved 5147: 5141: 5132: 5128: 5117:, retrieved 5111: 5105: 5094:, retrieved 5088: 5082: 5071:, retrieved 5065: 5059: 5048:, retrieved 5039: 5033: 5021:. Retrieved 5011: 4999:. Retrieved 4995: 4985: 4973: 4962:, retrieved 4956: 4934:, retrieved 4928: 4922: 4910:. Retrieved 4906:the original 4896: 4879: 4865: 4851: 4842:against the 4830: 4812: 4798: 4784: 4770: 4762: 4757: 4740: 4726: 4717: 4709: 4704: 4694: 4683: 4656: 4648: 4643: 4634: 4628: 4614: 4585:. Retrieved 4581:the original 4576: 4567: 4558: 4552: 4540:. Retrieved 4536:the original 4526: 4507: 4501: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4476: 4471: 4462: 4456: 4451:, p. 1. 4449:Repetti 2000 4444: 4420: 4413: 4398: 4393: 4385:the original 4363:Cravens 2014 4348:Cravens 2014 4344:Repetti 2000 4336:Marcato 2007 4327: 4298:. Retrieved 4294:the original 4272: 4265: 4256: 4249: 4240: 4233: 4202:, retrieved 4196: 4173:. Retrieved 4169: 4160: 4146: 4137: 4120: 4112:the original 4102: 4090:. Retrieved 4086:the original 4080: 4073: 4027:Italy portal 3899:Sardinian: " 3883: 3770: 3755: 3746:Gallo-Italic 3601: 3584: 3580: 3556:The Italian 3550: 3446: 3416:Upper German 3390:Upper German 3364:Upper German 3281:Sinte Romani 3268:Central Zone 3259:Indo-Iranian 3190:Brda dialect 3151: 2995: 2984: 2974: 2967: 2960: 2923:Gallo-Italic 2916: 2898: 2878: 2868: 2840:in southern 2796:in southern 2758:in southern 2722:Aosta Valley 2576:San Fratello 2527:area in the 2435:: spoken on 2388:Acquaformosa 2332:Portocannone 2324:Montecilfone 2233:Neapolitan: 2218:Livinallongo 2178: 2163: 1916:Aosta Valley 1904: 1897: 1864: 1836: 1831: 1820:legal theory 1808: 1772: 1764: 1757: 1733: 1720: 1695: 1683: 1671: 1659: 1653: 1648: 1646: 1593: 1588: 1577: 1565:Vulgar Latin 1540: 1534: 1515:Romanization 1495:Osco-Umbrian 1476: 1442:Aosta Valley 1425: 1422:bilingualism 1367: 1353:(Albanian), 1349:(Germanic), 1339:Vulgar Latin 1328: 1299: 1297: 1144: 1137: 1120: 927:National day 917:Coat of arms 888: 717:Architecture 675:Baháʼí Faith 622:(4 November) 614:Republic Day 356: 215: 39: 26: 9497:Isle of Man 9418:recognition 9386:Switzerland 9243:Netherlands 9056:Isle of Man 8991:recognition 8938:Switzerland 8873:Netherlands 8547:Italophilia 8507:Coat of arm 8457:Cinquecento 8333:Immigration 8283:Aristocracy 8148:Agriculture 8042:Nationality 8015:LGBT rights 7929:Earthquakes 7810:Mani pulite 7726:World War I 7669:Unification 7662:Late modern 7626:Renaissance 7471:Middle Ages 7464:Middle Ages 7441:Roman Italy 7208:Citizenship 7102:Wenzhounese 6927:Montenegrin 6874:Gail Valley 6675:Piedmontese 6579:Bergamasque 6225:Campidanese 6066:Beneventano 6033:Marchigiano 5965:Wenzhounese 5640:, Friûl.net 5330:18 November 4532:"Legge 482" 4340:Posner 1996 3917:Ufficiale". 3785:Population 3531:Piedmontese 3152:slovenščina 2931:Piedmontese 2685:Campidanese 2654:Frassilongo 2638:in Piedmont 2525:Portogruaro 2520:in Piedmont 2518:Susa Valley 2348:San Marzano 2328:Campomarino 2059:Piedmontese 2033:(in yellow) 1872:Mario Monti 1868:South Tyrol 1816:linguistics 1745:nationalism 1549:vernaculars 1363:immigration 1232:Orthography 1196:Italophilia 854:Rugby union 592:(7 January) 544:Piedmontese 435:Wenzhounese 269:Citizenship 9376:San Marino 9356:Montenegro 9336:Kazakhstan 9311:Azerbaijan 9233:Luxembourg 8908:San Marino 8868:Montenegro 8848:Luxembourg 8828:Kazakhstan 8731:Azerbaijan 8617:Traditions 8607:Television 8592:Philosophy 8557:Literature 8497:Cathedrals 8467:Settecento 8328:Healthcare 8293:Corruption 8288:Censorship 8047:Parliament 8005:Government 7805:Maxi Trial 7753:Resistance 7482:Ostrogoths 7414:Messapians 7299:Villanovan 7289:Prehistory 7282:Prehistory 6620:Parmigiano 6412:Tabarchino 6402:Monégasque 6230:Logudorese 6149:Manduriano 6012:Florentine 5690:6 December 5667:17 October 5644:17 October 5621:17 October 5598:17 October 5555:. Istat.it 5537:1 December 5488:Note that 5435:17 October 5392:17 October 5369:17 October 5307:17 October 5284:17 October 5204:2 December 5181:17 October 5155:17 October 5096:17 October 5073:17 October 5050:17 October 4964:17 October 4936:17 October 4912:17 October 4542:17 October 4300:12 January 4204:17 October 4170:Ethnologue 3592:morphology 3313:ISO 639-3 3264:Indo-Aryan 3065:ISO 639-3 3042:Sardinian. 2915:Northern ( 2762:; a mixed 2744:Montemitro 2689:Logudorese 2621:Carloforte 2580:Acquedolci 2376:Frascineto 2317:Sestrieres 2239:Basilicata 2183:Vulnerable 2079:Tabarchino 2073:Sardinia: 2003:Neapolitan 1848:Sardinians 1625:Neapolitan 1581:isoglosses 1529:See also: 1452:See also: 1181:Philosophy 1171:Literature 1156:Literature 1062:Florentine 1035:the series 810:Newspapers 785:Television 736:Literature 610:(25 April) 604:(17 March) 539:Neapolitan 473:Folk music 468:Folk dance 446:Traditions 9487:Gibraltar 9228:Lithuania 9131:of Europe 9046:Gibraltar 8843:Lithuania 8577:Mythology 8552:Libraries 8472:Ottocento 8414:Terrorism 8355:Languages 8308:Education 8230:Transport 8180:Companies 8087:Provinces 8057:President 8022:Judiciary 7995:Elections 7907:Volcanoes 7902:Volcanism 7895:Apennines 7880:Mountains 7848:Peninsula 7831:Geography 7762:Civil War 7487:Byzantium 7394:Etruscans 7329:Canegrate 7324:Golasecca 7309:Rinaldone 7304:Terramare 7294:Neolithic 6861:Slovenian 6711:Triestine 6648:languages 6634:Forlivese 6613:Bolognese 6459:Legnanese 6397:Intemelio 6342:Valdôtain 6285:Mentonasc 6261:Algherese 6217:Sardinian 6208:Sardinian 6194:Sassarese 6189:Gallurese 6177:languages 6143:Salentino 6115:Tarantino 6086:Cosentino 6043:Romanesco 5957:Sardinian 5759:145721889 4587:8 October 4426:Routledge 4092:8 January 3841:Ukrainian 3657:Sardinian 3644:Sardinian 3626:Sassarese 3621:Gallurese 3588:phonology 3481:Provençal 3474:Alemannic 3419:Alemannic 3322:Speakers 3307:Language 3074:Speakers 3059:Language 3017:Friulian. 2992:Sardinian 2854:Glottolog 2828:Glottolog 2810:Glottolog 2780:Glottolog 2764:Chakavian 2734:Glottolog 2726:Alemannic 2629:Calasetta 2556:Sperlinga 2531:in Veneto 2469:in Veneto 2463:Lunigiana 2417:) in the 2264:Romanesco 2206:Val Badia 2202:Dolomites 2189:Alemannic 2087:Gallurese 2083:Sassarese 1844:Friulians 1686: – " 1674: – " 1613:Bolognese 1553:varieties 1418:Sardinian 1324:continuum 1246:Phonology 1158:and other 967:Libraries 875:Monuments 844:Athletics 805:Magazines 722:Sculpture 580:Festivals 554:Sardinian 507:Arbëreshë 497:Abruzzese 456:Mythology 425:Sardinian 375:Algherese 357:Languages 129:Ukrainian 102:Immigrant 9557:Category 9507:Svalbard 9492:Guernsey 9426:Abkhazia 9268:Slovenia 9263:Slovakia 9253:Portugal 9158:Bulgaria 9138:European 9066:Svalbard 9051:Guernsey 8998:Abkhazia 8968:Scotland 8923:Slovenia 8918:Slovakia 8893:Portugal 8751:Bulgaria 8655:Category 8542:Internet 8532:Folklore 8462:Seicento 8447:Trecento 8442:Duecento 8404:Religion 8365:Regional 8343:Italians 8318:Gambling 8210:Taxation 8037:Military 7978:Politics 7780:Republic 7567:Florence 7492:Lombards 7431:Republic 7377:Samnites 7372:Picentes 7314:Apennine 7273:Railways 7253:Military 7201:By topic 7185:Overview 7169:articles 7004:Cimbrian 6996:Bavarian 6922:Croatian 6829:Arbëresh 6812:Albanian 6753:Cadorino 6742:Friulian 6698:Venetian 6689:Venetian 6628:Romagnol 6556:Cremunés 6549:Novarese 6528:Varesino 6519:Ossolano 6512:Ticinese 6505:Milanese 6496:Lecchese 6379:Ligurian 6184:Corsican 6163:Pantesco 6157:Sicilian 6097:Arianese 6091:Irpinian 6081:Cilentan 6038:Marinese 5937:Germanic 5933:Friulian 5921:Croatian 5913:Albanian 5832:Archived 5829:NavigAIS 5473:dialetto 5335: ; 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