1964:
74:
1898:
Tonnage Act of 1684 in order to slightly improve conditions. Slaves on board were underfed and brutally treated, causing many to die before even arriving at their destination; dead or dying slaves were dumped overboard. An average of one to two months was needed to complete the journey. The slaves were naked and shackled together with several different types of chains, stored on the floor beneath bunks with little to no room to move. Some captains assigned slave guardians to watch over and keep the other slaves in check. They spent a large portion of time pinned to floorboards, which would wear skin on their elbows down to the bone. Diseases such as
1987:
1886:
2025:
29:
2087:, which significantly increased speed by preventing the growth of marine weed on the hull, which would otherwise cause drag. This was very expensive, and at the time was only commonly fitted to Royal Navy vessels. The speed of slave ships made them attractive ships to repurpose for piracy, and also made them attractive for naval use after capture;
1937:, an advocate for the abolition of slavery. For the first time, limits were placed on the number of slaves that could be carried. Under the terms of the act, ships could transport 1.67 slaves per ton up to a maximum of 207 tons burthen, after which only one slave per ton could be carried. The well-known slave ship
2003:
Disease, specifically malaria and yellow fever, was the most common cause of death among sailors. A high crew mortality rate on the return voyage was in the captain's interests, as it reduced the number of sailors who had to be paid on reaching the home port. Crew members who survived were frequently
2011:
Black sailors are known to have been among the crews of
British slave ships. These men came from Africa or the Caribbean, or were British-born. Dozens of individuals have been identified by researchers from surviving records. Knowledge of this is incomplete, though, as many captains did not record
1947:, who feared it would establish the idea that the slave trade simply needed reform and regulation, rather than complete abolition. Slave counts can also be estimated by deck area rather than registered tonnage, which results in a lower number of errors and only 6% deviation from reported figures.
1897:
The owners of slave ships embarked as many slaves as possible to make the voyage more profitable. They did so by cramming, chaining, and selectively grouping slaves to maximize the use of space. Slaves began to die of lack of oxygen due to these cramped conditions. Portuguese lawmakers passed the
1999:
In the 18th and early 19th centuries, the sailors on slave ships were often poorly paid and subject to brutal discipline and treatment. Furthermore, a crew mortality rate of around 20% was expected during a voyage, with sailors dying as a result of disease, flogging, or slave uprisings. While
2000:
conditions for the crew were far better than those of the slaves, they remained harsh and contributed to a high death rate. Sailors often had to live and sleep without shelter on the open deck for the entirety of the
Atlantic voyage, as the space below deck was occupied by slaves.
2007:
These aspects of the slave trade were widely known; the notoriety of slave ships amongst sailors meant those joining slave ship crews did so through coercion or because they could find no other employment. This was often the case for sailors who had spent time in prison.
1572:
2076:, Spain, Portugal, France, and the Netherlands also agreed to abolish their slave trade. The trade did not end on legal abolition; between 1807 and 1860 British vessels captured 1,600 slave ships and freed 160,000 slaves.
1567:
1943:
was limited to carrying 454 people; it had previously transported as many as 609 enslaved. Olaudah
Equiano was among the supporters of the act, but it was opposed by some abolitionists, such as
1864:
The most significant routes of the slave ships led from the north-western and western coasts of Africa to South
America and the south-east coast of what is today the United States, and the
1933:, also known as Dolben's Act, regulated conditions on board British slave ships for the first time since the slave trade started. It was introduced to the United Kingdom Parliament by
1693:
2584:
1853:, on average 15% and up to a third of captives. Often, the ships carried hundreds of slaves, who were chained tightly to plank beds. For example, the slave ship
1557:
1088:
43:
1868:. As many as 20 million Africans were transported by ship. The transportation of slaves from Africa to America was known as the Middle Passage of the
1442:
814:
551:
2300:
1178:
819:
2850:
2250:
511:
2627:
2708:
2610:
866:
1950:
This limited reduction in the overcrowding on slave ships may have reduced the on-board death rate, but this is disputed by some historians.
1562:
1412:
2105:
had a notable career in Royal Navy service and was responsible for capturing a number of slave ships and freeing many hundreds of slaves.
893:
42:. This same ship had reportedly carried as many as 609 slaves and was 267 tons burden, making 2.3 slaves per ton. Published by the
1639:
391:
2079:
After abolition, slave ships adopted quicker, more maneuverable forms to evade capture by naval warships, one favorite form being the
2454:
Garland, Charles; Klein, Herbert S. (April 1985). "The
Allotment of Space for Slaves aboard Eighteenth-Century British Slave Ships".
841:
2909:
1612:
1432:
605:
1963:
1770:
876:
294:
2885:
2860:
2799:
2778:
2529:
2217:
2057:
1454:
1131:
903:
1646:
1607:
1250:
2588:
1688:
1325:
985:
836:
632:
541:
2060:
took effect on 1 January 1808. After that date, all U.S. and
British slave ships leaving Africa were seen by the law as
2692:
1708:
1402:
1156:
2828:
1530:
1407:
831:
600:
467:
2049:
1869:
1661:
871:
856:
802:
487:
477:
472:
301:
157:
1377:
2915:
1934:
1656:
1427:
233:
2940:
2930:
2640:
Sadler, Nigel (March 2008). "The
Trouvadore Project: The Search for a Slave Ship and its Cultural Importance".
1126:
1114:
694:
506:
152:
1698:
1481:
342:
1837:
into holds with little headroom, so they could transport as many slaves as possible. Unhygienic conditions,
2965:
2866:
1703:
1547:
1417:
1078:
846:
826:
386:
354:
73:
2341:"The Guinea Surgeons on the Middle Passage: The Provision of Medical Services in the British Slave Trade"
1893:
depicts a scene below deck of a slave ship headed to Brazil; Rugendas had been an eyewitness to the scene
1763:
1713:
1437:
1355:
482:
263:
83:
20:
2258:
2130:
1622:
1474:
1459:
1350:
546:
216:
2920:
1922:
resulted in the deaths of slaves on board slave ships. Firsthand accounts from former slaves, such as
2768:
2712:
2614:
2205:
2180:
1718:
1617:
1148:
1136:
726:
699:
204:
2140:
2709:"Real Pirates: The Untold Story of the Whydah from Slave Ship to Pirate Ship – National Geographic"
2176:
1498:
1367:
920:
709:
194:
95:
2113:
1986:
374:
2037:
1915:
1914:, smallpox, yellow fever, scurvy, measles, typhoid fever, hookworm, tapeworm, sleeping sickness,
1683:
1422:
1372:
1300:
1073:
851:
795:
778:
209:
2088:
1890:
1756:
1725:
1230:
971:
883:
731:
455:
421:
416:
2095:
1592:
1447:
1360:
1345:
1027:
1015:
761:
746:
531:
306:
228:
199:
2935:
1818:, demand for unpaid labor to work plantations made slave-trading a profitable business. The
2960:
2109:
1930:
1819:
1730:
1634:
1597:
1525:
1469:
1338:
1295:
1109:
1039:
714:
494:
396:
280:
187:
39:
8:
2955:
2125:
2045:
1944:
1830:
1811:
1218:
1198:
1083:
1068:
937:
908:
898:
788:
736:
704:
501:
359:
327:
322:
275:
132:
1971:
2665:
2479:
2427:
2411:
2361:
2320:
2073:
2065:
1939:
1861:. They were confined to cargo holds, with each slave chained with little room to move.
1464:
1310:
1285:
1275:
1240:
1235:
1203:
1168:
1161:
1102:
1095:
952:
771:
766:
756:
526:
379:
337:
332:
285:
253:
243:
180:
401:
347:
2891:
2881:
2856:
2834:
2824:
2805:
2795:
2774:
2688:
2669:
2657:
2525:
2471:
2419:
2324:
2213:
2080:
1834:
1552:
1270:
1265:
1208:
1193:
1173:
995:
990:
925:
888:
721:
687:
516:
369:
258:
137:
2431:
2192:
2649:
2463:
2403:
2353:
2312:
2084:
1907:
1742:
1320:
1315:
1305:
1280:
1245:
1213:
1183:
1056:
1044:
1022:
1000:
947:
783:
751:
53:
2145:
1923:
1885:
1823:
1799:
1651:
1542:
1537:
1290:
1260:
1255:
978:
942:
741:
659:
364:
110:
1790:
specially built or converted from the 17th to the 19th century for transporting
2846:
2233:
2053:
1976:
1858:
1850:
1735:
1629:
521:
162:
120:
33:
2653:
2407:
2316:
2949:
2895:
2809:
2661:
2475:
2301:"The Early Portuguese Slave Ship and the Infrastructure of Racial Capitalism"
1822:
peaked in the last two decades of the 18th century, during and following the
1673:
1602:
1049:
1032:
807:
637:
627:
411:
61:
2838:
2734:
2423:
2048:
was outlawed by the United States and the United
Kingdom in 1807. The 1807
2016:. African men (and occasionally African women) also served as translators.
1678:
1515:
1491:
1397:
1390:
1121:
649:
622:
585:
563:
450:
167:
147:
125:
115:
105:
100:
90:
2875:
2789:
2255:
The Middle
Passage – A Slave Ship Speaks: The Wreck of the Henrietta Marie
930:
2818:
2522:
Royal Navy Versus the Slave
Traders: Enforcing Abolition at Sea 1808–1898
2519:
2013:
1919:
1838:
1520:
1508:
861:
664:
654:
612:
426:
2916:
Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice
2024:
2764:
2483:
2415:
2069:
1787:
1668:
965:
536:
2365:
2212:(2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 304–5.
2116:
taken out on slave ships bringing slaves from Africa to the Americas.
1926:, describe the horrific conditions that slaves were forced to endure.
1899:
1865:
1842:
913:
578:
440:
2467:
595:
2357:
1903:
1815:
1503:
1061:
1005:
957:
617:
462:
317:
223:
2910:
Paper on German Transatlantic trade, including list of slave ships
2210:
Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800
2134:
28:
2711:. Events.nationalgeographic.com. 14 December 2012. Archived from
2340:
1911:
1791:
1486:
568:
248:
65:
2394:
Cohn, Raymond (1985). "Deaths of Slaves in the Middle Passage".
2108:
Attempts have been made by descendants of African slaves to sue
2791:
Black salt : seafarers of African descent on British ships
2061:
1846:
1798:" because the trade involved human trafficking to and from the
1188:
1010:
590:
573:
435:
270:
238:
2925:
2820:
Bury the chains : the British struggle to abolish slavery
38:, showing how 454 slaves were accommodated on board after the
16:
Cargo ship carrying slaves onboard from Africa to the Americas
2280:
Shillington, Kevin (2007). "Abolition and the Africa Trade".
1810:
In the early 1600s, more than a century after the arrival of
445:
431:
406:
2257:. Mel Fisher Maritime Heritage Society, Inc. Archived from
312:
142:
2877:
The Zong : a massacre, the law and the end of slavery
2346:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
44:
Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade
2513:
2520:
Bernard Edwards; Bernard Edwards (Captain.) (2007).
2163:
2161:
1443:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
2195:. Historycentral.com. Retrieved on 3 December 2015.
2339:
2926:Voyages — The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database
2158:
2947:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2383:. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. pp. 20, 21.
2036:before capturing her, January 1829 (painting by
1558:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
2687:. Texas A&M University Press. p. 108.
2642:International Journal of Historical Archaeology
2543:
2541:
2019:
2685:Ships' Fastenings: From Sewn Boat to Steamship
2682:
2438:
2012:the ethnicity of crew members in their ship's
1918:, yaws, syphilis, leprosy, elephantiasis, and
2499:
1764:
2538:
2453:
2004:cheated out of their wages on their return.
1875:
1563:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
2676:
2550:
2279:
2816:
2273:
2238:The Creation of the British Atlantic World
1771:
1757:
2794:. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
2524:. Pen & Sword Books. pp. 26–27.
2338:Sheridan, Richard B. (29 November 1981).
2787:
2337:
2204:
2052:outlawed the slave trade throughout the
2023:
1884:
1833:, the owners of the ships divided their
1568:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1433:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1413:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
27:
2845:
1889:A painting c.1830 by the German artist
1805:
2948:
2873:
2763:
2639:
2630:. Exploring Amistad at Mystic Seaport
2378:
1857:carried about 200 slaves on the long
1455:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1132:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
2880:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
2611:"Slave Ships – The Last Slave Ships"
2393:
2311:(4). Duke University Press: 23, 24.
2298:
1647:Slave marriages in the United States
1251:Human trafficking in the Middle East
2101:were examples of such vessels. HMS
1953:
986:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
13:
2941:Bristol UK Slave Ship Muster Roles
2931:Slave Ships and the Middle Passage
2757:
2735:"Slave descendants to sue Lloyd's"
2628:Timeline: The Atlantic Slave Trade
2496:Haines and Shlomowitz 2000, p. 58.
2064:vessels subject to capture by the
1992:View of the same ship's slave deck
1640:last survivors of American slavery
14:
2977:
2903:
2587:. 7 February 2006. Archived from
2032:(left) fires on the Spanish ship
1794:. Such ships were also known as "
601:Field slaves in the United States
468:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
32:A plan of the British slave ship
2050:Abolition of the Slave Trade Act
1985:
1962:
478:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
473:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
302:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
72:
2852:The Slave Ship: A Human History
2727:
2701:
2633:
2621:
2613:. Melfisher.org. Archived from
2603:
2577:
2568:
2559:
2490:
2447:
2396:The Journal of Economic History
2387:
2372:
2114:underwriting insurance policies
1428:Committee of Experts on Slavery
979:East, Southeast, and South Asia
2585:"1807 U.S. Law on Slave Trade"
2456:The William and Mary Quarterly
2331:
2292:
2251:"History: The Middle Passages"
2243:
2226:
2198:
2193:Native Americans Prior to 1492
2186:
2170:
1127:Slave raiding in Easter Island
1:
2151:
2083:. Some had hulls fitted with
2299:More, Anna (December 2022).
2020:Abolition of the slave trade
1418:Temporary Slavery Commission
1079:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
7:
2183:; retrieved 24 October 2017
2119:
1438:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
483:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
21:Slave ship (disambiguation)
10:
2982:
2112:for playing a key role in
2028:The former slave ship HMS
1975:upon arrival at a port in
1623:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1460:Anti-Slavery International
1225:North Africa and West Asia
18:
2817:Hochschild, Adam (2006).
2654:10.1007/s10761-008-0056-8
2565:Costello (2012), pp.71-72
2408:10.1017/s0022050700034604
2317:10.1215/01642472-10013290
2181:Oxford English Dictionary
1880:
1876:Conditions on slave ships
1719:Emancipation Proclamation
1391:Opposition and resistance
1149:Sex trafficking in Europe
1137:Blackbirding in Polynesia
700:Trans-Saharan slave trade
2921:UNESCO — The Slave Route
2444:Hochschild 2005, p. 140.
1499:Compensated emancipation
710:Indian Ocean slave trade
2683:McCarthy, Mike (2005).
2574:Costello (2012), p. 101
2510:Hochschild 2005, p. 114
2379:White, Deborah (2013).
2038:Nicholas Matthews Condy
1423:1926 Slavery Convention
1179:Germany in World War II
796:North and South America
318:Contract of manumission
2874:Walvin, James (2011).
2547:Hochschild 2005, p. 94
2232:Mancke, Elizabeth and
2041:
1894:
1891:Johann Moritz Rugendas
904:British Virgin Islands
456:Circassian slave trade
422:Safavid imperial harem
417:Ottoman Imperial Harem
46:
2788:Costello, R. (2012).
2770:Los pilotos de altura
2027:
1888:
1143:Europe and North Asia
1103:Australia and Oceania
803:Pre-Columbian America
375:Slave raid of Suðuroy
307:Slavery in al-Andalus
229:Black Sea slave trade
158:21st-century jihadism
31:
2855:. New York: Viking.
2617:on 13 November 2007.
1931:Slave Trade Act 1788
1820:Atlantic slave trade
1806:Atlantic slave trade
1598:Indentured servitude
1526:Underground Railroad
1326:United Arab Emirates
715:Zanzibar slave trade
682:By country or region
495:Atlantic slave trade
397:Ma malakat aymanukum
281:Venetian slave trade
40:Slave Trade Act 1788
19:For other uses, see
2966:African slave trade
2556:Rediker 2007, p.138
2167:Walvin 2011, p. 27.
2126:List of slave ships
2046:African slave trade
1945:William Wilberforce
1684:Slave Route Project
815:Americas indigenous
705:Red Sea slave trade
695:Contemporary Africa
558:Topics and practice
328:Crimean slave trade
323:Bukhara slave trade
276:Genoese slave trade
153:Contemporary Africa
133:Forced prostitution
2715:on 21 October 2012
2591:on 7 February 2006
2381:Freedom on My Mind
2261:on 9 November 2007
2240:. 2005, pages 30-1
2141:Slave ship revolts
2072:. In 1815, at the
2042:
1969:Upper deck of the
1935:Sir William Dolben
1895:
1465:Blockade of Africa
772:Somali slave trade
688:Sub-Saharan Africa
380:Turkish Abductions
338:Khivan slave trade
333:Khazar slave trade
286:Balkan slave trade
244:Prague slave trade
47:
2887:978-0-300-18075-6
2869:on 31 March 2012.
2862:978-0-670-01823-9
2801:978-1-84631-767-5
2780:978-84-667-1681-9
2773:. Madrid: Anaya.
2531:978-1-84415-633-7
2219:978-0-521-62217-2
2110:Lloyd's of London
2081:Baltimore Clipper
2074:Council of Vienna
1781:
1780:
1731:Freedmen's Bureau
1553:Third Servile War
1548:International law
1115:Human trafficking
877:Human trafficking
552:Thirteen colonies
370:Sack of Baltimore
138:Human trafficking
2973:
2899:
2870:
2865:. Archived from
2842:
2813:
2784:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2536:
2535:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2497:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2343:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2247:
2241:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2146:Slave Trade Acts
2137:("Slave island")
2085:copper sheathing
1989:
1972:Marie Séraphique
1966:
1954:Sailors and crew
1908:ophthalmoparesis
1870:triangular trade
1802:in West Africa.
1773:
1766:
1759:
1743:Emancipation Day
1576:
1543:Slave Trade Acts
234:Byzantine Empire
76:
49:
48:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2946:
2945:
2936:The Slave Trade
2906:
2888:
2863:
2847:Rediker, Marcus
2831:
2823:. London: Pan.
2802:
2781:
2760:
2758:Further reading
2755:
2754:
2744:
2742:
2741:. 29 March 2004
2733:
2732:
2728:
2718:
2716:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2681:
2677:
2638:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2594:
2592:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2468:10.2307/1920430
2452:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2392:
2388:
2377:
2373:
2336:
2332:
2297:
2293:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2262:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2234:Shammas, Carole
2231:
2227:
2220:
2203:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2159:
2154:
2122:
2022:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1967:
1956:
1924:Olaudah Equiano
1916:trypanosomiasis
1883:
1878:
1855:Henrietta Marie
1824:Kongo Civil War
1808:
1777:
1748:
1747:
1652:Slave narrative
1608:Fugitive slaves
1588:
1580:
1579:
1570:
1538:Slave rebellion
1393:
1383:
1382:
1341:
1331:
1330:
1153:United Kingdom
1089:Yankee princess
683:
675:
674:
402:Avret Pazarları
348:Avret Pazarları
217:Medieval Europe
183:
173:
172:
111:Forced marriage
86:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2979:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2933:
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30:
26:
22:
2876:
2867:the original
2851:
2819:
2790:
2769:
2743:. Retrieved
2738:
2729:
2717:. Retrieved
2713:the original
2703:
2684:
2678:
2648:(1): 53–70.
2645:
2641:
2635:
2623:
2615:the original
2605:
2593:. Retrieved
2589:the original
2579:
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2515:
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2263:. Retrieved
2259:the original
2254:
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2228:
2209:
2200:
2188:
2172:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2090:
2078:
2043:
2034:El Almirante
2033:
2029:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1970:
1949:
1938:
1928:
1896:
1863:
1854:
1828:
1809:
1800:Guinea coast
1795:
1783:
1782:
1679:Slave patrol
1516:Freedom suit
1492:Sierra Leone
1482:Colonization
1398:Abolitionism
1378:Baháʼí Faith
1351:Christianity
1301:Saudi Arabia
1157:Penal Labour
1122:Blackbirding
1028:Debt bondage
1016:penal system
842:Contemporary
832:Field slaves
820:U.S. Natives
779:South Africa
669:
650:Galley slave
623:Slave market
613:House slaves
586:Blackbirding
564:Conscription
488:21st century
451:Umm al-walad
295:Muslim world
264:Emancipation
168:Wage slavery
148:Penal labour
126:Wife selling
116:Bride buying
101:Conscription
91:Child Labour
84:Contemporary
34:
25:
2961:Slave ships
2912:(in German)
2765:Baroja, Pio
2745:8 September
2719:30 December
2305:Social Text
2288:(3): 20–27.
2177:"Guineaman"
2131:Slave Coast
2091:Nightingale
2014:muster roll
1920:melancholia
1839:dehydration
1788:cargo ships
1786:were large
1784:Slave ships
1694:court cases
1571: [
1521:Slave Power
1509:Manumission
1356:Catholicism
1231:Afghanistan
972:Puerto Rico
884:The Bahamas
862:Slave codes
665:Shanghaiing
655:Impressment
547:Slave Coast
427:Qajar harem
387:Concubinage
360:slave trade
2956:Ship types
2950:Categories
2462:(2): 238.
2265:16 January
2152:References
2103:Black Joke
2098:Black Joke
2070:Royal Navy
2030:Black Joke
1829:To ensure
1709:J.Q. Adams
1699:Washington
1669:Slave name
1618:convention
1593:Common law
966:Encomienda
762:Seychelles
747:Mauritania
670:Slave ship
537:Panyarring
532:New France
181:Historical
2896:758389538
2810:801365216
2670:162019007
2662:1092-7697
2595:10 August
2476:0043-5597
2325:257010396
2096:HMS
2089:USS
2066:U.S. Navy
1900:dysentery
1866:Caribbean
1843:dysentery
1812:Europeans
1796:Guineamen
1704:Jefferson
1361:Mormonism
1296:Palestine
1110:Australia
1040:Indonesia
931:Lei Áurea
914:Code Noir
894:Caribbean
867:Treatment
606:Treatment
579:Devshirme
441:Odalisque
259:In Russia
200:Babylonia
188:Antiquity
2849:(2007).
2839:62225209
2767:(2002).
2739:BBC News
2432:21327693
2424:11617312
2208:(1998).
2120:See also
2058:U.S. law
1904:diarrhea
1816:Americas
1736:Iron bit
1726:40 acres
1689:breeding
1504:Freedman
1339:Religion
1199:Portugal
1084:Thailand
1074:Maldives
1069:Malaysia
1062:Kwalliso
1006:Booi Aha
958:Restavek
938:Colombia
909:Trinidad
899:Barbados
789:Zanzibar
737:Ethiopia
618:Saqaliba
512:Database
463:Saqaliba
224:Ancillae
54:a series
52:Part of
2484:1920430
2416:2121762
1940:Brookes
1912:malaria
1814:to the
1714:Lincoln
1587:Related
1487:Liberia
1373:Judaism
1311:Tunisia
1286:Morocco
1276:Lebanon
1241:Bahrain
1236:Algeria
1204:Romania
1169:Denmark
1162:Slavery
1096:Vietnam
767:Somalia
757:Nigeria
732:Comoros
660:Pirates
569:Ghilman
502:Bristol
392:history
365:pirates
254:History
143:Peonage
66:slavery
35:Brookes
2894:
2884:
2859:
2837:
2827:
2808:
2798:
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2364:
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2062:pirate
2056:. The
1881:Slaves
1847:scurvy
1845:, and
1792:slaves
1635:owners
1271:Kuwait
1266:Jordan
1219:Sweden
1209:Russia
1194:Poland
1189:Norway
1011:Laogai
996:Brunei
991:Bhutan
953:revolt
926:Brazil
889:Canada
852:partus
837:female
722:Angola
591:Coolie
574:Mamluk
527:Nantes
507:Brazil
436:Cariye
271:Thrall
239:Kholop
205:Greece
2666:S2CID
2480:JSTOR
2428:S2CID
2412:JSTOR
2362:JSTOR
2321:S2CID
2135:Gorée
1835:hulls
1662:songs
1657:films
1575:]
1531:songs
1368:Islam
1346:Bible
1321:Yemen
1316:Qatar
1306:Syria
1281:Libya
1246:Egypt
1214:Spain
1184:Malta
1057:Korea
1045:Japan
1023:India
1001:China
948:Haiti
808:Aztec
784:Sudan
752:Niger
644:Naval
517:Dutch
446:Qiyan
432:Jarya
407:Harem
249:Serfs
195:Egypt
2892:OCLC
2882:ISBN
2857:ISBN
2835:OCLC
2825:ISBN
2806:OCLC
2796:ISBN
2775:ISBN
2747:2018
2721:2012
2689:ISBN
2658:ISSN
2597:2019
2526:ISBN
2472:ISSN
2420:PMID
2267:2018
2214:ISBN
2094:and
2044:The
1929:The
1613:laws
1475:U.S.
1470:U.K.
1408:U.S.
1403:U.K.
1291:Oman
1261:Iraq
1256:Iran
943:Cuba
847:maps
742:Mali
727:Chad
313:Baqt
210:Rome
106:Debt
64:and
2650:doi
2464:doi
2404:doi
2354:doi
2313:doi
2179:at
2068:or
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