1220:. In more sophisticated versions of the fraud, individuals or organizations buy millions of shares, then use newsletter websites, chat rooms, stock message boards, press releases, or e-mail blasts to drive up interest in the stock. Very often, the perpetrator will claim to have "inside" information about impending news to persuade the unwitting investor to quickly buy the shares. When buying pressure pushes the share price up, the rise in price entices more people to believe the hype and to buy shares as well. Eventually the manipulators doing the "pumping" end up "dumping" when they sell their holdings. The expanding use of the Internet and personal communication devices has made penny stock scams easier to perpetrate. But it has also drawn high-profile public personalities into the sphere of regulatory oversight. Though not a scam per se, one notable example is rapper
1229:
Described (but perhaps overstated) as "the biggest stock promotion of all time", Lithium
Exploration Group's market capitalization soared to over $ 350 million, after an extensive direct mail campaign. The promotion drew upon the legitimate growth in production and use of lithium, while touting Lithium Exploration Groups position within that sector. According to the company's December 31, 2010, form 10-Q (filed within months of the direct mail promotion), LEXG was a lithium company without assets. Its revenues and assets at that time were zero. Subsequently, the company did acquire lithium production/exploration properties, and addressed concerns raised in the press.
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24:
1359:, and state securities regulators estimate that investment fraud in the United States ranges from $ 10–$ 40 billion annually. Of that number, SIPC estimates that $ 1–3 Billion is directly attributable to microcap stock fraud. Fraudulent schemes perpetrated in the securities and commodities markets can ultimately have a devastating impact on the viability and operation of these markets.
1300:, are also considered securities fraud because they can drive down stock prices. In abusive naked short selling, stock is sold without being borrowed and without any intent to borrow. The practice of spreading false information about stocks, to drive down their prices, is called "short and distort". During the takeover of
1246:
In 2002, a wave of separate but often related accounting scandals became known to the public in the U.S. All of the leading public accounting firms—Arthur
Andersen, Deloitte & Touche, Ernst & Young, KPMG, PricewaterhouseCoopers— and others have admitted to or have been charged with negligence
1228:
to cause the price of a penny stock (HNHI) to increase dramatically. 50 Cent had previously invested in 30 million shares of the company, and as a result made $ 8.7 million in profit. Another example of an activity that skirts the borderline between legitimate promotion and hype is the case of LEXG.
1485:
exemplifies all five tendencies, and its failure demonstrates the extreme dangers of a culture of corruption within a publicly traded corporation. The rarity of such spectacular failures of a corporation from securities fraud attests to the general reliability of most executives and boards of large
1369:
Class action securities fraud lawsuits rose 43 percent between 2006 and 2007, according to the
Stanford Law School Securities Class Action Clearinghouse. During 2006 and 2007, securities fraud class actions were driven by market wide events, such as the 2006 backdating scandal and the 2007 subprime
1265:
fraud schemes. Some boiler rooms offer clients transactions fraudulently, such as those with an undisclosed profitable relationship to the brokerage. Some 'boiler rooms' are not licensed but may be 'tied agents' of a brokerage house which itself is licensed or not. Securities sold in boiler rooms
1114:
schemes, in which false and/or fraudulent information is disseminated in chat rooms, forums, internet boards and via email (spamming), with the purpose of causing a dramatic price increase in thinly traded stocks or stocks of shell companies (the "pump"). In other instances, fraudsters disseminate
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Online investment newsletters that offer seemingly unbiased information free of charge about featured companies or recommending "stock picks of the month". These newsletter writers then sell shares, previously acquired at lower prices, when hype-generated buying drives the stock price up. This
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When the price reaches a certain level, criminals immediately sell off their holdings of those stocks (the "dump"), realizing substantial profits before the stock price falls back to its usual low level. Any buyers of the stock who are unaware of the fraud become victims once the price falls.
1173:
The other type of insider trading is the purchase or sale of a security based on material non-public information. This type of trading is illegal in most instances. In illegal insider trading, an insider or a related party trades based on material non-public information obtained during the
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There are two types of "insider trading". The first is the trading of a corporation's stock or other security by corporate insiders such as officers, key employees, directors, or holders of more than ten percent of the firm's shares. This is generally legal, but there are certain reporting
1247:
to identify and prevent the publication of falsified financial reports by their corporate clients which had the effect of giving a misleading impression of their client companies' financial status. In several cases, the monetary amounts of the fraud involved are in the billions of USD.
1013:
that induces investors to make purchase or sale decisions on the basis of false information. The setups are generally made to result in monetary gain for the deceivers, and generally result in unfair monetary losses for the investors. They are generally violating securities laws.
1679:, such as Blinder, Robinson & Company, which specialized in the penny stocks sector. Meyer Blinder was jailed for securities fraud in 1992, after the collapse of his firm. However, sanctions under these specific regulations lack an effective means to address
1629:
listed securities which traded below $ 1.00 during the market downturn of 2008–2009, while properly regarded as "low priced" securities, were not technically "penny stocks". Although penny stock trading in the United States is now primarily controlled through
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Even if the effect of securities fraud is not enough to cause bankruptcy, a lesser level can wipe out holders of common stock because of the leverage of value of shares upon the difference between assets and liabilities. Such fraud has been known as
1674:
became the template for laws enacted in other states. Shortly thereafter, both FINRA and the SEC enacted comprehensive revisions of their penny stock regulations. These regulations proved effective in either closing or greatly restricting
1192:
fraud, stocks of small companies of under $ 250 million market capitalization are deceptively promoted, then sold to an unwary public. This type of fraud has been estimated to cost investors $ 1–3 billion annually. Microcap fraud includes
1216:. These manipulators first purchase large quantities of stock, then artificially inflate the share price through false and misleading positive statements. This is referred to as a pump and dump scheme. The pump and dump is a form of
1427:, while 200 million individuals owned securities indirectly. These same financial markets provide the opportunity for wealth to be obtained and the opportunity for white collar criminals to take advantage of unwary investors.
1445:
Sometimes the losses caused by securities fraud are difficult to quantify. For example, insider trading is believed to raise the cost of capital for securities issuers, thus decreasing overall economic growth.
1601:, is to target the category of stocks most often associated with this scheme. To that end, penny stocks have been the target of heightened enforcement efforts. In the United States, regulators have defined a
1308:
in March 2008, reports swirled that shorts were spreading rumors to drive down Bear
Stearns' share price. Sen. Christopher Dodd, D-Conn., said this was more than rumors and said, "This is about collusion."
1063:
announced what it described as an "aggressive agenda" against corporate fraud. Less widely publicized manifestations continue, such as the securities fraud conviction of
Charles E. Johnson Jr., founder of
1461:
Potential perpetrators of securities fraud within a publicly traded firm include any dishonest official within the company who has access to the payroll or financial reports that can be manipulated to:
2273:
1327:
where withdrawals are financed by subsequent investors, rather than profit obtained through investment activities. The largest instance of securities fraud committed by an individual ever is
1666:
at the time, was principal sponsor of the bill in the House of
Representatives. Georgia's penny stock law was subsequently challenged in court. However, the law was eventually upheld in
1232:
Penny stock companies often have low liquidity. Investors may encounter difficulty selling their positions after the buying pressure has abated, and the manipulators have fled.
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Any investor can become a victim, but persons aged fifty years or older are most often victimized, whether as direct purchasers in securities or indirect purchasers through
2582:
1366:
estimated that on average 10% of large publicly traded firms commit securities fraud every year, and that the corporate fraud destroys 1.6% of equity value each year.
1817:
A con artist will use every trick in the book to take advantage of unsuspecting investors, including exploiting well-intended laws, in order to fatten their wallets
2202:
1055:
Fraud by high level corporate officials became a subject of wide national attention during the early 2000s, as exemplified by corporate officer misconduct at
1955:
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from the proceeds of securities fraud is a resource intensive and expensive undertaking because of the cleverness of fraudsters in concealment of assets and
1617:, regardless of price, are exempt from regulatory designation as a penny stock, since it is thought that exchange traded securities are less vulnerable to
1408:. In addition, white collar criminals are expanding the scope of their fraud and are looking outside the United States for new markets, new investors, and
2277:
1029:, misstatements on a public company's financial reports, and lying to corporate auditors. The term encompasses a wide range of other actions, including
2015:
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then sell securities in the dummy corporation by misleading the investor into thinking that they are buying shares in the real corporation.
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The regulation and prosecution of securities fraud violations is undertaken on a broad front, involving numerous government agencies and
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Boiler rooms or boiler houses are stock brokerages that put undue pressure on clients to trade using telesales, usually in pursuit of
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materially false information about a company in hopes of urging investors to sell their shares so that the stock price plummets.
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corporations. Most spectacular failures of publicly traded companies result from such innocent causes as marketing blunders (
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Many penny stocks, particularly those that sell for fractions of a cent, are thinly traded. They can become the target of
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1131:. Conflict of interest disclosures incorporated into a newsletter article may not be sufficient. Accused of scalping,
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U.S. Securities and
Exchange Commission Investor Alert: 10 Red Flags That an Unregistered Offering May Be a Scam
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stocks, non-existent, or distressed stock and stock supplied by an intermediary at an undisclosed markup.
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1849:"Testimony: Testimony Concerning Insider Trading(Linda Chatman Thomsen, September 26, 2006)"
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funds. Not only do investors lose but so can creditors, taxing authorities, and employees.
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in the mid-1990s reveals approximately 51.4 million individuals owned some type of traded
8:
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1998:"SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, Plaintiff, I COMPLAINT VS. THOM CALANDRA, Defendant"
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as a security that must meet a number of specific standards. The criteria include price,
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performance of the insider's duties at the corporation, or otherwise misappropriated.
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and scams on the
Internet. Many, but not all, microcap stocks involved in frauds are
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Securities fraud is becoming more complex as the industry develops more complicated
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2299:"Lithium Exploration Group Inc. News - Company Information - The New York Times"
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gives criminals greater access to prey. The trading volume in the United States
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predicted in April 2008 that corporate fraud cases will increase because of the
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and other illegal acts on the trading floor of a stock or commodity exchange.
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to create the illusion of being an existing corporation with a similar name.
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1642:(FINRA), the genesis of this control is found in State securities law. The
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1807:. North American Securities Administrators Association (NASAA). 2011-08-31
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crisis. Securities fraud lawsuits remained below historical averages.
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571:
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1956:"Updated Investor Alert: Social Media and Investing -- Stock Rumors"
1519:
1385:, having grown dramatically in the 1990s, has led to an increase in
1146:
Bulletin boards that often contain fraudulent messages by hucksters.
2935:
2635:
2115:"Securities Investor Protection Corporation > Who > Not FDIC"
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2675:"SEC Charges Eight Participants in Penny Stock Manipulation Ring"
2274:"LEXG Answers Dean Beeby of The Canadian Press on Lithium Mining"
2089:, Oxford Press, Oxford, 2003. Chapter 29 "Insider Trading" p. 584
1671:
1503:
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Securities fraud can also include outright theft from investors (
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23:
2101:
U.S. Securities and
Exchange Commission, accessed March 30, 2007
2620:
Splash of Colors: The Self-Destruction of
Braniff International
1780:"Complex Investments Prove Risky as Savers Chase Bigger Payoff"
1650:
a comprehensive penny stock securities law. Secretary of State
1431:
1332:
705:
531:
365:
298:
126:
2016:"Calandra Quits Amid Probe, Forbes, January 23, 2004, article"
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2832:
1424:
1386:
1095:
1091:
1056:
561:
506:
456:
2225:"Lithium Exploration Group: Beware of Mailmen Bearing Gifts"
1683:
schemes perpetrated by unregistered groups and individuals.
3206:
3184:
1626:
1362:
A 2023 study by economists Alexander Dyck, Adair Morse and
1122:
The SEC says that Internet fraud resides in several forms:
928:
657:
415:
2775:
Significant Criminal Cases, Department of Justice website
2697:
2271:
1920:"Ex-PurchasePro Chief Found Guilty of Fraud, Obstruction"
1898:"The President's Leadership in Combating Corporate Fraud"
1356:
2765:
New York Attorney General Report on Microcap Stock Fraud
2677:. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. May 21, 2009.
2583:"Woolworths: the failed struggle to save a retail giant"
1977:"Internet Fraud: How to Avoid Internet Investment Scams"
2546:
in the Journal of Finance, Vol. LVII, No. 1 (Feb. 2002)
2467:
Dyck, Alexander; Morse, Adair; Zingales, Luigi (2023).
2394:"Bernard Madoff Gets 150 Years in Jail for Epic Fraud"
16:
Deceptive practice in the stock or commodities markets
2784:
1509:
1342:
2785:
Public Investor Arbitration Bar Association "PIABA"
2742:
1438:, as well as the tendency of many criminals to be
2466:
2415:"Madoff mysteries remain as he nears guilty plea"
1766:"Securities Fraud Awareness & Prevention Tips
3274:
2513:"Stanford Securities Class Action Clearinghouse"
1777:
1636:United States Securities and Exchange Commission
2066:"N.Y. broker charged in e-mail spam stock scam"
1864:"Trading Scandal May Strengthen Stock Exchange"
2780:Stanford Securities Class Action Clearinghouse
2816:
2726:"GEORGIA LAW WON'T HURT BROKERS, JUDGE RULES"
2617:
2605:"Classic Cars for Sale - Hemmings Motor News"
2557:"How Milwaukee's Famous Beer Became Infamous"
1059:. It became a problem of such scope that the
979:
2178:
1040:
2687:
1548:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1450:Characteristics of victims and perpetrators
2823:
2809:
2690:"Georgia to OK Tough Law for Penny Stocks"
2245:
2239:
2079:
1349:Securities Investor Protection Corporation
1106:According to enforcement officials of the
1009:, is a deceptive practice in the stock or
986:
972:
2488:
2203:"Importing By Encouraging Fans To Invest"
2161:. Financial Industry Regulatory Authority
2139:. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
1588:
1568:Learn how and when to remove this message
1205:, which trade for less than $ 5 a share.
2745:"Penny-Stock Fraud, From Both Sides Now"
2743:Diana B. Henriques (February 16, 2003).
2602:
2366:
2317:
2315:
2272:Lithium Exploration Group (2012-07-17).
2099:Laws that Govern the Securities Industry
1797:
1771:
1149:E-Mail spams from perpetrators of fraud.
2369:"A New Wave of Vilifying Short Sellers"
2200:
2109:
2107:
1640:Financial Industry Regulatory Authority
1277:
1050:
3275:
2770:President's Corporate Crime Task Force
2559:. The Beer Connoisseur. Archived from
2321:
1861:
1778:Nathaniel Popper (February 10, 2013).
1768:faq by FBI, accessed February 11, 2013
2804:
2334:on July 8, 2002 – via time.com.
2312:
2156:
1900:. Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov
1082:
2658:"SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION"
2580:
2536:"The World Price of Insider Trading"
2348:. Securities and Exchange Commission
2322:Thomas, Cathy Booth (18 June 2002).
2276:. the chairmans blog. Archived from
2104:
1917:
1546:adding citations to reliable sources
1513:
2618:Lengnick-Hall, Cynthia A. (1985). "
2469:"How pervasive is corporate fraud?"
2201:Zakarin, Jordan (11 January 2011).
2134:
1235:
13:
2830:
2367:Anderson, Jenny (April 30, 2008).
1613:. Securities traded on a national
1490:), an obsolete model of business (
1383:securities and commodities markets
1158:
1108:Securities and Exchange Commission
1045:
14:
3309:
2758:
2346:"Key Points About Regulation SHO"
2013:
1887:San Francisco FBI web link, supra
1805:"2012 NASAA Top Investor Threats"
1510:Other effects of securities fraud
1401:, and other market participants.
1377:have become more frequent as the
1343:Pervasiveness of securities fraud
1177:
1101:
3257:
3256:
2624:The Academy of Management Review
1862:Norris, Floyd (April 14, 2005).
1634:and regulations enforced by the
1518:
1312:
622:Perverting the course of justice
22:
2790:Billion Dollar Investment Fraud
2736:
2718:
2704:
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2505:
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2250:. Business Week. Archived from
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2150:
2128:
2092:
2058:
2037:
2007:
1990:
1969:
1948:
1936:
1250:
517:Intellectual property violation
2688:Stan Darden (March 20, 1990).
1911:
1890:
1881:
1855:
1841:
1822:
1502:), non-criminal incompetence (
1:
1753:
1595:self-regulatory organizations
1296:, including certain types of
2712:"Georgia Secretary of State"
2473:Review of Accounting Studies
2227:. Seeking Alpha. 10 May 2011
1918:Kang, Cecilia (2008-05-16).
1830:"Fraud and Financial Crimes"
1498:), inadequate market share (
1373:Some manifestations of this
852:Ignorantia juris non excusat
7:
2181:"Internet Makes Scams Easy"
2179:Harry Domash (2000-06-12).
1686:
1143:enforcement action in 2004.
10:
3314:
2581:Hall, James (2009-11-14).
2481:10.1007/s11142-022-09738-5
2068:. Usatoday.Com. 2011-02-02
1838:Last updated June 20, 2016
1703:Bucket shop (stock market)
1316:
1281:
1254:
1239:
1181:
1162:
542:Possessing stolen property
190:Offense against the person
3247:
3140:
3104:
3007:
2981:
2839:
2436:"Iowa Insurance Division"
2246:Gary Weiss (1997-12-15).
2183:. San Francisco Chronicle
1693:List of securities frauds
1419:A study conducted by the
1041:Types of securities fraud
836:Diminished responsibility
630:Crimes against the public
1945:, Retrieved May 18, 2008
1664:Georgia General Assembly
1353:Federal Trade Commission
1351:(SIPC) reports that the
1266:include commodities and
1139:, was the subject of an
1077:subprime mortgage crisis
765:Crimes against the state
685:(such as prohibition of
2396:. Bloomberg. 2009-06-29
2087:Trading & Exchanges
1713:Illicit financial flows
1646:was the first state to
1421:New York Stock Exchange
449:Crimes against property
139:(also called violation)
1708:Boiler room (business)
1589:Penny stock regulation
1478:understate penny stock
1475:understate liabilities
1410:banking secrecy havens
1110:, criminals engage in
901:Other common-law areas
734:Crimes against animals
602:Miscarriage of justice
584:Crimes against justice
2896:Intellectual property
2448:on September 23, 2006
2417:. Reuters. 2009-03-11
1607:market capitalization
1323:A Ponzi scheme is an
1240:Further information:
1127:practice is known as
807:Defenses to liability
597:Malfeasance in office
3293:Securities (finance)
2301:. Topics.nytimes.com
1723:Microcap stock fraud
1542:improve this section
1278:Short selling abuses
1218:microcap stock fraud
1184:Microcap stock fraud
1051:Corporate misconduct
653:Censorship violation
376:Cybersex trafficking
2622:by John J. Nance".
2585:. London: Telegraph
2324:"Called to Account"
2137:"Pump&Dump.con"
1698:Accounting scandals
1668:U.S. District Court
1625:(NYSE:C) and other
1440:profligate spenders
1406:investment vehicles
1331:operated by former
1298:naked short selling
1242:Accounting scandals
1061:Bush administration
1011:commodities markets
831:Defense of property
683:Illegal consumption
219:Criminal negligence
119:Severity of offense
3239:White-collar crime
3105:Government-related
2540:Utpal Bhattacharya
2248:"Investors Beware"
2135:SEC (2005-01-11).
1924:washingtonpost.com
1784:The New York Times
1748:White-collar crime
1611:shareholder equity
1469:overstate revenues
1389:and misconduct by
1375:white collar crime
1268:private placements
1197:schemes involving
1090:may be created by
1088:Dummy corporations
1083:Dummy corporations
1027:stock manipulation
752:Wildlife smuggling
742:Cruelty to animals
371:Child sexual abuse
323:Negligent homicide
234:False imprisonment
131:Indictable offense
75:Scope of criminal
3270:
3269:
3008:Financial-related
2694:Los Angeles Times
2205:. Huffington Post
2159:"Spams and Scams"
1743:Valuation control
1656:Chesley V. Morton
1578:
1577:
1570:
1483:Enron Corporation
1414:unjust enrichment
1306:J.P. Morgan Chase
1288:Short and distort
996:
995:
396:Indecent exposure
264:Human trafficking
229:Domestic violence
157:Inchoate offenses
3305:
3260:
3259:
2840:Business-related
2825:
2818:
2811:
2802:
2801:
2753:
2752:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2732:. July 11, 1990.
2722:
2716:
2715:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2553:
2547:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2517:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2492:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2447:
2441:. Archived from
2440:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2330:. Archived from
2319:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2111:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2045:"Internet Fraud"
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2022:. Archived from
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1644:State of Georgia
1573:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1553:
1522:
1514:
1472:understate costs
1466:overstate assets
1436:money laundering
1236:Accountant fraud
1007:investment fraud
1001:, also known as
999:Securities fraud
988:
981:
974:
945:
816:Actual innocence
673:Ethnic cleansing
567:Trespass to land
462:Arms trafficking
26:
19:
18:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3243:
3200:honest services
3136:
3100:
3003:
2977:
2835:
2829:
2761:
2756:
2741:
2737:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2686:
2682:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2616:
2612:
2601:
2597:
2588:
2586:
2579:
2575:
2566:
2564:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2534:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2465:
2461:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2420:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2399:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2377:
2375:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2320:
2313:
2304:
2302:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2283:
2281:
2270:
2266:
2257:
2255:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2228:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2199:
2195:
2186:
2184:
2177:
2173:
2164:
2162:
2155:
2151:
2142:
2140:
2133:
2129:
2120:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2105:
2097:
2093:
2084:
2080:
2071:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2050:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2029:
2027:
2014:Vardi, Nathan.
2012:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1982:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1961:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1928:
1926:
1916:
1912:
1903:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1860:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1834:Thomson Reuters
1828:
1827:
1823:
1810:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1786:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1718:Insider trading
1689:
1591:
1574:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1539:
1523:
1512:
1452:
1345:
1325:investment fund
1321:
1315:
1290:
1282:Main articles:
1280:
1259:
1253:
1244:
1238:
1210:stock promoters
1186:
1180:
1167:
1165:Insider trading
1161:
1159:Insider trading
1104:
1085:
1053:
1048:
1046:Corporate fraud
1043:
1031:insider trading
992:
933:
497:False pretenses
426:Sex trafficking
352:Sexual offenses
311:Preterintention
147:Summary offense
17:
12:
11:
5:
3311:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3158:Counterfeiting
3155:
3150:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2985:
2983:
2982:Family-related
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2866:Pharmaceutical
2859:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2828:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2760:
2759:External links
2757:
2755:
2754:
2749:New York Times
2735:
2717:
2703:
2680:
2666:
2649:
2636:10.2307/258141
2630:(3): 617–620.
2610:
2603:Hemmings.com.
2595:
2573:
2548:
2528:
2504:
2459:
2427:
2406:
2385:
2373:New York Times
2359:
2337:
2311:
2290:
2264:
2238:
2216:
2193:
2171:
2157:FINRA (2012).
2149:
2127:
2103:
2091:
2085:Larry Harris,
2078:
2057:
2036:
2006:
1989:
1968:
1947:
1943:ABCnews.go.com
1935:
1910:
1889:
1880:
1868:New York Times
1854:
1840:
1821:
1796:
1770:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1733:Pyramid scheme
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1688:
1685:
1677:broker/dealers
1638:(SEC) and the
1615:stock exchange
1609:, and minimum
1590:
1587:
1576:
1575:
1526:
1524:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1451:
1448:
1364:Luigi Zingales
1344:
1341:
1337:Bernard Madoff
1329:a Ponzi scheme
1317:Main article:
1314:
1311:
1279:
1276:
1255:Main article:
1252:
1249:
1237:
1234:
1182:Main article:
1179:
1178:Microcap fraud
1176:
1170:requirements.
1163:Main article:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1135:, formerly of
1103:
1102:Internet fraud
1100:
1084:
1081:
1073:Robert Mueller
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
994:
993:
991:
990:
983:
976:
968:
965:
964:
963:
962:
954:
953:
949:
948:
947:
946:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
903:
902:
898:
897:
896:
895:
890:
885:
880:
870:
865:
860:
855:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
810:
809:
803:
802:
801:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
767:
766:
762:
761:
760:
759:
754:
749:
744:
736:
735:
731:
730:
729:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
680:
675:
670:
668:Hostage-taking
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
632:
631:
627:
626:
625:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
586:
585:
581:
580:
579:
578:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
451:
450:
446:
445:
444:
443:
438:
436:Sexual slavery
433:
431:Sexual assault
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
355:
354:
348:
347:
346:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
319:
318:
308:
307:
306:
296:
291:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
193:
192:
186:
185:
184:
183:
178:
173:
168:
160:
159:
153:
152:
151:
150:
140:
134:
121:
120:
116:
115:
114:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
80:
79:
72:
71:
70:
69:
64:
59:
52:
42:
41:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3310:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3288:Finance fraud
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3263:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3195:Mail and wire
3193:
3191:
3190:Impersonation
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3180:Fraud factory
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3091:Shill bidding
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2963:Telemarketing
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2891:Impersonation
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2826:
2821:
2819:
2814:
2812:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2714:. sos.ga.gov.
2713:
2707:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2676:
2670:
2659:
2653:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2606:
2599:
2584:
2577:
2563:on 2013-05-16
2562:
2558:
2552:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2514:
2508:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2444:
2437:
2431:
2416:
2410:
2395:
2389:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2347:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2316:
2300:
2294:
2280:on 2013-01-04
2279:
2275:
2268:
2254:on 2013-01-02
2253:
2249:
2242:
2226:
2220:
2204:
2197:
2182:
2175:
2160:
2153:
2138:
2131:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2100:
2095:
2088:
2082:
2067:
2061:
2046:
2040:
2026:on 2008-12-05
2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
1999:
1993:
1978:
1972:
1957:
1951:
1944:
1939:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1899:
1893:
1884:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1850:
1844:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1818:
1806:
1800:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1684:
1682:
1681:pump and dump
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1621:. Therefore,
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1583:watered stock
1572:
1569:
1561:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1527:This section
1525:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1447:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1313:Ponzi schemes
1310:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1294:short selling
1289:
1285:
1284:Pump and dump
1275:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1258:
1248:
1243:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1195:pump and dump
1191:
1185:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1133:Thom Calandra
1130:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1112:pump-and-dump
1109:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1068:in May 2008.
1067:
1062:
1058:
1038:
1036:
1035:front running
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
989:
984:
982:
977:
975:
970:
969:
967:
966:
961:
958:
957:
956:
955:
951:
950:
944:
940:
936:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
906:
905:
904:
900:
899:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
878:
874:
871:
869:
868:Justification
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
853:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
813:
812:
811:
808:
805:
804:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
770:
769:
768:
764:
763:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
739:
738:
737:
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2953:Tech support
2943:Racketeering
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1811:February 11,
1809:. Retrieved
1799:
1789:February 11,
1787:. Retrieved
1783:
1773:
1761:
1738:Selling away
1619:manipulation
1599:manipulators
1592:
1579:
1564:
1555:
1540:Please help
1528:
1492:Penn Central
1481:
1460:
1453:
1444:
1430:Recovery of
1429:
1418:
1403:
1399:shareholders
1372:
1368:
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1346:
1322:
1319:Ponzi scheme
1302:Bear Stearns
1291:
1260:
1251:Boiler rooms
1245:
1231:
1214:manipulators
1207:
1203:penny stocks
1199:boiler rooms
1187:
1172:
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1117:
1105:
1086:
1070:FBI Director
1054:
1023:stockbrokers
1019:embezzlement
1016:
1006:
1002:
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893:Self-defense
850:
773:Lèse-majesté
487:Embezzlement
411:Prostitution
401:Masturbation
284:Manslaughter
269:Intimidation
181:Solicitation
54:
47:
32:Criminal law
3170:Faked death
3163:Superdollar
3141:Other types
3081:Overpayment
3047:Credit card
3015:Advance-fee
2926:Health care
2544:Hazem Daouk
1728:Penny stock
1660:stockbroker
1658:, the only
1652:Max Cleland
1603:penny stock
1496:Woolworth's
1270:as well as
1257:Boiler room
1137:MarketWatch
1066:PurchasePro
1003:stock fraud
888:Provocation
612:Obstruction
592:Compounding
557:Tax evasion
381:Fornication
214:Child abuse
143:Misdemeanor
67:Concurrence
3283:Corruption
3277:Categories
3224:Scientific
3086:Securities
3071:Mismarking
3037:Chargeback
3032:Bankruptcy
2876:Employment
2857:Disability
2663:. sec.gov.
2589:2013-11-21
2567:2013-11-21
2421:2009-08-05
2400:2009-08-05
2305:2013-11-21
2284:2013-11-21
2258:2006-06-15
2187:2006-06-15
2165:2012-07-29
2143:2006-11-21
2121:2013-11-21
2072:2013-11-21
2051:2013-11-21
2030:2013-11-21
2020:Forbes.com
2003:. sec.gov.
1983:2012-02-18
1962:2015-11-15
1929:2012-02-18
1904:2012-02-18
1754:References
1670:, and the
1500:Studebaker
1395:executives
1096:Fraudsters
1092:fraudsters
846:Entrapment
821:Automatism
798:Subversion
757:Bestiality
726:War crimes
721:Usurpation
648:Corruption
607:Misprision
482:Cybercrime
274:Kidnapping
254:Hate crime
244:Harassment
224:Defamation
176:Incitement
171:Conspiracy
137:Infraction
96:Complicity
91:Accomplice
49:Actus reus
3117:Electoral
3061:Insurance
2999:Paternity
2989:Fertility
2931:fertility
2911:Long firm
2831:Types of
2499:1573-7136
2047:. Sec.gov
1979:. Sec.gov
1958:. Sec.gov
1623:CitiGroup
1558:July 2008
1529:does not
1391:investors
1335:chairman
1222:50 Cent's
909:Contracts
883:Necessity
788:Secession
783:Espionage
716:Terrorism
678:Smuggling
572:Vandalism
552:Smuggling
492:Extortion
467:Blackmail
441:Voyeurism
421:Pederasty
406:Obscenity
288:corporate
111:Vicarious
106:Principal
101:Corporate
86:Accessory
77:liability
62:Causation
3262:Category
3148:Affinity
3122:Medicare
3076:Mortgage
2994:Marriage
2958:Slamming
2936:quackery
2916:Odometer
2901:Internet
2852:Cramming
2231:30 March
2209:30 March
1687:See also
1412:to hide
1379:Internet
1292:Abusive
1272:microcap
1263:microcap
1190:microcap
1153:Phishing
1129:scalping
924:Property
919:Evidence
914:Defenses
863:Insanity
793:Sedition
747:Poaching
711:Regicide
663:Genocide
638:Apostasy
576:Mischief
512:Gambling
477:Burglary
361:Adultery
338:Stabbing
333:Stalking
316:Homicide
279:Menacing
259:Homicide
56:Mens rea
39:Elements
3229:Spyware
3212:Romance
3175:Forgery
3153:Charity
3132:Welfare
3112:Benefit
3066:Lottery
3051:carding
2847:Billing
2521:May 26,
2378:May 15,
1672:statute
1662:in the
1550:removed
1535:sources
1504:Braniff
1488:Schlitz
1456:pension
1226:Twitter
1224:use of
952:Portals
943:estates
875: (
873:Mistake
858:Infancy
826:Consent
778:Treason
695:smoking
691:alcohol
658:Dueling
643:Begging
617:Perjury
547:Robbery
527:Looting
522:Larceny
502:Forgery
472:Bribery
343:Torture
328:Robbery
286: (
239:Frameup
209:Battery
204:Assault
166:Attempt
3042:Cheque
2968:Weight
2948:Return
2886:Fixing
2644:258141
2642:
2497:
2452:May 9,
2352:May 4,
2117:. SIPC
1873:May 3,
1648:codify
1432:assets
1333:NASDAQ
939:trusts
877:of law
841:Duress
706:Piracy
693:, and
532:Payola
391:Incest
366:Bigamy
304:felony
299:Murder
294:Mayhem
127:Felony
3298:Fraud
3234:Vomit
3217:Bride
3056:Forex
2921:Phone
2871:Email
2833:fraud
2792:, FBI
2661:(PDF)
2640:JSTOR
2516:(PDF)
2446:(PDF)
2439:(PDF)
2001:(PDF)
1632:rules
1425:stock
1387:fraud
1057:Enron
935:Wills
929:Torts
687:drugs
562:Theft
507:Fraud
457:Arson
3252:list
3207:Scam
3185:Hoax
3127:Visa
3049:and
3027:Bank
2973:Wine
2881:Food
2862:Drug
2542:and
2523:2008
2495:ISSN
2454:2008
2380:2008
2354:2008
2328:Time
2233:2012
2211:2012
1875:2008
1813:2013
1791:2013
1627:NYSE
1533:any
1531:cite
1347:The
1286:and
1212:and
1005:and
941:and
416:Rape
145:(or
129:(or
3096:Tax
2906:Job
2698:UPI
2632:doi
2538:by
2485:hdl
2477:doi
1544:by
1506:).
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1304:by
1188:In
1141:SEC
1025:),
1021:by
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