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shouting threats. A then sees a fire axe in a glass case nearby. He tells B that he is going for the axe and will break down the door. When A walks away, B is so terrified that he jumps out of the window and breaks his legs. Even though A might not have had an immediate intention to injure B at the critical moment when B jumped, the fear was inspired with an appropriate intention and B would not have been desperate enough to jump had it not been for that fear. .
1380:(1981) 2 All ER 617 the defendant was struggling with his girlfriend and she fell over a landing rail on to the floor below. Believing her dead, he dismembered her in the bath to dispose of her "body". It was impossible to prove whether she had died in the original fall or whether he killed her by his subsequent actions. The Court of Appeal held that a manslaughter conviction was only possible if each of the defendant's acts was accompanied by the requisite
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1246:(1969) 1 QB 439, a police officer ordered the defendant to park his car and he reluctantly complied. In doing so, he accidentally drove the car on to the policeman's foot and, when the policeman said "Get off my foot", said "Fuck you, you can wait" and turned off the ignition. Because of the steel toe cap in his boot, the policeman's foot was not in actual danger, but the Divisional Court held that this could constitute a
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because death was accidental, whereas Church was intentionally disposing of the "body". But, in attempting to drag his unconscious wife indoors, LeBrun was either trying to conceal his initial assault on her, or forcing her to enter the house against her wishes (this being the original reason for the
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and effect may see a series of interlocking circumstances conspire to cause a particular injury. If the facts of the example above are slightly changed so that the accident occurs at night at a sharp bend on a very quiet country road; when the driver sees the victim lying in the road he simply leaves
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Suppose for example that the accused accidentally injures a pedestrian while driving. Aware of the collision, the accused rushes from the car only to find that the victim is a hated enemy. At this point, the accused joyfully proclaims his pleasure at having caused the injury. The conventional rule is
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at some time during the occurrence of the events comprising the single transaction. The fact that the accused might mistakenly believe they have succeeded in the crime does not prevent a conviction. For example, suppose that A begins to strangle B and, believing B to be dead, abandons the "body" in
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But not every factual sequence can be so conveniently recast as an omission. Suppose, for example, that A sees his enemy, B, and decides to attack him. A picks up a stick and begins to chase B who runs into a hotel, up the stairs and into a room, locking the door behind him. A hammers at the door,
1368:(1991) 4 All ER 673, the defendant struck his wife during an argument outside their house leaving her unconscious. He then tried to drag her inside but, as he did so, her head struck the pavement, fracturing her skull and killing her. At first sight, this is distinguishable from
1306:, it will not affect liability that A subsequently repents the crime and effects restitution. Thus, if A steals goods from B but then returns them together with some money to make good the damage caused during the forced entry, this cannot change the fact that there was an
1330:(1954) 1 All ER 373 (PC) Four defendants intended to kill their victim so they induced him to consume alcohol, struck him on the head and threw the "body" over a cliff to make the death appear accidental. Because they thought that the blow had killed him, there was no
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argument). The trial judge had directed the jury to acquit if they concluded that LeBrun had been trying to help his wife when he moved her, and the Court of Appeal agreed that this would have broken the essential nexus between the two halves of the incident.
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the unconscious person where he fell. Some hours later, when a second car innocently comes around the corner and kills the victim, the first driver is happily asleep in his bed. Thus, he argues that, at the time of the death, he had no
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only in the subsequent act of disposal. Hence, the prosecution had to disprove D's claim of accident, i.e. that he had merely pushed her away in a "reflex action" when she dug her nails into him in the struggle on the upstairs
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3 All ER 442 The defendant accidentally drove his car onto a policeman's foot whilst the policeman was directing traffic, but then subsequently refused to move off during an argument with the policeman. It was held that the
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had originally been authorised to conclude an agreement with a third party ("ratification" of the agent's decision), and so acquires liability under that agreement, an alleged criminal cannot retrospectively adopt an
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1361:(1965) 2 AER 72 during an argument, the defendant struck the victim and, mistakenly believing her to be dead, threw her into a nearby river where she drowned. He was convicted of manslaughter.
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was formed before the car was removed. Whether realistically or not, the officer apprehended the possibility of injury so the offence of common assault was complete.
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nearby woods where B dies of exposure. A will still be convicted of the homicide even though the relevant behaviour of abandoning the body was not accompanied by a
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In the previous example, the victim would not have died if the first driver had not abandoned him at a dangerous point on the road. The law will treat the
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are single, unconnected events. If a sequence of events is inevitably linked, it may be viewed as a single transaction. So long as the requisite
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was not the single act of driving onto the foot, but continued as long as the car remained there. Once the defendant subsequently acquired the
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for that offence. At the very least, there must be an unlawful act which was the cause of the ultimate death. It was not enough to establish
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is formed before the sequence begins, or during the sequence (before it ends), the accused will be liable.
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and so cannot be guilty of homicide. This argument fails because of the so-called
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1454:*MacDonald. (1995). "The Twice Killed Corpse – A Causation Issue".
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MacDonald. (1995). "The Twice Killed Corpse – A Causation Issue".
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And for the sake of completeness, if A commits an offence with an
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Mitchel. (1999). "In
Defence of a Principle of Correspondence".
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Marston. (1970). "Contemporaneity of Act and
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is formed. In the first example, liability arises from the
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was said to be the series of acts and omissions with
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Assaulting a constable in the execution of his duty
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Assaulting a constable in the execution of his duty
1150:may retrospectively adopt a transaction as if the
2275:Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension
1862:Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension
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1406:to harm the policeman, the crime was complete.
1163:either before or during the commission of the
26:"Concur" redirects here. For the company, see
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1479:Wells, C. (1991). "Goodbye to Coincidence".
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1394:Fagan v. Metropolitan Police Commissioner
1338:. The second act caused death but had no
83:Learn how and when to remove this message
1829:Wounding or causing grievous bodily harm
1516:
1243:Fagan v Metropolitan Police Commissioner
1171:Two types of concurrence in criminal law
46:This article includes a list of general
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2022:Preventing the lawful burial of a body
1834:Assault occasioning actual bodily harm
1138:that no crime has been committed. The
1990:Incitement to ethnic or racial hatred
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1225:Not all acts forming the basis of an
1897:Offences Against the Person Act 1861
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1129:then no crime has been committed.
52:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1109:("guilty mind"), to constitute a
2290:Encouraging or assisting a crime
2250:Perverting the course of justice
1671:Encouraging or assisting a crime
698:Perverting the course of justice
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2414:History of English criminal law
2305:Obstruction of a police officer
1968:Fear or provocation of violence
1187:Motivational concurrence – the
593:Intellectual property violation
2315:Refusing to assist a constable
2131:Taking without owner's consent
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1378:AG's Reference (No. 4 of 1980)
1310:accompanied by an appropriate
1265:at the point in time that the
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2335:Fabrication of false evidence
2047:Misconduct in a public office
1973:Harassment, alarm or distress
1547:Regulatory (lowered mens rea)
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2052:Misfeasance in public office
1652:Ignorantia juris non excusat
1354:covering the initial stages.
1221:Single transaction principle
1215:Single Transaction Principle
928:Ignorantia juris non excusat
21:Concurrency (disambiguation)
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2219:Cheating the public revenue
2011:Effecting a public mischief
1857:Assault with intent to rape
1176:Temporal concurrence – the
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2295:Escape from lawful custody
2181:Fraud by abuse of position
1847:Assault with intent to rob
1771:Category:Criminal defences
618:Possessing stolen property
266:Offense against the person
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706:Crimes against the public
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2006:Outraging public decency
1930:Sexual Offences Act 2003
1731:inc. participation in a
1641:Lesser included offences
1597:Intention in English law
1592:Intention (criminal law)
841:Crimes against the state
761:(such as prohibition of
1457:Journal of Criminal Law
1184:occur at the same time.
525:Crimes against property
215:(also called violation)
67:more precise citations.
2350:Other common law areas
2300:Obstruction of justice
2042:Accessory (legal term)
1804:Corporate manslaughter
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660:Crimes against justice
2265:Misprision of treason
2186:Conspiracy to defraud
2141:Handling stolen goods
1985:Public Order Act 1986
1940:Public order offences
883:Defenses to liability
673:Malfeasance in office
2285:Harboring a fugitive
2255:Witness intimidation
2205:Forgery, personation
1824:Concealment of birth
1518:English criminal law
1467:Law Quarterly Review
1318:stage of the trial.
1117:. In theory, if the
729:Censorship violation
452:Cybersex trafficking
19:For other uses, see
2340:Rescuing a prisoner
2310:Wasting police time
2068:Dereliction of duty
2027:Breach of the peace
1745:Prevention of crime
1607:Criminal negligence
1474:Criminal Law Review
1386:criminal negligence
907:Defense of property
759:Illegal consumption
295:Criminal negligence
195:Severity of offense
2406:English law portal
2392:Criminal procedure
2057:Abuse of authority
1887:False imprisonment
1738:Medical procedures
1566:Elements of crimes
828:Wildlife smuggling
818:Cruelty to animals
447:Child sexual abuse
399:Negligent homicide
310:False imprisonment
207:Indictable offense
151:Scope of criminal
2442:Elements of crime
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2330:Contempt of court
2260:Witness tampering
1978:intent aggravates
1963:Unlawful assembly
1819:Child destruction
1663:Inchoate offences
1525:Classes of crimes
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340:Human trafficking
305:Domestic violence
233:Inchoate offenses
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2017:disorderly house
1953:Violent disorder
1814:Unlawful killing
1782:Offences against
1620:Strict liability
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1431:on 2012-01-18
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2437:Criminal law
2412:
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2207:and cheating
2191:Fare evasion
1800:Manslaughter
1769:
1765:Intoxication
1707:Self-defence
1650:
1645:
1602:Recklessness
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1433:. Retrieved
1429:the original
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1091:simultaneity
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1073:
969:Self-defense
926:
849:Lèse-majesté
563:Embezzlement
487:Prostitution
477:Masturbation
360:Manslaughter
345:Intimidation
257:Solicitation
142:
130:
123:
108:Criminal law
79:
73:January 2012
70:
51:
1808:Infanticide
1646:Concurrence
1200:The problem
1083:concurrence
964:Provocation
688:Obstruction
668:Compounding
633:Tax evasion
457:Fornication
290:Child abuse
219:Misdemeanor
143:Concurrence
65:introducing
2431:Categories
2161:Cybercrime
2091:Dishonesty
2015:Keeping a
1892:Harassment
1877:Kidnapping
1784:the person
1676:Conspiracy
1574:Actus reus
1557:Common law
1537:Either way
1532:Indictable
1435:2008-09-09
1411:References
1400:actus reus
1370:R v Church
1366:R v LeBrun
1359:R v Church
1348:actus reus
1342:. But the
1316:sentencing
1308:actus reus
1300:actus reus
1252:actus reus
1238:actus reus
1227:actus reus
1193:actus reus
1178:actus reus
1165:actus reus
1157:actus reus
1140:actus reus
1133:Discussion
1120:actus reus
1097:actus reus
922:Entrapment
897:Automatism
874:Subversion
833:Bestiality
802:War crimes
797:Usurpation
724:Corruption
683:Misprision
558:Cybercrime
350:Kidnapping
330:Hate crime
320:Harassment
300:Defamation
252:Incitement
247:Conspiracy
213:Infraction
172:Complicity
167:Accomplice
125:Actus reus
48:references
28:SAP Concur
2325:Espionage
2156:Extortion
2151:Blackmail
2136:Deception
2121:Squatting
1717:Necessity
1681:Accessory
1634:Doctrines
1625:Omissions
1616:Vicarious
1612:Corporate
1580:Causation
1552:Statutory
1148:principal
985:Contracts
959:Necessity
864:Secession
859:Espionage
792:Terrorism
754:Smuggling
648:Vandalism
628:Smuggling
568:Extortion
543:Blackmail
517:Voyeurism
497:Pederasty
482:Obscenity
364:corporate
187:Vicarious
182:Principal
177:Corporate
162:Accessory
153:liability
138:Causation
2387:Evidence
2368:Property
2358:Contract
2320:Sedition
2224:Uttering
2126:Trespass
2101:Burglary
1999:Causing
1995:Nuisance
1792:Homicide
1755:Insanity
1700:Defences
1586:Mens rea
1404:mens rea
1389:landing.
1382:mens rea
1352:mens rea
1340:mens rea
1336:mens rea
1332:mens rea
1312:mens rea
1304:mens rea
1293:mens rea
1288:mens rea
1271:reckless
1267:mens rea
1263:omission
1256:mens rea
1231:mens rea
1211:mens rea
1189:mens rea
1182:mens rea
1161:mens rea
1126:mens rea
1105:mens rea
1000:Property
995:Evidence
990:Defenses
939:Insanity
869:Sedition
823:Poaching
787:Regicide
739:Genocide
714:Apostasy
652:Mischief
588:Gambling
553:Burglary
437:Adultery
414:Stabbing
409:Stalking
392:Homicide
355:Menacing
335:Homicide
132:Mens rea
115:Elements
2382:estates
2245:Perjury
2240:Bribery
2214:Forgery
2106:Robbery
2064:of oath
2062:Perjury
1902:Treason
1872:Battery
1852:Robbery
1727:Consent
1686:Attempt
1542:Summary
1076:Western
1028:Portals
1019:estates
951: (
949:Mistake
934:Infancy
902:Consent
854:Treason
771:smoking
767:alcohol
734:Dueling
719:Begging
693:Perjury
623:Robbery
603:Looting
598:Larceny
578:Forgery
548:Bribery
419:Torture
404:Robbery
362: (
315:Frameup
285:Battery
280:Assault
242:Attempt
61:improve
2378:Trusts
1958:Affray
1796:Murder
1712:Duress
1302:and a
1085:(also
1015:trusts
953:of law
917:Duress
782:Piracy
769:, and
608:Payola
467:Incest
442:Bigamy
380:felony
375:Murder
370:Mayhem
203:Felony
50:, but
2416:table
2373:Wills
2111:Theft
2086:Arson
1483:1566.
1276:Fagan
1206:cause
1152:agent
1111:crime
1011:Wills
1005:Torts
763:drugs
638:Theft
583:Fraud
533:Arson
2380:and
2363:Tort
2032:Rout
1948:Riot
1920:Rape
1476:195.
1469:208.
1462:207.
1460:207.
1180:and
1146:, a
1017:and
492:Rape
221:(or
205:(or
1376:In
1364:In
1357:In
1089:or
1074:In
1036:Law
2433::
1806:/
1802:/
1798:/
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1810:)
1794:(
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86:)
80:(
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71:(
57:.
30:.
23:.
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