1229:
an act, and therefore without an actus reus in the obvious meaning of that term. The expression 'conduct' is more satisfactory, because wider; it covers not only an act but an omission, and (by a stretch) a bodily position. The conduct must sometimes take place in legally relevant circumstances. The relevant circumstances might include consent in the case of rape. The act of human sexual intercourse becomes a wrongful act if it is committed in circumstances where one party does not consent and/or one or more parties concerned are below the age of consent. Other crimes require the act to produce a legally forbidden consequence. Such crimes are called result crimes. ... All that can truly be said, without exception, is that a crime requires some external state of affairs that can be categorized as criminal. What goes on inside a person's head is never enough in itself to constitute a crime, even though it might be proved by a confession that is fully believed to be genuine.
27:
1383:. On March 14, 1955, Decina suffered a serious seizure while operating a motor vehicle. He swerved wildly through the streets and struck a group of school girls, killing four of them. On direct examination, Decina's physician testified that Decina informed him that prior to the accident "he noticed a jerking of his right hand" and recounted his extensive history of seizures, a consequence of brain damage from an automobile accident at age seven. Decina argued,
89:
1461:, the court categorically rejected Ebanks' argument that the trial court committed reversible err in denying him leave to present expert testimony concerning the effects of hypnotism on the will. The lower court bluntly remarked that "he law of the United States does not recognize hypnotism. It would be an illegal defense, and I cannot admit it." Nearly sixty years later, however, the
1445:
While the general scientific consensus is that hypnosis cannot induce individuals to engage in conduct in which they would not otherwise engage, the Model Penal Code, as well as the criminal codes of
Montana, New York, and Kentucky do provide hypnosis and hypnotic suggestion as negating volition, and
1393:
disagreed and held that since the defendant knew he was susceptible to a seizure at any time without warning and decided to operate a motor vehicle on a public highway anyway, he was guilty of the offense. "To hold otherwise," wrote
Froessel, J, "would be to say that a man may freely indulge himself
1228:
Although lawyers find the expression actus reus convenient, it is misleading in one respect. It means not just the criminal act but all the external elements of an offence. Ordinarily, there is a criminal act, which is what makes the term actus reus generally acceptable. But there are crimes without
1374:
Generally, if, during an uncontrollable flailing caused by a sudden paroxysmal episode, such as that produced by an epileptic seizure, a person strikes another, that person will not be criminally liable for the injuries sustained by the other person. However, if prior to the assault on another, the
1416:
ormally the presumption of mental capacity is sufficient to prove that he acted consciously and voluntarily and the prosecution need go no further. But, if after considering evidence properly left them by the judge, the jury are left in real doubt whether or not the accused acted in a state of
1437:, for such conduct may have been elicited unconsciously, and "one who engages in what would otherwise be criminal conduct is not guilty of a crime if he does so in a state of unconsciousness" Depending on jurisdiction, automatism may be a defense distinct from insanity or a species of it.
1785:
Although many believe the misconception that hypnosis is "a mystical ploy that sends someone into another world and puts them at the mercy of another's ideas...," the more modern view is that a hypnotist cannot make a hypnotized person do anything she does not want to
1394:
in liquor in the same hope that it will not affect his driving, and if it later develops that ensuing intoxication causes dangerous and reckless driving resulting in death, his unconsciousness or involuntariness at that time would relieve him from prosecution"
1297:
therefore one cannot be criminally liable for an omission unless a duty of care is owed. An omission can be criminal if there is a statute that requires one to act. A duty of care is imposed and one is required to act when one is: under a contract
1352:, disputed whether such a thing as an involuntary act exists: " spasm is not an act. The contraction of the muscles must be willed." A few sources, such as the Model Penal Code, provide a more thorough treatment of involuntary conduct:
1408:, Kilmuir, LC, articulated the necessity of eliminating automatism, defined as "the existence in any person of behaviour of which he is unaware and over which he has no conscious control," in proving the voluntariness of the
1318:
Possession holds a special place in that it has been criminalized but under common law does not constitute an act. Some countries like the United States have avoided the common law conclusion in
1375:
seized individual was engaging in conduct that he knew to be dangerous given a previous history of seizures, then he is culpable for any injuries resulting from the seizure. For example, in
1608:
QB 722; an on-duty policeman convicted of official misconduct when he failed to intervene in a beating death, because doing so would have meant working past his normal shift.
1433:, epilepsy, or other convulsive or reflexive disorder, who kills another, steals another's property, or engages in other facially criminal conduct, may not have committed an
2279:
1620:, 1 El. & Bl. 435, 439 (1853) (ruled that the mere possession of indecent images with the intent to publish them was not a crime as possession did not constitute an act)
1481:
and, consequently, caused an injury. The purposeful, reckless, or negligent absence of an action is considered a voluntary action and fulfills the voluntary requirement of
1175:, which means: "an act does not make a person guilty unless (their) mind is also guilty"; hence, the general test of guilt is one that requires proof of fault,
2762:
1202:
2702:
2289:
1286:
Hence, if legislation specifically criminalizes an omission through statute, or a duty that would normally be expected was omitted and caused injury, an
1572:(1902) 19 TLR 37; a railway employee convicted of manslaughter for failing to shut a crossing gate, resulting in a cart driver being killed by a train.
1465:
ruled that the trial court did not err in allowing expert testimony on hypnosis, though it did not rule on whether hypnotism negates volition. The
2712:
2093:
1931:
37:
1469:
ruled confessions made under hypnosis inadmissible because they are involuntarily given; Germany and
Denmark provide a hypnotist defense.
1417:
automatism...they should acquit because the necessary mens rea—if indeed the actus reus—has not been proved beyond a reasonable doubt.
2400:
1661:
If X, during a grand mal seizure, by a reflex action kicks out and hits Y, then it is most unlikely there will be criminal liability.
2836:
2182:
1365:
a bodily movement that otherwise is not a product of the effort or the determination of the actor, either conscious or habitual.
2444:
2256:
1342:, it must be engaged in voluntarily. Few sources enumerate the entirety of what constitutes voluntary and involuntary conduct.
1050:
2412:
2334:
2226:
2697:
2319:
2284:
1216:
ruled that a
California law making it illegal to be a drug addict was unconstitutional because the mere status of being a
2314:
1924:
1696:
More particularly, he argued that a demurrer should have been sustained because the indictment did not charge a crime.
1213:
1195:
jurisdictions define act differently but generally, an act is a "bodily movement whether voluntary or involuntary." In
1596:
1 All ER 978; an illegal squatter convicted of arson for failure to act after lighting a bed on fire with a cigarette.
2553:
2139:
2103:
2047:
1888:
71:
2874:
2672:
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450:
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1477:
Voluntariness includes omission, for implicit in omission is that the actor voluntarily chose to not perform a
922:
175:
1775:
Bonnema, Mary
Christine (1992–1993). "Trance on Trial: An Exegesis of Hypnotism and Criminal Responsibility".
1584:
QB 354; family members convicted of gross-negligence manslaughter for failing to care for an invalid relative.
2469:
2395:
1917:
932:
445:
2869:
2474:
2074:
1007:
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1389:, that he had not engaged in criminal conduct because he did not voluntarily strike the school girls. The
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2433:
2222:
2187:
2129:
2042:
1462:
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a duty to perform the omitted act is otherwise imposed by law (for example one must file a tax return).
1043:
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900:
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1379:, 2 N.Y.2d 133 (1956), the defendant, Emil Decina, appealed a conviction under § 1053-a of the
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resulting in injury. As with commission acts, omission acts can be reasoned casually using the
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2160:
1884:
978:
952:
837:
460:
328:
293:
1127:
for "guilty act", is one of the elements normally required to prove commission of a
45:
36:
deal primarily with the United States and the United
Kingdom and do not represent a
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2002:
1964:
1302:), has assumed care (R v Stone and Dobinson), has created a dangerous situation (
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49:
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1959:
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941:
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465:
358:
2853:
2717:
2172:
1974:
1651:
Holland, Winnifred H. (1982–1983). "Automatism and
Criminal Responsibility".
1404:
1279:
the omission is expressly made sufficient by the law defining the offense, or
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Perhaps the earliest case of hypnotism as negating voluntary conduct is
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Attempting to choke, &c. in order to commit any indictable offence
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1905:
Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Theories of Criminal Law
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act. As a voluntary act, it fulfills the requirements to establish
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1141:("guilty mind"). In the United States it is sometimes called the
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707:
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611:
591:
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1167:
developed in
English Law are derived from a principle stated by
2380:
770:
596:
430:
363:
191:
1362:
conduct during hypnosis or resulting from hypnotic suggestion;
2533:
2508:
1824:, 338 P.2d 495 (Cal. Ct. App. 1959) qtd. in Bonnema, p. 1314
1275:
specifically outlines specifications for criminal omissions:
1128:
1124:
626:
571:
521:
2785:
2454:
2370:
1104:
1101:
1087:
993:
722:
480:
1271:
not having acted, the injury would not have occurred. The
1224:
and thus not criminal. Commentator Dennis Baker asserts:
1078:
1191:
to be committed there has to have been an act. Various
1259:
Omission involves a failure to engage in a necessary
1107:
1090:
1081:
1098:
1084:
2703:
Assaulting a constable in the execution of his duty
2290:
Assaulting a constable in the execution of his duty
1095:
1075:
1359:a bodily movement during unconsciousness or sleep;
2698:Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension
2285:Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension
1878:
2851:
1306:), or fails to perform one's official position (
1551:, Sweet & Maxwell: London, 2012, at p. 167.
1179:or blameworthiness both in thought and action.
1925:
1805:
1803:
1044:
34:The examples and perspective in this article
1869:
1774:
1650:
1549:Glanville Williams Textbook of Criminal Law
1397:
1932:
1918:
1800:
1051:
1037:
72:Learn how and when to remove this message
2252:Wounding or causing grievous bodily harm
1939:
1369:
2852:
2445:Preventing the lawful burial of a body
2257:Assault occasioning actual bodily harm
1173:actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea
2413:Incitement to ethnic or racial hatred
1913:
1845:, 617 A.2d 1339 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1992)
2320:Offences Against the Person Act 1861
1322:by legally defining possession as a
20:
1116:
13:
1812:, at 1053 qtd. in Bonnema, p. 1313
1753:, 215 S.E.2d 348, 360 (N.C. 1975)
14:
2886:
1898:
1729:, 678 N.E.2d 104, 106 (Ind. 1997)
1723:Medicolegal Aspects of Automatism
16:In criminal law, the "guilty act"
2713:Encouraging or assisting a crime
2673:Perverting the course of justice
2094:Encouraging or assisting a crime
1333:
1071:
687:Perverting the course of justice
87:
25:
2837:History of English criminal law
2728:Obstruction of a police officer
2391:Fear or provocation of violence
1848:
1836:
1827:
1815:
1791:
1768:
1756:
1744:
1732:
1715:
1703:
1690:
1678:
1666:
1644:
1635:
1623:
1135:jurisdictions, the other being
582:Intellectual property violation
2738:Refusing to assist a constable
2554:Taking without owner's consent
1881:Criminal Law: Model Penal Code
1611:
1599:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1554:
1541:
1532:
1523:
1421:Thus, a person suffering from
1:
2758:Fabrication of false evidence
2470:Misconduct in a public office
2396:Harassment, alarm or distress
1970:Regulatory (lowered mens rea)
1512:
1472:
1457:, 49 P 1049 (Cal. 1897). In
1338:For conduct to constitute an
1313:
2475:Misfeasance in public office
2075:Ignorantia juris non excusat
1293:In English law, there is no
1154:
917:Ignorantia juris non excusat
7:
2642:Cheating the public revenue
2434:Effecting a public mischief
2280:Assault with intent to rape
1488:
1463:California Court of Appeals
1440:
1248:
48:, discuss the issue on the
10:
2891:
2718:Escape from lawful custody
2604:Fraud by abuse of position
2270:Assault with intent to rob
2194:Category:Criminal defences
1879:Dubber, Markus D. (2002).
1863:
1843:Commonwealth v. Pestinikas
1641:Model Penal Code § 2.01(4)
1560:Model Penal Code § 2.01(3)
1538:Model Penal Code § 1.13(2)
1252:
607:Possessing stolen property
255:Offense against the person
2834:For obsolete aspects see
2823:
2771:
2655:
2627:
2569:Misappropriation of funds
2501:Offences against property
2499:
2361:
2333:
2203:
2183:Diminished responsibility
2122:
2084:
2056:
1988:
1947:
1529:Coke, chapter 1, folio 10
1391:New York Court of Appeals
901:Diminished responsibility
695:Crimes against the public
2656:Offences against justice
2429:Outraging public decency
2353:Sexual Offences Act 2003
2154:inc. participation in a
2064:Lesser included offences
2020:Intention in English law
2015:Intention (criminal law)
1517:
1398:Unconsciousness or sleep
1234:
830:Crimes against the state
750:(such as prohibition of
2875:Latin legal terminology
1582:R v. Stone and Dobinson
1467:Supreme Court of Canada
1356:a reflex or convulsion;
1255:Omission (criminal law)
514:Crimes against property
204:(also called violation)
2773:Other common law areas
2723:Obstruction of justice
2465:Accessory (legal term)
2227:Corporate manslaughter
1857:, 79 N.Y.2d 673 (1992)
1419:
1233:An act can consist of
1231:
1198:Robinson v. California
1182:
966:Other common-law areas
799:Crimes against animals
667:Miscarriage of justice
649:Crimes against justice
2688:Misprision of treason
2609:Conspiracy to defraud
2564:Handling stolen goods
2408:Public Order Act 1986
2363:Public order offences
1870:Coke, Edward (1797).
1414:
1344:Oliver Wendell Holmes
1226:
872:Defenses to liability
662:Malfeasance in office
2708:Harboring a fugitive
2678:Witness intimidation
2628:Forgery, personation
2247:Concealment of birth
1941:English criminal law
1883:. Foundation Press.
1872:Institutes, Part III
1455:California v. Ebanks
1370:Reflex or convulsion
718:Censorship violation
441:Cybersex trafficking
54:create a new article
46:improve this article
2870:Forensic psychology
2763:Rescuing a prisoner
2733:Wasting police time
2491:Dereliction of duty
2450:Breach of the peace
2168:Prevention of crime
2030:Criminal negligence
1855:People v. Steinberg
1822:California v. Marsh
1346:, in his 1881 book
1295:Good Samaritan rule
896:Defense of property
748:Illegal consumption
284:Criminal negligence
184:Severity of offense
2829:English law portal
2815:Criminal procedure
2480:Abuse of authority
2310:False imprisonment
2161:Medical procedures
1989:Elements of crimes
1431:metabolic disorder
1381:New York Penal Law
1214:U.S. Supreme Court
817:Wildlife smuggling
807:Cruelty to animals
436:Child sexual abuse
388:Negligent homicide
299:False imprisonment
196:Indictable offense
140:Scope of criminal
2865:Elements of crime
2847:
2846:
2753:Contempt of court
2683:Witness tampering
2401:intent aggravates
2386:Unlawful assembly
2242:Child destruction
2086:Inchoate offences
1948:Classes of crimes
1618:Regina v. Dugdale
1320:Regina v. Dugdale
1212: (1962), the
1149:objective element
1063:In criminal law,
1061:
1060:
461:Indecent exposure
329:Human trafficking
294:Domestic violence
222:Inchoate offenses
82:
81:
74:
56:, as appropriate.
2882:
2619:Webcam blackmail
2440:disorderly house
2376:Violent disorder
2237:Unlawful killing
2205:Offences against
2043:Strict liability
1934:
1927:
1920:
1911:
1910:
1894:
1875:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1833:Bonnema, p. 1315
1831:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1798:
1797:Bonnema, p. 1316
1795:
1789:
1788:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1751:State v. Caddell
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1727:McClain v. State
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1552:
1547:Dennis J Baker,
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1539:
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1530:
1527:
1377:People v. Decina
1273:Model Penal Code
1187:In order for an
1144:external element
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1100:
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1080:
1077:
1053:
1046:
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881:Actual innocence
738:Ethnic cleansing
632:Trespass to land
527:Arms trafficking
91:
84:
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57:
29:
28:
21:
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2539:Criminal damage
2495:
2424:Public nuisance
2357:
2335:Sexual offences
2329:
2305:Child abduction
2206:
2199:
2145:Loss of control
2118:
2080:
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1479:bodily movement
1475:
1443:
1400:
1372:
1336:
1316:
1261:bodily movement
1257:
1251:
1185:
1157:
1094:
1074:
1070:
1057:
998:
562:False pretenses
491:Sex trafficking
417:Sexual offenses
376:Preterintention
212:Summary offense
78:
67:
61:
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43:
30:
26:
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12:
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2693:Jury tampering
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2601:
2599:Fraud Act 2006
2596:
2594:Theft Act 1978
2591:
2589:Theft Act 1968
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2571:
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2546:
2541:
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2531:
2526:
2521:
2519:Cheating (law)
2516:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
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2630:and cheating
2614:Fare evasion
2223:Manslaughter
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2188:Intoxication
2130:Self-defence
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2025:Recklessness
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1300:R v Pittwood
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958:Self-defense
915:
838:Lèse-majesté
552:Embezzlement
476:Prostitution
466:Masturbation
349:Manslaughter
334:Intimidation
246:Solicitation
119:
113:
112:
97:Criminal law
68:
59:
35:
18:
2231:Infanticide
2069:Concurrence
1606:R v. Dytham
1594:R v. Miller
1220:was not an
1218:drug addict
1177:culpability
1169:Edward Coke
953:Provocation
677:Obstruction
657:Compounding
622:Tax evasion
446:Fornication
279:Child abuse
208:Misdemeanor
132:Concurrence
2854:Categories
2584:Cybercrime
2514:Dishonesty
2438:Keeping a
2315:Harassment
2300:Kidnapping
2207:the person
2099:Conspiracy
1997:Actus reus
1980:Common law
1960:Either way
1955:Indictable
1725:, qtd. in
1632:§ 15.00(2)
1513:References
1495:Common law
1483:actus reus
1448:actus reus
1435:actus reus
1410:actus reus
1386:inter alia
1340:actus reus
1328:actus reus
1314:Possession
1308:R v Dytham
1304:R v Miller
1288:actus reus
1267:approach.
1243:possession
1235:commission
1193:common law
1189:actus reus
1171:, namely,
1161:actus reus
1159:The terms
1133:common law
1066:actus reus
911:Entrapment
886:Automatism
863:Subversion
822:Bestiality
791:War crimes
786:Usurpation
713:Corruption
672:Misprision
547:Cybercrime
339:Kidnapping
319:Hate crime
309:Harassment
289:Defamation
241:Incitement
236:Conspiracy
202:Infraction
161:Complicity
156:Accomplice
114:Actus reus
62:April 2023
2748:Espionage
2579:Extortion
2574:Blackmail
2559:Deception
2544:Squatting
2140:Necessity
2104:Accessory
2057:Doctrines
2048:Omissions
2039:Vicarious
2035:Corporate
2003:Causation
1975:Statutory
1653:Crim. L.Q
1324:voluntary
1155:Etymology
1121:actus rei
974:Contracts
948:Necessity
853:Secession
848:Espionage
781:Terrorism
743:Smuggling
637:Vandalism
617:Smuggling
557:Extortion
532:Blackmail
506:Voyeurism
486:Pederasty
471:Obscenity
353:corporate
176:Vicarious
171:Principal
166:Corporate
151:Accessory
142:liability
127:Causation
50:talk page
2810:Evidence
2791:Property
2781:Contract
2743:Sedition
2647:Uttering
2549:Trespass
2524:Burglary
2422:Causing
2418:Nuisance
2215:Homicide
2178:Insanity
2123:Defences
2009:Mens rea
1765:, at 108
1741:, at 107
1712:, at 141
1700:, at 139
1687:, at 138
1675:, at 135
1501:Mens rea
1489:See also
1473:Omission
1441:Hypnosis
1249:Omission
1239:omission
1165:mens rea
1138:mens rea
989:Property
984:Evidence
979:Defenses
928:Insanity
858:Sedition
812:Poaching
776:Regicide
728:Genocide
703:Apostasy
641:Mischief
577:Gambling
542:Burglary
426:Adultery
403:Stabbing
398:Stalking
381:Homicide
344:Menacing
324:Homicide
121:Mens rea
104:Elements
44:You may
2805:estates
2668:Perjury
2663:Bribery
2637:Forgery
2529:Robbery
2487:of oath
2485:Perjury
2325:Treason
2295:Battery
2275:Robbery
2150:Consent
2109:Attempt
1965:Summary
1864:Sources
1763:McClain
1739:McClain
1721:Blair,
1659:: 106.
1269:But for
1265:but for
1147:or the
1017:Portals
1008:estates
940: (
938:Mistake
923:Infancy
891:Consent
843:Treason
760:smoking
756:alcohol
723:Dueling
708:Begging
682:Perjury
612:Robbery
592:Looting
587:Larceny
567:Forgery
537:Bribery
408:Torture
393:Robbery
351: (
304:Frameup
274:Battery
269:Assault
231:Attempt
2801:Trusts
2381:Affray
2219:Murder
2135:Duress
1887:
1810:Ebanks
1710:Decina
1698:Decina
1685:Decina
1673:Decina
1459:Ebanks
1004:trusts
942:of law
906:Duress
771:Piracy
758:, and
597:Payola
456:Incest
431:Bigamy
369:felony
364:Murder
359:Mayhem
192:Felony
2839:table
2796:Wills
2534:Theft
2509:Arson
1518:Notes
1427:fugue
1205:
1129:crime
1125:Latin
1000:Wills
994:Torts
752:drugs
627:Theft
572:Fraud
522:Arson
52:, or
2803:and
2786:Tort
2455:Rout
2371:Riot
2343:Rape
1885:ISBN
1429:, a
1425:, a
1310:.).
1207:U.S.
1163:and
1006:and
481:Rape
210:(or
194:(or
1786:do.
1402:In
1241:or
1222:act
1210:660
1203:370
1183:Act
1131:in
1123:),
1117:pl.
1025:Law
2856::
2229:/
2225:/
2221:/
2041:/
2037:/
1802:^
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1779:.
1657:25
1655:.
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