133:
314:
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37:
1478:, the defendant was the licensed operator of a tavern which was found to have supplied minors with alcohol. The offence became one of strict or absolute liability when applied vicariously because of the need to protect weak and vulnerable members of society, and the omission of words such as "knowingly", "willfully" or "intentionally" in some of the offences indicated a legislative intent to permit this eventuality. In
1313:(CRS) which was enforced by a fear of loss of community reputation and of retaliation by the injured community if the appropriate compensation was not paid. In some countries where the political system supported it, collective responsibility was gradually phased out in favour of individual responsibility. In Germany and Italy, collective systems were in operation as late as the sixteenth century.
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reversed and remanded the case. The majority held that the defendant needed actual knowledge about the nature of his weapon in order for him to be convicted. The dissenting opinion states that it was irrelevant that he did not know about the modification because statutes regulating dangerous weapons
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of implied legislative intent. The issue of constitutionality in the form of a substantive due process clause requires a balancing of public interests and personal liberty. Although a statute making employers vicariously liable for their employee’s actions may serve the public interest by providing
1511:
and so was not constitutional under
Minnesota law. Consequently, the defendant should only be given civil not criminal penalties. It is noted that this prohibition had been in force since 1905, which had given the legislature many years in which to reform the law. The majority rejected the argument
1308:
Before the emergence of states which could bear the high costs of maintaining national policing and impartial court systems, local communities operated self-help systems to keep the peace and to enforce contracts. Until the thirteenth century, one of the institutions that emerged was an involuntary
1436:
is both the physical action of the employee and the legal action of the employer. For example, the activity of "driving" is purely a physical activity performed by the person behind the wheel. But when a cashier takes money as payment for goods, this is only the physical activity of selling. For
1473:
This is generally applied to crimes that do not require criminal intent, e.g., those that affect the public welfare but which do not require the imposition of a prison term. The principle is that in such cases, the public interest is more important than private interest, and so the vicarious
1316:
While communities were relatively small and homogeneous, CRS could work well, but as populations increased and merchants began to trade across ever wider territories, the system failed to match the emerging societies' needs for more personal accountability and responsibility. In
England,
1495:
requirement of knowledge. Hence, as long as defendants know that they are dealing with a dangerous product or device that places them in a responsible relationship to the public, they should recognize that strict regulations are more likely and assume that the
1366:: Many consider it socially preferable to impose the cost of an action on a person connected to it, even if a degree removed, rather than on the person who suffered injury or loss. This principle is also sometimes known as the "deep pocket" justification.
1516:, the private interests affected (i.e. liberty, damaged reputation, etc.) outweigh the public interests, especially when there are alternative means to reach the same end of deterrence, say by civil fines or license suspension.
1344:
can incur liability for the acts and omissions of an employee if committed by the employee in the course of employment and if the employer has the right to control the way in which the employee carries out his or her duties
1372:: The employer usually (though not always) passes on the cost of compensating injury or loss to the customers and clients. As a result, the private cost of the product or service will better reflect its social cost.
1356:: If penalties are serious enough, it is assumed that rational employers will take steps to ensure that employees avoid injuring third parties. On the other hand, rational employers may choose to rely on
1482:, the defendant was initially convicted of being in possession of an unregistered machine gun. It was a rifle that had been modified for rapid fire, thereby putting it in violation of the
2003:
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The courts generally convict employers for the illegal conduct of their employees even though the employers had no knowledge and so were not at fault. But in
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would intend to place the burden on the defendant to ascertain at his peril whether his conduct comes within the inhibition of the statute.
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1465:, but the principle has been used to impose liability on a wide range of activities undertaken in a business or commercial environment.
2124:
1609:
Cultural
Beliefs and the Organization of Society: A Historical and Theoretical Reflection on Collectivist and Individualist Societies
176:
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1420:). Thus, the practice of holding one person liable for the actions of another is the exception and not the rule in criminal law.
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liability is imposed to deter or to create incentives for employers to impose stricter rules and supervise more closely. In
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goods to be sold, the owner of the goods must pass legal title to those goods. In default, the customer would commit the
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is that there is no vicarious liability. This reflects the general principle that crime is composed of both an
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where a waitress served alcohol to a minor, the court found that the conviction of her employer violated the
1349:). The imposition of vicarious liability in these circumstances has been justified on the following grounds:
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These justifications may work against one another. For example, insurance will increase the ability to do
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collective responsibility for the actions committed by one of the group. This was formalised into the
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another to do something that would otherwise have been unlawful. The verbs "possess", "control" and
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Contract
Enforceability and Economic Institutions in Early Trade: The Maghribi Traders' Coalition
1333:
that none of them "will be detained in
England nor will they be partitions for another's debts".
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to opt out of the CRS and to appoint a sheriff and justices in 1133, and between 1225 and 1232,
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if they are directly responsible for causing both elements to occur at the same time (see
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for the actions of another when engaged in some form of joint or collective activity.
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Enforcing
Cooperation Among Medieval Merchants: The Maghribi Traders Revisited
1618:. Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research Discussion Paper No. 03-29.
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Nevertheless, the idea of imposing liability on another despite a lack of
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may also have dual relevance depending on the context. Many of these are
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never really disappeared and courts have developed the principle that an
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This article is about the legal principle. For the civil law system, see
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Attempting to choke, &c. in order to commit any indictable offence
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Institutions and
Impersonal Exchange: The European Experience
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1611:. Journal of Political Economy, 102:5, pp. 912–50.
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Assaulting a constable in the execution of his duty
2014:
Assaulting a constable in the execution of his duty
157:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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may be too technical for most readers to understand
1604:, American Economic Review, 83:3, pp. 525–48.
2422:Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension
2009:Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension
20:. For liability attributed to a corporation, see
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1432:where the verb used to define the action in the
24:. For liability between joint principals, see
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1387:
1269:
1370:Internalizing the social costs of activities
65:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1642:
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297:Learn how and when to remove this message
279:Learn how and when to remove this message
217:Learn how and when to remove this message
115:Learn how and when to remove this message
99:, without removing the technical details.
1976:Wounding or causing grievous bodily harm
1663:
1469:Vicarious liability in the United States
2576:
2169:Preventing the lawful burial of a body
1981:Assault occasioning actual bodily harm
2137:Incitement to ethnic or racial hatred
1637:
1428:The primary exception arises through
1380:, but will reduce incentives for the
97:make it understandable to non-experts
2044:Offences Against the Person Act 1861
228:
155:adding citations to reliable sources
126:
71:
30:
1360:for risky operations and processes.
166:"Vicarious liability" criminal
13:
1424:Vicarious liability in English law
14:
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46:This article has multiple issues.
2437:Encouraging or assisting a crime
2397:Perverting the course of justice
1818:Encouraging or assisting a crime
912:Perverting the course of justice
312:
233:
131:
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35:
2561:History of English criminal law
2452:Obstruction of a police officer
2115:Fear or provocation of violence
1311:community responsibility system
807:Intellectual property violation
142:needs additional citations for
54:or discuss these issues on the
2462:Refusing to assist a constable
2278:Taking without owner's consent
1580:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1:
2482:Fabrication of false evidence
2194:Misconduct in a public office
2120:Harassment, alarm or distress
1694:Regulatory (lowered mens rea)
1593:
1586:395 NW2d 344 (Minn. 1986) 337
2199:Misfeasance in public office
1799:Ignorantia juris non excusat
1546:
1406:tag for "guilty act") and a
1142:Ignorantia juris non excusat
7:
2366:Cheating the public revenue
2158:Effecting a public mischief
2004:Assault with intent to rape
1519:
1296:applies to hold one person
259:the claims made and adding
10:
2610:
2442:Escape from lawful custody
2328:Fraud by abuse of position
1994:Assault with intent to rob
1918:Category:Criminal defences
1388:Modern vicarious liability
1303:
832:Possessing stolen property
480:Offense against the person
15:
2558:For obsolete aspects see
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2379:
2351:
2293:Misappropriation of funds
2225:Offences against property
2223:
2085:
2057:
1927:
1907:Diminished responsibility
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1808:
1780:
1712:
1671:
1329:assured the merchants of
1126:Diminished responsibility
920:Crimes against the public
2380:Offences against justice
2153:Outraging public decency
2077:Sexual Offences Act 2003
1878:inc. participation in a
1788:Lesser included offences
1744:Intention in English law
1739:Intention (criminal law)
1623:Harbord, David. (2006).
1476:Commonwealth v. Koczwara
1449:a licence to another or
1430:statutory interpretation
1055:Crimes against the state
975:(such as prohibition of
1480:Staples v United States
1358:independent contractors
739:Crimes against property
429:(also called violation)
2497:Other common law areas
2447:Obstruction of justice
2189:Accessory (legal term)
1951:Corporate manslaughter
1614:Greif, Avner. (2003).
1607:Greif, Avner. (1994).
1600:Greif, Avner. (1993).
1541:Universal jurisdiction
1531:Command responsibility
1498:United States Congress
1191:Other common-law areas
1024:Crimes against animals
892:Miscarriage of justice
874:Crimes against justice
2412:Misprision of treason
2333:Conspiracy to defraud
2288:Handling stolen goods
2132:Public Order Act 1986
2087:Public order offences
1484:National Firearms Act
1097:Defenses to liability
887:Malfeasance in office
2432:Harboring a fugitive
2402:Witness intimidation
2352:Forgery, personation
1971:Concealment of birth
1665:English criminal law
1392:The general rule in
943:Censorship violation
666:Cybersex trafficking
151:improve this article
2487:Rescuing a prisoner
2457:Wasting police time
2215:Dereliction of duty
2174:Breach of the peace
1892:Prevention of crime
1754:Criminal negligence
1568:155 A.2d 825 (1959)
1463:regulatory offences
1382:exercise of control
1354:Exercise of control
1347:respondeat superior
1294:vicarious liability
1121:Defense of property
973:Illegal consumption
509:Criminal negligence
409:Severity of offense
22:corporate liability
18:vicarious liability
2553:English law portal
2539:Criminal procedure
2204:Abuse of authority
2034:False imprisonment
1885:Medical procedures
1713:Elements of crimes
1509:Due Process Clause
1042:Wildlife smuggling
1032:Cruelty to animals
661:Child sexual abuse
613:Negligent homicide
524:False imprisonment
421:Indictable offense
365:Scope of criminal
244:possibly contains
2589:Elements of crime
2571:
2570:
2477:Contempt of court
2407:Witness tampering
2125:intent aggravates
2110:Unlawful assembly
1966:Child destruction
1810:Inchoate offences
1672:Classes of crimes
1577:511 US 600 (1994)
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686:Indecent exposure
554:Human trafficking
519:Domestic violence
447:Inchoate offenses
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2343:Webcam blackmail
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2100:Violent disorder
1961:Unlawful killing
1929:Offences against
1767:Strict liability
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963:Ethnic cleansing
857:Trespass to land
752:Arms trafficking
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726:Sexual slavery
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721:Sexual assault
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26:common purpose
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2015:
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1897:Lawful excuse
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1488:Supreme Court
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1158:Justification
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991:Miscegenation
989:
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830:
828:
827:Pickpocketing
825:
823:
820:
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815:
813:
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709:
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689:
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679:
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676:Homosexuality
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672:
669:
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539:Home invasion
537:
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489:Assassination
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242:This article
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168: –
167:
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162:Find sources:
156:
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140:This article
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85:This article
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68:
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59:
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53:
52:
47:
42:
33:
32:
27:
23:
19:
2584:Criminal law
2559:
2551:
2354:and cheating
2338:Fare evasion
1947:Manslaughter
1916:
1912:Intoxication
1854:Self-defence
1797:
1762:
1749:Recklessness
1731:
1719:
1624:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1582:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1536:Criminal law
1504:
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1407:
1397:
1394:criminal law
1391:
1381:
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1369:
1363:
1353:
1335:
1315:
1310:
1307:
1293:
1287:
1183:Self-defense
1140:
1063:Lèse-majesté
777:Embezzlement
701:Prostitution
691:Masturbation
574:Manslaughter
559:Intimidation
471:Solicitation
400:
344:
337:
322:Criminal law
293:
275:
269:January 2015
266:
243:
213:
207:January 2015
204:
194:
187:
180:
173:
161:
149:Please help
144:verification
141:
111:
105:January 2015
102:
86:
62:
55:
49:
48:Please help
45:
1955:Infanticide
1793:Concurrence
1526:Amnesty law
1418:concurrence
1338:culpability
1178:Provocation
902:Obstruction
882:Compounding
847:Tax evasion
671:Fornication
504:Child abuse
433:Misdemeanor
357:Concurrence
2578:Categories
2308:Cybercrime
2238:Dishonesty
2162:Keeping a
2039:Harassment
2024:Kidnapping
1931:the person
1823:Conspiracy
1721:Actus reus
1704:Common law
1684:Either way
1679:Indictable
1594:References
1514:deterrence
1439:actus reus
1434:actus reus
1399:actus reus
1136:Entrapment
1111:Automatism
1088:Subversion
1047:Bestiality
1016:War crimes
1011:Usurpation
938:Corruption
897:Misprision
772:Cybercrime
564:Kidnapping
544:Hate crime
534:Harassment
514:Defamation
466:Incitement
461:Conspiracy
427:Infraction
386:Complicity
381:Accomplice
339:Actus reus
253:improve it
177:newspapers
51:improve it
2472:Espionage
2303:Extortion
2298:Blackmail
2283:Deception
2268:Squatting
1864:Necessity
1828:Accessory
1781:Doctrines
1772:Omissions
1763:Vicarious
1759:Corporate
1727:Causation
1699:Statutory
1547:Footnotes
1414:convicted
1327:Henry III
1199:Contracts
1173:Necessity
1078:Secession
1073:Espionage
1006:Terrorism
968:Smuggling
862:Vandalism
842:Smuggling
782:Extortion
757:Blackmail
731:Voyeurism
711:Pederasty
696:Obscenity
578:corporate
401:Vicarious
396:Principal
391:Corporate
376:Accessory
367:liability
352:Causation
257:verifying
57:talk page
2534:Evidence
2515:Property
2505:Contract
2467:Sedition
2371:Uttering
2273:Trespass
2248:Burglary
2146:Causing
2142:Nuisance
1939:Homicide
1902:Insanity
1847:Defences
1733:Mens rea
1520:See also
1493:mens rea
1409:mens rea
1342:employer
1321:allowed
1214:Property
1209:Evidence
1204:Defenses
1153:Insanity
1083:Sedition
1037:Poaching
1001:Regicide
953:Genocide
928:Apostasy
866:Mischief
802:Gambling
767:Burglary
651:Adultery
628:Stabbing
623:Stalking
606:Homicide
569:Menacing
549:Homicide
346:Mens rea
329:Elements
2529:estates
2392:Perjury
2387:Bribery
2361:Forgery
2253:Robbery
2211:of oath
2209:Perjury
2049:Treason
2019:Battery
1999:Robbery
1874:Consent
1833:Attempt
1689:Summary
1319:Henry I
1304:History
1242:Portals
1233:estates
1165: (
1163:Mistake
1148:Infancy
1116:Consent
1068:Treason
985:smoking
981:alcohol
948:Dueling
933:Begging
907:Perjury
837:Robbery
817:Looting
812:Larceny
792:Forgery
762:Bribery
633:Torture
618:Robbery
576: (
529:Frameup
499:Battery
494:Assault
456:Attempt
251:Please
191:scholar
91:Please
2525:Trusts
2105:Affray
1943:Murder
1859:Duress
1486:. The
1451:permit
1323:London
1298:liable
1229:trusts
1167:of law
1131:Duress
996:Piracy
983:, and
822:Payola
681:Incest
656:Bigamy
594:felony
589:Murder
584:Mayhem
417:Felony
193:
186:
179:
172:
164:
2563:table
2520:Wills
2258:Theft
2233:Arson
1559:Greif
1447:grant
1443:theft
1404:Latin
1402:(the
1331:Ypres
1290:legal
1225:Wills
1219:Torts
977:drugs
852:Theft
797:Fraud
747:Arson
198:JSTOR
184:books
2527:and
2510:Tort
2179:Rout
2095:Riot
2067:Rape
1288:The
1231:and
706:Rape
435:(or
419:(or
170:news
1461:or
1455:use
1441:of
1250:Law
255:by
153:by
95:to
2580::
1953:/
1949:/
1945:/
1765:/
1761:/
1384:.
1227:,
979:,
864:,
60:.
1957:)
1941:(
1657:e
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1345:(
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205:(
195:·
188:·
181:·
174:·
147:.
118:)
112:(
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103:(
89:.
67:)
63:(
28:.
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