137:
149:
126:
569:
204:, universities and other research institutions. There are also independent research collections, such as the Zoological State Collection Munich with over 20 million stuffed animals for research purposes. Public authorities such as national geological agencies or police units hold partly research collections too.
278:
in the deposit collection, 16,000 rocks in the petrological collection, 114,000 macro - and almost a million micro-fossils in the fossil collection, 70,000 macro - and microfossils 12,000 and 15,000 lithostratigraphically or facies relevant rock samples and about 14,000 specimens and sections in the
414:
is the world's largest archive of animal sounds. It includes more than 175,000 audio recordings covering 75 percent of the world's bird species. There are an ever increasing numbers of insect, fish, frog, and mammal recordings. The video archive includes over 50,000 clips, representing over 3,500
1042:
Cook, Joseph A.; Edwards, Scott V.; Lacey, Eileen A.; Guralnick, Robert P.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Welch, Corey K.; Bell, Kayce C.; Galbreath, Kurt E.; Himes, Christopher; Allen, Julie M. (2014-08-01).
539:
781:
art tree. Because of the specific growth of each tree species and regional differences of climate, such a table must always refer to a single species from the same region. Important tree chronologies are:
704:
668:
684:
826:
144:. Museum collections are tremendous repositories of specimens and data of many sorts, including phenotypes, tissue samples, vocal recordings, geographic distributions, parasites, and diet.
795:
786:
816:
365:
of organisms, preserved samples of extant animals and plants (protected from decay by drying or preparation), but also live plants, animals, bacteria and active viruses.
581:
487:
173:
with information such as e.g. scientific description, including picture, name, location, find circumstances, fund age, scientific analysis, phylogenetic relationships,
1259:
810:
716:
283:
collection, 30,000 pieces of evidence and 30,000 preparations and cuts in Fuel
Geological Collection and 34,000 objects in the central body of evidence Lithothek.
419:
804:
310:
333:
1028:
934:
491:
913:
267:
136:
547:
742:
852:. the collection contains over 1.6 million objects, including 450,000 coins, medals and decorations and 1.1 million pieces of paper money.
430:
396:
and aquariums. The great Old
Botanical Garden of the University of Göttingen e.g. represents about a collection of 17,000 species.
407:
with over 22 million natural objects (Herbaria 1 Million). Senckenberg offers to open up his collection to the SESAM database.
1223:
1198:
1173:
1148:
1123:
1098:
915:
724:
532:
1263:
914:
National
Science and Technology Council, Committee on Science, Interagency Working Group on Scientific Collections (2009).
577:
849:
555:
442:
664:
562:
773:
is located on the border between biology and history. An annual ring table or tree-ring calendar is a time series of
754:
509:
468:
141:
735:
676:
644:
855:
708:
696:
1248:
IODP/ODP - Kernlager / Bremen Core
Repository (BCR), Universität Bremen · Universitätssammlungen in Deutschland
869:
Pamela Ebert
Flattau (Project Leader), Margaret Boeckmann, Paul Lagassla, Nyema Mitchell, Darius Singpurwalla:
837:
672:
660:
472:
208:
820:
720:
498:
106:
Prominent uses of scientific collections include the systematic description and identification of biological
24:
688:
640:
570:
Botanischer Garten und
Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Zentraleinrichtung der Freien Universität Berlin
449:
181:
results, analysis of pollutants, references, condition of the property, owner changes and name changes.
1340:
622:
392:, as well as e.g. algae from the Culture Collection of Algae Göttingen. Live animals are collected in
636:
632:
464:
302:
438:
1345:
607:
480:
184:
Many organizations support the indexing and handling of their collections by specialist libraries.
1320:
243:
845:
476:
400:
67:
Scientific collections hold a tangible portion of the cumulative evidence base in such fields as
627:
Remarkable and big
Biological collections (more than 1,000,000 specimens) in the Americas are:
600:
298:
with 190,000 individual pieces, which are stored in a 1.100m ² large cold storage at 4 °C.
295:
197:
521:
712:
1008:
1355:
287:
76:
16:
Systematic scientific collection of objects for the study of nature or of the human history
8:
1350:
1295:
1006:
680:
502:
425:
Remarkable and big
Biological collections (more than 1,000,000 specimens) in Europe are
984:
949:
928:
700:
573:
513:
72:
1174:"Geowissenschaftliche Sammlungen Paläontologische Sammlung - TU Bergakademie Freiberg"
868:
1247:
1199:"Geowissenschaftliche Sammlungen Stratigrafische Sammlung - TU Bergakademie Freiberg"
1066:
1022:
989:
971:
871:
Preliminary
Findings from the NSF Survey of Object-Based Scientific Collections: 2008
728:
404:
275:
140:
Ornithological collection at the Museum of
Comparative Zoology of Natural history of
1325:
1099:"Geowissenschaftliche Sammlungen Mineralogische Sammlung - TU Bergakademie Freiberg"
1149:"Geowissenschaftliche Sammlungen Petrologische Sammlung - TU Bergakademie Freiberg"
1056:
979:
961:
917:
Scientific Collections: Mission-Critical Infrastructure of Federal Science Agencies
884:
778:
770:
760:
648:
411:
373:
201:
178:
1227:
1202:
1177:
1152:
1127:
1124:"Geowissenschaftliche Sammlungen Lagerstätten-Sammlung - TU Bergakademie Freiberg"
1102:
966:
48:
165:
The indexing of the collections was historically made by directories, catalogs,
110:, the study and prediction of long-term historical trends (including impacts of
841:
789:(Hohenheim tree-ring calendar), complete 12,483 years back to 10,480 BC in the
453:
111:
1283:
1334:
1070:
975:
819:
extends back 8500 years exists for the bristlecone pine in the Southwest US (
790:
460:
399:
Particularly well known in Germany are the major research collections of the
232:
216:
1061:
1045:"Natural History Collections as Emerging Resources for Innovative Education"
1044:
270:
has particularly rich geological research collections. This includes 80,000
114:), the dating and analysis of historical objects (e.g. via wood samples and
993:
692:
652:
280:
119:
61:
60:. The latter may contain either living stocks or preserved repositories of
1086:
746:
528:
219:
specimens comprising some 70 million items within five main collections:
84:
889:
799:
306:
291:
228:
224:
166:
96:
88:
55:
1224:"Geowissenschaftliche Sammlungen Lithothek - TU Bergakademie Freiberg"
215:- with one of the biggest collections worldwide - is home to life and
774:
589:
381:
356:
341:
322:
130:
1087:
Die Sammlungen | Deutsche Naturwissenschaftliche Forschungssammlung
543:
389:
385:
369:
326:
313:(Mines ParisTech) containing some 100,000 samples including 80,000
170:
153:
115:
656:
596:
588:
contains 1,400,000 specimens; Staatliches Museum fĂĽr Naturkunde,
585:
314:
271:
236:
107:
92:
80:
68:
39:
858:
is a scientific collection of traditional Norwegian dance music.
332:
The most important geological collections in Europe include the
1321:
http://wissenschaftliche-sammlungen.de/de/netzwerk/initiativen/
1007:
The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.
362:
345:
337:
286:
The IODP/ODP - Kernlager / Bremen Core Repository (BCR) at the
251:
247:
220:
212:
193:
100:
43:
31:
1284:
Georg-August-Universität Göttingen - Alter Botanischer Garten
1009:"Biological Collections – Division on Earth and Life Studies"
434:
349:
125:
35:
535:(Nationaal Herbarium Nederland) contains 4,000,000 specimens
695:
contains 1,430,000 specimens; Wisconsin State Herbarium of
614:
551:
517:
512:(Naturhistoriska riksmuseet) contains 4,400,000 specimens;
418:
An example for a special collection are the objects of the
377:
148:
30:
Scientific collections dealing specifically with organisms
923:. Washington, DC: Office of Science and Technology Policy.
1041:
759:
Remarkable and big Biological collections worldwide see:
422:(German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures).
393:
318:
174:
738:, Vascular Plant Herbarium contains 1,335,000 specimens,
488:
Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève
765:
257:
420:
Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen
274:
in the Mineralogical Collection, 120,000 samples from
250:, with over 30 million objects, including 9 million
950:"The next generation of natural history collections"
844:
of the United States. The collection is part of the
254:
and 275,000 jars with preserved in alcohol animals.
27:, and managed for the purpose of scientific study.
948:Schindel, David E.; Cook, Joseph A. (2018-07-16).
357:Biological collections / Life Sciences collections
156:at the Western Regional Plant Introduction Station
1326:http://www.plastercastcollection.org/en/index.php
334:Museum of the Earth of Polish Academy of Sciences
1332:
1082:
1080:
516:contains 3,000,000 specimens, Botanical Museum,
403:of Senckenberg Society for Nature Research in
1077:
311:École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris
242:Largest German Natural History Museum is the
122:), and the maintenance of teaching resources.
23:is a collection of items that are preserved,
1027:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
947:
933:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
268:Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg
492:Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich
548:UniversitĂ degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza
1060:
983:
965:
705:Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Herbarium
669:California Academy of Sciences Herbarium
639:Herbarium contains 6,231,000 specimens;
635:Herbarium contains 7,200,000 specimens;
540:Museo di Storia Naturale dell'UniversitĂ
147:
135:
124:
743:Universidad Nacional AutĂłnoma de MĂ©xico
361:Typical collection objects biology are
262:Remarkable Earth Sciences collections:
169:, today supplemented by or replaced by
1333:
46:and their remains, may also be called
725:Botanical Research Institute of Texas
685:Academy of Natural Sciences Herbarium
533:National Herbarium of the Netherlands
368:Plant collections are referred to as
192:Research collections hold especially
87:. They may be stored and managed by
1296:"The National Numismatic Collection"
909:
907:
905:
766:History / Human Heritage collections
431:Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
258:Geology / Earth Sciences collections
99:), private organizations (including
850:National Museum of American History
827:Sequoiadendron giganteum Chronology
372:. Live plants are collected in the
290:has a collection of 140 km of
13:
665:University of California, Berkeley
563:National Botanic Garden of Belgium
14:
1367:
902:
755:List of herbaria in North America
578:Botanische Staatssammlung MĂĽnchen
510:Swedish Museum of Natural History
469:British Museum of Natural History
340:With more than 170,000 minerals,
142:Harvard Museum of Natural History
91:, educational institutions (e.g.
832:Remerkable History collections:
736:Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
677:University of Michigan Herbarium
645:United States National Herbarium
556:UniversitĂ degli Studi di Torino
443:Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
1288:
1277:
1252:
1241:
1216:
1191:
856:The Norwegian folk music series
796:Aegean Dendrochronology Project
709:Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden
697:University of Wisconsin-Madison
675:contains 1,850,000 specimens;
471:contains 80,000,000 specimens;
187:
1166:
1141:
1116:
1091:
1035:
1000:
941:
838:National Numismatic Collection
723:contains 1,006,000 specimens;
715:contains 1,084,000 specimens;
703:contains 1,100,000 specimens;
683:contains 1,700,000 specimens;
673:California Academy of Sciences
667:contains 2,200,000 specimens;
661:University and Jepson Herbaria
659:contains 2,650,000 specimens;
651:contains 4,340,000 specimens;
643:contains 5,005,000 specimens;
580:contains 2,500,000 specimens;
576:contains 3,000,000 specimens;
572:contains 3,000,000 specimens,
554:contains 1,120,000 specimens;
546:contains 3,650,000 specimens;
520:contains 2,500,000 specimens,
501:contains 5,000,000 specimens;
490:contains 6,000,000 specimens;
479:contains 1,000,000 specimens;
475:contains 2,000,000 specimens;
473:Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
467:contains 7,000,000 specimens;
441:contains 4,000,000 specimens;
437:contains 9,500,000 specimens;
329:, and 300 artificial minerals.
1:
895:
862:
821:White Mountains of California
749:contains 1,120,000 specimens.
721:University of Texas at Austin
617:contains 1,800,000 specimens,
613:in Norway: Botanical Museum,
610:contains 2,510,000 specimens,
603:contains 3,000,000 specimens,
565:contains 3,500,000 specimens,
558:contains 1,000,000 specimens,
524:contains 1,600,000 specimens,
505:contains 1,400,000 specimens,
499:Naturhistorisches Museum Wien
494:contains 1,500,000 specimens,
483:contains 1,000,000 specimens;
456:contains 7,160,000 specimens,
129:Preparation of a plant for a
967:10.1371/journal.pbio.2006125
787:Hohenheimer Jahrringkalender
731:contains 1,000,000 specimens
592:contains 1,000,000 specimens
445:contains 4,000,000 specimens
7:
878:
817:Bristlecone Pine Chronology
689:Academy of Natural Sciences
641:Harvard University Herbaria
450:Komarov Botanical Institute
160:
10:
1372:
623:List of herbaria in Europe
1298:. Smithsonian Institution
637:Missouri Botanical Garden
633:New York Botanical Garden
582:Biozentrum Klein-Flottbek
465:Royal Botanic Gardens Kew
64:specimens and materials.
1314:
608:University of Copenhagen
481:University of Manchester
846:Smithsonian Institution
477:University of Cambridge
401:Naturmuseum Senckenberg
198:natural history museums
811:English standard curve
717:Plant Resources Center
601:University of Helsinki
439:Université Montpellier
317:, 15,000 rocks, 4,000
296:Ocean Drilling Program
209:Natural History Museum
157:
145:
133:
1062:10.1093/biosci/biu096
840:is the national coin
244:Museum fĂĽr Naturkunde
151:
139:
128:
21:scientific collection
303:Musée de Minéralogie
288:University of Bremen
77:evolutionary biology
779:dendrochronological
522:Göteborg University
103:), or individuals.
805:Belfast Chronology
631:in United States:
574:University of Jena
514:Uppsala University
158:
146:
134:
1341:Scientific method
405:Frankfurt am Main
374:Botanical gardens
202:botanical gardens
1363:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1292:
1286:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1262:. Archived from
1256:
1250:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1226:. Archived from
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1201:. Archived from
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1176:. Archived from
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1151:. Archived from
1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1126:. Archived from
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1101:. Archived from
1095:
1089:
1084:
1075:
1074:
1064:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1004:
998:
997:
987:
969:
945:
939:
938:
932:
924:
922:
911:
885:Chemical library
771:Dendrochronology
761:List of herbaria
503:Universität Wien
486:in Switzerland:
412:Macaulay Library
388:, and partly in
309:operated by the
179:isotope analysis
1371:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1346:Science museums
1331:
1330:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1301:
1299:
1294:
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1289:
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1269:
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1085:
1078:
1040:
1036:
1020:
1019:
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1011:
1005:
1001:
960:(7): e2006125.
946:
942:
926:
925:
920:
912:
903:
898:
881:
865:
768:
359:
266:In Germany the
260:
190:
163:
49:natural history
17:
12:
11:
5:
1369:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
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1323:
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1309:
1287:
1276:
1251:
1240:
1215:
1190:
1165:
1140:
1115:
1090:
1076:
1055:(8): 725–734.
1034:
999:
940:
900:
899:
897:
894:
893:
892:
887:
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877:
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875:
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829:
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739:
732:
619:
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611:
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454:St. Petersburg
446:
358:
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112:climate change
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9:
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2:
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1327:
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1297:
1291:
1285:
1280:
1266:on 2012-09-01
1265:
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1255:
1249:
1244:
1230:on 2013-12-24
1229:
1225:
1219:
1205:on 2013-12-24
1204:
1200:
1194:
1180:on 2013-12-24
1179:
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1155:on 2013-12-24
1154:
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1130:on 2013-12-24
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1125:
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1105:on 2013-12-24
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792:
791:Younger Dryas
788:
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784:
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461:Great Britain
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281:Stratigraphic
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233:palaeontology
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33:
28:
26:
22:
1300:. Retrieved
1290:
1279:
1268:. Retrieved
1264:the original
1254:
1243:
1232:. Retrieved
1228:the original
1218:
1207:. Retrieved
1203:the original
1193:
1182:. Retrieved
1178:the original
1168:
1157:. Retrieved
1153:the original
1143:
1132:. Retrieved
1128:the original
1118:
1107:. Retrieved
1103:the original
1093:
1052:
1048:
1037:
1012:. Retrieved
1002:
957:
954:PLOS Biology
953:
943:
916:
870:
831:
798:to 1800 BC,
769:
758:
752:
693:Philadelphia
653:Field Museum
626:
620:
606:in Denmark:
568:in Germany:
561:in Belgium:
497:in Austria:
424:
417:
409:
398:
367:
360:
305:a museum of
261:
241:
206:
191:
188:Institutions
183:
164:
120:annual rings
105:
97:universities
71:(especially
66:
62:biodiversity
54:
47:
29:
20:
18:
1356:Collections
1302:October 12,
813:to 5,012 BC
747:Mexico City
741:in Mexico:
734:in Canada:
529:Netherlands
508:in Sweden:
448:in Russia:
429:in France:
352:collection.
167:index cards
89:governments
85:archaeology
58:collections
51:collections
1351:Collecting
1335:Categories
1270:2014-01-02
1234:2014-01-04
1209:2014-01-04
1184:2014-01-04
1159:2014-01-04
1134:2014-01-04
1109:2014-01-04
1049:BioScience
1014:2019-11-12
896:References
890:Collecting
863:Literature
800:Bronze Age
753:See more:
729:Fort Worth
649:Washington
621:See more:
538:in Italy:
382:arboretums
342:meteorites
323:meteorites
307:mineralogy
292:drill core
229:mineralogy
225:entomology
196:, notably
152:View in a
56:biological
25:catalogued
1071:0006-3568
976:1545-7885
929:cite book
775:tree ring
713:Claremont
681:Ann Arbor
590:Stuttgart
415:species.
390:seedbanks
386:aquariums
294:from the
171:databases
131:Herbarium
116:ice cores
1023:cite web
994:30011273
879:See also
544:Florence
370:herbaria
315:minerals
276:deposits
272:minerals
161:Indexing
154:Seedbank
93:colleges
73:taxonomy
1260:"EPSAG"
985:6062129
842:cabinet
807:5474 BC
701:Madison
657:Chicago
597:Finland
586:Hamburg
363:fossils
348:and an
252:beetles
237:zoology
194:museums
108:species
101:museums
81:geology
69:biology
44:insects
40:animals
1069:
992:
982:
974:
346:fossil
338:Warsaw
325:, 700
321:, 400
248:Berlin
221:botany
213:London
83:, and
32:plants
1315:Links
921:(PDF)
874:(pdf)
777:s of
435:Paris
380:) in
378:trees
350:amber
118:with
36:fungi
1304:2011
1067:ISSN
1029:link
990:PMID
972:ISSN
935:link
836:The
615:Oslo
552:Rome
518:Lund
410:The
394:zoos
327:gems
319:ores
301:The
235:and
207:The
177:and
95:and
75:and
1057:doi
980:PMC
962:doi
848:'s
719:of
707:of
687:of
671:of
663:of
595:in
527:in
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376:, (
336:in
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175:DNA
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