258:
655:
639:
438:
671:
228:
577:
627:
592:
608:
128:
390:
279:
33:
318:
and assisted France and
Germany from 1914 to 1919. In 1920 and 1921, it provided one meal a day to 3.2 million children in Finland, Estonia, various Russian regions, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, and Armenia. When it began its emergency feeding operation in Russia, it planned to feed about one million Russian children for a full year. Other bodies such as the
914:
570:
more than a million, and another assessment, based on the ARA's medical division, spoke of two million. On the other side of the scale, some sources spoke of ten million dead. According to
Bertrand M. Patenaude, "such a number hardly seems extravagant after the many tens of millions of victims of war, famine, and terror in the twentieth century."
170:, and the seceding nationalities) had provisioned themselves by seizing food from those who grew it, giving it to their armies and supporters, and denying it to their enemies. The Bolshevik government had requisitioned supplies from the peasantry for little or nothing in exchange, which led peasants to drastically reduce their crop production.
345:(ARA) in Russia. Within a month, ships loaded with food were headed for Russia. The main contributor to the international relief effort would be the ARA, which was founded and directed by Hoover. It had agreed to provide food for a million people, mostly children, but within a year it was feeding more than 10 times that number daily.
386:
enough clothing, which made them unable to reach the
American relief kitchens. Haskell cabled Hoover that at least one million children were in extreme need of clothes. Hoover quickly initiated a plan for collecting and sending clothing packages to Russia, which would come from donations by individuals, businesses and banks.
746:) premiered which depicts the mass famine in the Volga region, Ukraine, the Urals, Bashkiria, Samara and Chelyabinsk regions, Kazakhstan and Western Siberia affecting over 35 oblasts of Soviet Russia in the early 1920s and a total population of approximately 90 million people. The film was directed by
569:
As with other large-scale famines, the range of estimates is considerable. An official Soviet publication of the early 1920s concluded that about five million deaths occurred in 1921 from famine and related disease, the number that is usually quoted in textbooks. More conservative figures counted not
410:
To help the widespread medical emergency, the ARA distributed medical supplies, which included over 2,000 necessities, from medicines to surgical instruments. There were 125,000 medical packages, weighing 15 million pounds, sent on 69 ships. According to Dr. Shapiro, when the ARA left Russia in 1923,
397:
Medical needs were also paramount. As noted by Dr. Henry
Beeuwkes, the chief of the Medical Division in Russia, American relief was supplying over 16,000 hospitals, which were treating more than a million persons daily. Because those institutions were scattered over areas with few railroads and often
385:
The children at risk included those in orphanages and other institutions, as they usually had only one garment, often made of flour sacks, and they lacked shoes, stockings, underclothing, or any other clothing to keep warm. Also at risk were children living at home with their parents, who also lacked
377:
Over 10 million people were fed daily, with the bulk of food coming from the ARA, which had provided more than 768 million tons of flour, grain, rice, beans, pork, milk, and sugar, with a value of over $ 98 million. To transport and distribute the food after it was collected in the U.S., the ARA used
317:
Hoover's ARA had already been distributing food aid throughout Europe since 1914. After the
Germans invaded Belgium in 1914, Hoover set up the Belgian Relief Committee to alleviate the devastation and starvation that followed. As World War I expanded, the ARA grew, and it next entered northern France
269:
This was no exception – Figes estimates "that a considerable proportion of the meat in Soviet factories in the Volga area ... was human flesh." Various gangs specialized in "capturing children, murdering them and selling the human flesh as horse meat or beef", with the buyers happy to have found
422:
The government of the
Russian nation will never forget the generous help that was afforded them in the terrible calamity and dangers visited upon them.... I wish to express, on behalf of the Soviet government, my satisfaction and thanks to the American Relief Administration, through your person, for
381:
Even after the food had reached the people in need, Colonel
Haskell informed Hoover of an unexpected new danger. He explained that fuel was unavailable for heating or cooking and millions of Russian peasants had clothing consisting mostly of rags, which would lead to certain death from cold exposure
366:
For almost two years now a scant two hundred
Americans, on a battle line far longer than the western front, have been fighting a foe more pitiless than any the allied armies faced. From the Baltic to the Caspian Sea, from the Crimea to the Urals, they have conquered the famine, saved more lives than
445:
Throughout 1922 and 1923, as famine was still widespread and the ARA was still providing relief supplies, grain was exported by the Soviet government to raise funds for the revival of industry, which seriously endangered
Western support for relief. The new Soviet government insisted that if the AYA
689:
The famine came at the end of six-and-a-half years of unrest and violence (World War I, the two
Russian Revolutions of 1917, and the Russian Civil War). Many political and military factions were involved in the events, and most of them have been accused by their enemies of having contributed to or
406:
According to Dr. Beeuwkes, everything was in short supply, including beds, blankets, sheets, and most medical tools and medicines. Operations were performed in unheated operating rooms without anesthetics and often with bare hands. Wounds were dressed with newspapers or rags. Water supplies were
356:
Hoover also demanded for Russia to use some of its gold holdings to defray the cost of the relief effort. He secured $ 18 million from the Russian leadership, $ 20 million from the U.S. Congress, $ 8 million from the U.S. military, and additional money from U.S. charities to arrive at a total of
254:, "it was dangerous for children to go out after dark since there were known to be bands of cannibals and traders who killed them to eat or sell their tender flesh." An inhabitant of a nearby village stated: "There are several cafeterias in the village — and all of them serve up young children."
892:
that left the ICRR in full control of its operations. At the same time, fundraising for the famine relief operation began in earnest in Britain, with all the elements of a modern emergency relief operation—full-page newspaper advertisements, local collections, and a fundraising film shot in the
348:
The ARA insisted on autonomy as to how the food would be distributed and stated its requirement that food would be given without regard to "race, creed or social status", a condition that was stated in Section 25 of the Riga agreement. U.S. spokesmen said that it would also want to have storage
427:
By the summer of 1923, it was estimated that the U.S. relief that was given to Russia amounted to over twice the total of relief given it by all other foreign organizations combined. European agencies co-ordinated by the ICRR also fed two million people a day, while the International Save the
402:
had little more than "mud ruts for roads, with limitless prairies." On one trip, with few car necessities or regular gas, he drove 150 miles on tires without inner tubes, instead stuffed with straw. "After our kitchens were established and our clinics able to distribute medical supplies" said
751:
654:
747:
298:, appealed in an open letter to "all honest European and American people" to "give bread and medicine". In an open letter to all nations, dated 13 July 1921, Gorky described the crop failure which had brought his country to the brink of starvation.
755:
701:
of property were seized. Of those, one million gold roubles were spent for famine relief. In a secret March 19, 1922 letter to the Politburo, Lenin expressed an intention to seize several hundred million golden roubles for famine relief.
367:
were lost in the World War, healed a sorely-suffering people of the diseases which threatened to sweep the whole of Europe, won the benedictions of a great, but stricken, nation, achieved the world's greatest adventure in humanity!
398:
poor roads, with some hospitals over a thousand miles from the main supply base in Moscow, the task was monumental. Dr. Louis L. Shapiro, an army colonel who was one of the ARA's medical directors in Russia, recalled that
725:
1774:
378:
237 ships, under the direction of 200 Americans and with the help of 125,000 Russians on location for unloading, warehousing, hauling, weighing, cooking and serving the food in more than 21,000 new kitchens.
418:, President of the Moscow Soviet and deputy chairman of all Russian famine relief committees, wrote a letter to Haskell that thanked him and the ARA for its help and also paid tribute to the American people
411:
after two years of relief efforts, "the Russians had been pulled out of the slough of famine and death. I can say without boasting that no relief organization ever worked so hard to complete its task."
716:
in London, Paris, and elsewhere also used the famine as a media opportunity to highlight the iniquities of the Soviet regime to prevent trade with and official recognition of the Bolshevik government.
446:
suspended relief, the ARA was to arrange a foreign loan for them of about $ 10,000,000 1923 dollars; the ARA was unable to do so and continued to ship in food past the grain being sold abroad.
2417:
1456:
881:
709:
argued that the famine was used politically as an excuse for the Bolshevik leadership to persecute the Orthodox Church, which held significant sway over much of the peasantry.
1965:
1871:
189:
in 1919 if it had full say over the Russian railway network and handed out food impartially to all. Lenin refused that as interference in Russian internal affairs.
1741:
Bertrand M. Patenaude. The Big Show in Bololand. The American Relief Expedition to Soviet Russia in the Famine of 1921. Stanford University Press, 2002. p. 197.
428:
Children Union fed up to 375,000. The operation was hazardous since several workers died of cholera, and it was not without its critics, including the London
694:
2280:
893:
famine area. By September, a ship had been despatched from London carrying 600 tons of supplies. The first feeding centre was opened in October in Saratov.
815:
638:
66:
that began early in the spring of 1921 and lasted until 1922. The famine resulted from the combined effects of severe drought, the continued effects of
1336:
670:
1951:
1902:
729:
211:
The famine also helped produce an opening to the West. Lenin now allowed relief organizations to bring aid. War relief was no longer required in
576:
257:
2190:
2166:
1718:
17:
2144:
Jansen, Dinah (2015), "After October: Russian Liberalism as a Work-in Progress, 1917–1945" Kingston, Queen's University. PhD Dissertation.
63:
1805:
1190:
591:
357:
approximately $ 78 million from all those sources. After an agreement was finally signed at Riga, the U.S. set up its first kitchen in
294:
In the summer of 1921, during one of the worst famines in history, Vladimir Lenin, the head of the new Soviet government, along with
2027:
1881:
1975:
877:
242:
The situation became so desperate that a considerable minority of the starving resorted to cannibalism. According to the historian
1146:
1071:
1378:
1173:
1044:
155:
government councils and other opposition parties had advocated for food requisitioning prior to the ascent of the Bolsheviks.
2310:
2218:
1200:
1156:
1081:
1054:
607:
323:
434:, which first denied the severity of the famine and then argued that the money would better be spent in the United Kingdom.
2432:
1262:
1996:
2386:
2422:
319:
2335:
1790:
1634:
1575:
1129:
800:
626:
90:
2357:
How the U.S. saved a starving Soviet Russia: PBS film highlights Stanford scholar's research on the 1921–1923 famine
1920:
705:
In Lenin's secret letter to the Politburo, he explains that the famine provides an opportunity against the church.
350:
1751:
How the U.S. saved a starving Soviet Russia: PBS film highlights Stanford scholar's research on the 1921-23 famine
246:, "thousands of cases" were reported, with the number of cases that were never reported certainly even higher. In
1970:
1876:
2319:
1524:"Banks in State to Aid Relief. American Relief Administration Organizes to Send Clothing to Russian Children",
853:
840:
825:
805:
342:
178:
147:
of 1918–1920, many of the conflicts being fought inside Russia. There were 7–12 million casualties during the
2437:
888:
as its High Commissioner. Nansen headed to Moscow, where he signed an agreement with Soviet Foreign Minister
1785:А. Г. Латышев. Рассекреченный Ленин. — 1-е изд. — М.: Март, 1996. — Pages 145—172. — 336 с. — 15 000 экз. —
2062:
Breen, Rodney (1994), "Saving Enemy Children: Save the Children's Russian Relief Organisation, 1921–1923",
984:
767:
1447:; Luke Kelly, British Humanitarian Activity and Russia, 1890-1923 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), pp. 159-211.
437:
1874:["I gave birth to her myself - I'll eat her myself." The film "Hunger" was screened in Prague].
1508:
Ramsey, W. Howard. "Two Hundred Americans Return Victorious From War On Russian Famine and Pestilence",
2442:
2427:
2230:"From Empire to Humanity: The Russian Famine and the Imperial Origins of International Humanitarianism"
403:
Shapiro, "children who had been eating a diet of clay and leather scrapings, responded quite rapidly."
270:
a source of meat in a situation of extreme shortage and often willing not to "ask too many questions".
423:
the substantial support which they are offering to the calamity stricken population of the Volga area.
1603:
2362:
2343:
2259:
1073:
Experiencing Russia's Civil War: Politics, Society, and Revolutionary Culture in Saratov, 1917-1922
614:
262:
1248:
1014:
782:
and, in April 2023, it received the Audience Prize and a special mention jury diploma at the 2023
2412:
2407:
2392:
2374:
1662:
2200:
The big show in Bololand: The American relief expedition to Soviet Russia in the famine of 1921
1410:
1303:
The Big Show in Bololand: The American Relief Expedition to Soviet Russia in the Famine of 1921
331:
216:
2356:
2339:
1968:[The Ministry of Culture revoked the distribution certificate for the film "Hunger"].
1750:
1567:
The Making of Humanitarian Visual Icons: On the 1921-1923 Russian Famine as Foundational Event
353:, and would expect to have full access to those to assure that food was distributed properly.
2327:
1565:
1121:
1046:
Inventing a Soviet Countryside: State Power and the Transformation of Rural Russia, 1917-1929
967:
810:
2114:
The Famine in Soviet Russia, 1919–1923: The Operations of the American Relief Administration
664:, Ukraine), who during the famine of 1921–1922 killed his three-year-old brother and ate him
2296:
8:
2367:
2292:
2037:
938:
795:
661:
306:, responded immediately, and negotiations with Russia took place at the Latvian capital,
227:
205:
193:
2284:
2117:
2102:
2075:
1945:
1896:
1685:
1591:
1440:
1267:
713:
338:
71:
1457:"The Russian Job: The Forgotten Story of How America Saved the Soviet Union from Ruin"
2331:
2306:
2214:
2184:
2160:
2097:
Edmondson, Charles M. "The politics of hunger: The Soviet response to famine, 1921".
2079:
1786:
1712:
1630:
1571:
1482:
1196:
1152:
1125:
1077:
1050:
677:
327:
287:
231:
148:
144:
132:
102:
75:
2133:
1689:
1379:"Fridtjof Nansen and European Food Aid in Bolshevik Russia and Ukraine in 1921–1923"
1114:
2241:
2148:
2071:
1677:
1622:
889:
739:
337:
The United States was the first country to respond, with Hoover appointing Colonel
197:
915:"Geography of Droughts and Food Problems in Russia (1900–2000), Report No. A 0401"
86:). It was exacerbated by rail systems that could not distribute food efficiently.
2300:
2266:
2129:(1989 hc) p. 360 (on Tsarist corruption and the closure of the Dardanelles).
1732:
Norman Lowe. Mastering Twentieth-Century Russian History. Palgrave, 2002. p. 155.
885:
830:
582:
399:
311:
283:
83:
758:
providing the inspiration behind the creation of the film. On October 30, 2022,
2288:
334:
writes, the food relief would probably help "save communist Russia from ruin."
303:
299:
212:
201:
186:
185:
formed to help the victims of starvation of World War I, offered assistance to
182:
163:
152:
2006:
1681:
1626:
2401:
2276:
2206:
2177:
The Decline of Bismarck's European Order: Franco-Russian Relations, 1875–1890
2122:
763:
706:
430:
243:
219:
that relieved the Polish famine, which had begun in the winter of 1919–1920.
174:
122:
79:
1192:
Imperial Apocalypse: The Great War and the Destruction of the Russian Empire
884:, the International Committee for Russian Relief (ICRR) was set up with Dr.
441:
Nansen's photos on postcards were meant to raise awareness about the famine.
94:
55:
2083:
1230:
Workers, Society and the Soviet State: Labour and Life in Moscow 1918–1929
2001:
1844:
1408:
Masters, Ann V. "Herbert Hoover's Humanitarian Corp Plans 32nd Reunion",
820:
779:
415:
389:
295:
158:
Before the famine, all sides in the Russian Civil Wars of 1918–1921 (the
140:
127:
67:
2246:
2229:
1930:
2032:
1925:
783:
698:
645:
159:
139:
Before the famine began, Russia had suffered three-and-a-half years of
98:
2106:
2092:
The Hungry Steppe: Soviet Kazakhstan and the Kazakh Famine, 1921–1934
845:
358:
251:
167:
278:
1019:
989:
985:"Famine in Russia: the hidden horrors of 1921 - ICRC (translation)"
1872:""Сама родила – сама и съем". В Праге прошёл показ фильма "Голод""
1831:
After October: Russian Liberalism as a Work-in-Progress, 1917–1945
1337:"A century ago America saved millions of Russians from starvation"
32:
920:. Center for Environmental Systems Research, University of Kassel
330:
as the major contributor, also later took part. As the historian
290:, in part for his work as High Commissioner for Relief In Russia.
106:
873:
835:
618:
598:
314:
through the International Committee for Russian Relief (ICRR).
247:
235:
110:
59:
2171:. Default reference for the historical and aftermath sections.
250:, "ten butcher shops were closed for selling human flesh." In
2275:
2270:
Herbert Hoover and famine relief to Soviet Russia, 1921–1923
1756:
322:, the British Friends' War Victims Relief Committee and the
1966:"Минкульт отозвал прокатное удостоверение у фильма "Голод""
1849:
1024:
994:
307:
2418:
Aftermath of World War I in Russia and in the Soviet Union
452:
America's Contribution to the Russian Famine Relief Effort
310:. A European effort was led by the famous Arctic explorer
265:
and the remains of humans they had eaten during the famine
27:
Famine in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
361:, where 1.6 million people had already starved to death.
204:
to reverse his policy at home and abroad. He decreed the
2302:
The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression
1923:["Famine" canceled at the request of workers].
1363:
Bartlett, Charles. "U.S. Food Relief for Communists?",
1305:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 268.
1015:"Secours en temps de paix - la famine en Russie - CICR"
89:
The famine killed an estimated five million people and
1919:Воронов, Александр (Voronov, Alexander) (2022-11-14).
2305:, Harvard University Press, pp. 92–97, 116–121,
912:
113:
were also contributing factors to famine casualties.
1810:
1282:
1095:
1093:
969:
A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924
660:
A starving boy from the village of Blagoveshchenka (
151:, mostly civilians. Historians have noted that both
1663:"Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33 Revisited"
1317:Korn, Daniel; Radice, Mark; Hawes, Charlie (2001).
1870:Легалов, Евгений (Legalov, Evgeniy) (2022-12-23).
1113:
192:Lenin was eventually convinced by the famine, the
1642:
1090:
913:Golubev, Genady; Nikolai Dronin (February 2004).
690:even bearing sole responsibility for the famine.
349:facilities built in Russia, wrote the journalist
2399:
1563:
719:
585:'s journey to the famine regions of Russia, 1921
1958:
1863:
1703:Serbyn, Roman (1986), "The Famine of 1921–22",
1316:
961:
959:
2267:https://books.google.com/books?id=v_Es-_Jh2qUC
1806:Н.А. Кривова, "Власть и церковь в 1922-1925гг"
1012:
982:
407:polluted, with much of the plumbing unusable.
1914:
1912:
1414:(Bridgeport, Connecticut), 18 April 1965 p. 5
1175:the development of the soviet economic system
778:received the monthly journalistic award from
49:
1950:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1901:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1621:, Routledge, 2013-04-03, pp. 102–102A,
1520:
1518:
1442:Famine in Russia: the hidden horrors of 1921
1332:
1330:
1328:
1049:. University of Pittsburgh Pre. p. 52.
956:
215:, and the ARA had an organization set up in
196:, large-scale peasant uprisings such as the
64:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
2211:Russia under the Bolshevik regime 1919–1924
1554:, (Kenosha, Wisconsin,) 28 August 1923 p. 4
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1076:. Princeton University Press. p. 202.
597:Children's corpses collected on a wagon in
78:, and failures in the government policy of
2189:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2165:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2153:Russia and the West under Lenin and Stalin
2030:[Results of the 2023 Artdocfest].
2028:"Объявлены итоги конкурса АртдокСеть-2023"
1909:
1717:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1422:
1420:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1319:Cannibal: The History of the People-Eaters
101:regions. Many of the starving resorted to
2245:
1921:"«Голод» отменяют по просьбам трудящихся"
1762:
1515:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1325:
1300:
2155:, Boston, pp. 141–150, 168, 179–185
2036:(in Russian). 2023-04-15. Archived from
1974:(in Russian). 2022-11-14. Archived from
1512:, (Mansfield, Ohio), 11 August 1923 p. 7
1383:Matériaux pour l'Histoire de Notre Temps
1346:
1195:. Oxford University Press. p. 256.
1111:
878:International Committee of the Red Cross
728:in Moscow, the Russian documentary film
436:
388:
277:
256:
226:
126:
31:
1918:
1869:
1544:
1417:
1393:
1188:
1069:
1042:
762:was first shown at a public theater in
14:
2400:
2324:A Century of Violence in Soviet Russia
2227:
2174:
2147:
1828:
1801:
1799:
1702:
1660:
1654:
1619:The Routledge Atlas of Russian History
1557:
1491:
1450:
1321:. London: Channel 4 Books. p. 81.
1171:
1099:
906:
676:Victims of the 1921 famine during the
2205:
2132:
2061:
1816:
1648:
1462:
1288:
965:
697:in 1922. That year, over 4.5 million
693:The Bolsheviks started a campaign of
324:International Save the Children Union
1376:
972:. London: Pimlico. pp. 777–778.
282:The Norwegian explorer and diplomat
105:. The outbreaks of diseases such as
2094:(PhD. Diss. Yale University, 2011).
1796:
1246:
1144:
1120:. New York: Pegasus Books. p.
943:Seventeen Moments in Soviet History
632:Victims of the Russian famine, 1922
36:The famine area in the fall of 1921
24:
2202:(Stanford University Press, 2002).
2076:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1994.tb00309.x
1570:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 68.
1550:"Russian Relief Still Continues",
1537:"Admit America Saved Russia", AP,
1472:, Farrar, Straus and Giroux (2019)
1426:"American Relief Administrating",
1217:The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923
491:Number of separate kitchens opened
372:W. Howard Ramsey, newspaper editor
320:American Friends Service Committee
25:
2454:
2350:
2272:(Hoover Institution Press, 1974).
1367:, Battle Creek, MI, 2 August 1962
1070:Raleigh, Donald J. (2021-05-11).
684:
547:Tons of medical supplies provided
2377:Hunger in Volga region 1919–1925
1528:, (Spokane, WA) 19 November 1922
1263:"WILSON RENEWS HUNGER LOAN PLEA"
1043:Heinzen, James W. (2004-02-01).
669:
653:
637:
625:
606:
590:
575:
515:Hospitals provided with supplies
273:
70:, economic disturbance from the
2393:American food relief to Russia
2020:
1989:
1837:
1833:. Kingston: Queen's University.
1822:
1779:
1768:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1696:
1610:
1564:Kurasawa, Fuyuki (2012-01-03).
1531:
1487:, vol. 442, Newsreel, 1921
1475:
1433:
1370:
1309:
1301:Patenaude, Bertrand M. (2002).
1294:
1255:
1243:An Economic History of the USSR
1235:
1222:
1209:
1182:
1165:
1138:
866:
382:during the approaching winter.
2101:29.4 (October 1977): 506–518.
1705:Famine in the Ukraine, 1932–33
1105:
1063:
1036:
1006:
976:
931:
876:on 15 August organised by the
816:Famines in Russia and the USSR
806:American Relief Administration
724:On September 24, 2022, at the
343:American Relief Administration
222:
200:, and the failure of a German
179:American Relief Administration
13:
1:
1661:Ellman, Michael (June 2007),
1249:"War Communism in Retrospect"
1013:Francis Haller (2003-08-12),
983:Francis Haller (2003-08-12),
900:
882:League of Red Cross Societies
801:1921–1922 famine in Tatarstan
774:in Russia. In December 2022,
720:2022 Russian documentary film
564:
302:, who would later become the
2228:Sasson, Tehila (July 2016).
2005:. 2022-12-31. Archived from
1929:(in Russian). Archived from
1880:(in Russian). Archived from
1707:, Edmonton, pp. 174–178
848:(Ukrainian famine 1932–1933)
531:Number of vaccinations given
523:Number of inoculations given
177:was initially rejected. The
7:
2433:Famines in the Soviet Union
2387:Famine in Russia, 1921–1922
1189:Sanborn, Joshua A. (2014).
1145:Lih, Lars T. (2023-10-20).
789:
770:banned the distribution of
768:Russian Ministry of Culture
42:Russian famine of 1921–1922
10:
2459:
2234:Journal of British Studies
2054:
1617:"FAMINE AND RELIEF 1921",
1178:. CUP Archive. p. 16.
1172:Baykov, Alexander (1946).
1023:(in French), published by
854:Soviet famine of 1946–1947
841:Soviet famine of 1930–1933
826:Kazakh famine of 1919–1922
286:was honored with the 1922
120:
116:
2423:Economic crises in Europe
1682:10.1080/09668130701291899
1627:10.4324/9780203074473-102
743:
644:Starving Russian girl in
613:Victims of the famine in
555:Number of U.S. ships used
393:Starving children in 1922
50:
18:Russian famine of 1921–22
2179:, Princeton, p. 387
1377:Vogt, Carl-Emil (2009),
859:
766:. In November 2022, the
475:Maximum number fed daily
131:European Theatre of the
2265:Weissman, Benjamin M. [
2262:. His advice to Lenin.
2198:Patenaude, Bertrand M.
2175:—— (1979),
2090:Cameron, Sarah Isabel.
1428:Indiana Evening Gazette
1112:Mawdsley, Evan (2007).
966:Figes, Orlando (1997).
754:writing the script and
712:Russian anti-Bolshevik
695:seizing church property
2389:—University of Warwick
2254:Trotsky, Leon (1930).
2138:Passing of an Illusion
2127:Peace to End All Peace
2112:Fisher, Harold Henry.
1829:Jansen, Dinah (2015).
1411:Bridgeport Sunday Post
1151:. BRILL. p. 149.
752:Aleksandr Arkhangelsky
507:Medical supplies value
483:Number of meals served
442:
425:
394:
369:
328:Save the Children Fund
291:
266:
239:
136:
58:famine') was a severe
37:
2328:Yale University Press
2320:Yakovlev, Alexander N
1116:The Russian Civil War
939:"Famine of 1921–1922"
811:Cannibalism in Europe
539:Tons of food provided
440:
420:
392:
364:
281:
260:
230:
143:and additionally the
130:
35:
2438:20th-century famines
2293:Margolin, Jean-Louis
2149:Kennan, George Frost
1552:Kenosha Evening News
1526:The Spokesman Review
1148:What Was Bolshevism?
326:, with the British
44:, also known as the
2368:American Experience
2285:Paczkowski, Andrzej
2247:10.1017/jbr.2016.57
2213:. London: Vintage.
2116:(Macmillan, 1927).
1765:, pp. 197–198.
1670:Europe-Asia Studies
872:At a conference in
796:1921 Mari wildfires
206:New Economic Policy
194:Kronstadt rebellion
2359:—A PBS Documentary
2297:Courtois, Stéphane
1999:[Famine].
1484:International news
1445:, ICRC, 2013-10-03
1343:, 11 November 2019
1268:The New York Times
1245:, p. 62, cited in
459:Children fed daily
443:
395:
339:William N. Haskell
292:
267:
240:
208:on 15 March 1921.
137:
91:primarily affected
72:Russian Revolution
38:
2443:Russian Civil War
2428:Famines in Russia
2344:(famine of 1921)
2312:978-0-674-07608-2
2281:Panné, Jean-Louis
2220:978-0-679-76184-6
1541:, 6 May 1922 p. 6
1539:Los Angeles Times
1430:, 25 October 1921
1365:Enquirer and News
1228:Chase, WJ, 1987,
1219:, Part 2, p. 233.
1202:978-0-19-964205-2
1158:978-90-04-68479-9
1083:978-1-4008-4374-9
1056:978-0-8229-7078-1
678:Russian Civil War
562:
561:
288:Nobel Peace Prize
238:during the famine
173:Aid from outside
149:Russian Civil War
145:Russian Civil War
133:Russian Civil War
76:Russian Civil War
16:(Redirected from
2450:
2383:
2375:V. A. Polyakov,
2363:The Great Famine
2315:
2295:(October 1999),
2251:
2249:
2224:
2194:
2188:
2180:
2170:
2164:
2156:
2140:
2086:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1949:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1916:
1907:
1906:
1900:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1803:
1794:
1783:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1716:
1708:
1700:
1694:
1692:
1667:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1561:
1555:
1548:
1542:
1535:
1529:
1522:
1513:
1506:
1489:
1488:
1479:
1473:
1468:Smith, Douglas.
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1437:
1431:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1391:
1390:
1374:
1368:
1361:
1344:
1334:
1323:
1322:
1315:Figes quoted in
1313:
1307:
1306:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1239:
1233:
1226:
1220:
1215:Carr, EH, 1966,
1213:
1207:
1206:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1119:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1088:
1087:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1002:
1001:
980:
974:
973:
963:
954:
953:
951:
950:
935:
929:
928:
926:
925:
919:
910:
894:
890:Georgy Chicherin
870:
748:Tatyana Sorokina
745:
673:
657:
641:
629:
610:
594:
579:
467:Adults fed daily
449:
448:
373:
351:Charles Bartlett
261:Six peasants of
198:Tambov Rebellion
53:
52:
51:Голод в Поволжье
46:Povolzhye famine
21:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2398:
2397:
2381:
2380:(dissertation)
2353:
2348:
2313:
2289:Bartosek, Karel
2221:
2182:
2181:
2158:
2157:
2134:Furet, François
2057:
2052:
2043:
2041:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2012:
2010:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1981:
1979:
1971:«Радио Свобода»
1964:
1963:
1959:
1943:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1917:
1910:
1894:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1877:«Радио Свобода»
1868:
1864:
1855:
1853:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1827:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1710:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1665:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1599:
1598:
1589:
1588:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1562:
1558:
1549:
1545:
1536:
1532:
1523:
1516:
1507:
1492:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1470:The Russian Job
1467:
1463:
1459:, Amazon review
1455:
1451:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1425:
1418:
1407:
1394:
1375:
1371:
1362:
1347:
1335:
1326:
1314:
1310:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1274:
1272:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1247:Flewers, Paul.
1241:Nove, A, 1982,
1240:
1236:
1227:
1223:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1187:
1183:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1027:
1011:
1007:
999:
997:
993:, published by
981:
977:
964:
957:
948:
946:
937:
936:
932:
923:
921:
917:
911:
907:
903:
898:
897:
886:Fridtjof Nansen
871:
867:
862:
831:List of famines
792:
756:Maxim Kournikov
722:
687:
680:
674:
665:
658:
649:
642:
633:
630:
621:
611:
602:
595:
586:
583:Fridtjof Nansen
580:
567:
400:southern Russia
375:
371:
312:Fridtjof Nansen
284:Fridtjof Nansen
276:
225:
125:
119:
84:prodrazvyorstka
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2456:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2413:1922 in Russia
2410:
2408:1921 in Russia
2396:
2395:
2390:
2384:
2372:
2360:
2352:
2351:External links
2349:
2347:
2346:
2317:
2311:
2277:Werth, Nicolas
2273:
2263:
2252:
2240:(3): 519–537.
2225:
2219:
2207:Pipes, Richard
2203:
2196:
2172:
2145:
2142:
2130:
2123:Fromkin, David
2120:
2110:
2099:Soviet Studies
2095:
2088:
2070:(3): 221–237,
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2019:
1988:
1957:
1908:
1862:
1836:
1821:
1819:, p. 415.
1809:
1795:
1778:
1767:
1763:Patenaude 2002
1755:
1743:
1734:
1725:
1695:
1676:(4): 663–693,
1653:
1641:
1635:
1609:
1576:
1556:
1543:
1530:
1514:
1490:
1474:
1461:
1449:
1432:
1416:
1392:
1369:
1345:
1324:
1308:
1293:
1291:, p. 777.
1281:
1254:
1234:
1221:
1208:
1201:
1181:
1164:
1157:
1137:
1130:
1104:
1089:
1082:
1062:
1055:
1035:
1005:
975:
955:
930:
904:
902:
899:
896:
895:
864:
863:
861:
858:
857:
856:
851:
850:
849:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
791:
788:
726:Oktyabr cinema
721:
718:
699:golden roubles
686:
685:Political uses
683:
682:
681:
675:
668:
666:
659:
652:
650:
643:
636:
634:
631:
624:
622:
612:
605:
603:
596:
589:
587:
581:
574:
566:
563:
560:
559:
556:
552:
551:
548:
544:
543:
540:
536:
535:
532:
528:
527:
524:
520:
519:
516:
512:
511:
508:
504:
503:
500:
499:People clothed
496:
495:
492:
488:
487:
486:1,750,000,000
484:
480:
479:
476:
472:
471:
468:
464:
463:
460:
456:
455:
453:
363:
341:to direct the
304:U.S. President
300:Herbert Hoover
275:
272:
224:
221:
213:Western Europe
202:general strike
183:Herbert Hoover
153:Tsarist Russia
118:
115:
48:(Russian:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2455:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2336:0-300-08760-8
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2059:
2040:on 2023-09-23
2039:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2009:on 2023-02-07
2008:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1978:on 2024-09-11
1977:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1953:
1947:
1933:on 2022-11-15
1932:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1915:
1913:
1904:
1898:
1884:on 2024-09-11
1883:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1866:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1840:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1792:
1791:5-88505-011-2
1788:
1782:
1776:
1771:
1764:
1759:
1753:Stanford News
1752:
1747:
1738:
1729:
1720:
1714:
1706:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1645:
1638:
1636:9780203074473
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1605:
1593:
1579:
1577:9781137012869
1573:
1569:
1568:
1560:
1553:
1547:
1540:
1534:
1527:
1521:
1519:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1486:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1423:
1421:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1342:
1341:The Economist
1338:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1320:
1312:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1285:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1258:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1231:
1225:
1218:
1212:
1204:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1177:
1176:
1168:
1160:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1141:
1133:
1131:9781681770093
1127:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1108:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1085:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1066:
1058:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1039:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1009:
996:
992:
991:
986:
979:
971:
970:
962:
960:
944:
940:
934:
916:
909:
905:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
869:
865:
855:
852:
847:
844:
843:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
793:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
764:Yekaterinburg
761:
757:
753:
749:
741:
737:
733:
732:
727:
717:
715:
714:white émigrés
710:
708:
707:Richard Pipes
703:
700:
696:
691:
679:
672:
667:
663:
656:
651:
647:
640:
635:
628:
623:
620:
616:
609:
604:
600:
593:
588:
584:
578:
573:
572:
571:
557:
554:
553:
549:
546:
545:
541:
538:
537:
533:
530:
529:
525:
522:
521:
517:
514:
513:
509:
506:
505:
501:
498:
497:
493:
490:
489:
485:
482:
481:
477:
474:
473:
469:
466:
465:
461:
458:
457:
454:
451:
450:
447:
439:
435:
433:
432:
431:Daily Express
424:
419:
417:
414:In May 1922,
412:
408:
404:
401:
391:
387:
383:
379:
374:
368:
362:
360:
354:
352:
346:
344:
340:
335:
333:
332:Douglas Smith
329:
325:
321:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
289:
285:
280:
274:Relief effort
271:
264:
259:
255:
253:
249:
245:
244:Orlando Figes
237:
233:
229:
220:
218:
214:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
188:
184:
181:(ARA), which
180:
176:
175:Soviet Russia
171:
169:
165:
161:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
134:
129:
124:
123:War communism
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
87:
85:
81:
80:war communism
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
47:
43:
34:
30:
19:
2382:(in Russian)
2376:
2366:
2323:
2301:
2269:
2255:
2237:
2233:
2210:
2199:
2176:
2152:
2137:
2126:
2113:
2098:
2091:
2067:
2063:
2042:. Retrieved
2038:the original
2031:
2022:
2011:. Retrieved
2007:the original
2000:
1991:
1980:. Retrieved
1976:the original
1969:
1960:
1935:. Retrieved
1931:the original
1924:
1886:. Retrieved
1882:the original
1875:
1865:
1854:. Retrieved
1848:
1839:
1830:
1824:
1812:
1781:
1775:Academia.edu
1770:
1758:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1704:
1698:
1673:
1669:
1656:
1644:
1618:
1612:
1581:. Retrieved
1566:
1559:
1551:
1546:
1538:
1533:
1525:
1510:News-Journal
1509:
1483:
1477:
1469:
1464:
1452:
1441:
1435:
1427:
1409:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1364:
1340:
1318:
1311:
1302:
1296:
1284:
1273:. Retrieved
1271:. 1920-01-28
1266:
1257:
1242:
1237:
1229:
1224:
1216:
1211:
1191:
1184:
1174:
1167:
1147:
1140:
1115:
1107:
1072:
1065:
1045:
1038:
1028:, retrieved
1018:
1008:
998:, retrieved
988:
978:
968:
947:. Retrieved
945:. 2015-06-17
942:
933:
922:. Retrieved
908:
868:
775:
771:
759:
735:
730:
723:
711:
704:
692:
688:
662:Zaporizhzhia
568:
510:$ 7,685,000
444:
429:
426:
421:
413:
409:
405:
396:
384:
380:
376:
370:
365:
355:
347:
336:
316:
293:
268:
241:
210:
191:
172:
157:
138:
135:in 1918–1919
88:
82:(especially
56:Volga region
45:
41:
39:
29:
2371:Documentary
2340:pp. 155–156
2002:Редколлегия
1926:Коммерсантъ
1600:|work=
1100:Kennan 1961
821:Fram (play)
780:Redkollegia
478:10,491,297
416:Lev Kamenev
296:Maxim Gorky
232:Cannibalism
223:Cannibalism
141:World War I
103:cannibalism
68:World War I
2402:Categories
2260:Chapter 38
2044:2024-09-11
2033:Артдокфест
2013:2024-09-11
1982:2024-09-11
1937:2024-09-11
1888:2024-09-11
1856:2024-09-11
1817:Pipes 1995
1649:Breen 1994
1583:2014-07-19
1389:(3), Cairn
1289:Figes 1997
1275:2016-01-17
1232:pp. 26–27.
1030:2019-03-14
1000:2019-03-14
949:2018-07-20
924:2016-12-17
901:References
784:Artdocfest
646:Buguruslan
617:, next to
565:Death toll
534:1,304,401
526:6,396,598
470:6,317,958
462:4,173,339
168:Anarchists
160:Bolsheviks
121:See also:
99:Ural River
2209:(1995) .
2136:(1999) ,
2064:Disasters
1946:cite news
1897:cite news
1602:ignored (
1592:cite book
846:Holodomor
359:Petrograd
252:Pugachyov
2330:, 2002,
2185:citation
2161:citation
2151:(1961),
1845:"Famine"
1713:citation
1690:53655536
1020:Le Temps
990:Le Temps
880:and the
790:See also
542:912,121
502:333,125
2299:(ed.),
2256:My Life
2084:7953492
2055:Sources
1997:"Голод"
740:Russian
615:Buzuluk
518:16,400
494:21,435
263:Buzuluk
117:Origins
107:cholera
62:in the
2334:
2309:
2217:
2118:online
2107:150533
2105:
2082:
1789:
1688:
1633:
1574:
1199:
1155:
1128:
1080:
1053:
874:Geneva
836:Pomgol
776:Famine
760:Famine
736:Famine
731:Hunger
648:, 1921
619:Samara
601:, 1921
599:Samara
550:7,500
248:Samara
236:Samara
217:Poland
166:, the
164:Whites
162:, the
111:typhus
74:, the
60:famine
2103:JSTOR
1686:S2CID
1666:(PDF)
918:(PDF)
860:Notes
772:Голод
750:with
744:Голод
187:Lenin
95:Volga
2365:—An
2332:ISBN
2307:ISBN
2215:ISBN
2191:link
2167:link
2080:PMID
1952:link
1903:link
1850:IMDb
1787:ISBN
1719:link
1631:ISBN
1604:help
1572:ISBN
1197:ISBN
1153:ISBN
1126:ISBN
1078:ISBN
1051:ISBN
1025:ICRC
995:ICRC
558:237
308:Riga
109:and
97:and
93:the
40:The
2242:doi
2072:doi
1678:doi
1623:doi
1122:287
734:or
234:in
54:, '
2404::
2342:•
2338:,
2326:.
2322:.
2291:;
2287:;
2283:;
2279:;
2258:.
2238:55
2236:.
2232:.
2187:}}
2183:{{
2163:}}
2159:{{
2125::
2078:,
2068:18
2066:,
1948:}}
1944:{{
1911:^
1899:}}
1895:{{
1847:.
1798:^
1715:}}
1711:{{
1684:,
1674:59
1672:,
1668:,
1629:,
1596::
1594:}}
1590:{{
1517:^
1493:^
1419:^
1395:^
1387:95
1385:,
1381:,
1348:^
1339:,
1327:^
1265:.
1124:.
1092:^
1017:,
987:,
958:^
941:.
786:.
742::
2316:.
2250:.
2244::
2223:.
2195:.
2193:)
2169:)
2141:.
2109:.
2087:.
2074::
2047:.
2016:.
1985:.
1954:)
1940:.
1905:)
1891:.
1859:.
1793:.
1723:.
1721:)
1693:.
1680::
1651:.
1625::
1606:)
1586:.
1278:.
1251:.
1205:.
1161:.
1134:.
1102:.
1086:.
1059:.
952:.
927:.
738:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
