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packed to capacity with representatives of the press, radio and television from all over the world. After reading the
Manifesto, Russell answered a barrage of questions from members of the press, some of whom were initially openly hostile to the ideas contained in the Manifesto. Gradually, however, they became convinced by the forcefulness of his arguments, as was evident in the excellent reporting in the Press, which in many cases gave front page coverage.
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It was thought that only a few of the Press would turn up and a small room was booked in Caxton Hall for the Press
Conference. But it soon became clear that interest was increasing and the next larger room was booked. In the end the largest room was taken and on the day of the Conference this was
128:
The prospect for the human race is sombre beyond all precedent. Mankind are faced with a clear-cut alternative: either we shall all perish, or we shall have to acquire some slight degree of common sense. A great deal of new political thinking will be necessary if utter disaster is to be
123:
published "The Bomb and
Civilisation," the first known recorded comment by Bertrand Russell on atomic weapons, which he began composing the day Nagasaki was bombed. It contained threads that would later appear in the manifesto:
224:, but this was rejected. Instead, Cyrus Eaton, a Canadian industrialist who had known Russell since 1938, offered to finance the conference in his hometown of Pugwash, Nova Scotia. The Russell–Einstein Manifesto became the
187:. Emphasis was placed on the meeting being politically neutral. It extended the question of nuclear weapons to all people and governments. One particular phrase is quoted often, including by Rotblat upon receipt of the
148:
Over the years that followed, Russell and
Rotblat worked on efforts to curb nuclear proliferation, collaborating with Albert Einstein and other scientists to compose what became known as the Russell–Einstein Manifesto.
2123:
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I am bringing the warning pronounced by the signatories to the notice of all the powerful
Governments of the world in the earnest hope that they may agree to allow their citizens to survive.
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and called for world leaders to seek peaceful resolutions to international conflict. The signatories included eleven pre-eminent intellectuals and scientists, including
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The manifesto called for a conference where scientists would assess the dangers posed to the survival of humanity by
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25:"Here, then, is the problem which we present to you, stark and dreadful and inescapable: Shall we put an
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62:, who signed it shortly before his death on 18 April 1955. Shortly after the release, philanthropist
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With the exception of Infeld, all of the signatories of the
Russell–Einstein Manifesto are
92:
The first detonation of an atomic weapon took place on 16 July 1945 in the desert north of
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on moral grounds, remarked that he "became worried about the whole future of mankind."
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The manifesto called for an international conference, and was originally planned by
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2012:
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378:
Butcher, Sandra Ionno (May 2005), "The
Origins of the Russell-Einstein Manifesto",
283:
228:' founding charter. The first of the conferences was held in July 1957 in Pugwash.
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70:, Eaton's birthplace. The conference, held in July 1957, became the first of the
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Nuclear and radioactive disasters, former facilities, tests and test sites
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2017:
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116:. At least 100,000 civilians were killed outright by these two bombings.
2124:
Advisory opinion on the
Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons
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402:
Proceedings of the first
Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs
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1992:
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98:
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2002:
1922:
499:
Original audio of
Bertrand Russell at the London conference (part II)
161:, London. Rotblat, who chaired the meeting, describes it as follows:
103:
489:
Original audio of Bertrand Russell at the London conference (part I)
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519:
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133:
After learning of the bombing of Hiroshima and seeing an impending
51:
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offered to sponsor a conference—called for in the manifesto—in
425:
The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell: Man's Peril, 1954–55
209:
199:
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1682:
International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
1667:
International Association of Lawyers against Nuclear Arms
157:
The manifesto was released during a press conference at
457:
1190:
Die Grundlagen der Einsteinschen Relativitäts-Theorie
2129:
Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents
333:Einstein, Albert; Russell, Bertrand (9 July 1955).
571:
475:Meeting the Russell–Einstein Challenge to Humanity
1672:International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
1123:Investigations on the Theory of Brownian Movement
2734:
2189:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
559:British philosopher, logician, and social critic
458:Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
152:
72:Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
16:1955 manifesto on the dangers of nuclear weapons
858:Henrietta Stanley, Baroness Stanley of Alderley
608:
332:
231:
2507:Thor missile launch failures at Johnston Atoll
1130:Relativity: The Special and the General Theory
364:Bertrand Russell, "The Bomb and Civilisation."
2308:Nuclear and radiation accidents by death toll
2303:Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents
2245:
1610:
933:
535:
511:
170:Russell had begun the conference by stating:
195:Remember your humanity, and forget the rest.
2430:1996 San Juan de Dios radiotherapy accident
2313:Nuclear and radiation fatalities by country
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349:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
212:. This was delayed by the outbreak of the
2598:Vulnerability of nuclear plants to attack
2575:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
2495:Three Mile Island accident health effects
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395:
393:
200:The beginnings of the Pugwash Conferences
88:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
2593:International Nuclear Event Scale (INES)
2436:Clinic of Zaragoza radiotherapy accident
1692:Nuclear Information and Resource Service
1564:Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists
299:, although Rotblat was not at the time.
20:
2635:International Day against Nuclear Tests
2283:Crimes involving radioactive substances
1677:International Day against Nuclear Tests
840:Katharine Russell, Viscountess Amberley
718:Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy
422:
399:
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373:
371:
96:. On 6 August 1945, the US dropped the
46:was issued in London on 9 July 1955 by
2735:
2425:Instituto Oncológico Nacional#Accident
2109:France and weapons of mass destruction
1308:Albert Einstein World Award of Science
750:In Praise of Idleness and Other Essays
404:. London: Pugwash Council. p. 6.
390:
54:. It highlighted the dangers posed by
2233:
1598:
921:
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510:
2630:History of the anti-nuclear movement
2119:History of the anti-nuclear movement
1712:Physicians for Social Responsibility
726:Free Thought and Official Propaganda
549:
368:
2288:Criticality accidents and incidents
2069:Songs about nuclear war and weapons
947:
908:Category: Works by Bertrand Russell
106:. Three days later, it dropped the
13:
2392:Nuclear power accidents by country
2064:Nuclear weapons in popular culture
1337:Albert Einstein: Creator and Rebel
1050:Einstein–Infeld–Hoffmann equations
1020:Einstein relation (kinetic theory)
141:, the only scientist to leave the
14:
2784:
2624:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
2098:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1198:The Einstein Theory of Relativity
445:
29:; or shall mankind renounce war?"
2713:
2712:
2702:
2485:Kramatorsk radiological accident
2214:
2213:
1735:
1657:Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament
1577:
1576:
1313:Einstein Prize for Laser Science
902:
901:
822:Conrad Russell, 5th Earl Russell
660:
220:offered to finance a meeting in
2768:1955 in international relations
2387:List of orphan source incidents
1702:Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign
1358:Einstein: His Life and Universe
834:John Russell, Viscount Amberley
828:Frank Russell, 2nd Earl Russell
766:A History of Western Philosophy
477:by David Krieger, October 2004.
980:Mass–energy equivalence (E=mc)
852:John Russell, 1st Earl Russell
816:John Russell, 4th Earl Russell
452:The Russell–Einstein Manifesto
416:
357:
336:The Russell-Einstein Manifesto
326:
1:
2709:Nuclear technology portal
678:The Principles of Mathematics
319:
153:Press conference, 9 July 1955
102:bomb on the Japanese city of
77:
2479:Andreev Bay nuclear accident
2466:Chazhma Bay nuclear accident
774:My Philosophical Development
758:Power: A New Social Analysis
481:Pugwash and Russell's Legacy
314:Mutually assured destruction
232:Signatories to the manifesto
7:
2413:Nyonoksa radiation accident
1303:Albert Einstein Peace Prize
1080:Unsuccessful investigations
890:Professorship of Philosophy
302:
185:weapons of mass destruction
178:
10:
2789:
2753:Essays by Bertrand Russell
2685:Russell–Einstein Manifesto
2608:Films about nuclear issues
2603:Books about nuclear issues
2491:Three Mile Island accident
2419:Fukushima nuclear accident
2298:Military nuclear accidents
2293:Nuclear meltdown accidents
2184:Russell–Einstein Manifesto
2054:Films about nuclear issues
2049:Books about nuclear issues
1642:Anti-nuclear organizations
1230:Picasso at the Lapin Agile
1168:Russell–Einstein Manifesto
1040:Bose–Einstein correlations
702:The Problems of Philosophy
618:Russell–Einstein Manifesto
423:Russell, Bertrand (2003).
84:History of nuclear weapons
81:
44:Russell–Einstein Manifesto
2698:
2645:Nuclear-Free Future Award
2583:
2554:Totskoye nuclear exercise
2400:
2382:Sunken nuclear submarines
2267:
2209:
2139:Nuclear-Free Future Award
2077:
2059:Nuclear holocaust fiction
2041:
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1647:Anti-nuclear power groups
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1138:The Meaning of Relativity
1103:
955:
898:
867:
784:
669:
658:
564:
557:
517:
512:Links to related articles
463:Op-Ed: The 50-Year Shadow
2748:Works by Albert Einstein
1697:Nevada Desert Experience
1529:Albert Einstein Archives
1459:Bernhard Caesar Einstein
1206:Relics: Einstein's Brain
1154:The Evolution of Physics
1035:Bose–Einstein statistics
1030:Bose–Einstein condensate
1010:Einstein field equations
734:Why I Am Not a Christian
581:Copleston–Russell debate
400:Rotblat, Joseph (1982).
2660:Nuclear power phase-out
2154:Nuclear power phase-out
2033:Christopher Weeramantry
1539:Einstein Papers Project
1055:Einstein–de Haas effect
119:On 18 August 1945, the
2758:Nuclear weapons policy
2665:Nuclear weapons debate
2159:Nuclear weapons debate
2104:Defence Secretariat 19
1471:Thomas Martin Einstein
1379:Introducing Relativity
1351:Einstein for Beginners
1254:Einstein and Eddington
1045:Einstein–Cartan theory
875:Appointment court case
860:(maternal grandmother)
854:(paternal grandfather)
643:Peano–Russell notation
596:Theory of descriptions
380:Pugwash History Series
197:
176:
168:
131:
94:Alamogordo, New Mexico
39:
2523:K-19 nuclear accident
2318:Nuclear weapons tests
2169:Otto Hahn Peace Medal
1978:Hermann Joseph Muller
1727:World Uranium Hearing
1707:Peace Action and SANE
1652:Anti-nuclear protests
1626:Anti-nuclear movement
1544:Einstein refrigerator
1534:Einstein's Blackboard
1413:(second wife; cousin)
1344:Einstein and Religion
1293:Albert Einstein Medal
1288:Albert Einstein Award
1146:The World as I See It
1085:Wave–particle duality
1065:Bohr–Einstein debates
1025:Cosmological constant
1005:Equivalence principle
995:Einstein coefficients
694:Principia Mathematica
427:. London: Routledge.
259:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
193:
172:
163:
126:
27:end to the human race
24:
2763:Political manifestos
2655:Nuclear power debate
2517:Cuban Missile Crisis
2368:in the United States
2149:Nuclear power debate
1423:Hans Albert Einstein
1372:I Am Albert Einstein
1318:Einstein Prize (APS)
990:Photoelectric effect
963:Theory of relativity
68:Pugwash, Nova Scotia
50:in the midst of the
2640:Nuclear close calls
2114:Göttingen Manifesto
1968:Freda Meissner-Blau
1722:Sortir du nucléaire
1075:Thought experiments
810:Edith Finch Russell
792:Alys Pearsall Smith
742:Marriage and Morals
573:Views on philosophy
465:by Joseph Rotblat,
226:Pugwash Conferences
2548:Operation Plumbbob
2511:Operation Fishbowl
2448:Chernobyl disaster
2134:Mainau Declaration
1524:Things named after
1386:Subtle is the Lord
1209:(1994 documentary)
1201:(1923 documentary)
1193:(1922 documentary)
1090:Gravitational wave
973:General relativity
968:Special relativity
309:Mainau Declaration
40:
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2729:
2724:
2723:
2650:Nuclear-free zone
2613:Anti-war movement
2569:Rocky Flats Plant
2227:
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2144:Nuclear-free zone
2087:Anti-war movement
2028:Albert Schweitzer
1717:Pembina Institute
1592:
1591:
1494:Awards and honors
1477:Siegbert Einstein
1365:Einstein's Cosmos
915:
914:
794:(wife, 1894–1921)
656:
655:
648:Russell's paradox
631:
630:
604:
603:
434:978-0-415-09424-5
264:Hermann J. Muller
244:Percy W. Bridgman
218:Aristotle Onassis
189:Nobel Peace Prize
143:Manhattan Project
135:nuclear arms race
2780:
2716:
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2536:Kyshtym disaster
2531:nuclear meltdown
2458:Related articles
2442:Goiânia accident
2254:
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2013:Bertrand Russell
1903:Randall Forsberg
1739:
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1687:Mayors for Peace
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1479:(distant cousin)
1473:(great-grandson)
1435:Hermann Einstein
1417:Lieserl Einstein
1095:Tea leaf paradox
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885:Peace Foundation
846:John Stuart Mill
804:Patricia Russell
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623:Russell Tribunal
610:Views on society
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591:Russell's teapot
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206:Jawaharlal Nehru
48:Bertrand Russell
37:Bertrand Russell
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1898:Albert Einstein
1883:Helen Caldicott
1873:Daniel Berrigan
1868:Tadatoshi Akiba
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1514:Political views
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1467:(granddaughter)
1465:Evelyn Einstein
1453:Robert Einstein
1447:Eduard Einstein
1391:
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1246:Einstein's Gift
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1114:Annus mirabilis
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1070:Teleparallelism
1015:Einstein radius
985:Brownian motion
951:
949:Albert Einstein
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812:(wife, 1952–70)
806:(wife, 1936–51)
800:(wife, 1921–35)
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249:Albert Einstein
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121:Glasgow Forward
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82:Main articles:
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60:Albert Einstein
56:nuclear weapons
33:Albert Einstein
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1214:Insignificance
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471:, 17 May 2005.
468:New York Times
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1441:Maja Einstein
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454:, 9 July 1955
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269:Linus Pauling
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38:
34:
28:
23:
19:
2700:
2684:
2622:
2618:Bikini Atoll
2564:Hanford Site
2559:Bikini Atoll
2363:in Australia
2353:Soviet Union
2348:South Africa
2198:
2183:
2096:
2092:Bikini Atoll
1998:C. F. Powell
1983:Kenzaburō Ōe
1958:Bernard Lown
1953:Amory Lovins
1812:South Africa
1581:
1549:Einsteinhaus
1429:Pauline Koch
1407:(first wife)
1405:Mileva Marić
1384:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1335:
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1196:
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1128:
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900:
880:Earl Russell
798:Dora Russell
772:
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43:
41:
18:
2690:Smiling Sun
2401:Individual
2338:North Korea
2194:Smiling Sun
2018:Jens Scheer
1948:David Lange
1938:Kate Hudson
1918:Paul Gunter
1908:John Gofman
1832:Switzerland
1817:South Korea
1797:Philippines
1792:New Zealand
1554:Einsteinium
1327:Books about
1273:(2023 film)
1270:Oppenheimer
1249:(2003 play)
1241:(1994 film)
1233:(1993 play)
1225:(1988 film)
1217:(1985 film)
1060:EPR paradox
848:(godfather)
697:(1910–1913)
686:On Denoting
636:Mathematics
214:Suez Crisis
159:Caxton Hall
2737:Categories
2680:Peace camp
2470:1985–1987
2403:accidents
2271:disasters
2179:Peace camp
1993:Mike Pentz
1787:Kazakhstan
1745:By country
1662:Greenpeace
1635:and groups
1559:Max Talmey
1461:(grandson)
1419:(daughter)
1179:In popular
565:Philosophy
320:References
99:Little Boy
78:Background
2472:Therac-25
2405:and sites
2275:incidents
2269:Lists of
2003:Adi Roche
1923:Otto Hahn
1913:Jim Green
1752:Australia
1633:Protests
830:(brother)
410:934755212
345:cite book
339:. London.
191:in 1995:
104:Hiroshima
2718:Category
2584:Related
2474:accident
2343:Pakistan
2219:Category
2200:The Bomb
2078:Related
1583:Category
1509:Memorial
1455:(cousin)
1443:(sister)
1437:(father)
1431:(mother)
1329:Einstein
1164:" (1949)
1125:" (1905)
842:(mother)
836:(father)
303:See also
239:Max Born
179:Synopsis
129:averted.
114:Nagasaki
112:bomb on
52:Cold War
2453:Effects
1772:Germany
1757:Austria
1487:Related
1181:culture
956:Physics
868:Related
109:Fat Man
2586:topics
2509:under
2328:France
2080:topics
1861:People
1842:Turkey
1837:Taiwan
1827:Sweden
1807:Russia
1802:Poland
1767:France
1762:Canada
1397:Family
1281:Prizes
1262:Genius
1170:(1955)
1157:(1938)
1149:(1934)
1141:(1922)
1133:(1916)
1118:(1905)
1116:papers
906:
785:Family
777:(1959)
769:(1945)
761:(1938)
753:(1935)
745:(1929)
737:(1927)
729:(1922)
721:(1919)
713:(1916)
705:(1912)
689:(1905)
681:(1903)
431:
408:
386:: 1–35
222:Monaco
2573:1945
2552:1954
2546:1957
2540:1957
2534:1957
2527:1961
2521:1961
2515:1962
2505:1962
2499:1969
2489:1979
2483:1980
2477:1982
2464:1985
2446:1986
2440:1987
2434:1990
2423:2001
2417:2011
2411:2019
2333:India
2323:China
2042:Media
1822:Spain
1782:Japan
1777:India
1504:House
1499:Brain
1449:(son)
1425:(son)
1105:Works
824:(son)
818:(son)
670:Works
210:India
2529:SL-1
2493:and
2273:and
1238:I.Q.
429:ISBN
406:OCLC
351:link
86:and
42:The
35:and
2739::
392:^
382:,
370:^
347:}}
343:{{
216:.
137:,
74:.
31:~
2253:e
2246:t
2239:v
1618:e
1611:t
1604:v
1160:"
1121:"
941:e
934:t
927:v
543:e
536:t
529:v
502:.
492:.
437:.
412:.
384:1
353:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
