Weapon of mass destruction

1058: 873: 1754: 2795: 2876: 2600: 1648: 2772: 2809: 58: 1663:(also known as “thermonuclear” or “hydrogen” weapons) use the fission process to initiate fusion. Fusion weapons use the energy released from a fission explosion to fuse hydrogen isotopes together. The energy released from these weapons creates a fireball, which reaches tens of million degrees. A temperature of this magnitude is similar to the temperature found at center of the sun, so it shouldn't be any surprise to learn that the sun runs on fusion as well. 8925: 8201: 436: 2817: 2304: 129: 2749: 1690: 1659:

detonating chemical explosives around a pit of either uranium-235 or plutonium-239 metal. The force from this detonation is directed inwards, causing the pit of uranium or plutonium to compress to a dense point. Once the uranium/plutonium is dense enough, neutrons are then injected. This starts a fission chain reaction also known as an atomic explosion.

1861:(BWC) supplements the Geneva Protocol by prohibiting the development, production, acquisition, transfer, stockpiling, and use of biological weapons. Having entered into force on 26 March 1975, the BWC was the first multilateral disarmament treaty to ban the production of an entire category of weapons of mass destruction. As of March 2021, 1011:" radiological weapons, which have limited destructive potential (and close to none, as far as property is concerned), whereas nuclear and biological weapons have the unique ability to kill large numbers of people with very small amounts of material, and thus could be said to belong in a class by themselves. 1658:

Nuclear fission is when the nucleus of an atom is split into smaller nuclei. This process can be induced by shooting a neutron at the nucleus of an atom. When the neutron is absorbed by the atom, it becomes unstable, causing it to split and release energy. Modern nuclear weapons start this process by

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Under the same statute, conspiring, attempting, threatening, or using a Weapon of Mass Destruction may be imprisoned for any term of years or for life, and if resulting in death, be punishable by death or by imprisonment for any terms of years or for life. They can also be asked to pay a maximum fine

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any "destructive device" as defined in Title 18 USC Section 921: any explosive, incendiary, or poison gas – bomb, grenade, rocket having a propellant charge of more than four ounces, missile having an explosive or incendiary charge of more than one-quarter ounce, mine, or device similar to any of the

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It is a very far reaching control which would eliminate the rivalry between nations in this field, which would prevent the surreptitious arming of one nation against another, which would provide some cushion of time before atomic attack, and presumably therefore before any attack with weapons of mass

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found that the trefoil radiation symbol is unintuitive and can be variously interpreted by those uneducated in its meaning; therefore, its role as a hazard warning was compromised as it did not clearly indicate "danger" to many non-Westerners and children who encountered it. As a result of research,

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any device or weapon designed or intended to cause death or serious bodily injury by causing a malfunction of or destruction of an aircraft or other vehicle that carries humans or of an aircraft or other vehicle whose malfunction or destruction may cause said aircraft or other vehicle to cause death

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An additional condition often implicitly applied to WMD is that the use of the weapons must be strategic. In other words, they would be designed to "have consequences far outweighing the size and effectiveness of the weapons themselves". The strategic nature of WMD also defines their function in the

717:). The phrase found its way into the very first resolution the United Nations General assembly adopted in January 1946 in London, which used the wording "the elimination from national armaments of atomic weapons and of all other weapons adaptable to mass destruction." The resolution also created the 2299:

Due to the potentially indiscriminate effects of WMD, the fear of a WMD attack has shaped political policies and campaigns, fostered social movements, and has been the central theme of many films. Support for different levels of WMD development and control varies nationally and internationally. Yet

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Chemical weapons expert Gert G. Harigel considers only nuclear weapons true weapons of mass destruction, because "only nuclear weapons are completely indiscriminate by their explosive power, heat radiation and radioactivity, and only they should therefore be called a weapon of mass destruction". He

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The red background is intended to convey urgent danger, and the sign is intended to be used on equipment where very strong ionizing radiation can be encountered if the device is dismantled or otherwise tampered with. The intended use of the sign is not in a place where the normal user will see it,

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said "Since 2003, coalition forces have recovered approximately 500 weapons munitions which contain degraded mustard or sarin nerve agent". According to David Kay, who appeared before the U.S. House Armed Services Committee to discuss these badly corroded munitions, they were leftovers, many years

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A poll conducted between June and September 2003 asked people whether they thought evidence of WMD had been discovered in Iraq since the war ended. They were also asked which media sources they relied upon. Those who obtained their news primarily from Fox News were three times as likely to believe

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that contains an authoritative definition. Instead, international law has been used with respect to the specific categories of weapons within WMD, and not to WMD as a whole. While nuclear, chemical and biological weapons are regarded as the three major types of WMDs, some analysts have argued that

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countries (Australia and the United States) and one opposed to the war (Germany). Results showed that U.S. citizens generally did not correct initial misconceptions regarding WMD, even following disconfirmation; Australian and German citizens were more responsive to retractions. Dependence on the

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Nuclear fusion is essentially the opposite of fission. It is the fusing together of nuclei, not the splitting of it. When exposed to extreme pressure and temperature, some lightweight nuclei can fuse together and form heavier nuclei, releasing energy in the process. Interestingly, fusion weapons

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of 1967, but the treaty provides no definition of the phrase, and the treaty also categorically prohibits the stationing of "weapons" and the testing of "any type of weapon" in outer space, in addition to its specific prohibition against placing in orbit, or installing on celestial bodies, "any

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At the start of 2023, nine states—the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, France, China, India, Pakistan, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK, or North Korea) and Israel—together possessed approximately 12 512 nuclear weapons, of which 9576 were considered to be potentially

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has expanded restrictions to prohibit any use and development of chemical weapons except for very limited purposes (research, medical, pharmaceutical or protective). As of 2018, a handful of countries have known inventories, and many are in the process of being safely destroyed. Nonetheless,

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Fear of WMD, or of threats diminished by the possession of WMD, has long been used to catalyze public support for various WMD policies. They include mobilization of pro- and anti-WMD campaigners alike, and generation of popular political support. The term WMD may be used as a powerful

916:, but all were considered to be unusable because of corrosion or degradation. Iraq, however, declared a chemical weapons stockpile in 2009 which U.N. personnel had secured after the 1991 Gulf War. The stockpile contained mainly chemical precursors, but some munitions remained usable. 2413:

2. Most journalists accepted the Bush administration's formulation of the "War on Terror" as a campaign against WMD, in contrast to coverage during the Clinton era, when many journalists made careful distinctions between acts of terrorism and the acquisition and use of WMD.

2275:) indiscriminately or are specifically prohibited by international treaties (which have become more comprehensive over time). Proponents of use say that specific uses of such weapons have been necessary for defense or to avoid more deaths in a protracted war. The tactic of 2696:, as both political commentary and humorous outlet. The actual phrase "weapons of mass destruction" has been used similarly and as a way to characterise any powerful force or product since the Iraqi weapons crisis in the lead up to the Coalition invasion of Iraq in 2003. 2364:

defines a weapon of mass destruction as: "a weapon that can cause widespread destruction or kill large numbers of people, especially a nuclear, chemical, or biological weapon." In other words, it does not have to be nuclear, biological or chemical (NBC). For example,

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Chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear weapons capable of a high order of destruction or causing mass casualties and exclude the means of transporting or propelling the weapon where such means is a separable and divisible part from the weapon. Also called

5574: 819:, countered criticism by saying that "on no account shall we permit an enemy to develop weapons of mass destruction against the people of Israel." This policy of pre-emptive action against real or perceived weapons of mass destruction became known as the 6577:

Reports of the three previous studies in this series can be obtained from the National Technical Information Service. See ...(3)Kerry G. Herron and Hank C. Jenkins-Smith, 1998, Public Perspectives on Nuclear Security: US National Security Surveys

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allegedly placed crude shrapnel bombs, made from pressure cookers packed with ball bearings and nails, near the finish line of the Boston Marathon. He was convicted in April 2015. The bombing resulted in three deaths and at least 264 injuries.

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Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, Art. IV, Jan. 27, 1967, T.I.A.S. No. 6347, 610 U.N.T.S. 205, 18 U.S.T. 2410 (effective Oct. 10,

2566:: "When I was running the ISG – the Iraq Survey Group – we had a couple of them that had been turned in to these IEDs, the improvised explosive devices. But they are local hazards. They are not a major, you know, weapon of mass destruction." 965:. However, some scholars have objected to classifying cyber weapons as WMD on the grounds that they "cannot directly injure or kill human beings as efficiently as guns or bombs" or clearly "meet the legal and historical definitions" of WMD. 5487: 2409:

1. Most media outlets represented WMD as a monolithic menace, failing to adequately distinguish between weapons programs and actual weapons or to address the real differences among chemical, biological, nuclear, and radiological weapons.

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today to define the term 'weapons of mass destruction' and were told it includes airplanes used as missiles". Moussaoui was indicted and tried for conspiracy to both destroy aircraft and use weapons of mass destruction, among others.

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A Russian opinion poll conducted on 5 August 2005 indicated half the population believed new nuclear powers have the right to possess nuclear weapons. 39% believed the Russian stockpile should be reduced, though not eliminated.

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In addition to previous treaties on bombardment of civilian areas generally, carpet bombing of cities, towns, villages, or other areas containing a concentration of civilians was specifically designated a war crime by the 1977

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While maintenance of the U.S. nuclear arsenal was considered above average in importance, there was widespread support for a reduction in the stockpile, and very little support for developing and testing new nuclear weapons.

7647: 2348:. Broad reference to Iraqi WMD in general was seen as an element of President Bush's arguments. The claim that Iraq possessed Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) was a major factor that led to the invasion of Iraq in 2003 by 7637: 7717: 2867:

but in a place where it will be seen by someone who has started to dismantle a radiation-emitting device or equipment. The aim of the sign is to warn people such as scrap metal workers to stop work and leave the area.

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a new radiation hazard symbol (ISO 21482) was developed in 2007 to be placed near the most dangerous parts of radiation sources featuring a skull, someone running away, and using a red rather than yellow background.

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operationally available. An estimated 3844 of these warheads were deployed with operational forces, including about 2000 that were kept in a state of high operational alert—the same number as the previous year.

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3. Many stories stenographically reported the incumbent administration's perspective on WMD, giving too little critical examination of the way officials framed the events, issues, threats, and policy options.

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BJP won the elections, and on 14 May, three days after India tested nuclear weapons for the second time, a public opinion poll reported that a majority of Indians favored the country's nuclear build-up.

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Chemical weapons have been used around the world by various civilizations since ancient times. The oldest reported case of a chemical substance being used as a weapon was in 256 AD during the siege of

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frequently used the term "weapons of mass terror", apparently also recognizing the distinction between the psychological and the physical effects of many things currently falling into the WMD category.

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4. Too few stories proffered alternative perspectives to official line, a problem exacerbated by the journalistic prioritizing of breaking-news stories and the "inverted pyramid" style of storytelling.

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Awareness and opinions of WMD have varied during the course of their history. Their threat is a source of unease, security, and pride to different people. The anti-WMD movement is embodied most in

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Venkatesh; Tsao, Jeffrey Y.; Bustamante, Constanza M. Vidal; Calidas, Doug; Bingen, Kari A.; Williams, Heather; Nye, Joseph S.; Walt, Stephen M.; Brooks, Harvey; Comiter, Marcus (13 May 1998).

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Over 500 munitions containing mustard agent and sarin were discovered throughout Iraq since 2003; they were made in the 1980s and are no longer usable as originally intended due to corrosion.

1788:, Japan conducted aerial attacks on China using fleas carrying the bubonic plague. During the 20th century, at least nine states have operated offensive biological weapons programs, including 7858: 7609: 7518: 7513: 7508: 1700:

developed a small nuclear arsenal in the 1980s but disassembled them in the early 1990s, making it the only country to have fully given up an independently developed nuclear weapons arsenal.

7901: 1255:, the U.S. Code defines weapons of mass destruction as "chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons, and chemical, biological, and nuclear materials used in the manufacture of such weapons". 3671: 7853: 7415: 7037: 1884:. A mixture of tar and sulfur was used to produce sulfur oxides, which helped take control of the city. In the industrial era, chemical weapons were used extensively by both sides during 1236:

any weapon or device that is intended, or has the capability, to cause death or serious bodily injury to a significant number of people through the release, dissemination, or impact of:

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Once information is published, its subsequent correction does not alter people's beliefs unless they are suspicious about the motives underlying the events the news stories are about.

1328:(B) any weapon that is designed or intended to cause death or serious bodily injury through the release, dissemination, or impact of toxic or poisonous chemicals, or their precursors; 4656: 554: 1156:

could be described as WMD because the fatalities they cause "dwarf that of all other weapons systems – and in most years greatly exceed the toll of the atomic bombs that devastated

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In March 2004, the Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland (CISSM) released a report examining the media's coverage of WMD issues during three separate periods:

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spoke of not filling space "with weapons of mass destruction, but with instruments of knowledge and understanding." The following month, during a televised presentation about the

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any weapon that is designed or intended to cause death or serious bodily injury through the release, dissemination, or impact of toxic or poisonous chemicals, or their precursors

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has also been criticized, defended, and prohibited by treaty in the same way; the destructive effect of conventional saturation bombing is similar to that of a nuclear weapon.

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The repetition of tentative news stories, even if they are subsequently disconfirmed, can assist in the creation of false memories in a substantial proportion of people.

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any weapon designed or intended to cause death or serious bodily injury through the release, dissemination, or impact of toxic or poisonous chemicals or their precursors

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Chemical and biological weapons and all stocks of agents and all related subsystems and components and all research, development, support and manufacturing facilities.

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that evidence of WMD had been discovered in Iraq than those who relied on PBS and NPR for their news, and one third more likely than those who primarily watched CBS.

6972: 5843: 4604: 1849:, which prohibits the use but not the possession or development of biological and chemical weapons. Upon ratification of the Geneva Protocol, several countries made 1100:"Nuclear weapons or nuclear-weapons-usable material or any sub-systems or components or any research, development, support or manufacturing facilities relating to . 7747: 422: 6086: 3645: 1444: 6925: 3702: 8818: 7632: 7595: 4395: 465: 6345: 1842:

covertly operated the world's largest, longest, and most sophisticated biological weapons program, in violation of its obligations under international law.

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Boston public health officials said Tuesday that they have revised downward their estimate of the number of people injured in the Marathon attacks, to 264.

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released their third report on U.S. perceptions – including the general public, politicians and scientists – of nuclear weapons since the breakup of the

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In 2006, Fox News reported the claims of two Republican lawmakers that WMDs had been found in Iraq, based upon unclassified portions of a report by the

1057: 804:" was used to refer to the American nuclear arsenal. However, there is no precise definition of the "strategic" category, neither considering range nor 7757: 7682: 7662: 7642: 4539: 1585: 518:. The scope and usage of the term has evolved and been disputed, often signifying more politically than technically. Originally coined in reference to 3408: 7762: 7737: 7692: 7677: 3921: 1667: 3623: 1004:

radiological materials as well as missile technology and delivery systems such as aircraft and ballistic missiles could be labeled as WMDs as well.

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Nuclear weapons use the energy inside of an atom's nucleus to create massive explosions. This goal is achieved through nuclear fission and fusion.

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Who can think at this present time without a sickening of the heart of the appalling slaughter, the suffering, the manifold misery brought by war

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should be "a very important U.S. foreign policy goal", accomplished through multilateral arms control rather than the use of military threats.

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as targeting the means a country would use to support and supply its war effort, specifically its population, industry, and natural resources.

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added WMD to its list of terms banished for "Mis-use, Over-use and General Uselessness" (and "as a card that trumps all forms of aggression").

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prefers to call chemical and biological weapons "weapons of terror" when aimed against civilians and "weapons of intimidation" for soldiers.

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The end of the Cold War reduced U.S. reliance on nuclear weapons as a deterrent, causing it to shift its focus to disarmament. With the 1990

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recognized the "considerable and long-standing academic debate about the proper interpretation of the phrase 'weapons of mass destruction

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In a separate study published in 2005, a group of researchers assessed the effects reports and retractions in the media had on people's

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or device similar to the above. (2) Poison gas. (3) Any weapon involving a disease organism. (4) Any weapon that is designed to release

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contaminated their adversaries' wells by placing animal corpses in them. However, only by the turn of the 20th century did advances in

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understanding of the nature of the threats is not high, in part because of imprecise usage of the term by politicians and the media.

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Horowitz, Michael C., and Neil Narang. "Poor Man's atomic bomb? exploring the relationship between "weapons of mass destruction"."

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sentenced some members of the Japanese army to jail terms for the use of biological and chemical weapons during World War II. The

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Also in 1998, nuclear weapons became an issue in India's election of March, in relation to political tensions with neighboring

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or serious bodily injury to humans who may be within range of the vector in its course of travel or the travel of its debris.

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destruction, and which would go a long way toward removing atomic energy at least as a source of conflict between the powers.

351: 261: 256: 231: 216: 211: 5509: 8949: 8291: 8237: 7405: 7102: 4713: 3198: 2436: 1331:(C) any weapon involving a biological agent, toxin, or vector (as those terms are defined in section 178 of this title); or 1106:

Ballistic missiles with a range greater than 150 kilometres and related major parts, and repair and production facilities."

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inspired the creation of The WMD Awareness Programme to provide trustworthy and up to date information on WMD worldwide.

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and other western politicians and media continued to use the term, usually in reference to ongoing attempts to dismantle

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Testimony of one such soldier expresses the same viewpoint. For a period of several months in the winter of 2002–2003,

722: 7199: 5655: 4900: 4868: 4772: 3895: 3703:"Defining a Class of Offensive Destructive Cyber Weapons As Weapons of Mass Destruction: An Examination of the Merits" 1363:, was charged in June 2013 with the federal offense of "use of a weapon of mass destruction" after he and his brother 1007:

However, there is an argument that nuclear and biological weapons do not belong in the same category as chemical and "

7323: 6094: 5437:(pp. 698-712). Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England: Harvard University Press. Retrieved February 7, 2021, from 5418: 3649: 3524: 3355: 3164: 3125: 3092: 1813: 315: 102: 6897: 6849: 6594: 5021: 7843: 7838: 7349: 6922: 4391: 3713: 2667: 2593: 2334: 1797: 1478: 1027: 3550: 872: 8823: 8476: 7463: 7400: 5737: 3248: 2972: 1885: 1289: 1145: 858: 251: 80: 2263:

Some commentators classify some or all the uses of nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons during wartime as a

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FindLaw Forum: Weapons of mass destruction and international law's principle that civilians cannot be targeted

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Later, wikileaks would show that WMDs of these kinds continued to be found as the Iraqi occupation continued.

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When people ignore corrections, they do so irrespective of how certain they are that the corrections occurred.

2381:. In other words, it was a weapon that caused large-scale death and destruction, without being an NBC weapon. 7455: 7130: 6527: 2733: 2700:

may introduce novel weapons of mass destruction with much greater yields or impact than anything in reality.

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1. prevent nuclear proliferation; 2. promote nuclear disarmament; 3. promote peaceful uses of nuclear energy

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A majority also believed the United States should be more forthcoming with its biological research and its

2360: 796:, the term "weapons of mass destruction" was primarily a reference to nuclear weapons. At the time, in the 682:) with tracing what he considers the earliest known English-language use soon after the nuclear bombing of 5575:"The Shortcomings of Indeterminacy in Arms Control Regimes: The Case of the Biological Weapons Convention" 961:

as WMD, in particular those aimed to bring about large-scale (physical) destruction, such as by targeting

8959: 8810: 7372: 5847: 3619: 2917: 2890:"We wanted something that was memorable but meaningless, so we could educate people as to what it means." 2349: 1908: 1572: 1334:(D) any weapon that is designed to release radiation or radioactivity at a level dangerous to human life; 908:; however, American forces found none in Iraq. They found old stockpiles of chemical munitions including 402: 44: 7204:

United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research: Weapons of Mass Destruction Control & Enforcement

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United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research: Weapons of Mass Destruction Control & Enforcement

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United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research: Weapons of Mass Destruction Control & Enforcement

6017: 3468: 2875: 2794: 2659:(PIPA) reported that U.S. citizens showed high levels of concern regarding WMD, and that preventing the 826:

The term "weapons of mass destruction" continued to see periodic use, usually in the context of nuclear

8872: 8795: 8708: 8186: 7798: 7793: 7586: 5783: 2962: 1502: 1318:, shoe bombs, and cactus needles coated with a biological toxin have been obtained under 18 USC 2332a. 753:

The term was also used in the introduction to the hugely influential U.S. government document known as

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Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction

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regarding its applicability and use in retaliation. Due to these reservations, it was in practice a "

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For the general purposes of national defense, the U.S. Code defines a weapon of mass destruction as:

1220: 885: 857:, Iraq's nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons programs became a particular concern of the first 7044:

Weapons of Mass Destruction: The no-nonsense guide to nuclear, chemical and biological weapons today

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Greek Fire, Poison Arrows & Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World

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any weapon that is designed to release radiation or radioactivity at a level dangerous to human life

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According to Charles Dullin, an environmental-health engineer who contributed to its development:

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are considered weapons of mass destruction, while aircraft capable of carrying bombloads are not.

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Review of Intelligence on Weapons of Mass Destruction: Report of a Committee of Privy Counsellors

3381: 2808: 2771: 2370: 1451: 1432: 1356: 1092:". The committee set out to avoid the general term but when using it, employed the definition of 962: 901: 897: 846:, used the term in a 1989 speech to the United Nations, primarily in reference to chemical arms. 6946: 6880: 6424: 5382: 3525:"Confrontation in the Gulf; U.S. Explores New Strategies to Limit Weapons of Mass Destruction –" 3262:

Establishment of a Commission to Deal with the Problems Raised by the Discovery of Atomic Energy

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Televised remarks to the American people re "the Soviet military buildup on the island of Cuba"

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on 22 October 1962, Kennedy made reference to "offensive weapons of sudden mass destruction."

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old, improperly stored or destroyed by the Iraqis. Charles Duelfer agreed, stating on NPR's

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any weapon designed to release radiation or radioactivity at a level dangerous to human life

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Chapter 2: Biological warfare before 1945. In Bioterror and Biowarfare: A Beginner's Guide

4514:"FindLaw for Legal Professionals – Case Law, Federal and State Resources, Forms, and Code" 8: 8928: 8890: 8621: 8601: 8223: 8006: 7010:

Weapons of Mass Destruction: An Encyclopedia of Worldwide Policy, Technology, and History

6863: 6737: 6710: 6307: 5855: 5328: 4773:"Disarmament Treaties Database: Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)" 3281: 2982: 2952: 2603: 2589: 2337:, invoked the fear of a nuclear war and was an element in Johnson's subsequent election. 1343: 1034: 653: 583: 495: 6125: 4344:"US CODE: 50, ch. 43—Preventing Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation and Terrorism" 3968: 3804: 3260: 2748: 2599: 835: 8851: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8638: 8616: 8611: 8578: 8568: 8428: 8423: 8306: 8257: 8011: 7971: 7941: 7340: 7219: 6323: 6255: 5915: 5602: 5479: 5471: 5247: 5117: 5090: 3824: 2922: 2648:(BJP) announced it would "declare India a nuclear weapon state" after coming to power. 1748: 1744: 1459: 1348: 1125: 988: 935: 893: 850: 839: 780: 687: 607: 535: 6616: 5689:"One hundred and one years after a milestone: Modern chemical weapons and World War I" 5355: 3551:"Global Nuclear Arsenal Declines, But Future Cuts Uncertain Amid U.S.-Russia Tensions" 3440: 2610:

In order to increase awareness of all kinds of WMD, in 2004 the nuclear physicist and

713:

used that exact phrase in 1946 (in a speech at the United Nations probably written by

690:(although it is not quite verbatim): a communique from a 15 November 1945, meeting of 8643: 8606: 8443: 8401: 8385: 8088: 8063: 8058: 7991: 7966: 7591: 7250:, by Stephan Lewandowsky, Werner G.K. Stritzke, Klaus Oberauer, and Michael Morales, 7223: 6734:"Russian public opinion on nuclear weapons – Blog – Russian strategic nuclear forces" 6707:"Russian public opinion on nuclear weapons – Blog – Russian strategic nuclear forces" 6543: 6501: 6393: 6368: 6327: 5818: 5623: 5594: 5483: 5414: 5145: 5122: 4164: 4016: 3828: 3816: 3590:"India Completes Chemical Weapons Disposal; Iraq Declares Stockpile | Analysis | NTI" 3414: 3302: 3160: 3121: 2997: 2977: 2779: 2611: 2577: 2448:

that WMD were indeed discovered, while they were not. This led to three conclusions:

2401:

in May 2003. The CISSM report argues that poor coverage resulted less from political

2366: 1850: 1834:

during the Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), became infamous for conducting often fatal

1364: 1360: 1192: 1000: 904:

of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq that became the primary justification for the

843: 784:

objects carrying nuclear weapons or any other kinds of weapons of mass destruction."

591: 575: 519: 5854:

was determined a war crime by Dutch and Iraqi courts, resulting in the execution of

4439: 4109:"Chemical and Biological Weapons: Use in Warfare, Impact on Society and Environment" 4037:"Weapons of Mass Destruction: State Department Oversight of Science Centers Program" 3710:

United States Air Force Center for Unconventional Weapon Studies Trinity Site Papers

3410:

Tactical nuclear weapons : emergent threats in an evolving security environment

2633:. Risks of nuclear conflict, proliferation, and terrorism were seen as substantial. 2444:

initial source of information led to a substantial minority of Americans exhibiting

8846: 8631: 8204: 8143: 8108: 8098: 8031: 7986: 7981: 7946: 7440: 7309: 7211: 7184: 7157: 6598: 6319: 5606: 5586: 5463: 5112: 5102: 4745: 4369: 4321: 3808: 2927: 2855:, and separated from each other by 60°. It is meant to represent a radiating atom. 2284: 1874: 1565: 992: 924: 919:

Because of its prolific use and (worldwide) public profile during this period, the

741: 729: 618: 539: 487: 143: 5763:"Status of Participation in the Chemical Weapons Convention as at 14 October 2013" 4417: 3997: 2943:

Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction

8913: 8805: 8433: 8396: 8301: 8128: 7996: 7578: 7241: 7068:

Bentley, Michelle, "War and/of Worlds: Constructing WMD in U.S. Foreign Policy",

6929: 6842: 6595:

Public perspectives on nuclear security. US national security surveys, 1993--1997

6431: 5897: 5519: 4093: 3952: 3922:"Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents Volume 37, Issue 19 (May 14, 2001)" 3576: 3447: 3329: 2932: 2901: 2697: 2689: 2405:

than from tired journalistic conventions. The report's major findings were that:

2390: 2317: 1904: 1893: 1846: 1720: 1647: 1638: 1592: 1413: 1347:

reported on 30 March 2006: "Jurors asked the judge in the death penalty trial of

984: 947: 939: 812: 765: 761: 626: 603: 547: 491: 148: 4723: 1912:

proliferation and use in war zones remains an active concern, most recently the

1427:

Ban the use of chemical and biological weapons in international armed conflicts

706:, as Bush claimed in 1970) referred to "weapons adaptable to mass destruction." 8880: 8449: 8407: 8148: 8103: 8093: 8053: 7264: 7215: 7189: 7162: 7087: 6621: 6609: 6063: 5956: 4814: 4064: 2883:

Developed by Dow Chemical company in the 1960s for their containment products.

2615: 2445: 2330: 2288: 2276: 1773: 1769: 1619: 1314:

Indictments and convictions for possession and use of WMD such as truck bombs,

1118: 913: 820: 816: 710: 699: 695: 671: 661: 630: 499: 336: 153: 5590: 5220: 5193: 4133: 3223: 2688:

Weapons of mass destruction and their related impacts have been a mainstay of

8943: 8501: 8380: 8181: 8171: 8118: 8041: 8021: 7883: 6923:

Drop it and Run! New Symbol Warns of Radiation Dangers and Aims to Save Lives

6331: 5598: 5438: 5274: 4933:"Disarmament Treaties Database: Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons" 4130:"A Soldier's Viewpoint on Surviving Nuclear, Chemical and Biological Attacks" 3820: 3812: 2821: 2756: 2709: 2558: 2374: 2222: 1772:

in 1346 and possibly much farther back to antiquity. It is believed that the

1292:'s definition is similar to that presented above from the terrorism statute: 1215:

having an explosive or incendiary charge of more than one-quarter ounce , or

1176: 1085: 1033:

Other documents expand the definition of WMD to also include radiological or

831: 703: 507: 7268: 7058: 6638: 6564: 5551: 4942: 4846: 4691: 4235: 3843: 3522: 2340:

Later, United States' President George W. Bush used the threat of potential

983:

The most widely used definition of "weapons of mass destruction" is that of

8551: 8455: 8353: 8176: 8123: 8083: 8036: 5665: 5126: 5107: 4910: 4878: 4782: 3899: 3788: 3579:, Military.com, report filed by American Forces Press Service, 29 June 2006 3491:"Excerpts From Bush's Speech at the Opening of the U.N. General Assembly –" 2907: 2630: 1889: 1881: 1854: 1839: 1785: 1784:, German military attempted to introduce anthrax into Allied livestock. In 1777: 1766: 1713: 1377: 1264: 862: 827: 691: 675: 645: 558: 527: 7003:

Repairing the Regime: Preventing the Spread of Weapons of Mass Destruction

3359: 2393:

by India and Pakistan in May 1998; the U.S. announcement of evidence of a

2377:

law 18 U.S.C. 2332A for using a weapon of mass destruction and that was a

8917: 8506: 8341: 8286: 8016: 8001: 6731: 6704: 6475: 5002: 2937: 2341: 2272: 2102: 1781: 1074: 1062: 1038: 1014:

The NBC definition has also been used in official U.S. documents, by the

958: 622: 506:

that can kill or significantly harm many people or cause great damage to

5846:

for various perspectives on the only combat use of nuclear weapons. The

3848:

Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction, Occasional Paper 10

2572:

Many news agencies, including Fox News, reported the conclusions of the

896:

took hold in many countries. The fear reached a crescendo with the 2002

8558: 8336: 7101:

Stefano Felician, Le armi di distruzione di massa, CEMISS, Roma, 2010,

5911: 5475: 5008:

SIPRI Yearbook 2023: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security.

3088: 2402: 1705: 1315: 1272: 1208: 1196: 1153: 1149: 1008: 892:

in the United States, an increased fear of nonconventional weapons and

574:

The first use of the term "weapon of mass destruction" on record is by

5007: 4837:"Disarmament Treaties Database: Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty" 3844:"Future of Weapons of Mass Destruction: Their Nature and Role in 2030" 923:

voted "weapons of mass destruction" (and its abbreviation, "WMD") the

8246: 7976: 7080: 6563:

Herron, Kerry G.; Jenkins-Smith, Hank C.; Hughes, Scott (June 2000).

6446:"WikiLeaks Show WMD Hunt Continued in Iraq – With Surprising Results" 5884:

in particular has been referred to as mass murder: Volkery, Carsten.

5433:

Leitenberg, M., Zilinskas, R., & Kuhn, J. (2012). Conclusion. In

2816: 2271:

if widespread) because they kill civilians (who are protected by the

2264: 1845:

International restrictions on biological warfare began with the 1925

1827:

The Japanese biological weapons program, which was run by the secret

1675: 1216: 1188: 1169: 1157: 683: 515: 7078:, "What makes a weapon one of mass destruction?" (6 February 2004), 5467: 5047:"U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe | NATO Nuclear Weapons Policy | NTI" 3330:"NSC-68 United States Objectives and Programs for National Security" 1386:

The development and use of WMD is governed by several international

8895: 8546: 8376: 7782: 7062: 6602: 6479: 4061:"Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms" 3465:"CNN Cold War – Historical Documents: Reagan-Gorbachev transcripts" 2967: 2693: 2641: 2477: 2313: 2118: 1831: 1712:

inherited stockpiles of nuclear arms following the break-up of the

1679: 1161: 1129: 854: 793: 649: 612: 553: 6414:

Kay, David. "House Armed Services Committee Hearing", 29 June 2006

5979:"Weapons of Mass Destruction Are Overrated as a Threat to America" 4211:"What makes a weapon one of mass destruction?-News-UK-TimesOnline" 3523:

MICHAEL WINES, Special to The New York Times (30 September 1990).

2439:

during the 2003 Iraq War. The study focused on populations in two

2303: 1838:

on prisoners and producing biological weapons for combat use. The

1325:(A) any destructive device as defined in section 921 of the title; 1271:

any "destructive device" defined as any explosive, incendiary, or

1267:

concerning terrorism, weapons of mass destruction are defined as:

8573: 8563: 8541: 8526: 8166: 8138: 8133: 8048: 6597:(Report). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI). 4296:"US CODE: 50, ch. 40—Defense Against Weapons of Mass Destruction" 3497:. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Ussr). 26 September 1989. 2837: 2829: 2238: 2085: 1939: 1709: 1701: 1321:

As defined by 18 USC §2332 (a), a Weapon of Mass Destruction is:

1212: 1200: 6588: 6586: 4440:"US CODE: Title 18, § 2332a. Use of weapons of mass destruction" 3406: 1096:, which defined the systems which Iraq was required to abandon: 128: 7332: 3028: 2913:

Commission on the Prevention of WMD proliferation and terrorism

2432: 2426:

Susan D. Moeller, Media Coverage of Weapons of Mass Destruction

2206: 2134: 2035: 1732: 1689: 1204: 996: 754: 511: 503: 6998:(Routledge, 2014.) On the usage of the term in American policy 6644: 5656:"Disarmament Treaties Database: Biological Weapons Convention" 4869:"Disarmament Treaties Database: Biological Weapons Convention" 3946:

CIA Site Redirect – Central Intelligence Agency

1920:

Countries with known or possible chemical weapons, as of 2021

1899:

International restrictions on chemical warfare began with the

8215: 7173:"Compliance Management under the Chemical Weapons Convention" 7146:"Compliance and Enforcement in the Biological Weapons Regime" 6583: 3646:"Lake Superior State University:: Banished Words List:: 2003" 2472:

Respondents believing evidence of WMD had been found in Iraq

2188: 2170: 2067: 2051: 1987: 1971: 1955: 1780:

allow for the large-scale weaponization of pathogens. During

1666:

The only country to have used a nuclear weapon in war is the

909: 67:

deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

7137: 4901:"Disarmament Treaties Database: Chemical Weapons Convention" 3156:

Is Arsenic an Aphrodisiac?: The Sociochemistry of an Element

1134:

United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms

6996:

Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Strategic Use of a Concept

6732:

Russian public opinion on nuclear weapons (5 August 2005).

6705:

Russian public opinion on nuclear weapons (5 August 2005).

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Kull, Steven; Ramsay, Clay; Lewis, Evan (1 December 2003).

4598:"18 U.S. Code § 2332a - Use of weapons of mass destruction" 4243:. American Institute of Chemists. p. 1. Archived from 3042: 2550:

Based on a series of polls taken from June–September 2003.

2019: 2003: 1078: 1051: 957:

There have been calls to classify at least some classes of

951: 7301: 7200:"IAEA Mechanisms to Ensure Compliance with NPT Safeguards" 6874:"Biohazard and radioactive Symbol, design and proportions" 6530:. 26 June 2009. Archived from the original on 26 June 2009 6118:"Munitions Found in Iraq Meet WMD Criteria, Official Says" 4978:"How Nuclear Weapons Work | Union of Concerned Scientists" 3117:

Chemical and Biological Warfare: An Annotated Bibliography

1181:

Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive

656:. The application of the term to specifically nuclear and 8870: 6562: 6252:

Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland

6034:"'Daisy Girl' political ad still haunting 50 years later" 5844:

Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

3789:"The misunderstood acronym: Why cyber weapons aren't WMD" 2573: 2535: 2507: 2497: 2487: 1281:

any weapon involving a biological agent, toxin, or vector

1019: 943: 728:

An exact use of this term was given in a lecture titled "

531: 4714:"Disarmament Treaties Database: Partial Test Ban Treaty" 2803: 2258: 530:, it has later come to refer to large-scale weaponry of 5886:"60 Years after the Bombing of Dresden: A War of Words" 3672:"Criminal Complaint United States vs Dzhokhar Tsarnaev" 3288: 2870: 6425:

Expert: Iraq WMD Find Did Not Point to Ongoing Program

6178:"18 U.S.C. 2332a - Use of weapons of mass destruction" 5022:"Nuclear Warhead - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics" 3762:"The Pentagon Thinks Cyber Ops Could Be The Next WMDs" 2836:

Radiation Laboratory. At the time, it was rendered as

2828:

The international radioactivity symbol (also known as

27:

Weapon that can kill many people or cause great damage

5542:"Disarmament Treaties Database: 1925 Geneva Protocol" 4682:"Disarmament Treaties Database: 1925 Geneva Protocol" 4236:

Capt. G. Shane Hendricks, Dr. Margot J. Hall (2007).

3732:"Cyber Weapons – The New Weapons of Mass Destruction" 1719:

Countries where nuclear weapons are deployed through

664:

to the Russian phrase "Оружие массового поражения" –

5806:

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

5788:

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

5767:

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

3413:(1. ed.). Washington DC: Brassey's. p. 7. 606:

had not been developed. Japan conducted research on

6760:"Unicode Character 'SKULL AND CROSSBONES' (U+2620)" 6652:

Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs

6593:Herron, K.G.; Jenkins-Smith, H.C. (1 August 1998). 6592: 4746:"Disarmament Treaties Database: Outer Space Treaty" 4097:(HC 898), London: The Stationery Office, 2004, §14. 3301:(in German). Oxford University Press. p. 158. 1716:, but relinquished them to the Russian Federation. 876:In early 2019, more than 90% of the world's 13,865 6850:"Origin of the Radiation Warning Symbol (Trefoil)" 6016: 6002: 6000: 5819:https://www.peoacwa.army.mil/destruction-progress/ 7120:Weapons of Mass Destruction and International Law 5449: 4238:"The History and Science of CBRNE Agents, Part I" 3266: 24 January 1946. Retrieved 2010-06-18. 3192: 3190: 3188: 3152: 1258: 1136:and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, quoted the 8941: 6898:"Origin of the Radiation Warning Sign (Trefoil)" 6548:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 6373:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 6355:. Archived from the original on 10 February 2006 6087:"President Bush Meets with Prime Minister Blair" 6085:Blair, Tony; Bush, George W. (31 January 2003). 4649:"Injury toll from Marathon bombs reduced to 264" 1239:toxic or poisonous chemicals or their precursors 7114:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540 6790:"Unicode Character 'RADIOACTIVE SIGN' (U+2622)" 6305: 6245:"Media coverage of weapons of mass destruction" 5997: 5091:"Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa" 4805:"Disarmament Treaties Database: Sea-bed Treaty" 1914:use of chemical weapons in the Syrian Civil War 1651:US and Russian nuclear stockpiles, 1945 to 2014 1061:Protest in Amsterdam against the deployment of 6502:"Iraq WMD Inspectors End Search, Find Nothing" 5981:. The Independent Institute. 28 January 2004. 5778: 5776: 5452:"Legal Aspects of the Geneva Protocol of 1925" 3407:Brian Alexander, Alistair Millar, ed. (2003). 3185: 2717:Symbol Type (Toxic, Radioactive or Biohazard) 2684:Weapons of mass destruction in popular culture 1896:) though Allied powers also stockpiled them. 1627: 1251:For the purposes of the prevention of weapons 1094:United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 8231: 7317: 7238:Media Coverage of Weapons of Mass Destruction 6820:"Unicode Character 'BIOHAZARD SIGN' (U+2623)" 6308:"Misperceptions, the Media, and the Iraq War" 6281:"Psychological Science – Journal Information" 5757: 5755: 5661:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs 5629:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs 5547:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs 5515:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs 4938:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs 4906:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs 4874:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs 4842:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs 4810:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs 4778:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs 4751:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs 4719:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs 4687:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs 3029:"Hydrogen Bomb test explosion - Redwing Tewa" 3003:United States and weapons of mass destruction 2847:, the blades having an internal radius of 1.5 1903:, and was expanded significantly by the 1925 459: 65:The examples and perspective in this article 7248:Memory for fact, fiction, and misinformation 6556: 6062:. Anderson Valley Advertiser. Archived from 5831:List of weapons of mass destruction treaties 4270:"US CODE: Title 50—War and National Defense" 2843:It is drawn with a central circle of radius 1600:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 1382:List of weapons of mass destruction treaties 7027:Common sense on weapons of mass destruction 5802:"Myanmar Joins Chemical Weapons Convention" 5773: 5001:Kristensen, Hans M; Korda, Matt. (2023). " 4161:International Encyclopedia of Public Health 3518: 3516: 3275: 3159:. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 241. 3113: 880:were owned by Russia and the United States. 8238: 8224: 7324: 7310: 7092:Definition of 'Weapon of Mass Destruction' 6476:"CIA's Final Report: No WMD Found in Iraq" 6348:Misperceptions, the Media and the Iraq War 5752: 5450:Baxter RR, Buergenthal T (28 March 2017). 5439:http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2jbscf.30 4370:"US CODE: 50, ch. 43; § 2902. Definitions" 4322:"US CODE: 50, ch. 40, § 2302. Definitions" 3841: 3356:"John F. Kennedy Moon Speech—Rice Stadium" 3294: 3199:"On Language; Weapons of Mass Destruction" 2592:, and led to the formation of the British 2576:that, based upon the investigation of the 1892:(both in battle and in extermination camp 1863:183 states have become party to the treaty 1297:devices described in the preceding clauses 1071:separable and divisible part of the weapon 968: 569: 466: 452: 127: 7291:Program on International Policy Attitudes 7188: 7161: 7138:Compliance with international WMD regimes 7022:(Britannica Educational Publishing, 2011) 6567:(Report). UNM Institute for Public Policy 6443: 6283:. Blackwellpublishing.com. Archived from 6084: 6057: 5735: 5456:The American Journal of International Law 5116: 5106: 4155:Sidel, Victor W.; Levy, Barry S. (2016). 4154: 4063:. Dtic.mil. 12 April 2001. Archived from 3842:Caves, John; Carus, W. Seth (June 2014). 3569:Munitions Found in Iraq Meet WMD Criteria 2657:Program on International Policy Attitudes 2294: 1516:Ban stationing of WMD on the ocean floor 642:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 103:Learn how and when to remove this message 8862:Post-conflict reception of war criminals 7197: 7051: 6392:. Fox News. 22 June 2006. Archived from 6390:"Report: Hundreds of WMDs Found in Iraq" 5869:Aerial bombardment and international law 3622:. Americandialect.org. 13 January 2003. 3513: 3242: 2815: 2703: 2598: 2302: 1752: 1688: 1646: 1056: 871: 552: 7279: 7143: 6565:Mass and Elite Viewson Nuclear Security 6242: 6115: 6031: 6006: 5736:Timperley, Christopher (October 2018). 5693:Educacion Quimica (chemistry education) 5686: 5169:"The A to Z of international relations" 5088: 4418:"US CODE: Title 18, § 921. Definitions" 4106: 3434: 3050:"Weapon of mass destruction - weaponry" 2397:in October 2002; and revelations about 1546:Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention 1454:except for those conducted underground 1303:any weapon involving a disease organism 1054:(intercontinental ballistic missiles). 978: 787: 775:An early use of the exact phrase in an 14: 8942: 7107: 7029:(University of Washington Press, 2011) 7025:Graham Jr, Thomas, and Thomas Graham. 5950: 4462:"What is A Weapon of Mass Destruction" 4021:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3859: 3857: 3196: 3008:Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission 2993:Russia and weapons of mass destruction 2904: – 2015 American documentary film 2670:commitment of nuclear arms reduction. 1227: 8219: 7305: 7170: 7124:American Society of International Law 6953:from the original on 17 February 2007 6116:Quigley, Samantha L. (29 June 2006). 6058:St. Clair, Jeffrey (13 August 2003). 5636:from the original on 15 February 2021 5618: 5616: 5579:American Journal of International Law 5572: 5435:The Soviet Biological Weapons Program 5408: 5163: 5161: 5139: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4420:. .law.cornell.edu. 13 September 1994 4107:Harigel, Gert G. (22 November 2001). 3965:"Message of the Secretary of Defense" 3729: 3700: 2804:Radioactive weaponry or hazard symbol 2677: 2583: 2259:Ethics and international legal status 1738: 1522:Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty 1028:U.S. Government Accountability Office 652:, the term came to refer more to non- 582:, in 1937 in reference to the aerial 514:structures (e.g., mountains), or the 8292:Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868 6624:Meetings Coverage and Press Releases 5490:from the original on 27 October 2017 5057:from the original on 7 November 2018 4646: 4468:from the original on 13 October 2010 3863: 3786: 3701:Hatch, Benjamin B. (December 2017). 3336:from the original on 24 October 2010 3089:"Biological Weapons Program – Japan" 2871:Biological weaponry or hazard symbol 2840:, and was set on a blue background. 2580:, WMDs are yet to be found in Iraq. 2395:North Korean nuclear weapons program 1371: 51: 6736:. Russianforces.org. Archived from 6709:. Russianforces.org. Archived from 6679:. 29 September 2005. Archived from 6528:"Welcome – WMD Awareness Programme" 6444:Shachtman, Noah (23 October 2010). 6208:"Case 1:13-mj-02106-MBB Document 3" 5919: 5729: 5687:Vilches, Diego (15 November 2015). 4578:from the original on 2 January 2016 4572:"The Free Lance-Star – 14 Jul 1998" 4398:from the original on 19 August 2010 4346:. .law.cornell.edu. 23 March 2010. 4298:. .law.cornell.edu. 23 March 2010. 4272:. .law.cornell.edu. 23 March 2010. 3854: 3736:United Service Institution of India 3600:from the original on 3 January 2016 3173:from the original on 2 January 2016 3134:from the original on 2 January 2016 2557:. Quoting from the report, Senator 2555:National Ground Intelligence Center 1868: 1693:Global nuclear weapon numbers, 2023 1643:List of states with nuclear weapons 1223:at a level dangerous to human life. 1179:organizations, the category is now 954:as a "weapon of mass destruction." 24: 8297:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 7269:Is All Fair in Biological Warfare? 6674:"The Pipa/Knowledge Networks Poll" 6508:from the original on 5 August 2007 6456:from the original on 24 March 2014 6324:10.1002/j.1538-165X.2003.tb00406.x 6243:Moeller, Susan D. (9 March 2004). 5882:Bombing of Dresden in World War II 5648: 5613: 5510:"Text of the 1925 Geneva Protocol" 5443: 5158: 4957: 4630:"Indictment of ZACARIAS MOUSSAOUI" 4394:. .law.cornell.edu. 28 June 2010. 4302:from the original on 27 April 2010 4276:from the original on 27 April 2010 4187:. 2 September 2007. Archived from 4159:. In Cockerham, William C. (ed.). 3876:from the original on 2 August 2015 3787:Carr, Jeffrey (1 September 2013). 3501:from the original on 18 March 2009 2874: 2860:International Atomic Energy Agency 2834:University of California, Berkeley 2807: 1901:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 1632: 1211:charge of more than four ounces , 736:. He delivered the lecture to the 723:International Atomic Energy Agency 25: 8971: 8786:Sudanese civil war (2023–present) 7297: 6224:from the original on 23 June 2014 6032:Nowicki, Dan (6 September 2014). 5985:from the original on 13 June 2010 5951:Wright, David T. (11 June 2003). 4610:from the original on 20 July 2017 4520:from the original on 10 June 2011 4392:"US CODE: Chapter 113B—Terrorism" 4372:. .law.cornell.edu. 23 March 2010 4350:from the original on 28 July 2010 4324:. .law.cornell.edu. 23 March 2010 3793:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 3626:from the original on 15 June 2006 3400: 3197:Safire, William (19 April 1998). 3095:from the original on 27 July 2010 3078:(London), 28 December 1937, p. 9. 2832:) first appeared in 1946, at the 2384: 2369:, one of the perpetrators of the 1909:Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) 1757:The Biological Weapons Convention 621:had seen wide battlefield use in 8924: 8923: 8729:Myanmar civil war (2021–present) 8200: 8199: 7059:WMD: Words of mass dissemination 6965: 6939: 6915: 6890: 6812: 6782: 6752: 6725: 6698: 6666: 6520: 6494: 6468: 6437: 6417: 6408: 6382: 6338: 6299: 6273: 6236: 6200: 6188:from the original on 12 May 2015 6170: 6140: 6109: 6078: 6051: 6025: 5971: 5955:. The Last Ditch. Archived from 5944: 5903: 5874: 5861: 5836: 5823: 5812: 5794: 5089:Wheelis, Mark (September 2002). 4442:. .law.cornell.edu. 28 June 2010 4132:. Sightm1911.com. Archived from 3230:from the original on 6 June 2012 2793: 2770: 2747: 2668:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 2594:Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament 1888:, and by the Axis powers during 1479:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 1116:U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense 1020:U.S. Central Intelligence Agency 973: 938:against the main suspect of the 764:on 12 September 1962, President 625:. Their use was outlawed by the 435: 434: 56: 8819:Yemeni civil war (2014–present) 6987: 5703: 5680: 5624:"Biological Weapons Convention" 5566: 5534: 5502: 5427: 5402: 5375: 5348: 5321: 5294: 5267: 5240: 5213: 5186: 5133: 5082: 5069: 5039: 5014: 4995: 4925: 4893: 4861: 4829: 4797: 4765: 4738: 4706: 4674: 4647:Kotz, Deborah (24 April 2013). 4640: 4622: 4590: 4564: 4532: 4506: 4480: 4454: 4432: 4410: 4384: 4362: 4336: 4314: 4288: 4262: 4229: 4213:. 11 March 2007. Archived from 4203: 4177: 4163:. Academic Press. p. 402. 4148: 4122: 4100: 4079: 4053: 4029: 3983: 3957: 3939: 3914: 3888: 3835: 3780: 3754: 3723: 3694: 3664: 3638: 3612: 3582: 3561: 3555:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 3543: 3483: 3457: 3386: 3374: 3348: 3322: 3295:Pais, A.; Crease, R.P. (2007). 3276:Oppenheimer, Robert J. (1955). 3269: 3249:United Nations General Assembly 3120:. Scarecrow Press. p. 30. 2973:New physical principles weapons 2323:A television commercial called 1473:Ban stationing of WMD in space 1433:Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 1290:Federal Bureau of Investigation 1183:(CBRNE), which defines WMD as: 1050:This may also refer to nuclear 633:against civilians and soldiers 534:-related technologies, such as 8245: 7287:Americans on WMD Proliferation 7034:Journal of Conflict Resolution 3730:Kumar, Davinder (March 2013). 3380:Kennedy JF (22 October 1962). 3224:"UNODA – Nuclear Weapons Home" 3216: 3146: 3107: 3081: 3068: 3021: 1540:Ban all nuclear weapons tests 1259:Criminal (civilian) definition 1084:In 2004, the United Kingdom's 1069:The significance of the words 942:bombing of 15 April 2013, the 929:Lake Superior State University 732:as a Contemporary Problem" by 668:(weapon of mass destruction). 666:oruzhiye massovogo porazheniya 510:structures (e.g., buildings), 13: 1: 5953:"Weapons of mass distraction" 5711:"Gas Warfare at Dura-Europos" 5573:Beard, Jack M. (April 2007). 5077:Biological Weapons Convention 4157:"Weapons of Mass Destruction" 3866:"Weapons of Mass Destruction" 3467:. 18 May 2008. Archived from 3298:J. Robert Oppenheimer: A Life 3014: 2606:protest march in Oxford, 1980 2279:from aircraft, and generally 1859:Biological Weapons Convention 1763:history of biological warfare 1073:is that missiles such as the 838:, when referring to the 1967 8359:International Criminal Court 6947:"IAEA news release Feb 2007" 6152:American Heritage Dictionary 6148:"Weapon of mass destruction" 5413:. Oneworld. pp. 11–31. 5095:Emerging Infectious Diseases 2644:. Prior to the election the 2361:American Heritage Dictionary 1723:agreements include Belgium, 7: 8950:Weapons of mass destruction 8759:Russian invasion of Ukraine 7614:National Revolutionary Army 7331: 7293:/Knowledge Networks survey. 7020:Weapons of Mass Destruction 6647:"Indian Nuclear Escalation" 6504:. Fox News. 26 April 2005. 6312:Political Science Quarterly 5848:Khabarovsk War Crime Trials 2918:List of CBRN warfare forces 2894: 2851:and an external radius of 5 2692:since the beginning of the 2627:Institute for Public Policy 1857:" agreement only. The 1972 1628:Use, possession, and access 1573:Chemical Weapons Convention 995:(NBC) although there is no 806:yield of the nuclear weapon 610: 565:Redwing Tewa was detonated. 121:Weapons of mass destruction 79:, discuss the issue on the 46:Weapons of Mass Distraction 33:Weapons of Mass Destruction 18:Weapons of mass destruction 10: 8976: 8733:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 7426:War of the Triple Alliance 7133:" (20 November 2001), CNN. 6973:"Biohazard Symbol History" 6215:U.S. Department of Justice 4516:. Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com. 4489:"United States v. McVeigh" 4464:. Fbi.gov. 30 March 2007. 3927:. Frwebgate.access.gpo.gov 3648:. Lssu.edu. Archived from 3620:"American Dialect Society" 3358:. nasa.gov. Archived from 3153:William R. Cullen (2008). 2963:Mutual assured destruction 2707: 2681: 1872: 1765:goes back at least to the 1742: 1674:on the Japanese cities of 1636: 1503:Seabed Arms Control Treaty 1375: 1245:radiation or radioactivity 1024:U.S. Department of Defense 480:weapon of mass destruction 40:Weapons of Mass Distortion 29: 8910: 8839: 8674: 8592: 8468: 8419:Joint criminal enterprise 8369: 8349:Responsibility to protect 8277: 8266: 8253: 8195: 8159: 7929: 7882: 7781: 7623: 7577: 7454: 7446:Pre-20th century firearms 7386: 7348: 7339: 7273:Journal of Medical Ethics 7258: 7144:Lentzos, Filippa (2019). 5852:Halabja poison gas attack 5591:10.1017/S0002930000030098 5388:Nuclear Threat Initiative 5361:Nuclear Threat Initiative 5334:Nuclear Threat Initiative 5307:Nuclear Threat Initiative 5280:Nuclear Threat Initiative 5253:Nuclear Threat Initiative 5226:Nuclear Threat Initiative 5199:Nuclear Threat Initiative 5003:World Nuclear Forces 2023 4540:"U.S. v. Richard C. Reid" 3452:Nuclear Threat Initiative 2661:spread of nuclear weapons 2344:as justification for the 1405:Number of states parties 1402:Date of entry into force 1263:For the purposes of U.S. 886:11 September 2001 attacks 7834:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 7824:South African Border War 7606:Second Sino-Japanese War 7231: 7001:Cirincione, Joseph, ed. 6936:482 (March 2007): 70–72. 6430:16 December 2018 at the 6122:US Department of Defense 5922:"Carpet or Area Bombing" 5896:9 September 2007 at the 5140:Mayor, Adrienne (2003). 5011:Oxford University Press. 3813:10.1177/0096340213501373 3454:(NTI), updated May, 2014 3441:Country Profiles -Israel 2623:University of New Mexico 2307:An atomic-bomb blueprint 1672:dropped two atomic bombs 1388:conventions and treaties 1128:, the Vice President of 1065:missiles in Europe, 1981 921:American Dialect Society 834:used it during the 1986 744:, on 17 September 1947. 719:Atomic Energy Commission 580:Archbishop of Canterbury 30:Not to be confused with 8886:Crimes against humanity 8724:Libyan civil war (2011) 8584:Wartime sexual violence 8532:Human trophy collecting 8517:Enforced disappearances 7814:Portuguese Colonial War 7254:, 16(3): 190–195, 2005. 7210:. Geneva, Switzerland. 7198:Heinonen, Olli (2020). 7183:. Geneva, Switzerland. 7156:. Geneva, Switzerland. 6928:20 January 2012 at the 5409:Dando, Malcolm (2006). 5075:United Nations (1972). 3074:"Archbishop's Appeal," 3054:Encyclopedia Britannica 2371:Boston Marathon bombing 1357:Boston Marathon bombing 969:Definitions of the term 963:critical infrastructure 898:Iraq disarmament crisis 867:Iraq's weapons programs 570:Early uses of this term 8537:Indiscriminate attacks 8522:Extrajudicial killings 8393:Command responsibility 8182:Civilian gun ownership 7216:10.37559/WMD/19/WMDCE2 7190:10.37559/WMD/19/WMDCE3 7163:10.37559/WMD/19/WMDCE4 7072:22 (Jan. 2013), 68–97. 7061:" (12 February 2003), 6379:, PIPA, 2 October 2003 5108:10.3201/eid0809.010536 3951:4 October 2006 at the 3575:1 October 2012 at the 2892: 2880: 2825: 2813: 2655:On 15 April 2004, the 2646:Bharatiya Janata Party 2607: 2437:search for WMD in Iraq 2429: 2399:Iran's nuclear program 2335:presidential candidacy 2308: 2295:United States politics 2269:crime against humanity 1829:Imperial Japanese Army 1758: 1694: 1652: 1225: 1066: 1048: 881: 842:. Reagan's successor, 751: 635:in Ethiopia in 1935–36 600: 566: 561:, the 5-megaton-yield 8857:List of global issues 8686:Gaza–Israel conflict 8512:Desecration of graves 8492:Collective punishment 7859:Nicaraguan Revolution 7809:Araguaia Guerilla War 7378:Early thermal weapons 7252:Psychological Science 7052:Definition and origin 7012:(2 vol 2004); 1024pp 5026:www.sciencedirect.com 2958:List of global issues 2888: 2878: 2819: 2811: 2704:Common hazard symbols 2602: 2407: 2391:nuclear weapons tests 2346:2003 invasion of Iraq 2329:, promoting Democrat 2306: 1820:(1934–1956), and the 1756: 1692: 1682:during World War II. 1650: 1452:nuclear weapons tests 1185: 1168:military doctrine of 1060: 1043: 927:in 2002, and in 2003 906:2003 invasion of Iraq 875: 861:. Following the war, 746: 734:J. Robert Oppenheimer 702:(probably drafted by 680:Brookings Institution 588: 557:On July 20, 1956, at 556: 8912:‡ Does not apply to 8891:Crimes of aggression 8873:international crimes 8771:Sri Lankan Civil War 8579:Use of human shields 8477:humanitarian workers 7864:Salvadoran Civil War 7431:Spanish–American War 7406:American Indian Wars 7285:Steven Kull et al., 7171:Trapp, Ralf (2019). 7096:Schneier on Security 7042:Hutchinson, Robert. 7018:Curley, Robert, ed. 7008:Croddy, Eric A. ed. 6979:on 13 February 2012. 6949:. 15 February 2007. 6886:on 31 December 2013. 6686:on 29 September 2005 6038:The Arizona Republic 6007:Easterbrook, Gregg. 4092:16 July 2011 at the 3864:Reed, Laura (2014). 3766:Government Executive 3282:Simon & Schuster 3251: Session 1 3114:Eric Croddy (1997). 2604:Anti-nuclear weapons 2403:bias among the media 2379:pressure cooker bomb 2373:, was charged under 1618:Comprehensively ban 1591:Comprehensively ban 1564:Comprehensively ban 1142:UN Secretary-General 1035:conventional weapons 979:Strategic definition 890:2001 anthrax attacks 788:Evolution of its use 777:international treaty 770:Cuban Missile Crisis 721:(predecessor of the 715:Herbert Bayard Swope 658:radiological weapons 654:conventional weapons 629:of 1925. Italy used 563:thermonuclear weapon 85:create a new article 77:improve this article 8749:Russo-Ukrainian War 8386:Civilian casualties 7917:Russo-Ukrainian War 7854:Dominican Civil War 7829:Cambodian Civil War 7790:First Indochina War 7122:" (February 2003), 7046:(Hachette UK, 2011) 6994:Bentley, Michelle. 6740:on 16 February 2006 6713:on 16 February 2006 6158:on 4 September 2015 6021:on 11 October 2007. 5892:, 2 February 2005. 5856:Ali Hassan al-Majid 5790:. 2 September 2013. 4636:. 9 September 2014. 4191:on 2 September 2007 4136:on 1 September 2010 3805:2013BuAtS..69e..32C 3676:The Washington Post 2988:Orbital bombardment 2983:Operations Plus WMD 2953:Kinetic bombardment 2590:nuclear disarmament 2249:September 30, 1998 2199:September 14, 2013 2062:September 15, 1995 1921: 1344:The Washington Post 1228:Military definition 859:Bush Administration 760:During a speech at 584:bombing of Guernica 524:chemical explosives 8960:Man-made disasters 8852:War crime apologia 8766:Second Chechen War 8469:War crimes by type 8429:Military necessity 8424:Medical neutrality 8342:Protocol II (1977) 8307:Geneva Conventions 8258:List of war crimes 7907:Russo-Georgian War 7849:Lebanese Civil War 7819:Rhodesian Bush War 7436:Mexican Revolution 7421:American Civil War 7411:War of the Pacific 7401:Napoleonic Warfare 7280:Public perceptions 7118:David P. Fidler, " 7094:" (6 April 2009), 6423:Duelfer, Charles. 6261:on 22 October 2004 5932:on 2 December 2015 5916:Geneva Conventions 5784:"SIGNATORY STATES" 5769:. 14 October 2013. 5668:on 2 February 2021 5522:on 9 February 2021 4945:on 26 January 2021 4913:on 3 December 2020 4881:on 2 February 2021 4849:on 3 December 2020 4817:on 3 December 2020 4726:on 2 February 2017 4067:on 10 October 2016 3768:. 19 December 2018 3529:The New York Times 3495:The New York Times 3446:2014-10-06 at the 3203:The New York Times 2923:Core (game theory) 2881: 2826: 2814: 2678:In popular culture 2608: 2584:Public perceptions 2564:Talk of the Nation 2309: 2129:November 27, 1997 2030:February 12, 2009 1998:September 3, 1996 1919: 1816:(1920s–1992), the 1759: 1749:Biological weapons 1745:Biological warfare 1739:Biological weapons 1695: 1653: 1605:20 September 2017 1566:biological weapons 1527:10 September 1996 1460:Outer Space Treaty 1349:Zacarias Moussaoui 1242:a disease organism 1126:Gustavo Bell Lemus 1067: 1041:refers to WMD as: 936:criminal complaint 894:asymmetric warfare 882: 851:invasion of Kuwait 840:Outer Space Treaty 781:Outer Space Treaty 608:biological weapons 567: 8937: 8936: 8906: 8905: 8847:War crimes trials 8675:War crimes by war 8464: 8463: 8444:Protected persons 8337:Protocol I (1977) 8213: 8212: 7925: 7924: 7869:Soviet–Afghan War 7844:Laotian Civil War 7592:Spanish Civil War 7289:(15 April 2004), 7129:Joanne Mariner, " 7108:International law 7005:(Routledge, 2014) 6626:. 20 October 1998 6434:NPR. 22 June 2006 6287:on 14 August 2010 6217:. 21 April 2013. 5717:. 7 November 2009 5715:World Archaeology 4170:978-0-12-803708-9 3971:on 1 October 2004 3870:Hampshire College 3742:on 7 January 2022 3652:on 20 August 2017 3420:978-1-57488-585-9 3308:978-0-19-532712-0 3056:. 1 November 1952 2998:Strategic bombing 2978:Nuclear terrorism 2801: 2800: 2612:Nobel Peace Prize 2578:Iraq Survey Group 2548: 2547: 2367:Dzhokhar Tsarnaev 2316:or to generate a 2253: 2252: 2246:January 13, 1993 2230:January 13, 1993 2227:Eliminated, 2023 2145:November 5, 1997 2142:January 13, 1993 2139:Eliminated, 2017 2126:January 13, 1993 2094:January 14, 1993 2072:Eliminated, 2014 2059:January 13, 1993 2043:January 13, 1993 2027:January 13, 2009 2024:Eliminated, 2018 2014:November 3, 1997 2011:January 13, 1993 1995:January 14, 1993 1992:Eliminated, 2009 1963:January 13, 1993 1947:January 14, 1993 1944:Eliminated, 2007 1836:human experiments 1812:(1981–1993), the 1625: 1624: 1578:3 September 1992 1507:11 February 1971 1372:International law 1365:Tamerlan Tsarnaev 1361:Dzhokhar Tsarnaev 1138:Millennium Report 1132:, at 9 July 2001 1001:international law 902:alleged existence 844:George H. W. Bush 802:strategic weapons 757:written in 1950. 576:Cosmo Gordon Lang 476: 475: 113: 112: 105: 87:, as appropriate. 16:(Redirected from 8967: 8927: 8926: 8868: 8867: 8776:Syrian civil war 8719:2006 Lebanon War 8682:Afghanistan wars 8434:Prisoners of war 8275: 8274: 8270:humanitarian law 8240: 8233: 8226: 8217: 8216: 8203: 8202: 8079:Mass destruction 7987:Blunt instrument 7912:Syrian Civil War 7346: 7345: 7326: 7319: 7312: 7303: 7302: 7227: 7194: 7192: 7167: 7165: 7070:Security Studies 6981: 6980: 6975:. Archived from 6969: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6943: 6937: 6921:Linda Lodding, " 6919: 6913: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6894: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6879:. Archived from 6878: 6870: 6861: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6846: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6835: 6826:. Archived from 6816: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6796:. Archived from 6786: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6766:. 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1963 1421:8 February 1928 1393: 1392: 1146:General Assembly 1091: 993:chemical weapons 925:word of the year 836:Reykjavík Summit 742:State Department 619:chemical weapons 616: 468: 461: 454: 438: 437: 419:List of treaties 131: 117: 116: 108: 101: 97: 94: 88: 60: 59: 52: 21: 8975: 8974: 8970: 8969: 8968: 8966: 8965: 8964: 8940: 8939: 8938: 8933: 8914:airborne forces 8902: 8881:Atrocity crimes 8866: 8835: 8670: 8595:committed by... 8594: 8588: 8497:Criminal orders 8460: 8439:Proportionality 8397:Superior orders 8365: 8302:Geneva Protocol 8269: 8262: 8249: 8244: 8214: 8209: 8191: 8187:Science fiction 8155: 8027:Directed-energy 7921: 7897:Afghanistan War 7878: 7777: 7619: 7579:Interwar period 7573: 7474:Austria-Hungary 7450: 7382: 7335: 7330: 7300: 7282: 7261: 7242:Wayback Machine 7234: 7140: 7110: 7054: 7049: 6990: 6985: 6984: 6971: 6970: 6966: 6956: 6954: 6945: 6944: 6940: 6930:Wayback Machine 6920: 6916: 6906: 6904: 6896: 6895: 6891: 6883: 6876: 6872: 6871: 6864: 6854: 6852: 6848: 6847: 6843: 6833: 6831: 6824:fileformat.info 6818: 6817: 6813: 6803: 6801: 6794:fileformat.info 6788: 6787: 6783: 6773: 6771: 6764:fileformat.info 6758: 6757: 6753: 6743: 6741: 6730: 6726: 6716: 6714: 6703: 6699: 6689: 6687: 6683: 6676: 6672: 6671: 6667: 6657: 6655: 6643: 6639: 6629: 6627: 6615: 6614: 6610: 6591: 6584: 6570: 6568: 6561: 6557: 6541: 6540: 6533: 6531: 6526: 6525: 6521: 6511: 6509: 6500: 6499: 6495: 6485: 6483: 6482:. 25 April 2005 6474: 6473: 6469: 6459: 6457: 6442: 6438: 6432:Wayback Machine 6422: 6418: 6413: 6409: 6399: 6397: 6388: 6387: 6383: 6366: 6365: 6358: 6356: 6352: 6344: 6343: 6339: 6304: 6300: 6290: 6288: 6279: 6278: 6274: 6264: 6262: 6258: 6247: 6241: 6237: 6227: 6225: 6221: 6210: 6206: 6205: 6201: 6191: 6189: 6176: 6175: 6171: 6161: 6159: 6146: 6145: 6141: 6131: 6129: 6128:on 14 June 2014 6114: 6110: 6100: 6098: 6091:The White House 6083: 6079: 6069: 6067: 6066:on 11 June 2011 6056: 6052: 6042: 6040: 6030: 6026: 6005: 5998: 5988: 5986: 5977: 5976: 5972: 5962: 5960: 5959:on 15 June 2011 5949: 5945: 5935: 5933: 5908: 5904: 5898:Wayback Machine 5879: 5875: 5866: 5862: 5841: 5837: 5828: 5824: 5817: 5813: 5800: 5799: 5795: 5782: 5781: 5774: 5761: 5760: 5753: 5734: 5730: 5720: 5718: 5709: 5708: 5704: 5685: 5681: 5671: 5669: 5654: 5653: 5649: 5639: 5637: 5622: 5621: 5614: 5571: 5567: 5557: 5555: 5540: 5539: 5535: 5525: 5523: 5508: 5507: 5503: 5493: 5491: 5468:10.2307/2198921 5448: 5444: 5432: 5428: 5421: 5407: 5403: 5393: 5391: 5383:"United States" 5381: 5380: 5376: 5366: 5364: 5354: 5353: 5349: 5339: 5337: 5327: 5326: 5322: 5312: 5310: 5300: 5299: 5295: 5285: 5283: 5273: 5272: 5268: 5258: 5256: 5246: 5245: 5241: 5231: 5229: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5204: 5202: 5192: 5191: 5187: 5177: 5175: 5167: 5166: 5159: 5152: 5138: 5134: 5087: 5083: 5074: 5070: 5060: 5058: 5045: 5044: 5040: 5030: 5028: 5020: 5019: 5015: 5000: 4996: 4986: 4984: 4976: 4975: 4958: 4948: 4946: 4931: 4930: 4926: 4916: 4914: 4899: 4898: 4894: 4884: 4882: 4867: 4866: 4862: 4852: 4850: 4835: 4834: 4830: 4820: 4818: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4788: 4786: 4771: 4770: 4766: 4756: 4754: 4744: 4743: 4739: 4729: 4727: 4712: 4711: 4707: 4697: 4695: 4680: 4679: 4675: 4662: 4660: 4645: 4641: 4634:www.justice.gov 4628: 4627: 4623: 4613: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4581: 4579: 4570: 4569: 4565: 4555: 4553: 4549: 4542: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4523: 4521: 4512: 4511: 4507: 4497: 4495: 4487: 4485: 4481: 4471: 4469: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4445: 4443: 4438: 4437: 4433: 4423: 4421: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4401: 4399: 4390: 4389: 4385: 4375: 4373: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4353: 4351: 4342: 4341: 4337: 4327: 4325: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4305: 4303: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4279: 4277: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4253: 4251: 4250:on 14 July 2014 4247: 4240: 4234: 4230: 4220: 4218: 4209: 4208: 4204: 4194: 4192: 4183: 4182: 4178: 4171: 4153: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4113: 4111: 4105: 4101: 4094:Wayback Machine 4084: 4080: 4070: 4068: 4059: 4058: 4054: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4014: 4013: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3993: 3991:"Archived copy" 3989: 3988: 3984: 3974: 3972: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3953:Wayback Machine 3944: 3940: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3905: 3903: 3902:on 2 April 2010 3894: 3893: 3889: 3879: 3877: 3862: 3855: 3840: 3836: 3785: 3781: 3771: 3769: 3760: 3759: 3755: 3745: 3743: 3728: 3724: 3719:on 2 June 2021. 3716: 3705: 3699: 3695: 3685: 3683: 3670: 3669: 3665: 3655: 3653: 3644: 3643: 3639: 3629: 3627: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3603: 3601: 3588: 3587: 3583: 3577:Wayback Machine 3566: 3562: 3557:. 17 June 2019. 3549: 3548: 3544: 3534: 3532: 3521: 3514: 3504: 3502: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3474: 3472: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3448:Wayback Machine 3439: 3435: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3405: 3401: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3365: 3363: 3354: 3353: 3349: 3339: 3337: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3293: 3289: 3274: 3270: 3264: A/RES/1(I) 3247: 3243: 3233: 3231: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3207: 3205: 3195: 3186: 3176: 3174: 3167: 3151: 3147: 3137: 3135: 3128: 3112: 3108: 3098: 3096: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3073: 3069: 3059: 3057: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3012: 2933:Fallout shelter 2902:The Bomb (film) 2897: 2873: 2806: 2785: 2762: 2739: 2712: 2706: 2698:Science-fiction 2690:popular culture 2686: 2680: 2586: 2428: 2425: 2387: 2318:culture of fear 2297: 2261: 2255: 2233:April 25, 1997 2200: 2182: 2164: 2163:April 20, 2000 2152: 2079: 1905:Geneva Protocol 1877: 1871: 1847:Geneva Protocol 1782:First World War 1751: 1743:Main articles: 1741: 1721:nuclear sharing 1645: 1639:Nuclear warfare 1637:Main articles: 1635: 1633:Nuclear weapons 1630: 1620:nuclear weapons 1414:Geneva Protocol 1384: 1374: 1261: 1230: 1089: 981: 976: 971: 948:pressure-cooker 940:Boston Marathon 878:nuclear weapons 813:Operation Opera 800:the euphemism " 790: 766:John F. Kennedy 762:Rice University 738:Foreign Service 648:and during the 627:Geneva Protocol 604:nuclear weapons 572: 548:nuclear warfare 502:, or any other 472: 109: 98: 92: 89: 74: 61: 57: 50: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8973: 8963: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8935: 8934: 8932: 8931: 8911: 8908: 8907: 8904: 8903: 8901: 8900: 8899: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8877: 8875: 8865: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8843: 8841: 8840:Related topics 8837: 8836: 8834: 8833: 8832: 8831: 8821: 8816: 8815: 8814: 8803: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8762: 8761: 8756: 8746: 8745: 8744: 8739: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8705: 8704: 8703: 8702: 8692: 8684: 8678: 8676: 8672: 8671: 8669: 8668: 8663: 8661:United Kingdom 8658: 8653: 8648: 8647: 8646: 8636: 8635: 8634: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8598: 8596: 8590: 8589: 8587: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8555: 8554: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8527:Hostage-taking 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8487:Child soldiers 8484: 8472: 8470: 8466: 8465: 8462: 8461: 8459: 8458: 8453: 8450:Ruse de guerre 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8408:Hors de combat 8404: 8399: 8390: 8389: 8388: 8381:non-combatants 8373: 8371: 8367: 8366: 8364: 8363: 8362: 8361: 8351: 8346: 8345: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8283: 8281: 8272: 8264: 8263: 8261: 8260: 8254: 8251: 8250: 8243: 8242: 8235: 8228: 8220: 8211: 8210: 8208: 8207: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8163: 8161: 8157: 8156: 8154: 8153: 8152: 8151: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8045: 8044: 8039: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7962:Anti-personnel 7959: 7957:Anti-ballistic 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7933: 7931: 7927: 7926: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7888: 7886: 7880: 7879: 7877: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7787: 7785: 7779: 7778: 7776: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7758:United Kingdom 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7673:Czechoslovakia 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7629: 7627: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7617: 7603: 7589: 7583: 7581: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7559:United Kingdom 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7460: 7458: 7452: 7451: 7449: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7392: 7390: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7354: 7352: 7343: 7337: 7336: 7329: 7328: 7321: 7314: 7306: 7299: 7298:External links 7296: 7295: 7294: 7281: 7278: 7277: 7276: 7265:Jacob M. Appel 7260: 7257: 7256: 7255: 7245: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7228: 7195: 7168: 7139: 7136: 7135: 7134: 7127: 7116: 7109: 7106: 7105: 7104: 7099: 7088:Bruce Schneier 7085: 7073: 7066: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7047: 7040: 7030: 7023: 7016: 7006: 6999: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6983: 6982: 6964: 6938: 6914: 6889: 6862: 6841: 6830:on 13 May 2018 6811: 6800:on 13 May 2018 6781: 6770:on 13 May 2018 6751: 6724: 6697: 6665: 6637: 6622:United Nations 6608: 6603:10.2172/665965 6582: 6555: 6519: 6493: 6467: 6436: 6416: 6407: 6381: 6337: 6318:(4): 569–598. 6298: 6272: 6235: 6199: 6169: 6139: 6108: 6077: 6050: 6024: 5996: 5970: 5943: 5902: 5873: 5860: 5835: 5822: 5811: 5808:. 9 July 2015. 5793: 5772: 5751: 5728: 5702: 5679: 5647: 5612: 5565: 5554:on 21 May 2019 5533: 5501: 5462:(5): 853–879. 5442: 5426: 5419: 5401: 5374: 5347: 5320: 5302:"South Africa" 5293: 5266: 5239: 5212: 5185: 5157: 5151:978-1585673483 5150: 5132: 5101:(9): 971–975. 5081: 5068: 5038: 5013: 4994: 4982:www.ucsusa.org 4956: 4924: 4892: 4860: 4828: 4796: 4764: 4737: 4705: 4694:on 21 May 2019 4673: 4639: 4621: 4589: 4563: 4531: 4505: 4493:Google Scholar 4479: 4453: 4431: 4409: 4383: 4361: 4335: 4313: 4287: 4261: 4228: 4202: 4176: 4169: 4147: 4121: 4099: 4078: 4052: 4028: 4003:on 1 June 2006 3982: 3956: 3938: 3913: 3887: 3853: 3834: 3779: 3753: 3722: 3693: 3663: 3637: 3611: 3581: 3560: 3542: 3512: 3482: 3471:on 18 May 2008 3456: 3433: 3419: 3399: 3385: 3373: 3362:on 6 July 2015 3347: 3321: 3307: 3287: 3268: 3241: 3215: 3184: 3165: 3145: 3126: 3106: 3080: 3067: 3041: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2872: 2869: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2791: 2788: 2783: 2776: 2775: 2768: 2765: 2760: 2753: 2752: 2745: 2742: 2737: 2730: 2729: 2726: 2721: 2718: 2708:Main article: 2705: 2702: 2682:Main article: 2679: 2676: 2616:Joseph Rotblat 2585: 2582: 2546: 2545: 2542: 2532: 2531: 2528: 2524: 2523: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2510: 2504: 2503: 2500: 2494: 2493: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2470: 2460: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2435:regarding the 2423: 2386: 2385:Media coverage 2383: 2331:Lyndon Johnson 2296: 2293: 2289:carpet bombing 2287:or saturation 2277:terror bombing 2260: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2219: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2185: 2184: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2153:and Montenegro 2147: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2082: 2081: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2064: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2032: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2016: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2000: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1968: 1967: 1966:April 4, 1997 1964: 1961: 1958: 1952: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1936: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1928:CW Possession 1926: 1873:Main article: 1870: 1867: 1818:United Kingdom 1804:(1930s–1945), 1800:(1985–1990s), 1774:Ancient Greeks 1770:siege of Caffa 1740: 1737: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1616: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1596: 1595: 1589: 1582: 1581:29 April 1997 1579: 1576: 1569: 1568: 1562: 1555: 1554:26 March 1975 1552: 1551:10 April 1972 1549: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1456: 1455: 1448: 1441: 1438: 1437:5 August 1963 1435: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1410: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1373: 1370: 1355:The surviving 1339:of $ 250,000. 1336: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1312: 1311: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1286: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1260: 1257: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1229: 1226: 1119:Paul Wolfowitz 1108: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1016:U.S. President 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 914:mustard agents 821:Begin Doctrine 817:Menachem Begin 811:Subsequent to 789: 786: 711:Bernard Baruch 700:Mackenzie King 696:Clement Attlee 672:William Safire 662:William Safire 640:Following the 571: 568: 520:aerial bombing 474: 473: 471: 470: 463: 456: 448: 445: 444: 443: 442: 429: 428: 427: 426: 423:treaty parties 413: 412: 408: 407: 406: 405: 400: 395: 387: 386: 382: 381: 380: 379: 374: 369: 367:United Kingdom 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 171: 170: 164: 163: 162: 161: 156: 151: 146: 138: 137: 133: 132: 124: 123: 111: 110: 71:of the subject 69:worldwide view 64: 62: 55: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8972: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8947: 8945: 8930: 8922: 8921: 8919: 8915: 8909: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8883: 8882: 8879: 8878: 8876: 8874: 8869: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8844: 8842: 8838: 8830: 8827: 8826: 8825: 8824:Yugoslav Wars 8822: 8820: 8817: 8813: 8812: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8798: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8754:War in Donbas 8752: 8751: 8750: 8747: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8734: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8701: 8698: 8697: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8687: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8679: 8677: 8673: 8667: 8666:United States 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8645: 8642: 8641: 8640: 8637: 8633: 8630: 8629: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8599: 8597: 8591: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8553: 8552:Mass killings 8550: 8549: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8507:Death marches 8505: 8503: 8502:Death flights 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8473: 8471: 8467: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8451: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8409: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8394: 8391: 8387: 8384: 8383: 8382: 8378: 8375: 8374: 8372: 8368: 8360: 8357: 8356: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8332:Fourth (1949) 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8322:Second (1949) 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8309: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8284: 8282: 8280: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268:International 8265: 8259: 8256: 8255: 8252: 8248: 8241: 8236: 8234: 8229: 8227: 8222: 8221: 8218: 8206: 8198: 8197: 8194: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8164: 8162: 8158: 8150: 8147: 8146: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8034: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7952:Anti-aircraft 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7934: 7932: 7928: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7892:Yugoslav Wars 7890: 7889: 7887: 7885: 7884:Post-Cold War 7881: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7839:Iran–Iraq War 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7784: 7780: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7763:United States 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7630: 7628: 7626: 7622: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7604: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7584: 7582: 7580: 7576: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7564:United States 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7461: 7459: 7457: 7453: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7396:Early Warfare 7394: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7385: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7355: 7353: 7351: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7327: 7322: 7320: 7315: 7313: 7308: 7307: 7304: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7283: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7263: 7262: 7253: 7249: 7246: 7243: 7239: 7236: 7235: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7142: 7141: 7132: 7128: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7111: 7103: 7100: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7086: 7083: 7082: 7077: 7076:Michael Evans 7074: 7071: 7067: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7055: 7045: 7041: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7028: 7024: 7021: 7017: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7004: 7000: 6997: 6993: 6992: 6978: 6974: 6968: 6952: 6948: 6942: 6935: 6934:IAEA Bulletin 6931: 6927: 6924: 6918: 6903: 6899: 6893: 6882: 6875: 6869: 6867: 6851: 6845: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6815: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6785: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6755: 6739: 6735: 6728: 6712: 6708: 6701: 6682: 6675: 6669: 6654: 6653: 6648: 6641: 6625: 6623: 6618: 6612: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6589: 6587: 6579: 6566: 6559: 6551: 6545: 6529: 6523: 6507: 6503: 6497: 6481: 6477: 6471: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6440: 6433: 6429: 6426: 6420: 6411: 6395: 6391: 6385: 6376: 6370: 6351: 6349: 6341: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6302: 6286: 6282: 6276: 6257: 6253: 6246: 6239: 6220: 6216: 6209: 6203: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6173: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6143: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6112: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6081: 6065: 6061: 6054: 6039: 6035: 6028: 6019: 6014: 6010: 6009:"Term Limits" 6003: 6001: 5984: 5980: 5974: 5958: 5954: 5947: 5931: 5927: 5926:Crimes of War 5923: 5917: 5913: 5906: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5877: 5870: 5864: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5839: 5832: 5826: 5820: 5815: 5807: 5803: 5797: 5789: 5785: 5779: 5777: 5768: 5764: 5758: 5756: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5732: 5716: 5712: 5706: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5683: 5667: 5663: 5662: 5657: 5651: 5635: 5631: 5630: 5625: 5619: 5617: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5569: 5553: 5549: 5548: 5543: 5537: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5511: 5505: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5446: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5422: 5420:9781851684472 5416: 5412: 5405: 5390: 5389: 5384: 5378: 5363: 5362: 5357: 5351: 5336: 5335: 5330: 5324: 5309: 5308: 5303: 5297: 5282: 5281: 5276: 5270: 5255: 5254: 5249: 5243: 5228: 5227: 5222: 5216: 5201: 5200: 5195: 5189: 5174: 5173:The Economist 5170: 5164: 5162: 5153: 5147: 5143: 5136: 5128: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5085: 5078: 5072: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5042: 5027: 5023: 5017: 5010: 5009: 5004: 4998: 4983: 4979: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4944: 4940: 4939: 4934: 4928: 4912: 4908: 4907: 4902: 4896: 4880: 4876: 4875: 4870: 4864: 4848: 4844: 4843: 4838: 4832: 4816: 4812: 4811: 4806: 4800: 4784: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4768: 4753: 4752: 4747: 4741: 4725: 4721: 4720: 4715: 4709: 4693: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4677: 4670: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4643: 4635: 4631: 4625: 4606: 4599: 4593: 4577: 4573: 4567: 4548: 4541: 4535: 4519: 4515: 4509: 4494: 4490: 4483: 4467: 4463: 4457: 4441: 4435: 4419: 4413: 4397: 4393: 4387: 4371: 4365: 4349: 4345: 4339: 4323: 4317: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4246: 4239: 4232: 4216: 4212: 4206: 4190: 4186: 4180: 4172: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4151: 4135: 4131: 4125: 4110: 4103: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4088: 4082: 4066: 4062: 4056: 4038: 4032: 4024: 4018: 3999: 3992: 3986: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3950: 3947: 3942: 3923: 3917: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3860: 3858: 3849: 3845: 3838: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3783: 3767: 3763: 3757: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3726: 3715: 3711: 3704: 3697: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3651: 3647: 3641: 3625: 3621: 3615: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3585: 3578: 3574: 3571: 3570: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3546: 3530: 3526: 3519: 3517: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3486: 3470: 3466: 3460: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3442: 3437: 3422: 3416: 3412: 3411: 3403: 3396: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3335: 3331: 3325: 3310: 3304: 3300: 3299: 3291: 3284:. p. 23. 3283: 3279: 3278:The Open Mind 3272: 3265: 3263: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3229: 3225: 3219: 3204: 3200: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3172: 3168: 3166:9780854043637 3162: 3158: 3157: 3149: 3133: 3129: 3127:9780810832718 3123: 3119: 3118: 3110: 3094: 3090: 3084: 3077: 3071: 3055: 3051: 3045: 3030: 3024: 3020: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2891: 2887: 2884: 2877: 2868: 2864: 2861: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2824:danger symbol 2823: 2822:radioactivity 2818: 2812:Radioactivity 2810: 2796: 2792: 2789: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2766: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2743: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2710:Hazard symbol 2701: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2685: 2675: 2671: 2669: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2621:In 1998, the 2619: 2617: 2613: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2560: 2559:Rick Santorum 2556: 2551: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2469:Media source 2468: 2467: 2464: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2450: 2449: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2422: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2375:United States 2372: 2368: 2363: 2362: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2327: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2305: 2301: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2256: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2223:United States 2221: 2220: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2204: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2181:May 24, 1999 2180: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2168: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2149: 2148: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2097:July 8, 2015 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1950:May 11, 1994 1949: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1934:Ratified CWC 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1917: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1876: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1830: 1825: 1824:(1943–1969). 1823: 1822:United States 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1796:(1921–1972), 1795: 1792:(1946–1956), 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1755: 1750: 1746: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1727:, Italy, the 1726: 1722: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1668:United States 1664: 1660: 1656: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1621: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1563: 1560: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1536: 1532: 1530:Not in force 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1493: 1489: 1487:5 March 1970 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1418:17 June 1925 1417: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1383: 1379: 1369: 1366: 1362: 1359:perpetrator, 1358: 1353: 1350: 1346: 1345: 1340: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1295: 1294: 1293: 1291: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1266: 1256: 1254: 1253:proliferation 1244: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1177:civil defense 1173: 1171: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1112: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1097: 1095: 1087: 1086:Butler Review 1082: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1053: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1039:U.S. military 1036: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1005: 1002: 999:or customary 998: 994: 990: 986: 974:United States 966: 964: 960: 959:cyber weapons 955: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 932: 930: 926: 922: 917: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 879: 874: 870: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 847: 845: 841: 837: 833: 832:Ronald Reagan 829: 824: 822: 818: 814: 809: 807: 803: 799: 795: 785: 782: 778: 773: 771: 767: 763: 758: 756: 750: 745: 743: 739: 735: 731: 730:Atomic Energy 726: 724: 720: 716: 712: 707: 705: 704:Vannevar Bush 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 667: 663: 660:is traced by 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 638: 636: 632: 631:mustard agent 628: 624: 620: 614: 609: 605: 602:At the time, 599: 597: 593: 587: 585: 581: 577: 564: 560: 555: 551: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 469: 464: 462: 457: 455: 450: 449: 447: 446: 441: 433: 432: 431: 430: 424: 420: 417: 416: 415: 414: 410: 409: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 390: 389: 388: 385:Proliferation 384: 383: 378: 375: 373: 372:United States 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 317: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 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Fas.org. 3091:. Fas.org. 2938:Game theory 2757:Radioactive 2342:WMD in Iraq 2273:laws of war 2103:North Korea 1931:Signed CWC 1886:World War I 1729:Netherlands 1148:, in which 1075:Pershing II 1063:Pershing II 950:improvised 792:During the 644:that ended 623:World War I 347:Switzerland 332:South Korea 292:Philippines 282:North Korea 277:Netherlands 8944:Categories 8829:Kosovo War 8742:Second war 8714:Korean War 8593:War crimes 8569:Starvation 8559:No quarter 8247:War crimes 8089:Non-lethal 8069:Insurgency 8064:Incendiary 8059:Improvised 7992:Ceremonial 7982:Biological 7942:Amphibious 7794:Korean War 7768:Yugoslavia 7600:Republican 7524:Montenegro 6957:11 January 6907:13 October 6855:13 October 6359:22 October 6101:1 February 6043:2 February 5936:8 December 5912:Protocol I 5585:(2): 277. 5494:27 October 4582:11 January 4498:15 October 4185:"Colombia" 4114:19 January 4007:6 February 3975:6 February 3906:6 February 3896:"Untitled" 3880:21 October 3253:Resolution 3226:. 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