Nuclear arms race - Knowledge

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increased, Kennedy eventually ordered U.S. military forces to DEFCON 2. This was the closest the world has been to a nuclear war. While the U.S. military had been ordered to DEFCON 2, the theory of mutually assured destruction suggests that entry into nuclear war is an unlikely possibility. While the public perceived the Cuban Missile Crisis as a time of near mass destruction, the leaders of the United States and the Soviet Union were working confidentially in order to allow the crisis to come to a peaceful conclusion. Soviet First Secretary Khrushchev wrote to President Kennedy in a telegram on October 26, 1962, saying that, "Consequently, if there is no intention to tighten that knot and thereby to doom the world to the catastrophe of thermonuclear war, then let us not only relax the forces pulling on the ends of the rope, let us take measures to untie that knot."

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Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM Treaty) and the Interim Agreement on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms. The ABM treaty limited each country to two ABM sites, while the Interim Agreement froze each country's number of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) at current levels for five years. This treaty significantly reduced nuclear-related costs as well as the risk of nuclear war. However, SALT I failed to address how many nuclear warheads could be placed on a single missile. A new technology, known as multiple-independently targetable re-entry vehicle (MIRV), allowed single missiles to hold and launch multiple nuclear missiles at targets while in mid-air. Over the next 10 years, the Soviet Union and U.S. added 12,000 nuclear warheads to their already built arsenals.

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in 1962. It was felt by American and Soviet leaders that something had to be done to ease the significant tensions between these two countries, so on October 10, 1963, the Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT) was signed. This was an agreement between the U.S., the Soviet Union, and the U.K., which significantly restricted nuclear testing. All atmospheric, underwater, and outer space nuclear testing were agreed to be halted, but testing was still allowed underground. An additional 113 countries have signed this treaty since 1963.

869: 1410:, a Hungarian-American nuclear physicist. It created a cloud 100 miles (160 km) wide and 25 miles (40 km) high, killing all life on the surrounding islands. Again, the Soviets surprised the world by exploding a deployable thermonuclear device in August 1953, although it was not a true multi-stage hydrogen bomb. However, it was small enough to be dropped from an airplane, making it ready for use. The development of these two Soviet bombs was greatly aided by the Russian spies Harry Gold and Klaus Fuchs. 534: 523: 512: 501: 490: 479: 2236: 899: 465: 454: 443: 432: 421: 410: 399: 388: 667: 301: 623: 268: 47: 54: 2042: 561: 255: 1897:, off the coast of Australia. Following this successful test, under the leadership of Churchill, Britain decided to develop and test a hydrogen bomb. The first successful hydrogen bomb test occurred on November 8, 1957, which had a yield of 1.8 megatons. An amendment to the Atomic Energy Act in 1958 allowed nuclear cooperation once again, and British-U.S. nuclear programs resumed. During the Cold War, British nuclear deterrence came from submarines and nuclear-armed aircraft. The 2205:" by its critics; simultaneously, missile defense was also being researched in the Soviet Union. However, the SDI would require technology that had not yet been developed, or even researched. This system proposed both space- and earth-based laser battle stations. It would also need sensors on the ground, in the air, and in space with radar, optical, and infrared technology to detect incoming missiles. Simultaneously, however, Reagan initiated negotiations with 2431: 6269: 1949:). France began making plans for a nuclear-weapons program shortly after the Second World War, but the program did not begin until the late 1950s. Eight years later, France conducted its first thermonuclear test above Fangatuafa Atoll. It had a yield of 2.6 megatons. This bomb significantly contaminated the atoll with radiation for six years, making it off-limits to humans. During the Cold War, the French nuclear deterrent was centered around the 65: 755: 347: 2273: 644: 280: 6257: 2827: 779: 362: 72: 6281: 2248:

50% reduction of nuclear weapons for both the U.S and Soviet Union at the meeting in Reykjavik, Iceland in October 1986. However, the proposal was refused due to disagreements over Reagan's SDI. Instead, the Intermediate Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty was signed on December 8, 1987, in Washington, which eliminated an entire class of nuclear weapons.

1502:, who put missile accuracy into doubt to encourage the development of new bombers. Other critics pointed out that it was a single test which could be an anomaly; that it was a lower-altitude SLBM and therefore was subject to different conditions than an ICBM; and that significant modifications had been made to its warhead before testing. 3523:"Document 65 – Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963, Volume VI, Kennedy-Khrushchev Exchanges – Historical Documents – Office of the Historian." Document 65 – Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963, Volume VI, Kennedy-Khrushchev Exchanges – Historical Documents – Office of the Historian. Accessed October 30, 2014. 1418:

exposed residents up to 300 miles (480 km) away to significant amounts of radiation. They were eventually evacuated, but most experienced radiation poisoning; one person was killed, a crew member on a Japanese fishing boat which was 90 miles (140 km) from the bomb test site when the explosion occurred.

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threatened the Soviets. Information that the U.S. had withdrawn their Jupiter Missiles from Turkey remained confidential for decades, causing the result of the negotiations between the two nations to appear to the world as a major U.S. victory. This ultimately led to the downfall of Soviet leader Khrushchev.

3236:"More accurate than the "race" metaphor is the observation that if it was a contest at all, the Americans walked while the Soviets trotted. There was race-but to the extent that there was an arms competition, it was almost entirely on the Soviets side, first to catch up and then to surpass the Americans." -- 1238:. Despite their wartime military alliance, the United States and Britain had not trusted the Soviets enough to keep knowledge of the Manhattan Project safe from German spies; there were also concerns that, as an ally, the Soviet Union would request and expect to receive technical details of the new weapon. 1320:. This plan proposed that there should be an international authority that controls all dangerous atomic activities. The Soviet Union disagreed with this proposal and rejected it. The Soviets' proposal involved universal nuclear disarmament. Both the American and Soviet proposals were refused by the UN. 2247:

During the mid-1980s, the U.S-Soviet relations significantly improved, Mikhail Gorbachev assumed control of the Soviet Union after the deaths of several former Soviet leaders and announced a new era of "perestroika" and "glasnost," meaning restructuring and openness respectively. Gorbachev proposed a

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In 1958, both the U.S. and Soviet Union informally agreed to suspend nuclear testing. However, this agreement was ended when the Soviets resumed testing in 1961, followed by a series of nuclear tests conducted by the U.S. These events led to much political fallout, as well as the Cuban Missile Crisis

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Throughout the 1970s, both the Soviet Union and United States replaced older warheads and missiles with newer, more powerful and effective ones. On June 18, 1979, the SALT II treaty was signed in Vienna. This treaty limited both sides' nuclear arsenals and technology. However, in light of the Soviet

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In November 1969, Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) begun. This was primarily due to the economic impact that nuclear testing and production had on both U.S. and Soviet economies. The SALT I Treaty, which was signed in May 1972, produced an agreement on two significant documents. These were the

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This period included negotiation of a number of arms control agreements, building with the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in the 1950s, but with significant new treaties negotiated in the 1970s. These treaties were only partially successful. Although both states continued to hold massive numbers of nuclear

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test, which tested another hydrogen bomb on Bikini Atoll. Scientists significantly underestimated the size of the bomb, thinking it would yield 5 megatons. However, it yielded 14.8 megatons, the highest yield ever achieved by an American nuclear device. The explosion was so large the nuclear fallout

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in 1972 which ran for many years since the first Indian weapon was detonated. After the 1974 test, the pace of Pakistan's atomic bomb program significantly accelerated, culminating in successfully building its own atomic weapons. In the last few decades of the 20th century, India and Pakistan began

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Some in the United States during the early 1960s pointed out that although all of the individual components of nuclear missiles had been tested separately (warheads, navigation systems, rockets), it was infeasible to test them all combined. Critics charged that it was not really known how a warhead

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In fact, Stalin had long been aware of the program, despite the Manhattan Project's having a secret classification so high that, even as vice president, Truman did not know about it or the development of the weapons (Truman was not informed until shortly after he became president). A ring of spies

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When President Truman informed Stalin of the weapons, he was surprised at how calmly Stalin reacted to the news and thought that Stalin had not understood what he had been told. Other members of the United States and British delegations who closely observed the exchange formed the same conclusion.

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After the Cold War ended, large inventories of nuclear weapons and facilities remained. Some are being recycled, dismantled, or recovered as valuable substances. Large amounts of money and resources – which would have been spent on developing nuclear weapons in the Soviet Union, had the arms race

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President Kennedy immediately called a series of meetings for a small group of senior officials to debate the crisis. The group was split between a militaristic solution and a diplomatic one. President Kennedy ordered a naval blockade around Cuba and all military forces to DEFCON 3. As tensions

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into power. The communist Soviet Union supported and praised Castro and his resistance, and the revolutionary government was recognized by the Soviet Union on January 10. When the United States began boycotting Cuban sugar, the Soviet Union began purchasing large quantities to support the Cuban

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First the United States announced on September 27, 1991, that they would be destroying the ground-launched short-range nuclear weapons. Mikhail Gorbachev, who was the President of the Soviet Union at that time, removed nuclear warheads from air defense missiles and nuclear artillery munitions.

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reported that "a new nuclear arms race draws closer", as the U.S. is considering increasing its nuclear forces in response to escalating threats and rapid nuclear expansions by China and Russia, as well as North Korea's advancements in missile technology and Iran's advancement as a "threshold"

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Eventually, on October 28, through much discussion between U.S and Soviet officials, Khrushchev announced that the Soviet Union would withdraw all missiles from Cuba. Shortly afterwards, the U.S. withdrew all their nuclear missiles from Turkey in secret – the presence of the missiles having

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By the mid-1960s both the United States and the Soviet Union had enough nuclear power to obliterate their opponent. Both sides developed a capability to launch a devastating attack even after sustaining a full assault from the other side (especially by means of submarines), called a

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By the 1970s, with the Cold War's entering its 30th year with no direct conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union, the superpowers entered a period of reduced conflict, in which the two powers engaged in trade and exchanges with each other. This period was known as

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economy in return for fuel and eventually placing nuclear ballistic missiles on Cuban soil. These missiles would be capable of reaching the United States very quickly. On October 14, 1962, an American spy plane discovered these nuclear missile sites under construction in Cuba.

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that "the United States must greatly strengthen and expand its nuclear capability until such time as the world comes to its senses regarding nukes," effectively challenging the world to re-engage in a race for nuclear dominance. The next day, Trump reiterated his position to

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in the late 1950s developed problems between China and the Soviet Union. This caused the Soviets to cease helping China develop nuclear weapons. However, China continued developing nuclear weapons without Soviet support and made remarkable progress in the 1960s. Owing to

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were also developed. By the mid-1960s, the "triad" of nuclear weapon delivery was established, with each side deploying bombers, ICBMs, and SLBMs, in order to ensure that even if a defense was found against one delivery method, the other methods would still be available.

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In 2019, Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergey Ryabkov warned about the risk of nuclear war, as negative dynamics had been noticeable over the previous year. He urged the nuclear states to build channels on forestalling potential incidents in order to lower the risks.

2007:, the Chinese might have used nuclear weapons against either the United States or the Soviet Union in the event of a nuclear war between the United States and the Soviet Union. During the Cold War, the Chinese nuclear deterrent consisted of gravity bombs carried aboard 2347:

With the end of the Cold War, the United States and Russia cut down on nuclear weapons spending. Fewer new systems were developed, and both arsenals were reduced, although both countries maintain significant stocks of nuclear missiles. In the United States,

2546:. According to Russian military analysts, it would be extremely difficult to distinguish between a conventionally armed missile and a missile carrying a nuclear warhead, and Russia could respond by deploying longer-range nuclear systems targeting Germany. 4432:, Boston, October 12, 2009. Four panels: "The Race to Build the Bomb and the Decision to Use It", "Cuban Missile Crisis and the First Nuclear Test Ban Treaty", "The Cold War and the Nuclear Arms Race", and "Nuclear Weapons, Terrorism, and the Presidency". 1347:

In the years immediately after the Second World War, the United States had a monopoly on specific knowledge of and raw materials for nuclear weaponry. American leaders hoped that their exclusive ownership of nuclear weapons would be enough to draw

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regarding post-war sharing of nuclear technology and led to Britain's developing its nuclear weapons. Britain did not begin planning the development of its nuclear weapon until January 1947. Because of Britain's small size, they decided to

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would react to the gravity forces and temperature differences encountered in the upper atmosphere and outer space, and Kennedy was unwilling to run a test of an ICBM with a live warhead. The closest event to an actual test was 1962's

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continued – were instead used for repairing the environmental damage produced by the nuclear arms race, and almost all former production sites are now major cleanup sites. In the United States, the plutonium production facility at

2255:, the Soviet Union was unable to impose its will on its satellite states and so its sphere of influence slowly diminished. By December 16, 1991, all of the republics had declared independence from the Union. The Soviet leader, 2371:

Military policies and strategies have been modified to reflect the increasing intervals without major confrontation. In 1995, United States policy and strategy regarding nuclear proliferation was outlined in the document

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in the Pacific on 95 ships, including German and Japanese ships that were captured during World War II. One plutonium implosion-type bomb was detonated over the fleet, while the other one was detonated underwater.

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Owing to high costs and complex technology for its time, the scope of the SDI project was reduced from defense against a massive attack to a system for defending against limited attacks, transitioning into the

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Xia et al.(2022, esp. Tables 1 and 2); 5 billion = 80% of the 6.7 billion 2010 population in the countries included in the study; the difference between the 6.7 billion included in the study and the

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Since this has been an ongoing endeavor, a lot of the non-nuclear states are fighting to get the states that do have nuclear weapons to abide by what they believe to be the most recent obligations.

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Nuclear disarmament is one of four different norms in the aid of getting rid of nuclear weapons. This norm can include arms control, arms reduction to elimination, prohibition, and stigmatization.

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Both sides were unaware of the details of the capacity of the enemy's arsenal of nuclear weapons. The Americans suffered from a lack of confidence, and in the 1950s they believed in a non-existing

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Xia, Lili; Robock, Alan; Scherrer, Kim; Harrison, Cheryl S.; Bodirsky, Benjamin Leon; Weindl, Isabelle; Jägermeyr, Jonas; Bardeen, Charles G.; Toon, Owen B.; Heneghan, Ryan (15 August 2022).

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The Soviet Union detonated its first "true" hydrogen bomb on November 22, 1955, which had a yield of 1.6 megatons. On October 30, 1961, the Soviets detonated a hydrogen bomb with a yield of

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was negotiated between the U. S. and the Soviet Union, to reduce the number and limit the capabilities of limitation of strategic offensive arms. This was eventually succeeded by the

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provided a steady supply while the Soviets developed a domestic source. While American experts had predicted that the Soviet Union would not have nuclear weapons until the mid-1950s,

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In secrecy, the Soviet government was working on building its own atomic weapons. During the war, Soviet efforts had been limited by a lack of uranium, but new supplies discovered in

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A lot of debate has occurred about nuclear disarmament. Debates over treaties in reducing and getting rid of nuclear weapons all together have been ongoing since the Cold War ended.

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limited the size of the U.S. arsenal. Bans on nuclear testing, anti-ballistic missile systems, and weapons in space all attempted to limit the expansion of the arms race through the

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Boughton, G. J. (1974). Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs (16th ed.). Miami, United States of America: Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Miami.

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In 2017, the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons Treaty gives the representation of self-empowerment. This treaty did not involve the states or their allies that had nuclear weapons.

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on October 3, 1952, which had a yield of 25 kilotons. Despite major contributions to the Manhattan Project by both Canadian and British governments, the U.S. Congress passed the

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Union's invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979, the United States Senate never ratified the SALT II treaty. This ended the treaty negotiations as well as the era of détente.

5618: 2971: 8994: 1983: 2685:– successfully tested its Prithvi Air Defense (PAD) anti-ballistic missile, followed by testing of the Advanced Air Defense (AAD) anti-ballistic missile in December 2007. 1841: 5812: 2251:

Owing to the dramatic economic and social changes occurring within the Soviet Union, many of its constituent republics began to declare their independence. With the

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Missiles had long been regarded the ideal platform for nuclear weapons and were potentially a more effective delivery system than bombers. Starting in the 1950s,

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have also engaged in a technological nuclear arms race since the 1970s. The nuclear competition started in 1974 with India detonating a device, codenamed

4747: 4443: 4163: 4380:"Global food insecurity and famine from reduced crop, marine fishery and livestock production due to climate disruption from nuclear war soot injection" 3966: 3792:"Global food insecurity and famine from reduced crop, marine fishery and livestock production due to climate disruption from nuclear war soot injection" 1454:("IRBM"s) were developed for delivery of tactical nuclear weapons, and the technology developed to the progressively longer ranges, eventually becoming 7324: 5042: 1312:

was founded. During the United Nation's first General Assembly in London in January 1946, they discussed the future of nuclear weapons and created the

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This test generated great concern and doubts in Pakistan, with fear it would be at the mercy of its long-time arch-rival. Pakistan had its own covert

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Mike Fisk, Chief Information Officer, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Operated Los Alamos National Security, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy.

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Both governments spent massive amounts to increase the quality and quantity of their nuclear arsenals. Both nations quickly began the development of

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In 2010, there was a debate over the New Strategic Arms Reduction (START) treaty. This treaty was negotiated between the United States and Russia.

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Large stockpile with global range (dark blue), smaller stockpile with global range (medium blue), small stockpile with regional range (light blue).

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This has been a hard norm to implement. Most of the conditions, the weight, strategy, timing, conditionality, and compliance have been contested.

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Joyce, A., Bates Graber, R., Hoffman, T. J., Paul Shaw, R., & Wong, Y. (1989, February). The Nuclear Arms Race: An Evolutionary Perspective.

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between the Soviets and the Americans. On the other side, the Soviet government exaggerated the power of Soviet weapons to the leadership and

1316:. The goal of this assembly was to eliminate the use of all Nuclear weapons. The United States presented their solution, which was called the 9144: 4727: 3869: 2950: 2526:-style missile crisis and threatened to deploy long-range missiles within striking distance of the West. US weapons in Germany would include 1832:

game with their bombers in their military parades, flying them in large circles, making it appear they had far more than they truly did. The

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in August 2022, a nuclear war between India and Pakistan could kill more than 2 billion indirectly by starvation during a nuclear winter.

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Both Soviet and American experts hoped to use nuclear weapons for extracting concessions from the other, or from other powers such as

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responded to the withdrawal by ordering a build-up of Russia's nuclear capabilities, designed to counterbalance U.S. capabilities.

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Despite détente, both sides continued to develop and introduce not only more accurate weapons, but weapons with more warheads ("

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Maloney, S. M. (2007). Learning to love the bomb: Canada's nuclear weapons during the Cold War. Washington, D.C: Potomac Books.

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weapons and research more effective technology, the growth in number of warheads was first limited, and later, with the

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starting in 2026 that could hit Russian territory within 10 minutes. In response, Russian President Putin warned of a

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treaty with the United States, saying that Russia would not allow the US and NATO to inspect its nuclear facilities.

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resigned as the country's president on December 25 and the Soviet Union was declared non-existent the following day.

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Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs), warheads and throw-weights of United States and Soviet Union, 1964–1982

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From the beginning of the Cold War, The United States, Russia, and other nations have all attempted to develop

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Just six months after the UN General Assembly, the United States conducted its first post-war nuclear tests —

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was detonated on August 29, 1949. The bomb, named "First Lightning" by the West, was more or less a copy of "

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Van, C. M. (1993). Nuclear proliferation and the future of conflict. New York, United States: Free Press.

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to develop nuclear-capable rockets and nuclear military technologies. Finally, in 1998, India – under

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More than 100 US-built missiles having the capability to strike Moscow with nuclear warheads were

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Annotated bibliography on the nuclear arms race from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues

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developed, with the Soviet Union attempting first to catch up and then to surpass the Americans.

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Both the United States and Russian Presidents agreed to destroy nuclear weapons they contained.

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became the fourth nation to possess nuclear weapons on February 13, 1960, when the atomic bomb "

8716: 8220: 7614: 7288: 6764: 6524: 6519: 6312: 5928: 5215: 4759: 2699: 2461:, stating: "Let it be an arms race. We will outmatch them at every pass and outlast them all." 2401: 2294: 1235: 658: 8926: 3611: 3593: 3575: 3557: 3533: 3506: 3470: 3434: 3397: 2930: 2335: 8951: 8235: 8230: 7997: 7886: 7841: 7801: 7736: 7680: 7599: 7381: 7195: 7073: 6991: 6899: 6864: 6774: 6719: 6616: 6457: 6222: 5958: 5913: 5375: 5303: 5230: 5225: 5190: 4977: 4945: 4732: 4659: 3219: 3121: 3005: 2527: 2349: 1856: 1805:, but the risk connected with using these weapons was so grave that they refrained from what 1181: 1007: 992: 928: 710: 392: 3100: 3079: 3058: 3023: 8491: 8258: 8113: 8067: 7982: 7977: 7776: 7675: 7624: 7619: 7511: 7466: 7421: 7359: 7190: 7165: 7115: 7043: 6957: 6807: 6409: 6388: 6133: 5908: 5893: 5210: 5168: 5004: 4910: 4838: 4351:

Doty, P., Carnesale, A., & Nacht, M. (1976, October). The Race to Control Nuclear Arms.

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Jones, R. W. (1998). Pakistan's Nuclear Posture: Arms Race Instabilities in South Asia.

4315: 4239: 3925: 3833: 3371: 3202: 2602:", but according to independent sources, it was actually part of an accelerated covert 2515: 2053:

On January 1, 1959, the Cuban government fell to communist revolutionaries, propelling

2024: 1991: 1954: 1806: 1458:(ICBMs). On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite, 1286: 1224: 217: 8786: 8615: 4218:"Nuclear Disarmament without the Nuclear-Weapon States: The Nuclear Weapon Ban Treaty" 3488: 9103: 8956: 8901: 8876: 8831: 8761: 8736: 8701: 8691: 8547: 8431: 8401: 8138: 8128: 8042: 7936: 7781: 7496: 7293: 7150: 7103: 7001: 6952: 6926: 6904: 6744: 6724: 6668: 6656: 6470: 6305: 5280: 5073: 4960: 4873: 4830: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4507: 4399: 4379: 4243: 4046: 3837: 3825: 3640: 3346: 3192: 2985: 2801: 2776: 2771: 2465: 2365: 2256: 2206: 2004: 1999: 1880:

became the third nation to test a nuclear weapon when it detonated an atomic bomb in

1844: 1814: 1479: 1440: 1216: 1002: 987: 982: 913: 637: 604: 592: 572: 538: 494: 425: 314: 182: 9080: 8751: 4373: 4319: 3721:"'Let it be an arms race': Donald Trump appears to double down on nuclear expansion" 2376:", produced by the Policy Subcommittee of the Strategic Advisory Group (SAG) of the 8866: 8791: 8721: 8706: 8686: 8633: 8416: 8411: 8391: 8341: 8331: 8158: 8123: 8108: 8057: 7786: 7726: 7566: 7225: 7205: 6914: 6856: 6850: 6817: 6797: 6787: 6636: 6437: 6429: 6128: 5183: 5148: 4905: 4895: 4783: 4771: 4612: 4607: 4597: 4587: 4582: 4407: 4391: 4307: 4275: 4229: 3855: 3815: 3805: 2660: 2420: 1986:

became the fifth nuclear power on October 16, 1964, when it detonated a 25 kiloton

1966: 1889: 1829: 1259: 608: 588: 436: 107: 99: 9085: 8941: 8931: 8916: 8896: 8881: 8856: 8801: 8566: 8534: 8426: 8386: 8148: 8143: 8083: 8024: 7756: 7634: 7461: 7426: 7334: 7329: 7053: 6947: 6621: 6554: 6544: 6509: 6465: 6452: 6404: 6026: 5986: 5440: 5254: 5178: 5153: 4999: 4792: 4694: 4684: 4649: 4527: 4517: 3740:"Gorbachev says Trump's nuclear treaty withdrawal 'not the work of a great mind'" 3421: 2937: 2895: 2766: 2650: 2523: 2486: 2472:

is "not the work of a great mind" and that "a new arms race has been announced".

2454: 2416: 2089: 1970: 1950: 1924: 1921: 1917: 1905: 1491: 1231: 1161: 923: 868: 505: 414: 7048: 5518: 3414: 1861:

In addition to the United States and the Soviet Union, three other nations, the

1828:. Aerial photography later revealed that the Soviets had been playing a sort of 1349: 1196:

The first nuclear weapon was created by the United States of America during the

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launchers in Western Europe in 1979. Critics say the move would trigger a new

2185:

against the nuclear arms race between the U.S./NATO and the Soviet Union, 1981

9128: 9075: 8921: 8816: 8781: 8766: 8726: 8268: 8098: 7836: 7746: 7609: 7589: 7476: 7237: 7215: 7180: 6759: 6754: 6709: 6631: 6591: 6340: 6166: 5457: 4863: 4704: 4403: 4050: 2551: 2361: 2194: 2085: 1791: 1407: 1399: 1251: 1220: 1165: 872: 584: 566: 516: 483: 469: 464: 453: 442: 431: 420: 409: 398: 387: 260: 137: 46: 4411: 3908:"Putin pulls back from last remaining nuclear arms control pact with the US" 3662:"Russia's Nuclear Weapons Buildup Is Aimed at Beating U.S. Missile Defenses" 2041: 53: 8861: 8811: 8741: 8731: 8585: 8573: 8560: 8366: 8193: 7694: 6942: 6792: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6347: 5732: 4868: 4810: 4737: 4689: 4559: 4264:"Nuclear disarmament and the end of chemical weapons 'system of restraint'" 4021:"Thanks to Putin, the U.S. will again place long-range missiles in Germany" 3829: 3286: 2888: 2439: 2412: 2357: 2182: 2054: 1810: 1499: 1414: 1360: 1205: 1197: 1169: 876: 694: 672: 533: 522: 511: 500: 489: 478: 458: 306: 291: 245: 192: 143: 110: 91: 3632:

The nuclear borderlands: the Manhattan Project in post-Cold War New Mexico

8906: 8511: 8481: 8336: 8326: 8225: 8088: 7881: 7370: 7200: 7185: 6996: 6844: 6812: 6699: 6514: 6419: 6358: 6143: 5790: 5380: 4887: 4858: 4375: 4311: 4234: 4217: 3820: 3796: 3237: 2539: 2481: 2449: 2424: 2330: 2239:

Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev and U.S. President Reagan signing the

1987: 1909: 1837: 1317: 1247: 1201: 829: 735: 600: 4279: 2430: 8665: 8376: 8346: 8300: 8215: 8183: 8175: 8118: 7806: 7521: 7210: 7098: 6704: 5496: 2854:"Key Issues: Nuclear Weapons: History: Pre Cold War: Manhattan Project" 2781: 2619: 2579: 1958: 1825: 1818: 1495: 1463: 1422: 1386:, which can achieve vastly greater explosive yields. The United States 1274: 1255: 1185: 793: 739: 702: 223: 214: 7319: 2622:. Domestic pressure within Pakistan began to build and Prime Minister 2098: 2075: 64: 8961: 8806: 8655: 8628: 8441: 8396: 8305: 8273: 8253: 8245: 7574: 7364: 6138: 5501: 5491: 4619: 4572: 4537: 4458: 3929: 3684: 3345:. Australian Institute of Criminology. 2018-10-21. pp. 235–253. 2761: 2631: 2595: 2543: 2501: 2340: 2202: 2156: 2152: 1459: 1429: 1295: 1278: 1157: 596: 5996: 4263: 3415:

Chapitre II, Les premiers essais Français au Sahara : 1960–1966

2352:

programs have taken over the role of maintaining the aging arsenal.

1379:", one of the bombs the United States had dropped on Japan in 1945. 181:

The Soviet Union begins researching nuclear arms in response to the

8540: 8381: 8278: 8153: 7972: 7876: 7016: 6874: 6328: 6227: 5870: 5865: 5805: 5474: 5402: 5385: 5370: 5345: 5088: 4577: 4298:

Knopf, Jeffery (2012). "Nuclear Disarmament and Nonproliferation".

3704: 2791: 2627: 2587: 2148: 2008: 1443:

were the primary delivery method at the beginning of the Cold War.

1403: 1387: 1301: 1173: 760: 352: 202: 164: 32: 7660:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

3858:

is not likely to make a substantive difference in this percentage.

2812:

Historical nuclear weapons stockpiles and nuclear tests by country

2427:

ratified the treaty in December 2010 by a three-quarter majority.

8486: 8371: 8361: 8310: 7851: 6596: 6196: 6148: 6011: 5991: 5390: 5365: 4805: 4636: 4624: 4602: 4567: 3967:"Putin warns US against deploying long-range missiles in Germany" 2519: 2443: 2210: 2144: 2125: 2106: 1995: 1942: 1376: 1282: 1266:; the latter two were tried and executed for espionage in 1951. 8554: 8356: 8295: 7230: 5800: 5795: 5775: 5755: 5740: 5623: 5360: 5340: 5308: 4116:"India-Pakistan nuclear war could kill 2 billion people: Study" 2393: 2121: 1928: 1870: 880: 690: 649: 285: 156: 71: 3985:"Russia says US missiles in Germany signal return of Cold War" 3700:"Trump's call for an 'arms race' flabbergasts nuclear experts" 2162: 1428:

With both sides in the Cold War having nuclear capability, an

9039: 8995:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

8501: 8284: 6363: 6217: 6174: 5837: 5693: 5486: 5350: 3944:"A new arms race in Europe? US long-range weapons in Germany" 3191:, Britain’s Pacific H-bomb tests, ANU Press, pp. 55–68, 2583: 2458: 2027:. On June 14, 1967, China detonated its first hydrogen bomb. 1494:

over 1,000 miles (1,600 km) to the nuclear test site at

1395: 1372: 898: 784: 730: 686: 682: 678: 367: 329: 160: 152: 4186:"Akash Missile Achieves Direct-Hit, Destroys Banshee Target" 3342:

A toxic legacy: British nuclear weapons testing in Australia

2911:"Atomic Bomb: Decision – Truman Tells Stalin, July 24, 1945" 2637:

According to a peer-reviewed study published in the journal

2479:

According to a peer-reviewed study published in the journal

8579: 8461: 6353: 6297: 5698: 5587: 5397: 5355: 4120: 4003:"Germany split on US stationing long-range cruise missiles" 3187:

Oishi, Matashichi; MACLELLAN, NIC (2017), "The fisherman",

2670:

Russia has also developed ABM missiles, in the form of the

2190: 2178: 2020: 2016: 2012: 1873:

developed nuclear weapons during the early cold war years.

1308:

Shortly after the end of the Second World War in 1945, the

1290: 129:(45 years, 2 months, 1 week and 3 days) 95: 2201:, a space-based anti-ballistic missile system derided as " 197:

The United States conducts the first full-scale test of a

9034: 9014: 9009: 5671: 5535: 3789: 4071:"India's Nuclear Weapons Program – Smiling Buddha: 1974" 3274:

Studies in Russian and East European History and Society

2926: 2924: 2681:

In November 2006, India – with an initiative called the

3926:"Putin defends Ukraine invasion, warns West in address" 1908:

provided the sea deterrent, while aircraft such as the

4340:

Reform, Coup and Collapse: The End of the Soviet State

4081: 4348:. (n.d.). Atomic Archive. Retrieved November 16, 2012 3256:, The Simon & Schuster Guide to the World Today, 2921: 4444:

The Recognition Game: Soviet Russia Against the West

3961: 3959: 3957: 2400:. This led to the eventual creation of the American 2339:

Dmitry Medvedev with Barack Obama after signing the

1352:

from the Soviet Union, but this proved ineffective.

1215:

The Soviet Union was not informed officially of the

3272:Edwin Bacon, Mark Sandle, "Brezhnev Reconsidered", 3045:"United States Relations with Russia: The Cold War" 1817:, argued nuclear weapons should be used during the 1778: 1246:operating within the Manhattan Project, (including 1208:were aware of the potential of nuclear weapons and 5221:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future 4378:; Kim J N Scherrer; et al. (15 August 2022). 3977: 3755:"Trump stokes debate about new Cold War arms race" 3718: 3166:"Castle Bravo: The Largest U.S. Nuclear Explosion" 2644: 2253:wave of revolutions sweeping across Eastern-Europe 3954: 2396:notice of the United States' withdrawal from the 2383: 1945:, then still a French colony (formally a part of 9126: 8980:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 4137:"China 'successfully tests missile interceptor'" 3180: 2626:ordered a test, detonating six nuclear weapons ( 2487:nuclear war between the United States and Russia 2197:proposed a missile defense programme tagged the 1850: 1271:two atomic bombs were dropped on Japanese cities 222:The United States and the Soviet Union sign the 7417:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 6824:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 3719:Pilkington, Ed; Pengelly, Martin (2016-12-24). 2023:, and in the later stages of the Cold War, the 1821:, both Truman and Eisenhower opposed the idea. 1184:production on nearly the same scale as the two 4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4156:"India successfully tests missile interceptor" 4134: 4039:"America prepares for a new nuclear-arms race" 3186: 1210:had also been conducting research in the field 6313: 5924:Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR) 4474: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4257: 4255: 4253: 2280:The examples and perspective in this article 1957:bombers carrying such nuclear weapons as the 1236:the first successful test of a nuclear weapon 1133: 9056:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 6607:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 3773:"Russia warns about nuclear war possibility" 2990:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2889:The Potsdam Conference between allied forces 2705:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 2634:) in retaliation and to act as a deterrent. 2598:. The Indian government called this test a " 9150:Nuclear weapons program of the Soviet Union 7917:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 4365:John F Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis 4200: 3867: 2163:Reagan and the Strategic Defense Initiative 9020:United States involvement in regime change 6575:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 6320: 6306: 4481: 4467: 4367:. BBC History. Retrieved November 22, 2012 4342:. BBC History. Retrieved November 22, 2012 4286: 4250: 2683:Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme 2663:in the 1950s in order to destroy incoming 2464:In October 2018, the former Soviet leader 2224: 1140: 1126: 897: 16:Part of the Post-WWII era and the Cold War 4233: 3868:Diaz-Maurin, François (20 October 2022). 3819: 3809: 3622: 2313:Learn how and when to remove this message 1931:gravity bomb provided the air deterrent. 1895:test their bomb on the Montebello Islands 1413:On March 1, 1954, the U.S. conducted the 1200:and was developed to be used against the 1172:, and their respective allies during the 5836: 3659: 3163: 2698: 2620:test detonated five more nuclear weapons 2570:Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction 2500:suspended Russia's participation in the 2496:On February 21, 2023, Russian President 2468:commented that U.S. withdrawal from the 2429: 2334: 2234: 2172: 2079: 2040: 1980:armed with strategic nuclear missiles. 867: 847:1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident 7146:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 3752: 3737: 3680:"What's the arms race? A short history" 2145:START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) 2030: 1314:United Nations Atomic Energy Commission 9127: 8990:Russian espionage in the United States 7262:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 5851:Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR) 4488: 4215: 3047:. U.S. Department of State. June 2007. 2905: 2903: 2797:Essentials of Post–Cold War Deterrence 2688: 2374:Essentials of Post–Cold War Deterrence 2219:Ballistic Missile Defense Organization 1498:. It was challenged by, among others, 1342: 9170:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union 8985:Soviet espionage in the United States 7141:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 6920:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 6585:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 6301: 6093: 5856:Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE) 5265: 5252: 4462: 4297: 4261: 3628: 3164:Rowberry, Ariana (30 November 2001). 2566:India and weapons of mass destruction 2559: 2438:On December 22, 2016, U.S. President 2368:, are among the most polluted sites. 1836:saw accusations of a wholly spurious 1471:submarine-launched ballistic missiles 1452:intermediate-range ballistic missiles 1180:, though no other country engaged in 127:September 28, 1942 – December 8, 1987 9160:Soviet Union–United States relations 9145:Nuclear weapons of the United States 9061:Soviet Union–United States relations 7412:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 6280: 5253: 2872:"The Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program" 2266: 2025:Type 092 ballistic missile submarine 1435: 1269:In August 1945, on Truman's orders, 790:Operation Smiling Buddha (Pokhran-I) 9025:Soviet involvement in regime change 5861:Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR) 4153: 2900: 2676:A-135 anti-ballistic missile system 1902:-class ballistic missile submarines 1834:1960 American presidential election 1456:intercontinental ballistic missiles 208:Intercontinental ballistic missiles 13: 9066:Soviet Union–United States summits 6540:1947 Polish parliamentary election 6425:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 5670: 4821:Positron-emission tomography (PET) 4419: 4166:from the original on 10 March 2009 3738:Ellyatt, Holly (22 October 2018). 3471:"Chinese Becomes A Nuclear Nation" 2672:A-35 anti-ballistic missile system 2659:. The United States developed the 2514:announced its intention to deploy 2284:include all significant viewpoints 14: 9186: 7827:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 7762:United States invasion of Grenada 7032:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 6973:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 4844:Neutron capture therapy of cancer 4743:Radioisotope thermoelectric (RTG) 4436: 4087: 3875:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 2948: 2787:Artificial intelligence arms race 2574:Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts 2411:On April 8, 2010, U.S. President 1388:detonated the first hydrogen bomb 1323: 7902:United States invasion of Panama 7752:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 7392:1971 Turkish military memorandum 7355:Communist insurgency in Thailand 7325:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 7257:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 7084:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 7012:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 6530:Restatement of Policy on Germany 6279: 6268: 6267: 6255: 5944:Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) 3753:Swanson, Ian (27 October 2018). 3024:"The Beginnings of the Cold War" 2825: 2271: 2262: 2213:on reducing nuclear stockpiles. 1953:, a nuclear triad consisting of 1779:Mutual assured destruction (MAD) 777: 753: 723: 665: 642: 621: 559: 532: 521: 510: 499: 488: 477: 463: 452: 441: 430: 419: 408: 397: 386: 360: 345: 322: 299: 278: 266: 253: 70: 63: 52: 45: 8622:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 8003:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 7932:Fall of the inner German border 7832:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 7482:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 7472:Spanish transition to democracy 7432:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 7059:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 6565:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 6446:Occupation of the Baltic states 5033:Historical stockpiles and tests 4426:"Presidency in the Nuclear Age" 4178: 4147: 4128: 4108: 4063: 4031: 4013: 3995: 3936: 3918: 3900: 3882: 3861: 3844: 3783: 3765: 3746: 3731: 3712: 3692: 3672: 3660:Majumdar, Dave (1 March 2018). 3653: 3604: 3586: 3568: 3550: 3526: 3517: 3499: 3481: 3463: 3445: 3427: 3408: 3390: 3333: 3315: 3297: 3287:"United Kingdom Nuclear Forces" 3279: 3266: 3247: 3242:Thinking about the Unthinkable, 3230: 3212: 3157: 3132: 3114: 3093: 3072: 3051: 3037: 2645:Defense against nuclear attacks 2594:, at the Pokhran region of the 2378:United States Strategic Command 2211:Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty 1448:medium-range ballistic missiles 1191: 7402:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 7037:Mozambican War of Independence 6476:Indonesian National Revolution 5934:Energy Multiplier Module (EM2) 4816:Single-photon emission (SPECT) 4428:, conference and forum at the 3016: 2998: 2965: 2942: 2882: 2864: 2846: 2384:21st century nuclear arms race 2209:, ultimately resulting in the 2088:with Soviet General Secretary 2011:, missile systems such as the 1984:The People's Republic of China 1904:armed with the American-built 1794:. This policy became known as 1: 9000:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 8015:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 7968:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 7690:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 7655:Seven Days to the River Rhine 7387:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 6674:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 6602:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 6262:Nuclear technology portal 4329: 4135:Tania Branigan (2010-01-12). 2832:Nuclear technology portal 2485:in August 2022, a full-scale 2398:Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty 2000:Sino-Soviet ideological split 1851:Initial nuclear proliferation 1160:competition for supremacy in 794:Operation Shakti (Pokhran-II) 7993:Fall of communism in Albania 7963:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 7912:Polish Round Table Agreement 7252:1968 Polish political crisis 7069:Eritrean War of Independence 6835:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 6730:East German uprising of 1953 6662:Chinese Communist Revolution 6327: 6124:Field-reversed configuration 5734:Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz 4160:International Herald Tribune 4094:Nuclear Age Peace Foundation 2951:"Klaus Fuchs: Atom Bomb Spy" 2199:Strategic Defense Initiative 2169:Strategic Defense Initiative 2047:deployed in Italy and Turkey 1973:ballistic missiles, and the 613:Strategic Defense Initiative 7: 7867:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 7595:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 7340:Corrective Movement (Syria) 7304:New People's Army rebellion 7299:Sino-Soviet border conflict 7027:Angolan War of Independence 6890:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 6770:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 6415:Jamaican political conflict 6081:Aircraft Reactor Experiment 5266: 5028:States with nuclear weapons 2755: 2703:UN vote on adoption of the 2112: 1813:. While some, like General 617:LGM-118 Peacekeeper program 213:The Soviet Union tests the 210:are developed by both sides 187:The United States conducts 10: 9191: 8063:Sino-Indian border dispute 7892:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 7822:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 7580:1976 Argentine coup d'état 7492:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 7442:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 7126:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 7094:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 6783:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 6550:Asian Relations Conference 6094: 5919:Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR) 5043:Tests in the United States 4448:Cooperation & Conflict 4396:10.1038/S43016-022-00573-0 3811:10.1038/s43016-022-00573-0 3637:Princeton University Press 3276:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2003) 2692: 2648: 2600:peaceful nuclear explosion 2563: 2324: 2228: 2166: 2073: 2069: 2034: 1965:stand-off attack missile, 1867:People's Republic of China 1854: 1796:Mutual Assured Destruction 1785:Mutual assured destruction 1782: 1406:", the project was led by 1327: 1264:Ethel and Julius Rosenberg 22:Cold War nuclear arms race 9099: 9048: 8970: 8947:William Appleman Williams 8892:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 8674: 8646: 8595: 8527: 8520: 8454: 8319: 8244: 8174: 8167: 8076: 8023: 7955: 7668: 7407:Bangladesh Liberation War 7397:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 7312: 7284:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 7272:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 6935: 6710:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 6687: 6397: 6335: 6249: 6205: 6157: 6114: 6104: 6056: 6044:Stable Salt Reactor (SSR) 5957: 5939:Reduced-moderation (RMWR) 5904: 5887: 5827: 5754: 5746:Advanced gas-cooled (AGR) 5720: 5711: 5663: 5643: 5596: 5578: 5534: 5439: 5421: 5289: 5276: 5261: 5248: 5203: 5136: 5081: 5072: 5020: 4928: 4919: 4886: 4829: 4791: 4782: 4703: 4635: 4558: 4500: 4496: 4346:Cold War: A Brief History 3612:"The End of the Cold War" 3534:"Limited Test Ban Treaty" 3489:"Theater Missile Systems" 3453:"China's Nuclear Weapons" 1990:bomb in a test codenamed 1886:Atomic Energy Act of 1946 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1482:, in which the submarine 1423:approximately 58 megatons 883:nuclear weapon stockpiles 855: 835:1961 Goldsboro B-52 crash 825: 818: 807: 802: 554: 547: 381: 376: 241: 236: 175: 133: 123: 118: 38: 26: 21: 9165:India–Pakistan relations 7722:1980 Turkish coup d'état 7557:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 7527:1978 Somali coup attempt 7487:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 7452:1973 Chilean coup d'état 7277:Revolutionary Government 7171:South African Border War 6963:1960 Turkish coup d'état 6880:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 6735:1953 Iranian coup d'état 6715:1952 Egyptian revolution 5949:Dual fluid reactor (DFR) 5565:Steam-generating (SGHWR) 4901:Electron-beam processing 4096:. Nuclear files archives 4075:nuclearweaponarchive.org 3457:nuclearweaponarchive.org 3144:nuclearweaponarchive.org 3101:"The Soviet Atomic Bomb" 2931:Potsdam Note (Animation) 2876:nuclearweaponarchive.org 2840: 2364:fabrication facility at 1390:on November 1, 1952, on 609:LGM-30 Minuteman program 9135:Weapons of the Cold War 7927:Fall of the Berlin Wall 7872:People Power Revolution 7857:Central American crisis 7797:1986 Black Sea incident 7447:1973 Afghan coup d'état 7345:Western Sahara conflict 7156:1966 Syrian coup d'état 7079:1963 Syrian coup d'état 7022:Portuguese Colonial War 6985:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 6750:1954 Syrian coup d'état 6627:Annexation of Hyderabad 6570:1947–1949 Palestine war 6064:Organic nuclear reactor 5236:Nuclear power phase-out 5159:Nuclear decommissioning 5099:Reactor-grade plutonium 4849:Targeted alpha-particle 4728:Accidents and incidents 4216:Muller, Harald (2020). 3576:"The Arms Race Resumes" 3435:"France Joins the Club" 3323:"France Nuclear Forces" 3189:Grappling with the Bomb 3168:. Brookings Institution 2817:Brinkmanship (Cold War) 2657:anti-ballistic missiles 2327:Effects of the Cold War 2225:The end of the Cold War 2130:Partial Test Ban Treaty 2005:Soviet/Chinese tensions 1466:, on January 31, 1958. 841:accidental false alarm 8221:Neoclassical economics 7732:Gulf of Sidra incident 7289:1969 Libyan revolution 6980:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 6765:1954 Geneva Conference 6525:Turkish straits crisis 6520:Corfu Channel incident 4300:International Security 4190:The New Indian Express 3635:(paperback ed.). 3629:Masco, Joseph (2006). 3507:"Cuban Missile Crisis" 3398:"Britain Goes Nuclear" 3305:"China Nuclear Forces" 3059:"Operation Crossroads" 2727: 2616:Atal Bihari Vajpayee's 2505:nuclear arms reduction 2435: 2415:and Russian President 2402:Missile Defense Agency 2344: 2343:treaty in Prague, 2010 2244: 2193:"). The presidency of 2186: 2093: 2050: 1842:Soviet first secretary 1480:Operation Frigate Bird 884: 707:R-14 Chusovaya program 377:Commanders and leaders 191:soon after the end of 106:explosion of the test 9071:Russia–NATO relations 8952:Jonathan Reed Winkler 8236:Democratic capitalism 8231:Supply-side economics 8199:American conservatism 7998:Breakup of Yugoslavia 7887:Bougainville conflict 7802:South Yemen civil war 7737:Martial law in Poland 7600:Nicaraguan Revolution 7575:Dirty War (Argentina) 7382:1971 JVP insurrection 7196:Years of Lead (Italy) 7074:North Yemen civil war 6992:Berlin Crisis of 1961 6968:Albanian–Soviet split 6900:1959 Tibetan uprising 6865:Syrian Crisis of 1957 6720:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 6580:1948 Arab–Israeli War 5226:Anti-nuclear movement 4268:International Affairs 4262:Wirtz, James (2019). 4196:on November 23, 2014. 3666:The National Interest 3616:www.atomicarchive.com 3598:www.atomicarchive.com 3580:www.atomicarchive.com 3562:www.atomicarchive.com 3558:"Easing The Tensions" 3538:www.atomicarchive.com 3511:www.atomicarchive.com 3475:www.atomicarchive.com 3439:www.atomicarchive.com 3402:www.atomicarchive.com 3224:www.atomicarchive.com 3220:"The Soviet Response" 3126:www.atomicarchive.com 3010:www.atomicarchive.com 2702: 2564:Further information: 2433: 2388:On 13 December 2001, 2366:Rocky Flats, Colorado 2350:stockpile stewardship 2338: 2238: 2176: 2083: 2044: 1961:gravity bomb and the 1857:Nuclear proliferation 1384:thermonuclear weapons 1373:the first Soviet bomb 1227:on July 24, 1945, by 871: 393:Franklin D. Roosevelt 337:South Asian Arms Race 9155:Geopolitical rivalry 8492:Non-Aligned Movement 8114:Peaceful coexistence 8068:North Borneo dispute 7983:German reunification 7978:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 7676:Salvadoran Civil War 7625:Grand Mosque seizure 7620:Yemenite War of 1979 7512:Mozambican Civil War 7467:Carnation Revolution 7422:Yemenite War of 1972 7360:1970 Polish protests 7191:1967 Hong Kong riots 7166:Argentine Revolution 7116:Guatemalan Civil War 7044:Cuban Missile Crisis 6958:Bay of Pigs Invasion 6830:1956 Poznań protests 6808:Geneva Summit (1955) 6410:Hukbalahap Rebellion 6389:Non-Aligned Movement 6134:Reversed field pinch 5929:Traveling-wave (TWR) 5413:Supercritical (SCWR) 4911:Gemstone irradiation 4312:10.1162/ISEC_a_00109 4235:10.1162/daed_a_01796 4090:"1974 Nuclear files" 3594:"Reagan's Star Wars" 3424:Senat.fr (in French) 3260:Simon & Schuster 2611:atomic bomb projects 2534:cruise missiles and 2512:Biden administration 2404:. Russian President 2231:Cold War (1985–1991) 2037:Cuban Missile Crisis 2031:Cuban Missile Crisis 1357:Operation Crossroads 1338:Cold War (1953–1962) 1334:Cold War (1947–1953) 1204:. Scientists of the 1022:Nuclear-armed states 857:Cuban Missile Crisis 811:Est. $ 5.5 trillion 695:R-7 Semyorka program 581:Operation Greenhouse 577:Operation Crossroads 528:Konstantin Chernenko 404:Dwight D. Eisenhower 199:thermonuclear device 189:Operation Crossroads 9175:Technological races 8937:Alex von Tunzelmann 8927:Vladimir Tismăneanu 8852:Thomas J. McCormick 8847:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 8747:Robert Hugh Ferrell 8610:Crusade for Freedom 8407:Illiberal democracy 8291:Ho Chi Minh Thought 8094:Eisenhower Doctrine 7947:Peaceful Revolution 7942:Romanian Revolution 7922:Revolutions of 1989 7907:1988 Polish strikes 7817:Operation INFEKTION 7812:1987 Lieyu massacre 7717:Eritrean Civil Wars 7700:Peruvian Revolution 7650:1979 Herat uprising 7640:Sino-Vietnamese War 7605:Uganda–Tanzania War 7585:Egyptian–Libyan War 7552:Third Indochina War 7547:Sino-Albanian split 7537:Ethiopian Civil War 7437:Eritrean Civil Wars 7377:Ping-pong diplomacy 7350:Cambodian Civil War 7176:Korean DMZ Conflict 7161:Cultural Revolution 7131:Dominican Civil War 7109:Tlatelolco massacre 6895:1959 Mosul uprising 6885:1958 Lebanon crisis 6612:Al-Wathbah uprising 6535:First Indochina War 6505:Iran crisis of 1946 5299:Aqueous homogeneous 5094:Reprocessed uranium 4767:Safety and security 4363:May, E. R. (n.d.). 3932:. 21 February 2023. 3914:. 21 February 2023. 3708:. 23 December 2016. 3262:, 1987), p. 82 2961:on 9 February 2015. 2878:. 12 December 1997. 2807:Nuclear disarmament 2695:Nuclear disarmament 2689:Nuclear disarmament 2516:long-range missiles 2358:Hanford, Washington 2291:improve the article 2009:H-6 bomber aircraft 1947:Metropolitan France 1941:" was detonated in 1882:Operation Hurricane 1509: 1343:Warhead development 1330:Massive retaliation 1234:, eight days after 1223:was briefed at the 634:Operation Hurricane 601:PGM-17 Thor program 169:atmosphere of Earth 9091:Russian Revolution 8887:Mary Elise Sarotte 8872:William B. Pickett 8797:Patrick J. Hearden 8777:Gabriel Gorodetsky 8772:Timothy Garton Ash 8757:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 8352:Ethnic nationalism 8104:Hallstein Doctrine 7988:Yemeni unification 7777:1985 Geneva Summit 7742:Casamance conflict 7645:New Jewel Movement 7630:Iranian Revolution 7615:Chadian–Libyan War 7562:Cambodian conflict 7542:Lebanese Civil War 7532:Western Sahara War 7507:June 1976 protests 7502:Cambodian genocide 7267:17 July Revolution 7221:Nigerian Civil War 7136:Rhodesian Bush War 7121:Colombian conflict 7064:Ramadan Revolution 6803:Bandung Conference 6679:Operation Valuable 6560:Partition of India 6213:Dense plasma focus 5128:Actinide chemistry 4593:Isotope separation 4490:Nuclear technology 4322:– via JSTOR. 4045:. 12 August 2024. 3420:2017-07-01 at the 3140:"Operation Castle" 3006:"Atomic Espionage" 2936:2007-11-16 at the 2894:2007-10-24 at the 2728: 2725: Did not vote 2560:India and Pakistan 2536:hypersonic weapons 2510:In July 2024, the 2470:INF nuclear treaty 2436: 2345: 2245: 2187: 2094: 2051: 1955:Dassault Mirage IV 1920:and several other 1807:John Foster Dulles 1505: 1492:Polaris A2 missile 1225:Potsdam Conference 885: 766:Kirana-I operation 218:thermonuclear bomb 9122: 9121: 9109:List of conflicts 8957:Rudolph Winnacker 8902:Giles Scott-Smith 8877:Ronald E. Powaski 8832:Melvyn P. Leffler 8762:John Lewis Gaddis 8737:Robert D. English 8702:Warren H. Carroll 8692:Michael Beschloss 8661:Nuclear arms race 8642: 8641: 8548:Neues Deutschland 8450: 8449: 8432:White nationalism 8402:Liberal democracy 8139:Ulbricht Doctrine 8129:Brezhnev Doctrine 7937:Velvet Revolution 7681:Soviet–Afghan War 7497:Angolan Civil War 7294:Goulash Communism 7151:ASEAN Declaration 7104:Mexican Dirty War 7002:Annexation of Goa 6953:1960 U-2 incident 6927:Sino-Soviet split 6905:Laotian Civil War 6745:Bricker Amendment 6725:Mau Mau rebellion 6669:Malayan Emergency 6657:Chinese Civil War 6617:Tito–Stalin split 6471:Division of Korea 6295: 6294: 6245: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6192:Magnetized-target 6089: 6088: 6052: 6051: 5883: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5823: 5822: 5707: 5706: 5639: 5638: 5244: 5243: 5199: 5198: 5068: 5067: 5055:Weapon-free zones 4882: 4881: 4874:Radiopharmacology 4280:10.1093/ia/iiz108 4124:. 16 August 2022. 3896:. 16 August 2022. 3646:978-0-691-12077-5 3352:978-0-642-14605-2 2834: 2802:Deterrence theory 2777:Nuclear terrorism 2772:Nuclear holocaust 2466:Mikhail Gorbachev 2323: 2322: 2315: 2295:discuss the issue 2257:Mikhail Gorbachev 2207:Mikhail Gorbachev 1845:Nikita Khrushchev 1815:Douglas MacArthur 1776: 1775: 1441:Strategic bombers 1436:Delivery vehicles 1217:Manhattan Project 1154:nuclear arms race 1150: 1149: 914:Nuclear explosion 866: 865: 820:Near catastrophes 770:Chagai operations 683:RDS-4 ("Tatyana") 638:Operation Grapple 605:Operation Dominic 597:Nike Zeus program 593:Operation Plumbob 573:Manhattan Project 539:Mikhail Gorbachev 495:Nikita Khrushchev 426:Lyndon B. Johnson 319: 315:Sino-Soviet split 295:(primary parties) 249:(primary parties) 232: 231: 183:Manhattan Project 85:nuclear bomb test 9182: 8867:David S. Painter 8792:John Earl Haynes 8722:Nicholas J. Cull 8707:Adrian Cioroianu 8687:Thomas A. Bailey 8634:Voice of America 8525: 8524: 8437:White separatism 8417:Social democracy 8412:Guided democracy 8392:Authoritarianism 8342:Ultranationalism 8332:Anti-imperialism 8259:Marxism–Leninism 8172: 8171: 8159:Kinmen Agreement 8124:Johnson Doctrine 8109:Kennedy Doctrine 8025:Frozen conflicts 8008:1991 August Coup 7897:Afghan Civil War 7792:Reykjavík Summit 7787:Somali Rebellion 7727:Ugandan Bush War 7705:Gdańsk Agreement 7226:Protests of 1968 7206:War of Attrition 6915:Cuban Revolution 6851:We will bury you 6818:Cyprus Emergency 6798:Kashmir Princess 6788:Jebel Akhdar War 6637:Western betrayal 6322: 6315: 6308: 6299: 6298: 6283: 6282: 6271: 6270: 6260: 6259: 6258: 6170: 6129:Levitated dipole 6099: 6091: 6090: 6039:Helium gas (GFR) 5902: 5901: 5897: 5834: 5833: 5718: 5717: 5668: 5667: 5661: 5660: 5656: 5655: 5437: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5271: 5263: 5262: 5255:Nuclear reactors 5250: 5249: 5149:High-level (HLW) 5079: 5078: 4926: 4925: 4906:Food irradiation 4896:Atomic gardening 4789: 4788: 4772:Nuclear meltdown 4598:Nuclear material 4588:Fissile material 4583:Fertile material 4498: 4497: 4483: 4476: 4469: 4460: 4459: 4415: 4324: 4323: 4295: 4284: 4283: 4259: 4248: 4247: 4237: 4213: 4198: 4197: 4192:. 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Rabkin 8857:Timothy Naftali 8802:Tvrtko Jakovina 8787:Jussi Hanhimäki 8670: 8648: 8638: 8616:Paix et Liberté 8591: 8535:Active measures 8516: 8446: 8427:White supremacy 8387:Totalitarianism 8315: 8240: 8163: 8149:Reagan Doctrine 8144:Carter Doctrine 8084:Truman Doctrine 8072: 8019: 7951: 7846:Soviet reaction 7757:Ndogboyosoi War 7664: 7635:Saur Revolution 7462:1973 oil crisis 7427:Munich massacre 7335:Alcora Exercise 7330:Black September 7308: 7054:Sino-Indian War 6948:Simba rebellion 6931: 6775:Capture of the 6683: 6622:Berlin Blockade 6555:May 1947 crises 6545:Truman Doctrine 6510:Greek Civil War 6499:Blacklist Forty 6466:Gouzenko Affair 6453:Cursed soldiers 6405:Morgenthau Plan 6393: 6331: 6326: 6296: 6291: 6256: 6254: 6237: 6201: 6168: 6153: 6110: 6100: 6095: 6085: 6048: 5953: 5898: 5891: 5890: 5875: 5819: 5750: 5725: 5703: 5675: 5657: 5650: 5649: 5648: 5635: 5601: 5592: 5574: 5539: 5530: 5444: 5427: 5426: 5425: 5417: 5331:Natural fission 5285: 5284: 5272: 5267: 5257: 5240: 5216:Nuclear weapons 5195: 5154:Low-level (LLW) 5132: 5064: 5016: 4915: 4878: 4825: 4778: 4699: 4631: 4554: 4492: 4487: 4442:Erik Ringmar, " 4439: 4422: 4420:Further reading 4332: 4327: 4296: 4287: 4260: 4251: 4214: 4201: 4184: 4183: 4179: 4169: 4167: 4152: 4148: 4133: 4129: 4114: 4113: 4109: 4099: 4097: 4086: 4082: 4069: 4068: 4064: 4055: 4053: 4037: 4036: 4032: 4027:. 12 July 2024. 4019: 4018: 4014: 4009:. 11 July 2024. 4001: 4000: 3996: 3991:. 11 July 2024. 3983: 3982: 3978: 3973:. 28 July 2024. 3965: 3964: 3955: 3950:. 13 July 2024. 3942: 3941: 3937: 3924: 3923: 3919: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3888: 3887: 3883: 3866: 3862: 3849: 3845: 3788: 3784: 3771: 3770: 3766: 3751: 3747: 3736: 3732: 3717: 3713: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3678: 3677: 3673: 3658: 3654: 3647: 3627: 3623: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3592: 3591: 3587: 3574: 3573: 3569: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3542: 3540: 3532: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3451: 3450: 3446: 3433: 3432: 3428: 3422:Wayback Machine 3413: 3409: 3396: 3395: 3391: 3379: 3378: 3369: 3368: 3362: 3360: 3353: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3321: 3320: 3316: 3303: 3302: 3298: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3271: 3267: 3252: 3248: 3235: 3231: 3218: 3217: 3213: 3199: 3185: 3181: 3171: 3169: 3162: 3158: 3148: 3146: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3084: 3082: 3080:"The Mike Test" 3078: 3077: 3073: 3063: 3061: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3004: 3003: 2999: 2983: 2982: 2970: 2966: 2947: 2943: 2938:Wayback Machine 2929: 2922: 2909: 2908: 2901: 2896:Wayback Machine 2887: 2883: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2826: 2824: 2767:Nuclear warfare 2758: 2726: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2708: 2707:on July 7, 2017 2697: 2691: 2653: 2651:Missile defense 2647: 2604:nuclear program 2596:Rajasthan state 2576: 2562: 2556:nuclear state. 2455:Mika Brzezinski 2417:Dmitry Medvedev 2386: 2333: 2325:Main articles: 2319: 2308: 2302: 2299: 2288: 2276: 2272: 2265: 2233: 2227: 2171: 2165: 2115: 2090:Leonid Brezhnev 2084:U.S. President 2078: 2072: 2039: 2033: 1951:Force de frappe 1925:strike aircraft 1922:Royal Air Force 1918:Panavia Tornado 1906:Polaris missile 1859: 1853: 1809:referred to as 1787: 1781: 1438: 1345: 1340: 1328:Main articles: 1326: 1285:was dropped on 1277:was dropped on 1232:Harry S. 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8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8682:Gar Alperovitz 8678: 8676: 8672: 8671: 8669: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8652: 8650: 8644: 8643: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8636: 8631: 8625: 8624: 8619: 8612: 8607: 8599: 8597: 8593: 8592: 8590: 8589: 8582: 8577: 8570: 8563: 8558: 8551: 8544: 8537: 8531: 8529: 8522: 8518: 8517: 8515: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8458: 8456: 8452: 8451: 8448: 8447: 8445: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8422:Third-Worldism 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8323: 8321: 8317: 8316: 8314: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8250: 8248: 8242: 8241: 8239: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8211:Libertarianism 8208: 8203: 8202: 8201: 8191: 8189:Chicago school 8186: 8180: 8178: 8169: 8165: 8164: 8162: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8134:Nixon Doctrine 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8080: 8078: 8077:Foreign policy 8074: 8073: 8071: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8029: 8027: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8017: 8012: 8011: 8010: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7959: 7957: 7953: 7952: 7950: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7862:Operation RYAN 7859: 7854: 7849: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7767:Able Archer 83 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7713: 7712: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7683: 7678: 7672: 7670: 7666: 7665: 7663: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7517:Oromo conflict 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7457:Yom Kippur War 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7316: 7314: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7280: 7279: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7240: 7235: 7234: 7233: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7112: 7111: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7089:Aden Emergency 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7040: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7007:Papua conflict 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6988: 6987: 6977: 6976: 6975: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6939: 6937: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6929: 6924: 6923: 6922: 6912: 6910:Kitchen Debate 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6870:Sputnik crisis 6867: 6862: 6854: 6847: 6842: 6840:Polish October 6837: 6832: 6827: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6740:Pact of Madrid 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6695:Bamboo Curtain 6691: 6689: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6665: 6664: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6588: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6494: 6486: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6455: 6450: 6449: 6448: 6443: 6435: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6401: 6399: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6344: 6336: 6333: 6332: 6325: 6324: 6317: 6310: 6302: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6289: 6277: 6265: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6243: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6223:Muon-catalyzed 6220: 6215: 6209: 6207: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6183: 6182: 6172: 6163: 6161: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6120: 6118: 6112: 6111: 6105: 6102: 6101: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6083: 6078: 6077: 6076: 6071: 6060: 6058: 6054: 6053: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6030: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5963: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5914:Integral (IFR) 5911: 5905: 5899: 5888: 5885: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5842: 5840: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5817: 5816: 5815: 5810: 5809: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5778: 5773: 5772: 5771: 5760: 5758: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5729: 5727: 5723: 5715: 5709: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5680: 5678: 5673: 5665: 5658: 5644: 5641: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5605: 5603: 5599: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5590: 5584: 5582: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5561: 5560: 5555: 5544: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5528: 5527: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5505: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5484: 5479: 5478: 5477: 5472: 5469: 5466: 5463: 5449: 5447: 5442: 5434: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5415: 5410: 5409: 5408: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5394: 5393: 5388: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5333: 5328: 5327: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5301: 5295: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5278: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5259: 5258: 5246: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5238: 5233: 5231:Uranium mining 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5200: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5193: 5188: 5187: 5186: 5181: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5130: 5125: 5124: 5123: 5113: 5108: 5107: 5106: 5104:Minor actinide 5101: 5096: 5085: 5083: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5046: 5045: 5040: 5030: 5024: 5022: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5014: 5013: 5012: 5002: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4990: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4969: 4968: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4932: 4930: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4892: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4835: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4801:Autoradiograph 4797: 4795: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4776: 4775: 4774: 4764: 4763: 4762: 4752: 4751: 4750: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4709: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4641: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4629: 4628: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4616: 4615: 4610: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4564: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4550: 4545: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4523:Atomic nucleus 4520: 4515: 4510: 4504: 4502: 4494: 4493: 4486: 4485: 4478: 4471: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4451: 4438: 4437:External links 4435: 4434: 4433: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4416: 4390:(8): 586–596. 4371: 4368: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4343: 4336: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4325: 4285: 4274:(4): 785–799. 4249: 4228:(2): 171–189. 4199: 4177: 4154:Ratliff, Ben. 4146: 4127: 4107: 4080: 4062: 4030: 4012: 4007:Deutsche Welle 3994: 3976: 3953: 3948:Deutsche Welle 3935: 3917: 3899: 3881: 3860: 3843: 3804:(8): 586–596. 3782: 3764: 3745: 3730: 3711: 3691: 3671: 3652: 3645: 3639:. p. 78. 3621: 3603: 3585: 3567: 3549: 3525: 3516: 3498: 3480: 3462: 3444: 3426: 3407: 3389: 3380:|journal= 3351: 3332: 3314: 3296: 3278: 3265: 3246: 3244:Horizon Press. 3229: 3211: 3207:j.ctt1ws7w90.9 3197: 3179: 3156: 3131: 3113: 3092: 3071: 3050: 3036: 3015: 2997: 2964: 2941: 2920: 2899: 2881: 2863: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2838: 2837: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2757: 2754: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2693:Main article: 2690: 2687: 2674:and the later 2649:Main article: 2646: 2643: 2592:Smiling Buddha 2561: 2558: 2498:Vladimir Putin 2491:nuclear winter 2406:Vladimir Putin 2390:George W. Bush 2385: 2382: 2321: 2320: 2279: 2277: 2270: 2264: 2261: 2229:Main article: 2226: 2223: 2167:Main article: 2164: 2161: 2114: 2111: 2074:Main article: 2071: 2068: 2035:Main article: 2032: 2029: 1939:Gerboise Bleue 1914:SEPECAT Jaguar 1878:United Kingdom 1863:United Kingdom 1855:Main article: 1852: 1849: 1783:Main article: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1728: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1636: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1567: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1539:United States 1537: 1534: 1533:United States 1531: 1528: 1527:United States 1524: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1437: 1434: 1402:. Code-named " 1369:Eastern Europe 1344: 1341: 1325: 1324:Early Cold War 1322: 1310:United Nations 1305:respectively. 1293:bombers named 1229:U.S. President 1193: 1190: 1148: 1147: 1145: 1144: 1137: 1130: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1071: 1061: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1048:United Kingdom 1045: 1040: 1025: 1024: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 964: 963: 958: 953: 947: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 908: 907: 903: 902: 894: 893: 864: 863: 861:Able Archer 83 853: 852: 844: 839:Yom Kippur War 827: 826: 823: 822: 816: 815: 809: 808: 805: 804: 800: 799: 774: 750: 749: 687:RDS-6s (Joe 4) 662: 655:Gerboise Bleue 629:United Kingdom 556: 555: 552: 551: 545: 544: 474: 448:Gerald R. Ford 383: 382: 379: 378: 374: 373: 357: 342: 341: 289: 274:United Kingdom 243: 242: 239: 238: 234: 233: 230: 229: 228: 227: 220: 211: 205: 195: 185: 177: 173: 172: 149:United Kingdom 135: 131: 130: 125: 116: 115: 104:mushroom cloud 81: 69: 62: 61: 60: 51: 44: 43: 42: 41: 40: 39: 36: 35: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9187: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9132: 9130: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9101: 9098: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9076:War on terror 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9053: 9051: 9047: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8977: 8975: 8971:Espionage and 8969: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8922:Andrew Thorpe 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8817:Gabriel Kolko 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8782:Fred Halliday 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8767:Lloyd Gardner 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8727:Norman Davies 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8712:John Costello 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8679: 8677: 8673: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8653: 8651: 8647:Technological 8645: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8626: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8617: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8605: 8601: 8600: 8598: 8594: 8588: 8587: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8575: 8571: 8569: 8568: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8556: 8552: 8550: 8549: 8545: 8543: 8542: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8532: 8530: 8528:Pro-communist 8526: 8523: 8519: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8459: 8457: 8455:Organizations 8453: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8324: 8322: 8318: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8286: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8269:Eurocommunism 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8251: 8249: 8247: 8243: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8200: 8197: 8196: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8181: 8179: 8177: 8173: 8170: 8166: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8099:Domino theory 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8081: 8079: 8075: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8053:South Ossetia 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8030: 8028: 8026: 8022: 8016: 8013: 8009: 8006: 8005: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7960: 7958: 7954: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7847: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7837:8888 Uprising 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7782:Iran–Iraq War 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7747:Falklands War 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7711: 7708: 7707: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7673: 7671: 7667: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7610:NDF Rebellion 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7590:German Autumn 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7570: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7477:Metapolitefsi 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7372: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7311: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7278: 7275: 7274: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7246: 7241: 7239: 7238:Prague Spring 7236: 7232: 7229: 7228: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7216:Al-Wadiah War 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7181:12-3 incident 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7110: 7107: 7106: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7024: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6986: 6983: 6982: 6981: 6978: 6974: 6971: 6970: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6934: 6928: 6925: 6921: 6918: 6917: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6860: 6855: 6852: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6825: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6778: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6760:Domino theory 6758: 6756: 6755:Petrov Affair 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6686: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6663: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6632:Madiun Affair 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6592:Marshall Plan 6590: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6572: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6500: 6495: 6493: 6492: 6487: 6485: 6484: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6461: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6441: 6436: 6434: 6433: 6428: 6427: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6396: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6349: 6345: 6343: 6342: 6341:United States 6338: 6337: 6334: 6330: 6323: 6318: 6316: 6311: 6309: 6304: 6303: 6300: 6288: 6287: 6278: 6276: 6275: 6266: 6264: 6263: 6252: 6251: 6248: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6204: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6181: 6180:electrostatic 6178: 6177: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6156: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6103: 6098: 6092: 6082: 6079: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6055: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5969: 5968: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5959:Generation IV 5956: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5909:Breeder (FBR) 5907: 5906: 5903: 5900: 5895: 5886: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5814: 5811: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5787: 5784: 5783: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5753: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5710: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5669: 5666: 5662: 5659: 5654: 5647: 5642: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5595: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5577: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5533: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5476: 5473: 5470: 5467: 5464: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5438: 5435: 5431: 5424: 5420: 5414: 5411: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5383: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5288: 5283: 5282: 5275: 5270: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5251: 5247: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5211:Nuclear power 5209: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5192: 5191:Transmutation 5189: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5129: 5126: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5071: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5035: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5019: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4988:high-altitude 4986: 4985: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4978:Proliferation 4976: 4974: 4971: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4864:Brachytherapy 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4828: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4781: 4773: 4770: 4769: 4768: 4765: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4756: 4753: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4702: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4660:Cross section 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4634: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4605: 4604: 4601: 4600: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4557: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4540: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4484: 4479: 4477: 4472: 4470: 4465: 4464: 4461: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4440: 4431: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4245: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4181: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4150: 4142: 4138: 4131: 4123: 4122: 4117: 4111: 4095: 4091: 4084: 4076: 4072: 4066: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4043:The Economist 4040: 4034: 4026: 4022: 4016: 4008: 4004: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3980: 3972: 3968: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3949: 3945: 3939: 3931: 3927: 3921: 3913: 3909: 3903: 3895: 3891: 3885: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3864: 3857: 3853: 3847: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3822: 3821:11250/3039288 3817: 3812: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3798: 3793: 3786: 3778: 3777:www.aa.com.tr 3774: 3768: 3760: 3756: 3749: 3741: 3734: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3707: 3706: 3701: 3695: 3687: 3686: 3681: 3675: 3667: 3663: 3656: 3648: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3633: 3625: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3571: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3502: 3494: 3490: 3484: 3476: 3472: 3466: 3458: 3454: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3430: 3423: 3419: 3416: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3393: 3385: 3373: 3359:on 2008-07-28 3358: 3354: 3348: 3344: 3343: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3318: 3310: 3306: 3300: 3292: 3288: 3282: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3261: 3255: 3250: 3243: 3239: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3215: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3198:9781760461379 3194: 3190: 3183: 3167: 3160: 3145: 3141: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3117: 3102: 3096: 3081: 3075: 3060: 3054: 3046: 3040: 3025: 3019: 3011: 3007: 3001: 2993: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2974:"Our History" 2968: 2960: 2956: 2955:Crime Library 2952: 2945: 2939: 2935: 2932: 2927: 2925: 2916: 2912: 2906: 2904: 2897: 2893: 2890: 2885: 2877: 2873: 2867: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2845: 2836: 2835: 2833: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2759: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2734: 2731: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2686: 2684: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2652: 2642: 2640: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2618:government – 2617: 2612: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2557: 2554: 2553: 2552:The Economist 2547: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2483: 2477: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2451: 2445: 2441: 2432: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2362:plutonium pit 2359: 2353: 2351: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2328: 2317: 2314: 2306: 2303:December 2016 2296: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2278: 2269: 2268: 2263:Post–Cold War 2260: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2222: 2220: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2195:Ronald Reagan 2192: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2143:In 1991, the 2141: 2137: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2110: 2108: 2102: 2100: 2091: 2087: 2086:Richard Nixon 2082: 2077: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2056: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1930: 1927:carrying the 1926: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1876:In 1952, the 1874: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1858: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1792:second strike 1786: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1542:Soviet Union 1541: 1538: 1536:Soviet Union 1535: 1532: 1530:Soviet Union 1529: 1526: 1525: 1511: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1487: 1481: 1475: 1472: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1433: 1431: 1426: 1424: 1419: 1416: 1411: 1409: 1408:Edward Teller 1405: 1401: 1400:Pacific Ocean 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1351: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1304: 1303: 1298: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1252:Theodore Hall 1249: 1243: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1166:United States 1163: 1159: 1155: 1143: 1138: 1136: 1131: 1129: 1124: 1123: 1121: 1120: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1038:United States 1035: 1033: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 993:Proliferation 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 965: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 948: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 911: 910: 909: 905: 904: 900: 896: 895: 892: 889: 888: 882: 878: 874: 873:United States 870: 862: 858: 854: 849: 848: 842: 840: 836: 831: 824: 821: 817: 812: 806: 801: 796: 795: 791: 786: 772: 771: 767: 762: 745: 741: 737: 732: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 674: 660: 656: 651: 639: 635: 630: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 585:Operation Ivy 582: 578: 574: 570: 568: 567:United States 553: 550: 546: 541: 540: 535: 529: 524: 518: 517:Yuri Andropov 513: 507: 502: 496: 491: 485: 484:Joseph Stalin 480: 472: 471: 470:Ronald Reagan 466: 460: 455: 449: 444: 438: 433: 427: 422: 416: 411: 405: 400: 394: 389: 380: 375: 370: 369: 355: 354: 339: 338: 331: 318: 316: 309: 308: 294: 293: 287: 275: 263: 262: 261:United States 248: 247: 240: 235: 225: 221: 219: 216: 212: 209: 206: 204: 200: 196: 194: 190: 186: 184: 180: 179: 178: 174: 171: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 145: 142: 139: 138:United States 136: 132: 126: 122: 117: 113: 112: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 86: 73: 66: 55: 48: 37: 34: 30: 29:Post-WWII era 25: 20: 9081:Brinkmanship 8973:intelligence 8862:Marius Oprea 8812:Harvey Klehr 8742:Herbert Feis 8732:Willem Drees 8697:Archie Brown 8660: 8614: 8602: 8584: 8574:Trybuna Ludu 8572: 8565: 8561:Radio Moscow 8553: 8546: 8539: 8367:Anti-Zionism 8283: 8206:Keynesianism 8194:Conservatism 8058:Transnistria 8038:China-Taiwan 7695:Gera Demands 7568: 7369: 7244: 7049:El Porteñazo 6943:Congo Crisis 6858: 6793:Algerian War 6776: 6652:Western Bloc 6647:Eastern Bloc 6642:Iron Curtain 6498: 6490: 6482: 6459: 6439: 6431: 6348:Soviet Union 6346: 6339: 6284: 6272: 6253: 6233:Pyroelectric 6187:Laser-driven 5967:Sodium (SFR) 5894:fast-neutron 5733: 5279: 5169:Reprocessing 5050:WMD treaties 4935: 4869:Radiosurgery 4839:Fast-neutron 4811:Scintigraphy 4447: 4387: 4383: 4303: 4299: 4271: 4267: 4225: 4221: 4194:the original 4189: 4180: 4168:. 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