1035:
1483:) army, the senate was restored, but the institution (like classical Rome itself) had been mortally weakened by the long war. Many senators had been killed and many of those who had fled to the east chose to remain there, thanks to favorable legislation passed by Emperor Justinian, who, however, abolished virtually all senatorial offices in Italy. The importance of the Roman senate thus declined rapidly, and it likely ceased to function as an institution with any real legislative power shortly after this time.
1531:
136:
1153:(the chief magistrates), in their prosecution of military conflicts. The senate also had an enormous degree of power over the civil government in Rome. This was especially the case with regard to its management of state finances, as only it could authorize the disbursal of public funds from the treasury. As the Roman Republic grew, the senate also supervised the administration of the provinces, which were governed by former consuls and
1075:
1718:
1275:
794:) were quite powerful. Since the transition from monarchy to constitutional rule was most likely gradual, it took several generations before the Senate was able to assert itself over the executive magistrates. By the middle Republic, the Senate had reached the apex of its republican power. The late Republic saw a decline in the Senate's power, which began following the reforms of the
1219:. If there was no veto, and the matter was of minor importance, it could be put to either a voice vote or a show of hands. If there was no veto and no obvious majority, and the matter was of a significant nature, there was usually a physical division of the house, with senators voting by taking a place on either side of the chamber.
1234:, senators could not engage in banking or any form of public contract. They could not own a ship that was large enough to participate in foreign commerce, they could not leave Italy without permission from the rest of the senate and they were not paid a salary. Election to magisterial office resulted in automatic senate membership.
1645:, or assembly, the Senate of Constantinople was made up of all current or former holders of senior ranks and official positions, plus their descendants. At its height during the 6th and 7th centuries, the Senate represented the collective wealth and power of the Empire, on occasion nominating and dominating individual emperors.
1264:. Though retaining its legal position as under the republic, in practice the actual authority of the imperial senate was negligible, and the emperor held the true power in the state. As such, membership in the senate came to be sought after by individuals seeking prestige and social standing, rather than actual authority.
1294:, reduced the size of the senate from 900 members to 600, even though there were only about 100 to 200 active senators at one time. After this point, the size of the senate was never again drastically altered. Under the empire, as was the case during the late republic, one could become a senator by being elected
1050:. It is worth noting that idealistic medieval and subsequent artistic depictions of the Senate in session are almost uniformly inaccurate. Illustrations commonly show the senators arranged in a semicircle around an open space where orators were deemed to stand; in reality the structure of the existing
1199:
Senators had several other ways in which they could influence (or frustrate) a presiding magistrate. For example, every senator was permitted to speak before a vote could be held, and since all meetings had to end by nightfall, a dedicated group or even a single senator could talk a proposal to death
1015:
The senate's most significant task, outside regal elections, was to function as the king's council, and while the king could ignore any advice it offered, its growing prestige helped make the advice that it offered increasingly difficult to ignore. Only the king could make new laws, although he often
1343:
enacted a series of constitutional reforms. In one such reform, he asserted the right of the emperor to take power without the theoretical consent of the senate, thus depriving the senate of its status as the ultimate repository of supreme power. Diocletian's reforms also ended whatever illusion had
1326:
During the early Roman Empire, all judicial powers that had been held by the Roman assemblies were also transferred to the senate. For example, the senate now held jurisdiction over criminal trials. In these cases, a consul presided, the senators constituted the jury, and the verdict was handed down
1546:
Subsequently, the word "senate" was used by the nobility of Rome to describe themselves as a collective class. This usage was not intended to link them institutionally with the ancient senate, but rather continued the long-standing Roman tradition that the city's nobility was equated to its senate.
1311:
Besides the emperor, consuls and praetors could also preside over the senate. Since no senator could stand for election to a magisterial office without the emperor's approval, senators usually did not vote against bills that had been presented by the emperor. If a senator disapproved of a bill, he
1307:
The two consuls were a part of the senate, but had more power than the senators. During senate meetings, the emperor sat between the two consuls, and usually acted as the presiding officer. Senators of the early empire could ask extraneous questions or request that a certain action be taken by the
1303:
If an individual was not of senatorial rank, there were two ways for him to become a senator. Under the first method, the emperor manually granted that individual the authority to stand for election to the quaestorship, while under the second method, the emperor appointed that individual to the
1179:), no meeting could take place more than a mile (in the Roman system of measurement, now approx. 1.48 km) outside it. The senate operated while under various religious restrictions. For example, before any meeting could begin, a sacrifice to the gods was made, and a search for divine omens (the
1498:
would give a sermon in which he bemoaned the almost complete disappearance of the senatorial order and the decline of the prestigious institution, suggesting that by this date, the senate had officially ceased to function as a body. Although the
Gregorian register of 603 mentions the senate in
1381:
had his mother or grandmother take part in Senate proceedings. "And
Elagabalus was the only one of all the emperors under whom a woman attended the senate like a man, just as though she belonged to the senatorial order" (David Magie's translation). According to the same work, Elagabalus also
1096:
When the
Republic began, the Senate functioned as an advisory council. It consisted of 300–500 senators who served for life. Only patricians were members in the early period, but plebeians were also admitted before long, although they were denied the senior magistracies for a longer period.
1589:(apparently in the mistaken belief that this was the site of the ancient senate house). Most sources state that there were 56 senators in the revived senate, and modern historians have therefore interpreted this to indicate that there were four senators for each of the fourteen
1196:). While in session, the senate had the power to act on its own, and even against the will of the presiding magistrate if it wished. The presiding magistrate began each meeting with a speech, then referred an issue to the senators, who would discuss it in order of seniority.
1347:
The senate also retained the power to try treason cases, and to elect some magistrates, but only with the permission of the emperor. In the final years of the western empire, the senate would sometimes try to appoint their own emperor, such as in the case of
1300:(a magistrate with financial duties), but only if one were already of senatorial rank. In addition to quaestors, elected officials holding a range of senior positions were routinely granted senatorial rank by virtue of the offices that they held.
1627:, who subsequently became the head of the civil government of Rome under the pope's aegis. Although the 56-member senate would be restored soon thereafter in 1197, the institution would come to be composed largely of nobles.
1335:
transferred all electoral powers from the assemblies to the senate, and, while theoretically the senate elected new magistrates, the approval of the emperor was always needed before an election could be finalized.
1007:
nominated a candidate to replace the king. After the senate gave its initial approval to the nominee, he was then formally elected by the people, and then received the senate's final approval. At least one king,
1323:) acquired the full force of law. The legislative powers of the imperial senate were principally of a financial and an administrative nature, although the senate did retain a range of powers over the provinces.
1439:
rule. The authority of the senate rose considerably under barbarian leaders, who sought to protect the institution. This period was characterized by the rise of prominent Roman senatorial families, such as the
1164:(a right resting with each consul with or without the senate's involvement). However, after 202 BC, the office of dictator fell out of use (and was revived only two more times) and was replaced with the
994:. During the years of the monarchy, the senate's most important function was to elect new kings. While the king was nominally elected by the people, it was actually the senate who chose each new king.
1344:
remained that the senate had independent legislative, judicial, or electoral powers. The senate did, however, retain its legislative powers over public games in Rome, and over the senatorial order.
990:
held three principal responsibilities: It functioned as the ultimate repository for the executive power, it served as the king's council, and it functioned as a legislative body in concert with the
816:, the Senate became politically irrelevant. When the seat of government was transferred out of Rome, the Senate was reduced to a purely municipal body. That decline in status was reinforced when
2498:
The
Political Works of Marcus Tullius Cicero: Comprising his Treatise on the Commonwealth; and his Treatise on the Laws. Translated from the original, with Dissertations and Notes in Two Volumes
902:
who settled Italy in the centuries before the founding of Rome in 753 BC were structured into tribal communities, and these communities often included an aristocratic board of tribal elders.
1356:. The senate remained the last stronghold of the traditional Roman religion in the face of the spreading Christianity, and several times attempted to facilitate the return of the
2235:
Bronwen, 3. "For since the Senate has failed, the people have perished, and the sufferings and groans of the few who remain are multiplied each day. Rome, now empty, is burning!"
5255:
1230:, ownership of property worth at least one million sesterces was required for membership. The ethical requirements of senators were significant. In contrast to members of the
1641:
The senate continued to exist in
Constantinople, although it evolved into an institution that differed in some fundamental forms from its predecessor. Designated in Greek as
1058:, shows that the senators sat in straight and parallel lines on either side of the interior of the building. In current media depictions in film this is shown correctly in
2487:
1486:
It is not known exactly when the Roman senate disappeared in the West, but it appears to have been in the early 7th century, when Rome was under the dominion of the
1208:). When it was time to call a vote, the presiding magistrate could bring up whatever proposals he wished, and every vote was between a proposal and its negative.
3413:
1698:, senators) could participate. The Senate in Constantinople existed until at least the beginning of the 13th century, its last known act being the election of
3212:
1621:
during the second half of the twelfth century. From 1192 onward, the popes succeeded in reducing the 56-strong senate down to a single individual, styled
1115:, which in form constituted "advice" from the senate to a magistrate. While these decrees did not hold legal force, they usually were obeyed in practice.
1271:
to the senate. However, since the emperor held control over the senate, the senate acted as a vehicle through which he exercised his autocratic powers.
967:, executed many of the leading men in the senate, and did not replace them, thereby diminishing their number. However, in 509 BC Rome's first and third
686:
3152:
3114:
1192:
who wished to summon the senate had to issue a compulsory order. The senate meetings were public and directed by a presiding magistrate (usually a
5260:
3207:
1490:. Records that in both 578 and 580, the politically-impotent senate of Rome sent envoys to Constantinople along with pleas for help against the
1515:
have argued that this mention was likely nothing more than a ceremonial flourish. In 630, any remnants of the senate were swept away when the
3300:
3842:
3184:
3029:
3884:
3872:
3189:
3129:
3931:
3232:
1670:
could become proedros, but later this restriction was lifted and several proedri could be appointed, of which the senior proedrus, or
1170:("ultimate decree of the senate"), a senatorial decree that authorised the consuls to employ any means necessary to solve the crisis.
5275:
2013:
1924:
5265:
3847:
1945:
1903:
5270:
5219:
3857:
3167:
844:
but the
Western Senate ultimately disappeared after 603, the date of its last recorded public act. Some Roman aristocrats in the
1319:
continued to meet after the founding of the empire, their powers were all transferred to the senate, and so senatorial decrees (
5164:
3852:
3586:
2953:
Orations and
Letters of Cicero: With Historical Introduction, An Outline of the Roman Constitution, Notes, Vocabulary and Index
679:
283:
659:
5134:
3959:
3486:
3222:
2878:
2792:
2771:
2734:
2713:
2663:
2411:
1251:
1160:
Since the 3rd century BC the senate also played a pivotal role in cases of emergency. It could call for the appointment of a
925:
from the leading clans were selected for the confederated board of elders that would become the Roman senate. Over time, the
273:
852:, but it was by this point a purely honorific title and does not reflect the continued existence of the classical Senate.
5224:
5099:
4252:
1475:
and took the senators as hostages. Several senators were executed in 552 as revenge for the death of the
Ostrogothic king,
1331:), and, while a verdict could not be appealed, the emperor could pardon a convicted individual through a veto. The emperor
3805:
1060:
444:
1215:
any of the dictator's decisions. At any point before a motion passed, the proposed motion could be vetoed, usually by a
3476:
3172:
3157:
2836:
2811:
1025:
266:
249:
5144:
3904:
3471:
3466:
3442:
3293:
3265:
3119:
3054:
2863:
2755:
2551:
2436:
2386:
2361:
2336:
2311:
873:
672:
244:
5280:
5159:
3832:
3481:
3408:
3217:
3134:
3022:
1428:
1267:
During the reigns of the first emperors, legislative, judicial, and electoral powers were all transferred from the
1243:
261:
1084:
1034:
956:, chose a further 100 senators. They were chosen from the minor leading families, and were accordingly called the
3425:
3358:
3237:
3162:
1386:, which enacted rules to be applied to matrons regarding clothing, chariot riding, the wearing of jewelry, etc. (
254:
1312:
usually showed his disapproval by not attending the senate meeting on the day that the bill was to be voted on.
1308:
senate. Higher ranking senators spoke before those of lower rank, although the emperor could speak at any time.
5250:
4179:
4104:
3862:
937:), and vested in him their sovereign power. When the king died, that sovereign power naturally reverted to the
31:
4675:
1605:
1448:, often served as the right hand of the barbarian leader. It is known that the senate successfully installed
17:
1304:
senate by issuing a decree. Under the empire, the power that the emperor held over the senate was absolute.
4515:
4119:
3571:
3286:
3179:
2508:
2008:
1940:
1919:
1898:
1092:) of deceased ancestors in his hands; marble, late 1st century BC; head (not belonging): mid-1st century BC
1029:
732:
5214:
5139:
4898:
3954:
3837:
3383:
3124:
3015:
1590:
869:
728:
5174:
4838:
4730:
4500:
4272:
4094:
4002:
3867:
3810:
3227:
2613:
Gentlemen and
Officers: Imperial Administration and Aristocratic Power in Byzantine Italy, A.D. 554–800
1247:
976:
964:
909:
or "clan", and each clan was an aggregation of families under a common living male patriarch, called a
771:
736:
457:
5194:
4287:
4242:
4169:
4089:
4037:
4027:
3979:
3326:
1173:
While senate meetings could take place either inside or outside the formal boundary of the city (the
1166:
953:
522:
224:
2631:
Chastagnol, André (2002). "Nobility, Roman § Up to
Gregory the Greg". In Levillain, Philippe (ed.).
4795:
4705:
4214:
4194:
4189:
4174:
4127:
4067:
4022:
3824:
949:
126:
5204:
5184:
5124:
5114:
5104:
4510:
4199:
4099:
4079:
3994:
3984:
3689:
3629:
3609:
3321:
1667:
1552:
1520:
1467:
The peaceful coexistence of senatorial and barbarian rule continued until the Ostrogothic leader
762:, most of the time the Senate was little more than an advisory council to the king, but being an
560:
5209:
5199:
5149:
5129:
4943:
4918:
4883:
4765:
4490:
4137:
3899:
3430:
3255:
2724:
2616:
2519:
2919:
Monument und Inschrift. Gesammelte Aufsätze zur senatorischen Repräsentation in der Kaiserzeit
2822:
2703:
1570:
attempted to establish a new senate in opposition to the temporal power of the nobles and the
5245:
5179:
5109:
4933:
4685:
4485:
4480:
4277:
4184:
4109:
4072:
4057:
4032:
4012:
3914:
2653:
1395:
817:
2782:
948:, initially consisting of 100 men. The descendants of those 100 men subsequently became the
5189:
5154:
4843:
4710:
4610:
4535:
4400:
4363:
3739:
3403:
1663:
1580:
1551:, the title "senator" was used by those in positions of power—for instance, it was held by
1487:
1457:
972:
899:
779:
202:
4833:
2936:
Senatus populusque Romanus. Die politische Kultur der Republik – Dimensionen und Deutungen
1563:(d. 937)—but it appears to have been regarded at that time as simply a title of nobility.
786:. During the early Republic, the Senate was politically weak, while the various executive
8:
5119:
4968:
4770:
4640:
4590:
3909:
3506:
3079:
1777:
1723:
1453:
1449:
1016:
involved both the senate and the curiate assembly (the popular assembly) in the process.
337:
2525:
1512:
840:
rule (489–535). It was restored to its official status after the reconquest of Italy by
5169:
4893:
4700:
4555:
4495:
4415:
4358:
4222:
3458:
3437:
3247:
3059:
3038:
2962:(Hamburg: Verlag Dr. Kovac, 2006) (Studien zur Geschichtesforschung des Altertums, 14).
2583:
1618:
1597:
1566:
Usage of the "senator" title in a more traditional sense was revived in 1144, when the
997:
The period between the death of one king and the election of a new king was called the
829:
763:
748:
712:
595:
234:
4808:
2302:
Pohl, Walter; Gantner, Clemens; Grifoni, Cinzia; Pollheimer-Mohaupt, Marianne (2018).
1185:) was taken. The senate was only allowed to assemble in places dedicated to the gods.
723:. With different powers throughout its existence it lasted from the first days of the
4803:
4655:
4410:
4370:
4348:
3556:
3096:
2874:
2859:
2832:
2807:
2788:
2767:
2751:
2730:
2709:
2659:
2547:
2432:
2407:
2382:
2357:
2332:
2307:
1575:
1548:
1535:
1110:
1079:
514:
507:
310:
35:
775:
4868:
4828:
4760:
4695:
4620:
4615:
4387:
4310:
4257:
4052:
4047:
3936:
3795:
3744:
3704:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3654:
3576:
3523:
3516:
3501:
3496:
3420:
3348:
3089:
3074:
3069:
2575:
1802:
1787:
1782:
1752:
1699:
1636:
1480:
1445:
1369:
1357:
1316:
1268:
1231:
1189:
1146:
1127:
1066:
898:, which means "old man"; the word thus means "assembly of elders". The prehistoric
821:
787:
744:
740:
636:
630:
623:
609:
438:
417:
362:
347:
342:
327:
211:
979:
chose from amongst the leading equites new men for the senate, these being called
832:
was deposed in 476, the Senate in the Western Empire functioned under the rule of
4963:
4775:
4755:
4715:
4650:
4600:
4595:
4470:
4420:
4328:
4162:
4142:
4062:
3511:
3336:
3084:
2975:
2691:
2674:
1682:), served as the head of the senate. There were two types of meetings practised:
1586:
1567:
1539:
1524:
1291:
1009:
352:
1530:
5018:
4660:
4395:
4343:
4315:
4262:
4247:
4227:
4042:
4017:
3974:
3964:
3790:
3764:
3694:
3679:
3644:
3604:
3365:
3144:
2924:
2743:
1767:
1703:
1691:
1675:
1655:
1623:
1495:
1461:
1361:
1257:
1161:
1047:
825:
783:
704:
641:
588:
432:
407:
316:
164:
2856:
Roman Voting Assemblies: From the Hannibalic War to the Dictatorship of Caesar
2579:
5239:
4550:
4520:
4435:
3969:
3946:
3759:
3614:
3599:
3546:
3353:
3106:
2965:
2649:
1792:
1261:
987:
911:
879:
791:
759:
537:
387:
155:
2696:
The Roman History, from the Building of Rome to the Ruin of the Commonwealth
2679:. Vol. 2. Translated by Hamilton, Annie. London: George Bell & Sons
5028:
4888:
4333:
4282:
4237:
4232:
4084:
3894:
3780:
3724:
3719:
3375:
3309:
3199:
3046:
2941:
1732:
1353:
1260:, the constitutional balance of power shifted from the Roman senate to the
1223:
1193:
1150:
968:
930:
767:
716:
450:
402:
372:
298:
173:
4823:
4445:
4267:
4157:
3551:
2304:
Transformations of Romanness : early medieval regions and identities
1516:
1508:
1472:
1436:
1283:
1279:
1104:
with a broad purple stripe, maroon shoes, and an iron (later gold) ring.
1051:
999:
855:
The Eastern Senate survived in Constantinople through the 14th century.
845:
841:
837:
805:, the Senate lost much of its political power as well as its prestige.
752:
720:
493:
2587:
2559:
1574:; as part of this plan, the Commune constructed a new senate house (the
5048:
4988:
4953:
4745:
4680:
4670:
4565:
4450:
4338:
3921:
3889:
3634:
3561:
3393:
3388:
2914:
2603:
1601:
1378:
1340:
1201:
1055:
813:
802:
574:
304:
184:
3278:
2528:
Rome at the End of the Punic Wars: An Analysis of the Roman Government
929:
came to recognize the need for a single leader, and so they elected a
5078:
5073:
5033:
4958:
4928:
4908:
4785:
4725:
4635:
4585:
4580:
4505:
4465:
4353:
4323:
4132:
4007:
3800:
3684:
3659:
3538:
3260:
3007:
2828:
2640:
1797:
1468:
646:
616:
482:
464:
427:
2560:"Transformation and Survival in the Western Senatorial Aristocracy,
2301:
1157:, in that it decided which magistrate should govern which province.
135:
5038:
5023:
5013:
4998:
4913:
4903:
4873:
4863:
4858:
4848:
4750:
4665:
4545:
4530:
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4430:
4425:
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4204:
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3749:
3639:
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3398:
1772:
1757:
1742:
1650:
1491:
1349:
1332:
1296:
1227:
1175:
1154:
1089:
1074:
1046:, from a 19th-century fresco in Palazzo Madama, Rome, house of the
1043:
1004:
809:
581:
471:
382:
293:
191:
2960:
Senatorische Familien und ihre patriae (1./2. Jahrhundert n. Chr.)
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Religion, Dynasty, and Patronage in Early Christian Rome, 300–900
1807:
1686:, in which only magistrates currently in office participated and
1617:
The Commune came under constant pressure from the papacy and the
1560:
1504:
1432:
1407:
1216:
1181:
945:
833:
798:
795:
567:
546:
397:
377:
1431:, the senate continued to function under the Germanic chieftain
1406:
to Senate proceedings, concealed behind a curtain, according to
5068:
4948:
4878:
4818:
4813:
4780:
4540:
4525:
4475:
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3877:
3754:
3649:
2636:
1737:
1610:
1500:
1476:
1441:
1039:
921:
884:
602:
392:
1274:
944:
The senate is said to have been created by Rome's first king,
4853:
4575:
4302:
3594:
1747:
894:
889:
5063:
4630:
4570:
4152:
3528:
2503:
2500:. By Francis Barham, Esq. London: Edmund Spettigue. Vol. 1.
2003:
1935:
1914:
1893:
1762:
1571:
1399:
1212:
1101:
1054:
building, which dates in its current form from the Emperor
991:
790:
who appointed the senators for life (or until expulsion by
724:
2824:
The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages, 476–752
2698:, F. Rivington (Rome). Original in New York Public Library
2627:. U.S. Government Printing Office, Senate Document 103–23.
2516:
The General History of Polybius: Translated from the Greek
2404:
Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes
1538:, originally built to house the revived Senate during the
1494:, who had invaded Italy ten years earlier. Later, in 593,
1211:
Despite dictators holding nominal power, the senate could
1012:, was elected by the senate alone, and not by the people.
3624:
2647:
2544:
A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions
553:
500:
2429:
Medieval Rome: Stability and Crisis of a City, 900–1150
2379:
Medieval Rome: Stability and Crisis of a City, 900–1150
2354:
Medieval Rome: Stability and Crisis of a City, 900–1150
2329:
Medieval Rome: Stability and Crisis of a City, 900–1150
1499:
reference to the acclamation of new statues of Emperor
1138:
had its authority based on precedent and not in law. A
1107:
The Senate of the Roman Republic passed decrees called
878:
The senate was a political institution in the ancient
5256:
7th-century disestablishments in the Byzantine Empire
2946:
Researches into the History of the Roman Constitution
2522:. Oxford: Printed by W. Baxter. Fifth Edition, Vol 2.
1648:
In the second half of the 10th century a new office,
2766:. Hackett Publishing Company. pp. 59 & 60.
1713:
983:, and thus increased the size of the senate to 300.
915:(the Latin word for "father"). When the early Roman
2722:
2804:The Fourth Crusade and the Siege of Constantinople
2801:
2701:
1082:", a statue depicting a Roman senator holding the
3001:The Theory of the Mixed Constitution in Antiquity
2820:
2261:
2259:
2238:
1038:Representation of a sitting of the Roman senate:
919:were aggregating to form a common community, the
5237:
2845:
1662:), was created as head of the senate by Emperor
1452:as pope in 498, despite the fact that both King
801:. After the transition of the Republic into the
1145:Through these decrees, the senate directed the
1019:
2989:(Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1984).
2676:History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages
2277:
2256:
2186:
2184:
2165:
2163:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2119:
2117:
2089:
2087:
863:
3294:
3023:
2871:Church And Culture in the Middle Ages 350–814
2356:. Oxford University Press. pp. 337–339.
2331:. Oxford University Press. pp. 23, 448.
2229:
2202:
2193:
1981:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1479:. After Rome was recaptured by the imperial (
1237:
680:
3003:. Columbia University Press, New York. 1975.
2781:Neil, Bronwen; Matthew J. Dal Santo (2013).
1352:, who was later defeated by forces loyal to
2708:. Cambridge University Press. p. 196.
2672:
2181:
2172:
2160:
2144:
2135:
2114:
2096:
2084:
2075:
2066:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2039:
2030:
2023:
2021:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1834:
1832:
1142:, however, could serve to interpret a law.
1108:
50:
3301:
3287:
3030:
3016:
2630:
1976:
1964:
1950:
1880:
1878:
687:
673:
2994:The Development of the Roman Constitution
2929:The Last Generation of the Roman Republic
2286:
1866:
1841:
1596:. These senators elected as their leader
727:(traditionally founded in 753 BC) as the
2938:(Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2004).
2921:(Berlin/New York: W. de Gruyter, 2010).
2431:. Oxford University Press. p. 447.
2401:
2381:. Oxford University Press. p. 448.
2105:
2048:
2018:
1988:
1850:
1829:
1820:
1614:had been deprecated as a noble styling.
1529:
1417:
1382:established a women's senate called the
1273:
1222:Senate membership was controlled by the
1073:
1033:
3308:
2557:
2426:
2376:
2351:
2326:
1875:
14:
5261:8th-century BC establishments in Italy
5238:
3037:
2748:The Constitution of the Roman Republic
1188:Meetings usually began at dawn, and a
3282:
3011:
2888:(1907) – a work now in public domain.
2610:
1630:
1422:
1252:Constitution of the Late Roman Empire
27:Political institution in ancient Rome
2955:. Scott, Foresman and Company. 1891.
2858:. The University of Michigan Press (
2761:
2568:Papers of the British School at Rome
2535:
1555:(d. 998) and, in its feminine form (
905:The early Roman family was called a
1666:. Up to the mid-11th century, only
1064:, and incorrectly in, for example,
24:
2972:, (London, Duckworth, 1977, 1992).
2893:
2480:
1471:found himself at war with Emperor
1026:Constitution of the Roman Republic
25:
5292:
1444:, while the senate's leader, the
1286:, the seat of the imperial Senate
1100:Senators were entitled to wear a
874:Constitution of the Roman Kingdom
5276:Government of the Roman Republic
2784:A Companion to Gregory the Great
2764:Daily Life of the Ancient Romans
2625:The Senate of the Roman Republic
2306:. de Gruyter. pp. 161–162.
1716:
1429:fall of the Western Roman Empire
1244:Constitution of the Roman Empire
134:
5266:Government of the Roman Kingdom
2705:Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium
2673:Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1905).
2496:Cicero, Marcus Tullius (1841).
2475:
2463:
2454:
2445:
2420:
2395:
2370:
2345:
2320:
2295:
2268:
2247:
2220:
2211:
2126:
1997:
1460:supported the other candidate,
963:Rome's seventh and final king,
5271:Government of the Roman Empire
2970:The Emperor in the Roman World
2658:. Cambridge University Press.
2604:Dictionary of Phrase and Fable
1929:
1908:
1887:
1702:as emperor in 1204 during the
32:Senate of the Republic (Italy)
13:
1:
2561:
1814:
1519:was converted into a church (
774:, was overthrown following a
3873:Frontiers and fortifications
2951:Johnston, Harold Whetstone.
2723:Levillain, Philippe (2002).
2542:Abbott, Frank Frost (1901).
2402:Williams, George L. (2004).
1061:The Fall of the Roman Empire
1030:Senate of the Roman Republic
1020:Senate of the Roman Republic
733:Senate of the Roman Republic
7:
3932:Decorations and punishments
2987:The Senate of Imperial Rome
2934:Hoеlkeskamp, Karl-Joachim,
2931:(U California Press, 1974).
2802:Phillips, Jonathan (2004).
2750:. Oxford University Press (
2702:Kaegi, Walter Emil (2003).
2633:The Papacy: An Encyclopedia
1709:
1690:, in which all syncletics (
1364:) to the senatorial curia.
1339:Around 300 AD, the emperor
870:Senate of the Roman Kingdom
864:Senate of the Roman Kingdom
799:Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
729:Senate of the Roman Kingdom
10:
5297:
4839:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
3414:historiography of the fall
2996:. D. Apple & Co. 1886.
2948:. William Pickering. 1853.
2854:Taylor, Lily Ross (1966).
2821:Richards, Jeffrey (1979).
2558:Barnish, S. J. B. (1988).
1634:
1600:, son of the Roman consul
1248:Senate of the Roman Empire
1241:
1238:Senate of the Roman Empire
1023:
977:Publius Valerius Publicola
965:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
952:class. Rome's fifth king,
867:
858:
772:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
737:Senate of the Roman Empire
29:
5220:External wars and battles
5087:
4981:
4794:
4386:
4379:
4301:
4213:
4118:
3993:
3945:
3823:
3773:
3712:
3703:
3585:
3537:
3457:
3374:
3344:
3335:
3317:
3246:
3198:
3143:
3105:
3045:
2869:Schnurer, Gustov (1956).
2846:Runciman, Steven (1956).
2726:The Papacy: Gaius-Proxies
2580:10.1017/S0068246200009582
2406:. McFarland. p. 24.
1695:
1679:
1659:
1327:in the form of a decree (
1167:senatus consultum ultimum
954:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
770:. The last king of Rome,
747:, existing well into the
523:Senatus consultum ultimum
418:Extraordinary magistrates
97:
82:
77:
71:Advisory and deliberative
65:
60:
43:
2980:Roman Constitutional Law
2911:, (Fontana Press, 1978).
2904:, (Fontana Press, 1993).
2886:The Nuttall Encyclopædia
2873:. Kessinger Publishing (
1126:) that was passed by an
1003:, during which time the
127:Politics of ancient Rome
30:Not to be confused with
5281:Historical legislatures
5215:Roman–Iranian relations
3690:Optimates and populares
2488:Cicero, Marcus Tullius
2427:Wickham, Chris (2014).
2377:Wickham, Chris (2014).
2352:Wickham, Chris (2014).
2327:Wickham, Chris (2014).
1553:Crescentius the Younger
1130:, the law overrode the
1122:conflicted with a law (
758:During the days of the
5225:Civil wars and revolts
4491:Sextus Pompeius Festus
4138:Conflict of the Orders
3497:Legislative assemblies
3256:Conflict of the Orders
2902:The Later Roman Empire
2884:Wood, Reverend James,
2848:Byzantine Civilisation
2617:British School at Rome
1543:
1377:4.2 and 12.3) emperor
1287:
1256:After the fall of the
1109:
1093:
1071:
958:patres minorum gentium
810:constitutional reforms
766:, it also elected new
711:) was the highest and
708:
284:Political institutions
113:14th century AD (East)
109:14th century AD (East)
51:
5251:603 disestablishments
4934:Simplicius of Cilicia
4686:Quintus Curtius Rufus
3915:Siege in Ancient Rome
3524:Executive magistrates
2958:Krieckhaus, Andreas,
2643:. pp. 1044–1047.
2623:Byrd, Robert (1995).
2611:Brown, T. S. (1984).
1533:
1418:Post-classical Senate
1396:Agrippina the Younger
1277:
1077:
1037:
836:(476–489) and during
818:Constantine the Great
4944:Stephanus Byzantinus
4849:Eusebius of Caesaria
4711:Sidonius Apollinaris
4401:Ammianus Marcellinus
3740:Tribune of the plebs
2985:Talbert, Richard A.
2787:. Brill. p. 3.
2762:Metz, David (2008).
2729:. Psychology Press.
2546:. Elibron Classics,
2451:Gregorovius, 633–635
1547:Occasionally in the
1521:Sant'Adriano al Foro
1488:Exarchate of Ravenna
1394:49.6). Before this,
973:Lucius Junius Brutus
822:an additional senate
780:Lucius Junius Brutus
745:Eastern Roman Empire
363:Ordinary magistrates
5120:Distinguished women
4771:Velleius Paterculus
4611:Nicolaus Damascenus
4591:Marcellus Empiricus
3980:Republican currency
3173:reforms of Augustus
2601:Brewer, E. Cobham;
1778:Master of the Horse
1724:Ancient Rome portal
1507:, scholars such as
1290:The first emperor,
739:and eventually the
4894:Phlegon of Tralles
4701:Seneca the Younger
4175:Naming conventions
3905:Personal equipment
3438:Later Roman Empire
3039:Roman Constitution
2909:The Roman Republic
2469:Phillips, 222–226.
1631:Senate in the East
1619:Holy Roman Emperor
1598:Giordano Pierleoni
1544:
1423:Senate in the West
1360:(first removed by
1288:
1094:
1072:
986:The senate of the
830:Romulus Augustulus
782:, who founded the
764:electoral monarchy
749:post-classical era
596:Triumvir monetalis
530:Titles and honours
5233:
5232:
5195:Pontifices maximi
4977:
4976:
4834:Diogenes Laërtius
4656:Pliny the Younger
4411:Asconius Pedianus
4371:Romance languages
4243:Civil engineering
3985:Imperial currency
3858:Political control
3819:
3818:
3453:
3452:
3276:
3275:
3223:(post Diocletian)
3213:(post Diocletian)
3168:reforms of Caesar
2999:Von Fritz, Kurt.
2879:978-1-4254-2322-3
2794:978-90-04-25776-4
2773:978-0-87220-957-2
2736:978-0-415-92230-2
2715:978-0-521-81459-1
2665:978-1-139-46838-1
2536:Secondary sources
2514:Polybius (1823).
2413:978-0-7864-2071-1
1664:Nicephorus Phocas
1608:, since the term
1604:, with the title
1576:Palazzo Senatorio
1549:Early Middle Ages
1536:Palazzo Senatorio
1435:, and then under
1367:According to the
1329:senatus consultum
1226:. By the time of
1149:, especially the
1140:senatus consultum
1136:senatus consultum
1132:senatus consultum
1120:senatus consultum
1080:Togatus Barberini
888:derives from the
788:Roman magistrates
697:
696:
515:Quaestio perpetua
508:Senatus consultum
311:Roman citizenship
120:
119:
36:Senate of Romania
16:(Redirected from
5288:
5185:Magistri equitum
5100:Cities and towns
5093:
5019:Constantinopolis
4829:Diodorus Siculus
4761:Valerius Maximus
4696:Seneca the Elder
4616:Nonius Marcellus
4384:
4383:
3937:Hippika gymnasia
3900:Infantry tactics
3806:Consular tribune
3796:Magister equitum
3745:Military tribune
3710:
3709:
3670:Pontifex maximus
3665:Princeps senatus
3655:Magister militum
3421:Byzantine Empire
3342:
3341:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3280:
3279:
3163:reforms of Sulla
3032:
3025:
3018:
3009:
3008:
2992:Tighe, Ambrose.
2976:Mommsen, Theodor
2851:
2842:
2817:
2798:
2777:
2740:
2719:
2692:Hooke, Nathaniel
2688:
2686:
2684:
2669:
2644:
2620:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2563:
2470:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2266:
2265:Chastagnol, 1047
2263:
2254:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2179:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2158:
2155:
2142:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2112:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2082:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2016:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1974:
1971:
1962:
1959:
1948:
1933:
1927:
1912:
1906:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1873:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1848:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1827:
1824:
1803:Plebeian Council
1788:Princeps senatus
1783:Pontifex Maximus
1726:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1700:Nicholas Kanabos
1697:
1681:
1661:
1637:Byzantine Senate
1584:
1513:André Chastagnol
1446:princeps senatus
1370:Historia Augusta
1358:Altar of Victory
1321:senatus consulta
1317:Roman assemblies
1269:Roman assemblies
1232:Equestrian order
1114:
1111:senatus consulta
741:Byzantine Senate
689:
682:
675:
631:Pontifex maximus
624:Princeps senatus
610:Magister militum
445:Consular tribune
439:Magister equitum
267:Augustan reforms
138:
122:
121:
116:
114:
108:
106:
93:
91:
55:
54:
41:
40:
21:
5296:
5295:
5291:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5236:
5235:
5234:
5229:
5091:
5089:
5083:
4973:
4809:Aëtius of Amida
4790:
4776:Verrius Flaccus
4756:Valerius Antias
4716:Silius Italicus
4651:Pliny the Elder
4596:Marcus Aurelius
4471:Cornelius Nepos
4421:Aurelius Victor
4375:
4297:
4209:
4143:Secessio plebis
4114:
3989:
3941:
3815:
3769:
3699:
3581:
3533:
3449:
3370:
3331:
3313:
3307:
3277:
3272:
3242:
3194:
3139:
3101:
3041:
3036:
3006:
2896:
2894:Further reading
2891:
2839:
2814:
2795:
2774:
2744:Lintott, Andrew
2737:
2716:
2682:
2680:
2666:
2635:. Vol. 2.
2592:
2590:
2538:
2533:
2509:Ab urbe condita
2483:
2481:Primary sources
2478:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2161:
2156:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2019:
2009:Ab urbe condita
2002:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1977:
1972:
1965:
1960:
1951:
1941:Ab urbe condita
1934:
1930:
1920:Ab urbe condita
1913:
1909:
1899:Ab urbe condita
1892:
1888:
1883:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1753:Comitia curiata
1722:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1639:
1633:
1587:Capitoline Hill
1578:
1568:Commune of Rome
1525:Pope Honorius I
1425:
1420:
1254:
1242:Main articles:
1240:
1078:The so-called "
1032:
1024:Main articles:
1022:
1010:Servius Tullius
876:
868:Main articles:
866:
861:
848:bore the title
709:Senātus Rōmānus
693:
664:
660:Other countries
651:
520:
477:
412:
357:
322:
278:
255:Sullan republic
220:
216:
207:
198:
194:
187:
177:
168:
159:
129:
112:
110:
104:
102:
89:
87:
73:
72:
56:
52:Senatus Romanus
49:
47:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5294:
5284:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5096:
5094:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4985:
4983:
4979:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4800:
4798:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4661:Pomponius Mela
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4396:Aelius Donatus
4392:
4390:
4381:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4364:Ecclesiastical
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4318:
4313:
4307:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4219:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4124:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4105:Toys and games
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3951:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3887:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3829:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3716:
3714:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3645:Vigintisexviri
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3605:Cursus honorum
3602:
3597:
3591:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3543:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3463:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3404:Western Empire
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3306:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3283:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3258:
3252:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3155:
3149:
3147:
3145:Roman Republic
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3111:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3035:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3012:
3005:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2973:
2966:Millar, Fergus
2963:
2956:
2949:
2939:
2932:
2922:
2912:
2905:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2882:
2867:
2852:
2843:
2838:978-0710000989
2837:
2818:
2813:978-1101127728
2812:
2799:
2793:
2778:
2772:
2759:
2741:
2735:
2720:
2714:
2699:
2689:
2670:
2664:
2648:Cooper, Kate;
2645:
2628:
2621:
2608:
2599:
2555:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2523:
2512:
2501:
2494:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2462:
2453:
2444:
2437:
2419:
2412:
2394:
2387:
2369:
2362:
2344:
2337:
2319:
2312:
2294:
2285:
2283:Levillain 1047
2276:
2267:
2255:
2246:
2237:
2228:
2219:
2210:
2201:
2199:Levillain, 907
2192:
2180:
2171:
2159:
2143:
2134:
2125:
2113:
2104:
2095:
2083:
2074:
2065:
2047:
2038:
2029:
2017:
1996:
1987:
1975:
1963:
1949:
1928:
1907:
1886:
1874:
1865:
1849:
1840:
1828:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1768:Cursus honorum
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1711:
1708:
1704:Fourth Crusade
1635:Main article:
1632:
1629:
1624:Summus Senator
1496:Pope Gregory I
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1362:Constantius II
1258:Roman Republic
1239:
1236:
1206:diem consumere
1048:Italian Senate
1021:
1018:
992:people of Rome
900:Indo-Europeans
865:
862:
860:
857:
826:Constantinople
808:Following the
784:Roman Republic
695:
694:
692:
691:
684:
677:
669:
666:
665:
663:
662:
656:
653:
652:
650:
649:
644:
639:
634:
627:
620:
613:
606:
599:
592:
589:Vigintisexviri
585:
578:
571:
564:
557:
550:
542:
541:
540:
532:
531:
527:
526:
519:
518:
511:
504:
497:
489:
486:
485:
479:
478:
476:
475:
468:
461:
454:
447:
442:
435:
430:
424:
421:
420:
414:
413:
411:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
369:
366:
365:
359:
358:
356:
355:
350:
345:
340:
334:
331:
330:
324:
323:
321:
320:
317:Cursus honorum
313:
308:
301:
296:
290:
287:
286:
280:
279:
277:
276:
271:
270:
269:
259:
258:
257:
247:
241:
238:
237:
231:
230:
229:
228:
219:
218:
209:
199:
197:
196:
189:
188:27 BC – AD 284
181:
180:
179:
178:27 BC – AD 395
170:
165:Roman Republic
161:
149:
148:
144:
143:
140:
139:
131:
130:
125:
118:
117:
105:603 AD (West),
101:603 AD (West),
99:
95:
94:
84:
80:
79:
75:
74:
70:
69:
67:
63:
62:
58:
57:
48:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5293:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5086:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4551:Julius Paulus
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4486:Fabius Pictor
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4372:
4369:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4223:Amphitheatres
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3960:Deforestation
3958:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3910:Siege engines
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3843:Establishment
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3774:Extraordinary
3772:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3760:Promagistrate
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3547:Twelve Tables
3545:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3311:
3304:
3299:
3297:
3292:
3290:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3248:Miscellaneous
3245:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3107:Roman Kingdom
3104:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3028:
3026:
3021:
3019:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2942:Ihne, Wilhelm
2940:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:Crawford, M.
2906:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2864:0-472-08125-X
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2757:
2756:0-19-926108-3
2753:
2749:
2745:
2742:
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2700:
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2678:
2677:
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2661:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2650:Julia Hillner
2646:
2642:
2638:
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2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2564:A.D. 400–700"
2556:
2553:
2552:0-543-92749-0
2549:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2521:
2520:James Hampton
2517:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2490:De Re Publica
2486:
2485:
2466:
2460:Runciman, 60.
2457:
2448:
2440:
2438:9780199684960
2434:
2430:
2423:
2415:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2390:
2388:9780199684960
2384:
2380:
2373:
2365:
2363:9780199684960
2359:
2355:
2348:
2340:
2338:9780199684960
2334:
2330:
2323:
2315:
2313:9783110589597
2309:
2305:
2298:
2289:
2280:
2274:Richards, 246
2271:
2262:
2260:
2250:
2241:
2232:
2223:
2214:
2208:Schnurer, 339
2205:
2196:
2187:
2185:
2175:
2166:
2164:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2138:
2129:
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2108:
2099:
2090:
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2069:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2042:
2033:
2024:
2022:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1991:
1982:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1881:
1879:
1869:
1860:
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1844:
1835:
1833:
1823:
1819:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1793:Promagistrate
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
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1734:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1714:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1680:πρωτοπρόεδρος
1677:
1673:
1672:protoproedrus
1669:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1646:
1644:
1638:
1628:
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1620:
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1593:
1588:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1541:
1540:Roman Commune
1537:
1532:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1493:
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1305:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1262:Roman Emperor
1259:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1203:
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1186:
1184:
1183:
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1177:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1151:Roman Consuls
1148:
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1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1105:
1103:
1098:
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1086:
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1076:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1053:
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1045:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1006:
1002:
1001:
995:
993:
989:
988:Roman Kingdom
984:
982:
978:
974:
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966:
961:
959:
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951:
947:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
923:
918:
914:
913:
908:
903:
901:
897:
896:
891:
887:
886:
881:
880:Roman Kingdom
875:
871:
856:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
806:
804:
800:
797:
793:
792:Roman censors
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
760:Roman Kingdom
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
690:
685:
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676:
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658:
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621:
619:
618:
614:
612:
611:
607:
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591:
590:
586:
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569:
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558:
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548:
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543:
539:
536:
535:
534:
533:
529:
528:
525:
524:
517:
516:
512:
510:
509:
505:
503:
502:
498:
496:
495:
491:
490:
488:
487:
484:
481:
480:
474:
473:
469:
467:
466:
462:
460:
459:
455:
453:
452:
448:
446:
443:
441:
440:
436:
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431:
429:
426:
425:
423:
422:
419:
416:
415:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
388:Promagistrate
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
370:
368:
367:
364:
361:
360:
354:
351:
349:
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329:
326:
325:
319:
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314:
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297:
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292:
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275:
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268:
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227:
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205:
201:
200:
193:
190:
186:
183:
182:
176:
175:
171:
167:
166:
162:
158:
157:
156:Roman Kingdom
153:
152:
151:
150:
146:
145:
142:
141:
137:
133:
132:
128:
124:
123:
100:
96:
85:
81:
76:
68:
64:
59:
53:
42:
37:
33:
19:
18:Roman senator
5246:Roman Senate
5165:Institutions
5029:Leptis Magna
4982:Major cities
4889:Philostratus
4676:Quadrigarius
4496:Rufus Festus
4359:Contemporary
4080:Romanization
4003:Architecture
3610:Collegiality
3491:
3459:Constitution
3310:Ancient Rome
3218:Constitution
3200:Roman Empire
3158:Constitution
3120:Constitution
3064:
3060:Constitution
3047:Ancient Rome
3000:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2969:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2935:
2928:
2925:Gruen, Erich
2918:
2908:
2901:
2900:Cameron, A.
2885:
2870:
2855:
2847:
2823:
2803:
2783:
2763:
2747:
2725:
2704:
2695:
2683:December 10,
2681:. Retrieved
2675:
2654:
2632:
2624:
2612:
2602:
2591:. Retrieved
2571:
2567:
2543:
2527:
2515:
2507:
2497:
2489:
2476:Bibliography
2465:
2456:
2447:
2428:
2422:
2403:
2397:
2378:
2372:
2353:
2347:
2328:
2322:
2303:
2297:
2288:
2279:
2270:
2249:
2240:
2231:
2222:
2217:Barnish, 150
2213:
2204:
2195:
2174:
2137:
2132:Metz, 59, 60
2128:
2107:
2098:
2077:
2068:
2041:
2032:
2007:
1999:
1990:
1939:
1931:
1918:
1910:
1897:
1889:
1868:
1843:
1822:
1733:Acta Senatus
1687:
1683:
1671:
1649:
1647:
1642:
1640:
1622:
1616:
1609:
1591:
1565:
1556:
1545:
1503:and Empress
1485:
1466:
1456:and Emperor
1426:
1411:
1403:
1398:, mother of
1391:
1387:
1383:
1374:
1368:
1366:
1354:Theodosius I
1346:
1338:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1289:
1266:
1255:
1221:
1210:
1205:
1198:
1187:
1180:
1174:
1172:
1165:
1159:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1134:because the
1131:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1106:
1099:
1095:
1083:
1065:
1059:
1014:
998:
996:
985:
980:
962:
957:
943:
938:
934:
926:
920:
916:
910:
906:
904:
893:
883:
877:
854:
849:
807:
757:
725:city of Rome
717:ancient Rome
715:assembly of
713:constituting
701:Roman Senate
700:
698:
629:
622:
615:
608:
601:
594:
587:
580:
573:
566:
559:
552:
545:
521:
513:
506:
499:
492:
470:
463:
456:
449:
437:
315:
303:
299:Collegiality
235:Constitution
223:
212:
203:
174:Roman Empire
172:
163:
154:
45:Roman Senate
5160:Geographers
4844:Dioscorides
4824:Cassius Dio
4446:Cassiodorus
4349:Renaissance
3955:Agriculture
3927:Auxiliaries
3868:Engineering
3705:Magistrates
3557:Citizenship
3552:Mos maiorum
3487:Late Empire
3238:Magistrates
3190:Magistrates
3135:Magistrates
3097:Magistrates
2982:. 1871–1888
2915:Eck, Werner
2850:. Meridian.
2806:. Penguin.
2593:December 8,
2574:: 120–155.
2190:Abbott, 386
2178:Abbott, 384
2169:Abbott, 383
2157:Abbott, 385
2141:Abbott, 382
2123:Abbott, 381
2102:Lintott, 83
2093:Lintott, 78
2081:Lintott, 75
2072:Lintott, 72
2045:Abbott, 240
2036:Abbott, 233
1696:συγκλητικοί
1579: [
1517:Curia Julia
1509:Ernst Stein
1473:Justinian I
1437:Ostrogothic
1402:, had been
1284:Roman Forum
1280:Curia Julia
1147:magistrates
1052:Curia Julia
1000:interregnum
882:. The word
846:Middle Ages
842:Justinian I
838:Ostrogothic
812:of Emperor
776:coup d'état
768:Roman kings
753:Middle Ages
721:aristocracy
494:Mos maiorum
274:Late Empire
217:AD 395–1453
5240:Categories
5049:Mediolanum
4989:Alexandria
4954:Themistius
4919:Porphyrius
4746:Tertullian
4681:Quintilian
4671:Propertius
4566:Lactantius
4516:Fulgentius
4451:Censorinus
4273:Sanitation
4258:Metallurgy
4215:Technology
4180:Demography
4128:Patricians
4095:Spectacles
4053:Literature
4048:Hairstyles
3885:Technology
3635:Praefectus
3587:Government
3577:Litigation
3562:Auctoritas
3507:Centuriate
3394:Principate
3389:Pax Romana
3349:Foundation
3266:Obligation
3233:Assemblies
3185:Assemblies
3130:Assemblies
3080:Centuriate
3070:Assemblies
2526:Polybius,
2492:, Book Two
2292:Kaegi, 196
2244:Cooper, 23
1985:Abbott, 14
1973:Abbott, 17
1961:Abbott, 10
1872:Abbott, 16
1847:Abbott, 12
1815:References
1602:Pier Leoni
1458:Anastasius
1450:Laurentius
1427:After the
1388:Elagabalus
1379:Elagabalus
1375:Elagabalus
1341:Diocletian
1315:While the
1202:filibuster
1190:magistrate
1056:Diocletian
981:conscripti
814:Diocletian
803:Principate
575:Praefectus
483:Public law
338:Centuriate
328:Assemblies
305:Auctoritas
208:AD 395–476
195:AD 284–641
185:Principate
160:753–509 BC
5205:Quaestors
5135:Empresses
5125:Dynasties
5115:Dictators
5090:and other
5079:Volubilis
5074:Vindobona
5034:Londinium
4959:Theodoret
4929:Procopius
4909:Polyaenus
4884:Pausanias
4786:Vitruvius
4731:Symmachus
4726:Suetonius
4636:Petronius
4621:Obsequens
4586:Macrobius
4581:Lucretius
4506:Frontinus
4481:Eutropius
4466:Columella
4416:Augustine
4406:Appuleius
4354:Neo-Latin
4329:Classical
4320:Versions
4228:Aqueducts
4170:Patronage
4090:Sexuality
4063:Mythology
4038:Education
4028:Cosmetics
3853:Campaigns
3848:Structure
3801:Decemviri
3660:Imperator
3359:overthrow
3261:Roman law
2829:Routledge
2641:Routledge
2253:Brown, 22
2226:Brown, 21
1863:Abbott, 6
1838:Abbott, 1
1826:Abbott, 3
1798:Roman Law
1688:conventus
1684:silentium
1643:synkletos
1606:patrician
1585:) on the
1481:Byzantine
1469:Theodahad
1462:Symmachus
1454:Theodoric
1414:, 13.5).
1404:listening
1384:senaculum
1067:Spartacus
950:patrician
731:, to the
617:Imperator
465:Decemviri
458:Triumviri
428:Corrector
169:509–27 BC
98:Disbanded
5210:Tribunes
5200:Praetors
5150:Generals
5130:Emperors
5039:Lugdunum
5024:Eboracum
5014:Carthage
4999:Aquileia
4914:Polybius
4904:Plutarch
4874:Libanius
4864:Josephus
4859:Herodian
4751:Tibullus
4666:Priscian
4641:Phaedrus
4601:Manilius
4546:Jordanes
4531:Hydatius
4461:Claudian
4441:Catullus
4431:Boëthius
4426:Ausonius
4344:Medieval
4316:Alphabet
4288:Theatres
4263:Numerals
4248:Concrete
4238:Circuses
4205:Bagaudae
4195:Adoption
4190:Marriage
4163:Assembly
4068:Religion
4043:Folklore
4023:Clothing
4018:Calendar
3975:Currency
3965:Commerce
3863:Strategy
3825:Military
3811:Triumvir
3791:Dictator
3786:Interrex
3765:Governor
3750:Quaestor
3713:Ordinary
3695:Province
3685:Tetrarch
3675:Augustus
3640:Vicarius
3630:Officium
3567:Imperium
3517:Plebeian
3477:Republic
3399:Dominate
3366:Republic
3327:Timeline
3090:Plebeian
2746:(1999).
2652:(2007).
2588:40310886
2111:Byrd, 36
2063:Byrd, 34
2027:Byrd, 44
1994:Byrd, 20
1884:Byrd, 42
1773:Interrex
1758:Gerousia
1743:Centuria
1710:See also
1660:πρόεδρος
1651:proedros
1592:regiones
1557:senatrix
1492:Lombards
1392:Aurelian
1390:4.3 and
1350:Eugenius
1333:Tiberius
1297:quaestor
1292:Augustus
1228:Augustus
1182:auspices
1176:pomerium
1162:dictator
1155:praetors
1128:assembly
1090:effigies
1085:imagines
1044:Catiline
1042:attacks
1005:Interrex
828:. After
820:created
796:tribunes
719:and its
647:Tetrarch
637:Augustus
582:Vicarius
561:Officium
472:Interrex
433:Dictator
408:Governor
383:Quaestor
348:Plebeian
294:Imperium
250:Republic
225:Timeline
192:Dominate
5180:Legions
5140:Fiction
5110:Consuls
5105:Climate
5059:Ravenna
5054:Pompeii
5044:Lutetia
5009:Bononia
5004:Berytus
4994:Antioch
4969:Zosimus
4964:Zonaras
4939:Sozomen
4924:Priscus
4899:Photius
4741:Terence
4736:Tacitus
4721:Statius
4706:Servius
4691:Sallust
4646:Plautus
4626:Orosius
4606:Martial
4561:Juvenal
4536:Hyginus
4521:Gellius
4380:Writers
4311:History
4293:Thermae
4283:Temples
4233:Bridges
4200:Slavery
4148:Equites
4120:Society
4100:Theatre
4073:Deities
4033:Cuisine
4013:Bathing
3995:Culture
3970:Finance
3947:Economy
3838:Borders
3833:History
3735:Tribune
3730:Praetor
3620:Legatus
3615:Emperor
3502:Curiate
3472:Kingdom
3467:History
3443:History
3426:decline
3384:History
3354:Kingdom
3337:History
3322:Outline
3208:History
3153:History
3115:History
3075:Curiate
3055:History
2607:(1898).
1808:Praetor
1668:eunuchs
1594:of Rome
1561:Marozia
1505:Leontia
1433:Odoacer
1412:Annales
1408:Tacitus
1282:in the
1224:censors
1217:tribune
969:consuls
946:Romulus
859:History
850:senator
834:Odoacer
778:led by
743:of the
568:Praeses
547:Legatus
538:Emperor
398:Tribune
378:Praetor
343:Curiate
245:Kingdom
213:Eastern
204:Western
147:Periods
111: (
103: (
88: (
83:Founded
78:History
5190:Nomina
5175:Legacy
5155:Gentes
5092:topics
5088:Lists
5069:Smyrna
4949:Strabo
4879:Lucian
4869:Julian
4819:Arrian
4814:Appian
4804:Aelian
4781:Vergil
4556:Justin
4541:Jerome
4526:Horace
4511:Fronto
4501:Florus
4476:Ennius
4456:Cicero
4436:Caesar
4334:Vulgar
4158:Tribes
4085:Romans
3895:Legion
3878:castra
3755:Aedile
3725:Censor
3720:Consul
3680:Caesar
3650:Lictor
3572:Status
3512:Tribal
3492:Senate
3482:Empire
3376:Empire
3312:topics
3228:Senate
3180:Senate
3125:Senate
3085:Tribal
3065:Senate
2877:
2862:
2835:
2810:
2791:
2770:
2754:
2733:
2712:
2662:
2637:London
2586:
2550:
2435:
2410:
2385:
2360:
2335:
2310:
1738:Aedile
1611:consul
1559:), by
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