2392:
2050:
1799:
9226:
7803:
7814:
2078:, or 'common speech', reinforces this idea. However, due to Standard Chinese being a "public" lingua franca, other Chinese varieties and even non-Sinitic languages have shown signs of losing ground to the standard dialect. In many areas, especially in southern China, it is commonly used for practical reasons, as linguistic diversity is so great that residents of neighboring cities may have difficulties communicating with each other without a lingua franca.
3267:
492:
9876:
2365:
own promotion of
Mandarin too, and similar to Singapore, but to a lesser extent, experienced language shift from other Chinese variants to Mandarin. Today, Mandarin functions as lingua franca among Malaysian Chinese, while Hokkien and Cantonese are still retained in the northern part and central part of Peninsular Malaysia respectively.
2346:" since the late 1970s, with the use of other Chinese varieties in broadcast media being prohibited and their use in any context officially discouraged until recently. This has led to some resentment amongst the older generations, as Singapore's migrant Chinese community is made up almost entirely of people of south Chinese descent.
1850:), with little fanfare or official announcement. This dictionary was similar to the previous published one except that it normalized the pronunciations for all characters into the pronunciation of the Beijing dialect. Elements from other dialects continue to exist in the standard language, but as exceptions rather than the rule.
1615:
2061:
While
Standard Chinese was made China's official language in the early 20th century, local languages continue to be the main form of everyday communication in much of the country. The language policy adopted by the Chinese government promotes the use of Standard Chinese while also making allowances
2364:
In
Malaysia, Mandarin has been adopted by local Chinese-language schools as the medium of instruction with the standard shared with Singaporean Chinese. Together influenced by the Singaporean Speak Mandarin Campaign and Chinese culture revival movement in the 1980s, Malaysian Chinese started their
2029:
In both mainland China and Taiwan, Standard
Chinese is used in most official contexts, as well as the media and educational system, contributing to its proliferation. As a result, it is now spoken by most people in both countries, though often with some regional or personal variation in vocabulary
2107:
in writing. Some
Chinese speakers who are older or from rural areas cannot speak Standard Chinese fluently or at all—though most are able to understand it. Meanwhile, those from urban areas—as well as younger speakers, who have received their education primarily in Standard Chinese—are almost all
2081:
The
Chinese government's language policy been largely successful, with over 80% of the Chinese population able to speak Standard Chinese as of 2020. The Chinese government's current goal is to have 85% of the country's population speak Standard Chinese by 2025, and virtually the entire country by
1701:
The
Chinese have different languages in different provinces, to such an extent that they cannot understand each other.... also have another language which is like a universal and common language; this is the official language of the mandarins and of the court; it is among them like Latin among
2403:
In both mainland China and Taiwan, Standard
Chinese is taught by immersion starting in elementary school. After the second grade, the entire educational system is in Standard Chinese, except for local language classes that have been taught for a few hours each week in Taiwan starting in the
2269:, discouraging or in some cases forbidding the use of Hokkien and other non-standard varieties. This resulted in Standard Chinese replacing Hokkien as the country's lingua franca, and ultimately, a political backlash in the 1990s. Starting in the 2000s during the administration of President
2273:, the Taiwanese government began making efforts to recognize the country's other languages. They began being taught in schools, and their use increased in media, though Standard Chinese remains the country's lingua franca. Chen often used Hokkien in his speeches; later Taiwanese President
2119:
on television and the radio, as well as on public buses. The standardization campaign has been challenged by local dialectical and ethnic populations, who fear the loss of their cultural identity and native dialect. In the summer of 2010, reports of a planned increase in the use of the
3380:
Due to evolution and standardization, Mandarin, although based on the
Beijing dialect, is no longer synonymous with it. Part of this was due to the standardization to reflect a greater vocabulary scheme and a more archaic and "proper-sounding" pronunciation and vocabulary.
4197:, though their pronunciation, and often meaning, has shifted dramatically over two millennia. However, there are several words, many of them heavily used, which have no classical counterpart or whose etymology is obscure. Two strategies have been used to write such words:
2350:, the initiator of the campaign, admitted that to most Chinese Singaporeans, Mandarin was a "stepmother tongue" rather than a true mother language. Nevertheless, he saw the need for a unified language among the Chinese community not biased in favor of any existing group.
2338:
is used in informal daily life and is heavily influenced in terms of both grammar and vocabulary by local languages such as
Cantonese, Hokkien, and Malay. Instances of code-switching with English, Hokkien, Cantonese, Malay, or a combination thereof are also common.
5801:
Hakka language is one of the national languages, equal to the languages of other ethnic groups. The people shall be given guarantee on their right to study in Hakka language and use it in enjoying public services and partaking of the dissemination of resources.
1735:) in an attempt to conform the speech of bureaucrats to the standard. These attempts had little success: as late as the 19th century, the emperor had difficulty understanding some of his ministers in court, who did not always follow a standard pronunciation.
2097:, the government is required to promoted its use. Officially, the Chinese government has not stated its intent to replace regional varieties with Standard Chinese. However, regulations enacted by local governments to implement the national law−such as the
1370:('common tongue') deliberately avoids calling the dialect a 'national language', in order to mitigate the impression of coercing minority groups to adopt the language of the majority. Such concerns were first raised by the early Communist leader
1884:
In 1956, the PRC officially defined Standard Chinese as "the standard form of Modern Chinese with the Beijing phonological system as its norm of pronunciation, and Northern dialects as its base dialect, and looking to exemplary modern works in
1595:
may have reflected standard systems of pronunciation. However, these standard dialects were mostly used by the educated elite, whose pronunciation may still have possessed great variation. For these elites, the Chinese language was unified in
3409:
While the Standard Chinese spoken in Taiwan is nearly identical to that of mainland China, the colloquial form has been heavily influenced by other local languages, especially Taiwanese Hokkien. Notable differences include: the merger of
5016:
Taiwan does not have any legally designated official language. Mandarin is the primary language used in business and education and is spoken by the vast majority of the population. Not designated but meets the legal definition, that is
1943:. Written vernacular Chinese is loosely based upon a synthesis of predominantly northern grammar and vocabulary, with southern and Literary elements. This distinguishes Standard Chinese from the dialect heard on the streets of Beijing.
1837:
Gradually, the members of the National Language Commission came to settle upon the Beijing dialect, which became the major source of standard national pronunciation due to its prestigious status. In 1932, the commission published the
5734:
Indigenous languages are national languages. To carry out historical justice, promote the preservation and development of indigenous languages, and secure indigenous language usage and heritage, this act is enacted according to...
5796:
5729:
2415:(PSC) has become popular. Employers often require a level of Standard Chinese proficiency from applicants depending on the position, and many university graduates on the mainland take the PSC before looking for a job.
5032:
6047:[For purposes of this Law, the standard spoken and written Chinese language means Putonghua (a common speech with pronunciation based on the Beijing dialect) and the standardized Chinese characters.]
4041:
Although Chinese speakers make a clear distinction between Standard Chinese and the Beijing dialect, there are aspects of Beijing dialect that have made it into the official standard. Standard Chinese has a
3376:
It is common for Standard Chinese to be spoken with the speaker's regional accent, depending on factors such as age, level of education, and the need and frequency to speak in official or formal situations.
2020:
A 2007 survey conducted by the Chinese Ministry of Education indicated that 53.06% of the population were able to effectively communicate using Standard Chinese. By 2020, this figure had risen to over 80%.
2333:
is nearly identical to the standards of China and Taiwan, with minor vocabulary differences. It is the Mandarin variant used in education, media, and official settings. Meanwhile, a colloquial form called
3368:) and certain syllables in polysyllabic words. These syllables are short, with their pitch determined by the preceding syllable. Such syllables are commonly described as being in the neutral tone.
7471:
6536:
6277:
2192:
may also be used in informal settings such as advertisements, magazines, popular literature, and comics. Mixture of formal and informal written Chinese occurs to various degrees. After the
1759:
1297:
5298:
Ran, Yunyun; Weijer, Jeroen van de (2016), "On L2 English Intonation Patterns by Mandarin and Shanghainese Speakers: A Pilot Study", in Sloos, Marjoleine; Weijer, Jeroen van de (eds.),
2153:
2242:
from the mainland. The Standard Chinese used in Taiwan differs very little from that of mainland China, with differences largely being in technical vocabulary introduced after 1949.
5462:
is that women were more concerned about their teachers' bad Mandarin pronunciation, and implied that it was an inferior form of Mandarin, which signified their aspiration to speak
4189:
Standard Chinese is written with characters corresponding to syllables of the language, most of which represent a morpheme. In most cases, these characters come from those used in
2136:
areas on the mainland, the PRC has been more sensitive to the status of non-Sinitic minority languages, and has generally not discouraged their social use outside of education.
1296:
as a specific language variety promoted for general use by the citizenry was originally borrowed from Japan in the early 20th century. In 1902, the Japanese Diet had formed the
1881:. The forms of Standard Chinese used in China and Taiwan have diverged somewhat since the end of the Civil War, especially in newer vocabulary, and a little in pronunciation.
8104:
5503:
in common usage, 'Mandarin' or 'Mandarin Chinese' usually refers to China's standard spoken language. In fact, I would argue that this is the predominant meaning of the word
8649:
1916:
and regionalisms. The vocabulary of all Chinese varieties, especially in more technical fields like science, law, and government, is very similar—akin to the profusion of
4962:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
6851:
6361:
5037:
352:
5316:
We recorded a number of English sentences spoken by speakers with Mandarin Chinese (standard northern Mandarin) as their first language and by Chinese speakers with
8611:
3295:
Each full syllable is pronounced with a phonemically distinctive pitch contour. There are four tonal categories, marked in pinyin with diacritics, as in the words
1274:
4046:
between the polite and informal "you" that comes from the Beijing dialect, although its use is quite diminished in daily speech. It also distinguishes between "
9351:
8133:
5301:
Proceedings of the second workshop "Chinese Accents and Accented Chinese" (2nd CAAC) 2016, at the Nordic Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 26-27 October 2015
4325:
The PRC, as well as several other governments and institutions, has promulgated a set of simplified character forms. Under this system, the forms of the words
5437:
404:
5751:
5693:
5299:
9158:
9148:
7482:
5050:"A word pronounced in a wrong tone or inaccurate tone sounds as puzzling as if one said 'bud' in English, meaning 'not good' or 'the thing one sleeps in.
6546:
1774:). Reformers in the Qing bureaucracy took inspiration and borrowed the term into Chinese, and in 1909 the Qing education ministry officially proclaimed
1312:). Reformers in the Qing bureaucracy took inspiration and borrowed the term into Chinese, and in 1909 the Qing education ministry officially proclaimed
4957:
Rén rén shēng ér zìyóu, zài zūnyán hé quánlì shàng yīlǜ píngděng. Tāmen fùyǒu lǐxìng hé liángxīn, bìng yīng yǐ xiōngdì guānxì de jīngshén xiāng duìdài.
3876:
and similar quantifiers. There are many different classifiers in the language, and each noun generally has a particular classifier associated with it.
1758:
as a specific language variety promoted for general use by the citizenry was originally borrowed from Japan; in 1902 the Japanese Diet had formed the
9153:
8912:
8460:
6267:
4201:
An unrelated character with the same or similar pronunciation might be used, especially if its original sense was no longer common. For example, the
1145:(SVO) word order. Compared with southern varieties, the language has fewer vowels, final consonants and tones, but more initial consonants. It is an
14257:
9067:
6422:
6515:
1924:
vocabulary in European languages. This means that much of the vocabulary of Standard Chinese is shared with all varieties of Chinese. Much of the
1413:
is the colloquial term for Standard Chinese. In 2017 and 2018, the Taiwanese government introduced two laws explicitly recognizing the indigenous
12913:
1512:
4364:
Chinese characters were traditionally read from top to bottom, right to left, but in modern usage it is more common to read from left to right.
1519:
cinema" until the mid-1960s. Gradually, the term has been re-appropriated to refer specifically to Standard Chinese. The term is mostly used in
12746:
5516:
1811:
7436:
6776:
12286:
4318:
3428:
between Mandarin and Taiwanese Hokkien is common, as the majority of the population continues to also speak the latter as a native language.
5625:
5358:
As a result of the spread of standard northern Mandarin and major regional varieties of provincial capitals since 1950, many of the smaller
4058:" ('we', not including the listener). In practice, neither distinction is commonly used by most Chinese, at least outside the Beijing area.
12199:
9910:
14362:
14106:
9234:
8472:
6032:
4977:
1288:) says: "(In 1631) as Manchu ministers do not comprehend the Han language, each ministry shall create a new position to be filled up by
7861:
6153:
1830:
that did not match any existing speech. Meanwhile, despite the lack of a workable standardized pronunciation, colloquial literature in
12955:
2399:
urges people to "Speak Putonghua to welcome guests from all around, use the language of the civilized to give your sincere feelings".
8436:
8424:
7817:
1928:
vocabulary of the Beijing dialect is not considered part of Standard Chinese, and may not be understood by people outside Beijing.
14688:
11805:
9954:
8448:
7940:
3861:
The time when something happens can be given by an explicit term such as "yesterday", by relative terms such as "formerly", etc.
2099:
192:
126:
6593:
1750:. By some accounts, as late as 1900 the position of the Nanjing dialect was considered by some to be above that of Beijing; the
9532:
4987:
2193:
1947:
Proficiency in the new standard was initially limited, even among Mandarin speakers, but increased over the following decades.
1775:
1668:
1609:
1313:
1214:
388:
187:
6862:
6367:
13740:
12996:
8771:
7750:
7663:
7655:
7631:
7599:
7580:
7532:
7513:
7422:
7403:
7385:
7366:
7321:
7270:
7247:
7221:
7199:
6907:
6791:
6569:
6394:
6307:
6243:
5866:
5842:
5394:
5351:
5257:
5174:
5141:
4933:
14250:
9972:
9582:
2284:
7135:
7114:
6443:
Yao, Qian (September 2014), "Analysis of Computer Terminology Translation Differences between Taiwan and Mainland China",
6196:
3353:, whereas the fourth tone is relatively short. Statistically, vowels and tones are of similar importance in the language.
1122:, used for formal written communication in Hong Kong and Macau, is a form of Standard Chinese that is read aloud with the
12906:
9424:
7670:
Ladefoged, Peter; Wu, Zhongji (1984), "Places of articulation: An investigation of Pekingese fricatives and affricates",
4982:
2735:
2708:
2688:
2580:
2380:
2291:, Hakka and Aboriginal languages may be used in Taiwanese passports. Previously, only Mandarin names could be romanized.
544:
6028:
Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37)
5556:
10099:
2197:
1746:
became increasingly influential, despite the mix of officials and commoners speaking various dialects in the capital,
12279:
3740:. To do this in English, speakers generally flag the topic of a sentence by prefacing it with "as for". For example:
2745:
1087:
416:
311:
31:
7764:
Weng, Jeffrey (2018), "What Is Mandarin? The Social Project of Language Standardization in Early Republican China",
6898:
Blum, Susan D. (2002), "Ethnic and Linguistic Diversity in Kunming", in Blum, Susan Debra; Jensen, Lionel M (eds.),
5483:
Weng, Jeffrey (2018), "What is Mandarin? The social project of language standardization in early Republican China",
2132:-speaking citizens. While the use of Standard Chinese is encouraged as the common working language in predominantly
14698:
14000:
12192:
9903:
400:
6486:
5450:
4553:
Welcome! / You're welcome! (Literally: No need to thank me!) / Don't mention it! (Literally: Don't be so polite!)
4061:
The following samples are some phrases from the Beijing dialect which are not yet accepted into Standard Chinese:
14243:
10002:
9504:
2676:
1807:
1592:
534:
1754:
standards established in 1906 included spellings that reflected elements of Nanjing pronunciation. The sense of
13445:
12899:
8211:
7854:
5764:
5690:
5308:
2205:
1055:
889:
731:
575:
364:
6226:
Proceedings of the 2020 3rd International Conference on Humanities Education and Social Sciences (ICHESS 2020)
3349:; 'curse'). The tonal categories also have secondary characteristics. For example, the third tone is long and
2062:
for the use and preservation of local varieties. From an official point of view, Standard Chinese serves as a
1359:
students. The term has strong legal connotations, as it is derived from the title of a 2000 law which defines
14454:
14313:
12776:
9820:
9274:
5715:
2698:
2570:
2330:
1858:
1047:
1003:
905:
847:
747:
689:
591:
6175:
4134:
The following samples are some phrases from Beijing dialect which have become accepted as Standard Chinese:
14683:
14010:
13440:
12272:
11035:
10095:
9879:
9790:
9314:
3487:. Attitudes towards southern accents, particularly the Cantonese accent, range from disdain to admiration.
2795:
with three other series, the dental sibilants, retroflexes and velars, which never occur in this position.
2757:
3240:
3228:
3216:
3194:
3182:
3166:
3154:
3142:
3130:
3114:
3102:
3090:
3078:
3066:
3050:
3038:
3026:
3014:
3002:
2990:
2974:
2962:
2950:
2936:
2924:
2912:
2900:
2888:
2876:
2864:
2852:
2840:
2828:
2816:
2804:
14693:
14678:
12567:
12367:
12185:
9950:
9896:
9795:
9667:
9592:
9249:
3537:
2112:
1544:
1142:
334:
6416:
14652:
13480:
9837:
9810:
9687:
9599:
9346:
9326:
7354:
7184:
Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Vol II: Texts
7157:
6505:
6323:
5264:
accurately represent and express the sounds of standard Northern Mandarin (Putonghua) . Central to the
4180:
2792:
2773:
2763:
2560:
2550:
2540:
2424:
2412:
2266:
1940:
1886:
1831:
1827:
1431:
as encompassing all "languages of the nation", rather than exclusively referring to Standard Chinese.
14673:
13335:
13001:
10944:
9389:
8087:
7847:
7501:
4184:
3418:
series (z, c, s), frequent mergers of the "neutral tone" with a word's original tone, and absence of
3394:, as well as more neutral tones. An example of standard versus Beijing dialect would be the standard
2718:
2374:
2175:
1671:
spoken within the imperial courts. The term "Mandarin" is borrowed directly from the Portuguese word
1356:
1119:
17:
7806:
6452:
3278:
forms a complete syllable. A reduced form of this syllable occurs as a sub-syllabic suffix, spelled
13365:
13021:
11425:
10964:
10929:
10030:
9763:
9748:
9738:
9452:
7239:
7209:
6797:
6272:
5335:
4972:
3737:
1138:
1095:
420:
239:
229:
14178:
14091:
13822:
13575:
13525:
13505:
13425:
13410:
13345:
12979:
12444:
12126:
11820:
11078:
10989:
10871:
10866:
9775:
8014:
7758:
A Beginners' Chinese-English Dictionary of the National Language (Gwoyeu): Fourth Revised Edition
7178:
Adelaar, K. Alexander (1996), "Contact languages in Indonesia and Malaysia other than Malay", in
6221:
5786:
5719:
5631:
5271:
as a national language with a standard pronunciation as well as to assisting literacy in the non-
3522:
2590:
2343:
251:
9768:
9617:
5527:
5023:" ("a natural language used by an original people group of Taiwan and the Taiwan Sign Language")
14521:
14341:
14266:
14206:
14143:
13669:
13330:
13235:
13190:
13130:
12991:
12602:
12407:
12402:
12397:
12392:
12303:
11849:
11666:
11348:
10173:
10168:
10139:
10127:
9709:
9552:
8150:
7451:
5265:
4283:
A new character, usually a phono-semantic or semantic compound, might be created. For example,
3983:
3286:
connotation. The suffix modifies the coda of the base syllable in a rhotacizing process called
2104:
1099:
106:
38:
13640:
6026:
5382:
5339:
5131:
2082:
2035. Throughout the country, Standard Chinese has heavily influenced local languages through
14367:
14048:
13550:
13430:
13175:
13028:
12922:
12880:
12138:
12114:
11837:
11800:
10298:
9704:
9627:
9341:
9319:
8074:
7907:
7437:"What Is a Chinese "Dialect/Topolect"? Reflections on Some Key Sino-English Linguistic terms"
6145:
5782:
5245:
5201:
4202:
3869:
3506:
3260:
2505:
2495:
1474:
1111:
12012:
3663:
The predicate can be an intransitive verb, a transitive verb followed by a direct object, a
1861:(PRC) continued standardisation efforts on the mainland, and in 1955 officially began using
1229:; 'bureaucrat speech'), which referred to the late imperial lingua franca. The term
14576:
14479:
14201:
14183:
13925:
13904:
13495:
13185:
13016:
13006:
12784:
11785:
11646:
11465:
11445:
11430:
11166:
11131:
10939:
9472:
9440:
9269:
8394:
7889:
5446:
5410:
5272:
5189:
status of the official language in China and is legislated as the standard form of Chinese.
4992:
3664:
3510:
3390:
2391:
2314:
2300:
2254:
2067:
2054:
1810:
was established in 1912, there was more success in promoting a common national language. A
1707:
1458:
1340:
301:
4028:
4010:
3259:
The final, which occurs only after dental sibilant and retroflex initials, is a syllabic
598:
582:
8:
14632:
14554:
14549:
14462:
14437:
14153:
14101:
14066:
13899:
13793:
13684:
13530:
13475:
13220:
13075:
13050:
12875:
12863:
12543:
12295:
12222:
12098:
12078:
11842:
11769:
11470:
11420:
11415:
10826:
10393:
9977:
9716:
9682:
9517:
9484:
9331:
9259:
9176:
9017:
9012:
8766:
8576:
8082:
7280:
5885:
5459:
4043:
3432:
3356:
There are also weak syllables, including grammatical particles such as the interrogative
2659:
2649:
2639:
2629:
2619:
2609:
2602:
2472:
2277:
also openly spoke Hokkien. In an amendment to the Enforcement Rules of the Passport Act (
2103:—have included coercive measures to control the public's use of both spoken dialects and
2086:, replacing them entirely in some cases, especially among younger people in urban areas.
2034:
2033:
In overseas Chinese communities outside Asia where Cantonese once dominated, such as the
1889:
for its grammatical norms." According to the official definition, Standard Chinese uses:
1751:
1504:
1114:
with local standards in mainland China, Taiwan and Singapore that mainly differ in their
1103:
172:
11455:
11440:
10055:
5881:
3388:
in vocabulary items that are left unadorned in descriptions of the standard such as the
1640:
14467:
13867:
13773:
13615:
13580:
13545:
13400:
13380:
13350:
13090:
12858:
12756:
12628:
12462:
12380:
12321:
12312:
12208:
12043:
11815:
11749:
11698:
11651:
11595:
11325:
11268:
10994:
10150:
9919:
9832:
9699:
9662:
9547:
9445:
9379:
9374:
9264:
9254:
8880:
8858:
8751:
8559:
8554:
8477:
8465:
8453:
8441:
8429:
7953:
7783:
7620:
7559:
7479:
Breaking Down the Barriers: Interdisciplinary Studies in Chinese Linguistics and Beyond
7300:
6456:
6359:
6343:
6249:
6127:
6112:
6106:
5106:
4002:
used in imperial China are also used in daily conversation in modern Mandarin, such as
3999:
3865:
3736:
Chinese additionally differs from English in that it forms another kind of sentence by
3530:
3518:
3436:
3415:
2461:
2442:
2408:
2359:
2258:
2221:
2071:
2038:
1936:
1561:
used throughout the territory controlled by the dynastic states of China. For example,
1414:
1134:
1091:
292:
224:
162:
13095:
11450:
10060:
7684:
7481:, Beijing: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica, pp. 735–754, archived from
2049:
14612:
14607:
14597:
14571:
14566:
14561:
14529:
14489:
14407:
14372:
14303:
14118:
14096:
13990:
13889:
13884:
13872:
13862:
13827:
13625:
13590:
13420:
13390:
13260:
13160:
13150:
13011:
12950:
12937:
12843:
12838:
12800:
12660:
12611:
12576:
12489:
12429:
12022:
11682:
11556:
11501:
11393:
11301:
11296:
11253:
11175:
10906:
10886:
10811:
10788:
10561:
10443:
10413:
10255:
10246:
10198:
10188:
10035:
9967:
9743:
9733:
9612:
9577:
9432:
9384:
9336:
9103:
8956:
8890:
8746:
8731:
8402:
8379:
8333:
8258:
8184:
8064:
8032:
7986:
7925:
7915:
7880:
7787:
7746:
7659:
7651:
7627:
7595:
7576:
7563:
7528:
7509:
7418:
7399:
7381:
7362:
7317:
7266:
7259:
7243:
7217:
7195:
6903:
6787:
6565:
6541:
6460:
6347:
6303:
6253:
6239:
5862:
5838:
5390:
5347:
5253:
5170:
5137:
4190:
3526:
3502:
2477:
2246:
2231:
2189:
2188:; 'written language') used in schools, local government, and formal writing.
1909:
1854:
1636:
1146:
1130:
1079:
1025:
1017:
869:
861:
766:
711:
703:
234:
111:
13370:
13210:
7477:, in Cao, Guangshun; Djamouri, Redouane; Chappell, Hilary; Wiebusch, Thekla (eds.),
5931:
540:
14602:
14544:
14509:
14499:
14484:
14399:
14113:
14081:
14076:
13935:
13909:
13894:
13837:
13768:
13610:
13570:
13490:
13485:
13465:
13455:
13415:
13405:
13395:
13340:
13310:
13300:
13255:
13225:
13135:
13100:
12984:
12816:
12620:
12535:
12499:
12484:
12479:
12472:
12457:
12253:
12248:
12093:
12088:
12058:
12017:
11997:
11886:
11881:
11825:
11795:
11744:
11633:
11506:
11486:
11435:
11402:
11363:
11358:
11353:
11311:
11306:
11288:
11136:
11126:
11030:
10979:
10974:
10949:
10876:
10569:
10546:
10541:
10471:
10466:
10461:
10423:
10363:
10288:
10231:
10226:
10211:
9982:
9849:
9369:
9108:
9098:
9083:
9029:
8951:
8902:
8863:
8812:
8726:
8678:
8662:
8542:
8502:
8497:
8384:
8338:
8284:
8279:
8269:
8263:
8092:
8037:
8022:
7898:
7870:
7773:
7712:
7679:
7551:
7340:
7292:
7187:
6448:
6335:
6229:
5492:
3514:
3513:
to express relationships between the parts of a sentence. Nouns are not marked for
3275:
2456:
1713:
Historia del Principio y Progresso de la Compañia de Jesus en las Indias Orientales
1690:
1597:
1554:
1550:
1469:; 'written Chinese') refers to written Chinese. Among foreigners, the term
1336:
1210:
1083:
376:
121:
116:
11641:
6487:"Taiwan language-in-education policy: social, cultural and practical implications"
6388:
2245:
Prior to 1949, the varieties most commonly spoken by Taiwan's Han population were
2230:. Standard Chinese started being widely spoken in Taiwan following the end of the
1473:
is most commonly used in textbooks and Standard Chinese education, such as in the
14622:
14617:
14539:
14534:
14504:
14472:
14442:
14133:
14123:
13977:
13945:
13940:
13930:
13877:
13815:
13808:
13757:
13600:
13515:
13510:
13450:
13355:
13320:
13315:
13305:
13295:
13250:
13240:
13230:
13170:
13165:
13145:
13140:
12971:
12945:
12848:
12751:
12731:
12665:
12548:
12525:
12520:
12494:
12385:
12375:
12334:
12329:
12243:
12073:
12063:
12053:
12002:
11992:
11866:
11739:
11734:
11729:
11618:
11608:
11603:
11571:
11561:
11546:
11536:
11526:
11496:
11460:
11410:
11373:
11338:
11278:
11258:
11238:
11203:
11188:
11183:
11106:
11045:
11025:
11020:
11015:
10959:
10851:
10821:
10770:
10745:
10730:
10704:
10699:
10679:
10664:
10609:
10551:
10536:
10531:
10516:
10511:
10456:
10388:
10368:
10303:
10278:
10206:
10183:
10085:
10050:
10045:
10020:
9992:
9987:
9800:
9780:
9677:
9637:
9622:
9361:
9211:
9201:
9181:
9138:
9133:
8999:
8963:
8946:
8936:
8875:
8693:
8629:
8571:
8519:
8514:
8416:
8312:
8307:
8216:
8163:
8158:
8138:
8123:
8118:
8059:
8054:
8044:
8027:
7999:
7971:
7948:
7396:
Language Attitudes and Identities in Multilingual China: A Linguistic Ethnography
6598:
6575:
5697:
5279:
with which to convey the pronunciation of spoken words and written characters in
5164:
3549:
3496:
2489:
2482:
2430:
2322:
2305:
Mandarin is one of the four official languages of Singapore, along with English,
2037:, the use of Standard Chinese, which is the primary lingua franca of more recent
1798:
1743:
1739:
1558:
1508:
1269:
1107:
989:
833:
675:
131:
98:
88:
7542:
Scott, Mandy; Tiun, Hak-khiam (2007), "Mandarin-Only to Mandarin-Plus: Taiwan",
7143:
7122:
6234:
4757:
4747:
4621:
4536:
4526:
4394:
3686:, forming complete predicates in their own right without a copula. For example,
2433:. The usual unit of analysis is the syllable, consisting of an optional initial
2212:
in Hong Kong since the handover, including the training of police and teachers.
1583:
912:
896:
754:
738:
14432:
14318:
14308:
14287:
14086:
13803:
13745:
13713:
13708:
13630:
13620:
13605:
13565:
13540:
13535:
13520:
13500:
13470:
13460:
13435:
13385:
13360:
13290:
13285:
13245:
13215:
13155:
13115:
13110:
13105:
13085:
13065:
13045:
12853:
12736:
12708:
12515:
12467:
12424:
12414:
12357:
12339:
12083:
12027:
12007:
11810:
11775:
11764:
11759:
11754:
11661:
11613:
11551:
11521:
11516:
11378:
11368:
11333:
11243:
11208:
11193:
11141:
11101:
11096:
11091:
11040:
10984:
10954:
10934:
10924:
10919:
10896:
10816:
10801:
10796:
10765:
10740:
10725:
10720:
10689:
10684:
10674:
10669:
10659:
10654:
10649:
10644:
10599:
10574:
10521:
10433:
10418:
10383:
10353:
10348:
10328:
10318:
10313:
10308:
10236:
10221:
10163:
10158:
10065:
10025:
10010:
9854:
9844:
9815:
9805:
9522:
9494:
9206:
9191:
9093:
9044:
9039:
9024:
8968:
8907:
8789:
8761:
8741:
8688:
8657:
8634:
8624:
8619:
8581:
8564:
8509:
8374:
8356:
8274:
8248:
8189:
8109:
8097:
8049:
8004:
7994:
7920:
7432:
3979:
3557:
3425:
3350:
2310:
2306:
2270:
1921:
1500:
1382:
was phased out in the PRC, only surviving in established compound nouns, e.g. '
1374:
in 1931. His concern echoed within the Communist Party, which adopted the term
973:
817:
659:
346:
214:
177:
84:
62:
10040:
9225:
7825:
7778:
7717:
7700:
7555:
7345:
5497:
1702:
ourselves.... Two of our fathers have been learning this mandarin language...
1427:) alongside Standard Chinese. Since then, there have been efforts to redefine
14667:
14627:
14422:
14163:
14148:
14138:
13963:
13693:
13635:
13595:
13585:
13560:
13555:
13375:
13280:
13270:
13033:
12870:
12741:
12723:
12688:
12584:
12553:
12452:
12434:
12068:
11942:
11918:
11861:
11690:
11623:
11581:
11566:
11491:
11343:
11248:
11121:
11116:
10969:
10881:
10861:
10856:
10846:
10836:
10831:
10806:
10760:
10755:
10750:
10735:
10694:
10639:
10634:
10629:
10624:
10619:
10614:
10604:
10594:
10589:
10579:
10526:
10506:
10501:
10496:
10491:
10486:
10481:
10476:
10428:
10408:
10403:
10398:
10378:
10358:
10343:
10338:
10333:
10293:
10283:
10268:
10263:
10216:
10178:
10080:
10070:
9655:
9467:
9462:
9034:
8978:
8973:
8941:
8928:
8804:
8756:
8683:
8639:
8529:
8366:
8289:
8128:
7976:
7963:
7802:
7231:
5564:
3987:
3873:
2326:
2250:
2063:
1925:
1644:
1515:
produced in Hong Kong were imported into Malaysia and collectively known as "
1418:
1150:
6594:"In Myanmar's Remote Mongla Region, Mandarin Supplants The Burmese Language"
6339:
1614:
1355:) has been used by the Chinese government since the 2010s, mostly targeting
14128:
14038:
13752:
13730:
13325:
13195:
12831:
12652:
12048:
11913:
11876:
11576:
11541:
11531:
11511:
11383:
11263:
11228:
11218:
11213:
11198:
11086:
11010:
10914:
10891:
10584:
10451:
10373:
10323:
10273:
10075:
10015:
9527:
9477:
8853:
8736:
8709:
8253:
8243:
7831:
7179:
6579:
6510:
5317:
3683:
2347:
2274:
1897:
of the Beijing dialect, if not always with each phoneme having the precise
1664:
1553:
has had considerable dialectal variation throughout its history, including
1332:
1292:
official who can comprehend the national language." Howevery, the sense of
1265:
945:
789:
631:
182:
7813:
7212:(1992), "Chinese as a pluricentric language", in Clyne, Michael G. (ed.),
7191:
6222:"Effects of Ways of Communication on the Preservation of Shanghai Dialect"
5713:
14427:
14235:
14058:
14020:
14015:
13725:
13703:
13698:
13674:
13205:
13200:
13125:
13120:
12700:
12675:
12643:
11959:
11935:
11908:
11898:
11871:
11856:
11832:
11656:
11233:
11156:
11151:
11111:
10841:
9672:
9646:
9542:
9512:
9489:
9457:
9196:
9186:
8990:
8885:
8870:
8833:
8781:
8602:
8593:
8489:
8328:
8203:
7930:
6360:
Standing Committee on Language Education & Research (25 March 2006),
4194:
3857:'As for the money that Mom gave us, I have already bought candy with it.'
3431:
The stereotypical "southern Chinese" accent does not distinguish between
2729:
2262:
2239:
2174:; 'spoken language') as the primary spoken language, alongside a
2133:
1572:
1532:
1157:
167:
12891:
7136:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Chinese, Mandarin (Simplified)"
7115:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Chinese, Mandarin (Simplified)"
6324:"Hong Kong written Chinese: Language change induced by language contact"
4274:, the name of a country and later a rare surname, was borrowed to write
2066:
to facilitate communication between speakers of mutually unintelligible
14357:
14005:
13180:
12826:
12683:
11987:
11925:
11903:
11273:
11146:
9088:
9062:
8828:
8794:
8299:
8226:
7380:, Language Policies and Practices in China, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter,
3545:
3283:
2529:
2235:
1905:
1289:
12264:
7304:
6777:"The functional load of tone in Mandarin is as high as that of vowels"
6268:"One-third of Chinese do not speak Putonghua, says Education Ministry"
5835:
Chinese films in Malaysia: local and overseas styles and auteur theory
4599:
4588:
4584:
3463:
respectively. Southern-accented Standard Chinese may also interchange
3384:
Distinctive features of the Beijing dialect are more extensive use of
2791:
analysis. Since they occur only before high front vowels, they are in
1363:
as the one and only "Countrywide Common Spoken and Written Language".
14417:
14412:
14382:
13985:
13798:
13720:
13679:
12821:
12633:
12227:
12177:
11964:
11952:
11947:
11891:
11223:
9962:
9888:
9537:
9288:
9279:
9007:
8897:
8549:
8537:
8348:
8179:
5366:, which of course may be a sub-variety of Mandarin or something else.
3541:
3540:(SVO), as in English. Nouns are generally preceded by any modifiers (
3411:
2670:
2438:
2434:
2335:
2161:
2157:
2145:
2129:
2125:
2083:
1894:
1588:
1562:
1528:
1520:
1371:
1123:
477:
451:
439:
410:
370:
70:
6852:"Code-switching and Identity Constructions in Taiwan TV Commercials"
3266:
2441:, a main vowel and an optional coda, and further distinguished by a
14377:
14043:
13995:
11930:
9827:
9413:
9054:
8235:
7839:
7296:
2788:
2467:
2396:
2108:
fluent in it, with some being unable to speak their local dialect.
1898:
1722:
1678:
1524:
1383:
959:
803:
645:
552:
394:
9859:
6784:
Proceedings of the International Conference on Speech Prosody 2004
5780:
1264:; 'national language') was initially used during the late
491:
13735:
11969:
9726:
9406:
9293:
9122:
8718:
5246:"Fifty Years of Script and Written Language Reform in the P.R.C."
2524:
2318:
1951:
Percentage of population of China proficient in Standard Chinese
1932:
1747:
1278:
1115:
548:
6045:普通话就是现代汉民族共同语,是全国各民族通用的语言。普通话以北京语音为标准音,以北方话为基础方言,以典范的现代白话文著作语法规范
2429:
The pronunciation of Standard Chinese is defined as that of the
1802:
Distribution of Mandarin subgroups in mainland China, as of 1987
14592:
14071:
9785:
9587:
7643:, Far Eastern Publications, Yale University, (New Haven), 1956.
5418:
5276:
3553:
2227:
1878:
1684:
1063:
358:
66:
7331:
Lee, Wai-Sum; Zee, Eric (2003), "Standard Chinese (Beijing)",
5933:
Comprehensive geography of the Chinese empire and dependencies
5763:, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 89, 92–96, archived from
5439:
Becoming Taiwanese: Negotiating Language, Culture and Identity
14494:
13832:
9298:
7472:"The Classification of Sinitic Languages: What Is "Chinese"?"
7023:
6999:
5478:
5476:
5474:
5414:
4997:
4216:'that' have no counterparts in Classical Chinese, which used
3420:
3288:
2288:
2149:
1917:
1913:
1567:
1331:; 'common tongue') dates back to 1906 in writings by
382:
7693:
Language & Linguistics in the People's Republic of China
7214:
Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations
6537:"New Hokkien drama aimed at seniors to be launched on Sep 9"
5166:
Multilingual China: National, Minority and Foreign Languages
2265:
between 1949 and 1987, the Taiwanese government revived the
1738:
Before the 19th century, the lingua franca was based on the
13842:
7827:
A History of Mandarin: China's Search for a Common Language
7011:
6963:
6939:
6927:
6900:
China Off Center: Mapping the Margins of the Middle Kingdom
6300:
The Learning and Teaching of Cantonese as a Second Language
2383:
in northern Myanmar, Mandarin serves as the lingua franca.
1600:, a form that was primarily written, as opposed to spoken.
1351:
The term "Countrywide common spoken and written language" (
7059:
6007:
5887:
Linguæ Sinarum Mandarinicæ Hieroglyphicæ Grammatica Duplex
5471:
2317:, which primarily spoke the Southern Chinese languages of
1197:
Among linguists, Standard Chinese has been referred to as
551:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
7047:
7035:
6987:
6708:
6696:
6648:
6624:
6562:
From Third World to First: The Singapore Story: 1965-2000
5911:
5656:
7083:
5797:
Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China
5730:
Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China
5607:
5605:
5362:
are disappearing by being absorbed into larger regional
1689:('minister')—and was initially used to refer to Chinese
1499:) referred to all the language varieties used among the
7729:
Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage
6466:
6176:"Language management in the People's Republic of China"
5704:
National Language Committee, People's Republic of China
5181:
Despite not being defined as such in the Constitution,
2787:
The palatal initials , and pose a classic problem of
1814:
was convened with delegates from the entire country. A
1667:(1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1912) dynasties to refer to
1335:
to differentiate the standard vernacular Mandarin from
27:
Standard form of Chinese and official language of China
7236:
Mandarin Primer: an Intensive Course in Spoken Chinese
6197:"China says 85% of citizens will use Mandarin by 2025"
6128:"Over 80 percent of Chinese population speak Mandarin"
5580:
5578:
5576:
5574:
5431:
5429:
5107:"Over 80 percent of Chinese population speak Mandarin"
4289:'pursue', 'overtake', is written with a new character
2208:. There has been significant effort to promote use of
1763:
1762:
to standardize a form of the Japanese language dubbed
1682:
1301:
1300:
to standardize a form of the Japanese language dubbed
7095:
7071:
6915:
6879:
6819:
6807:
6744:
6732:
6720:
6684:
6672:
6660:
6636:
6612:
6592:
Aung Thein Kha; Gerin, Roseanne (17 September 2019),
6075:
6063:
5959:
5947:
5837:] (in Chinese), Lianjing chuban, pp. 36–41,
5602:
5590:
5537:
5508:
5458:
a consistent gender pattern found across all the age
5385:, in Doughty, Catherine J.; Long, Michael H. (eds.),
5330:
5328:
5239:
5237:
5222:
4955:
4921:
4895:
4869:
4843:
4817:
4791:
4765:
4733:
4714:
4688:
4662:
4636:
4607:
4570:
4544:
4512:
4493:
4474:
4447:
4428:
4402:
4332:
4326:
4312:
4301:
4284:
4275:
4269:
4257:
4251:
4233:
4222:
4211:
4205:
4165:
4154:
4143:
4125:
4114:
4103:
4092:
4081:
4070:
4053:
4047:
4021:
4003:
3668:
3401:
3395:
3336:
3322:
3310:
3296:
2342:
In Singapore, the government has heavily promoted a "
2128:
led to demonstrations on the streets by thousands of
1840:
Vocabulary of National Pronunciation for Everyday Use
1576:
1022:
1008:
994:
978:
964:
950:
866:
852:
838:
822:
808:
794:
708:
694:
680:
664:
650:
636:
507: Statutory or de facto national working language
5995:
5983:
5646:
5644:
5072:
7734:Milsky, C., "New Developments in Language Reform",
6591:
5859:
The Chinese Language: Its History and Current Usage
5745:
5743:
5571:
5426:
5401:Escure goes on to analyse second dialect texts of
5376:
5374:
5133:
Sign Languages of the World: A Comparative Handbook
3851:
Māma gěi wǒmen de qián, wǒ yǐjīng mǎi-le tángguǒ(r)
3682:In predicative use, Chinese adjectives function as
7743:Language Reform in China: Documents and Commentary
7619:
7258:
6975:
6831:
6756:
6087:
6051:
5971:
5807:
5325:
5293:
5291:
5234:
5084:
4317:'drought'. This method was used to represent many
3552:), and verbs also generally follow any modifiers (
1078:'modern standard Han speech') is a modern
7705:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
7333:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
6951:
6506:"NTU professors' language rule draws groups' ire"
5641:
5250:Language Policy in the People's Republic of China
5156:
1663:; 'official speech') was used during the
14665:
7738:, No. 53, (January–March 1973), pp. 98–133.
7626:(2nd ed.), University of California Press,
7359:Mandarin Chinese: A functional reference grammar
7182:; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tryon, Darrell T. (eds.),
6902:, University of Hawaii Press, pp. 160–161,
5740:
5371:
5344:Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages
1672:
1635:('Middle Kingdom's Common Speech'), used on the
7646:Ladefoged, Peter; & Maddieson, Ian (1996).
6414:
6146:"In Chinatown, Sound of the Future Is Mandarin"
5929:
5894:] (in Latin), Paris: Hippolyte-Louis Guérin
5636:满大臣不解汉语,故每部设启心郎一员,以通晓国语之汉员为之,职正三品,每遇议事,座在其中参预之。
5288:
5275:of Chinese characters was the development of a
5101:
5099:
5033:National Commission on Language and Script Work
3975:) is gradually replacing specific classifiers.
2287:announced that romanized spellings of names in
6774:
5624:张杰 (2012), "论清代满族语言文字在东北的兴废与影响", in 张杰 (ed.),
5163:Adamson, Bob; Feng, Anwei (27 December 2021),
3854:Mom give us REL money I already buy-PERF candy
3270:Relative pitch contours of the four full tones
1812:Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation
1769:
1721:During the 17th century, the state had set up
1307:
14251:
12907:
12280:
12193:
9904:
7855:
7527:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,
6782:, in Bel, Bernard; Marlien, Isabelle (eds.),
6453:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1030-1032.1650
5892:Grammar of the Mandarin Chinese Hieroglyphics
5018:
4948:
4941:
4914:
4907:
4888:
4881:
4862:
4855:
4836:
4829:
4810:
4803:
4784:
4777:
4755:
4745:
4726:
4707:
4700:
4681:
4674:
4655:
4648:
4629:
4619:
4596:
4582:
4563:
4556:
4534:
4524:
4505:
4486:
4467:
4460:
4440:
4421:
4414:
4392:
4356:
4350:
4344:
4338:
4307:
4296:
4290:
4263:
4245:
4239:
4228:
4217:
4160:
4149:
4138:
4120:
4109:
4098:
4087:
4076:
4065:
4033:
4015:
3970:
3964:
3952:one-top hat three-volume book that-branch pen
3738:stating a topic and following it by a comment
3674:
3316:
2278:
2226:Standard Chinese is the official language of
1711:
1422:
1283:
910:
894:
752:
736:
596:
580:
9654:
7731:, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1972.
7695:, University of Texas Press, (Austin), 1975.
7361:, Berkeley: University of California Press,
7261:Modern Chinese: History and sociolinguistics
6491:Arizona Working Papers in SLA & Teaching
6108:More than half of Chinese can speak Mandarin
5096:
2057:as of 1987, including Mandarin (light brown)
1912:in general, excepting what are deemed to be
1233:is used to distinguish it from older forms.
513: More than 1,000,000 L1 and L2 speakers
37:"Huayu" redirects here. For other uses, see
7669:
7573:Dialect and Nationalism in China, 1860–1960
6775:Surendran, Dinoj; Levow, Gina-Anne (2004),
6125:
5389:, Blackwell Publishing, U.K., p. 201,
5387:The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition
5162:
4978:Comparison of national standards of Chinese
4950:人人生而自由,在尊嚴和權利上一律平等。他們賦有理性和良心,並應以兄弟關係的精神相對待。
4943:人人生而自由,在尊严和权利上一律平等。他们赋有理性和良心,并应以兄弟关系的精神相对待。
3653:Tā wèi tā-de péngyǒu zuò-le zhè-ge gōngzuò.
1630:
1565:is thought to have used a dialect known as
1457:; 'Han language') refers to spoken
1205:. It is colloquially referred to as simply
1073:
496:Countries where Standard Chinese is spoken
14265:
14258:
14244:
12914:
12900:
12287:
12273:
12200:
12186:
10126:
9911:
9897:
9875:
9645:
7862:
7848:
7353:
7065:
7053:
7041:
7029:
7017:
7005:
6993:
6969:
6945:
6933:
4800:I want to fly to London on the eighteenth
2313:. Historically, it was seldom used by the
2089:The Chinese government is keen to promote
1571:rather than regional dialects; during the
490:
12921:
7777:
7741:Seybolt, P. J. and Chiang, G. K. (eds.),
7716:
7683:
7541:
7508:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
7344:
7316:(2nd ed.), Oxford University Press,
6503:
6472:
6233:
5861:, Tuttle Publishing, pp. 22–23, 93,
5824:
5822:
5496:
5297:
3868:or measure words are required when using
2449:Initial consonants with pinyin spellings
2093:as the national lingua franca: under the
1693:. The Portuguese then began referring to
1639:of an early Chinese grammar published by
1209:, though this term may also refer to the
7285:Journal of the American Oriental Society
7265:, New York: Cambridge University Press,
6553:
6126:E'nuo, Zhao; Wu, Yue (16 October 2020),
5880:
5679:(in Chinese), Tribune of Social Sciences
5677:恢复"国语名"称的建议为何不被接受_──《国家通用语言文字法》学习中的探讨和思考
5243:
4826:How much will it cost to get to Munich?
4819:Wǒ xiǎng shíbā hào zuò fēijī dào Lúndūn.
3848:妈妈/媽媽 给/給 我们/我們 的 钱/錢, 我 已经/已經 买了/買了 糖果。
3656:He for he-GEN friend do-PERF this-CL job
3265:
2390:
2184:
2170:
2111:The Chinese government has disseminated
2095:National Common Language and Writing Law
2048:
1797:
1613:
405:Chinese Language Standardisation Council
12936:
12311:
12294:
9570:
7283:(2000), "A brief history of Mandarin",
7216:, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 305–324,
7208:
7186:, de Gruyter Mouton, pp. 695–711,
7177:
7158:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"
6390:Online training to boost Chinese skills
6173:
6019:
6013:
5514:
5334:
5228:
5129:
3533:is marked using post-verbal particles.
2100:Guangdong National Language Regulations
1378:in 1955. Since 1949, usage of the word
545:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
82:Began acquiring native speakers in 1988
14:
14666:
12610:
12575:
12207:
9918:
7722:, with supplementary sound recordings.
7522:
7500:
7330:
7311:
7279:
7101:
7089:
7077:
6921:
6885:
6813:
6750:
6738:
6726:
6714:
6702:
6690:
6678:
6666:
6654:
6642:
6630:
6618:
6366:, Hong Kong Government, archived from
6328:Journal of Asian Pacific Communication
6143:
6001:
5989:
5965:
5917:
5905:
5819:
5662:
5611:
5543:
5380:
5078:
4988:Protection of the varieties of Chinese
4052:" ('we', including the listener) and "
3949:yī-dǐng màozi, sān-běn shū, nèi-zhī bǐ
3784:
2799:Syllable finals with pinyin spellings
2139:
1873:; 'common speech') instead of
1610:Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)
1241:
1024:
868:
710:
389:Education and Youth Development Bureau
14239:
13741:Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien
12895:
12268:
12181:
11066:
10125:
9892:
7843:
7745:, M. E. Sharpe (White Plains), 1979.
7698:
7393:
5936:, Shanghai: Tusewei Press, p. iv
5930:Richard, Louis; Kennelly, M. (1908),
5630:(in Chinese), 辽宁民族出版社, archived from
5090:
4934:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
3594:
2200:from Portugal, their governments use
1434:
1090:(1912‒1949). It is designated as the
7869:
7617:
7589:
7469:
7431:
7415:Essential Grammar for Modern Chinese
7256:
7230:
6897:
6849:
6837:
6825:
6762:
6093:
6081:
6069:
6057:
5977:
5953:
5856:
5813:
5749:
5726:Indigenous Languages Development Act
5596:
5584:
5482:
5435:
5340:"Chapter 5: East and Southeast Asia"
2283:) passed on 9 August 2019, Taiwan's
2234:in 1949, with the relocation of the
1826:) was published in 1919, defining a
1816:Dictionary of National Pronunciation
1697:as "the language of the mandarins".
11067:
7648:The sounds of the world's languages
7570:
7412:
7155:
6981:
6957:
6559:
6518:from the original on 17 August 2019
6442:
6321:
6315:
6297:
6265:
6219:
5674:
5650:
5466:, the good version of the language.
5346:, Routledge, p. 500 (e-book),
4983:Mandarin Chinese in the Philippines
4193:to write cognate morphemes of late
4159:means 'good male friend', 'buddy';
3371:
1092:official language of mainland China
1086:that was first codified during the
24:
7610:
7594:, The University of Malaya Press,
7375:
6545:, 1 September 2016, archived from
6418:Panel on Education working reports
6291:
6228:, Atlantis Press, pp. 56–59,
6189:
6174:Spolsky, Bernard (December 2014),
5828:
5623:
5517:"The Four Languages of "Mandarin""
5136:, Walter de Gruyter, p. 772,
4572:Huānyíng! / Búyòng xiè! / Bú kèqì!
4502:I don't want it / I don't want to
4238:respectively. Hence the character
3938:
3927:
3916:
3905:
3894:
3883:
3840:
3826:
3815:
3804:
3793:
3780:
3769:
3758:
3747:
3715:
3704:
3693:
3679:) followed by a noun phrase, etc.
3659:'He did this job for his friends.'
3642:
3633:
3628:
3614:
3603:
3589:
3578:
3567:
2395:A poster outside a high school in
2238:(KMT) to the island along with an
1760:National Language Research Council
1591:that were written starting in the
1587:; 'common language'). The
1298:National Language Research Council
25:
14710:
7795:
7314:The phonology of standard Chinese
6484:
6425:from the original on 21 July 2011
6415:Hong Kong LegCo (19 April 1999),
6397:from the original on 21 July 2011
6156:from the original on 14 July 2011
6035:from the original on 24 July 2013
5407:standard Beijing Mandarin Chinese
5342:, in Moseley, Christopher (ed.),
4852:I don't speak Chinese very well.
4174:
3864:As in many east Asian languages,
2772:
2762:
2756:
2744:
2734:
2717:
2707:
2697:
2687:
2675:
2658:
2648:
2638:
2628:
2618:
2608:
2589:
2579:
2569:
2559:
2549:
2539:
2504:
2494:
2044:
1901:values as those heard in Beijing.
1877:, which remains the name used in
1793:
1346:
1316:to be the new national language.
1217:. "Mandarin" is a translation of
1213:as a whole, or the late imperial
1172:, more specifically qualified as
312:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
32:Standard Chinese (disambiguation)
14001:Malay trade and creole languages
9874:
9352:Literary and colloquial readings
9224:
7812:
7801:
7760:, Lund Humphries (London), 1975.
7650:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
7107:
6560:Yew, Lee Kuan (3 October 2000),
6302:, Abingdon/New York: Routledge,
6280:from the original on 2 June 2015
6266:Luo, Chris (23 September 2014),
6144:Semple, Kirk (21 October 2009),
5409:) produced by speakers of other
4256:'to meet' was borrowed to write
3509:, and relying on word order and
3414:sounds (zh, ch, sh, r) with the
2253:to a lesser extent. Much of the
525: More than 100,000 speakers
519: More than 500,000 speakers
12956:comparison with British English
7699:Le, Wai-Sum; Zee, Eric (2003).
6891:
6843:
6768:
6585:
6529:
6497:
6478:
6436:
6408:
6393:, Hong Kong Police Department,
6381:
6353:
6322:Shi, Dingxu (12 October 2006),
6259:
6220:Zuo, Xinyi (16 December 2020),
6213:
6167:
6137:
6119:
6099:
5923:
5898:
5874:
5850:
5774:
5707:
5683:
5668:
5617:
5549:
5130:Tai, James; Tsay, Jane (2015),
5044:
4871:Wǒ de Hànyǔ shuō de bú tài hǎo.
4774:How do you get to the airport?
4716:Nín néng shuō de zài mànxiē ma?
4697:Can you speak a little slower?
3831:
3619:
1935:and idioms of exemplary modern
1160:, the dialect has been labeled
14689:Chinese languages in Singapore
7575:, Cambridge University Press,
7470:——— (2013),
7357:; Thompson, Sandra A. (1981),
7170:
6850:Chiu, Miao-chin (April 2012),
6493:, vol. 20, pp. 76–95
6363:Putonghua promotion stepped up
5194:
5123:
5026:
5020:本法所稱國家語言,指臺灣各固有族群使用之自然語言及臺灣手語。
5010:
4949:
4942:
4915:
4908:
4889:
4882:
4863:
4856:
4837:
4830:
4811:
4804:
4785:
4778:
4756:
4746:
4723:Good morning! / Good morning!
4708:
4701:
4682:
4675:
4656:
4649:
4630:
4620:
4597:
4583:
4564:
4557:
4535:
4525:
4468:
4461:
4422:
4415:
4357:
4351:
4345:
4339:
4319:elements in the periodic table
4246:
4240:
4034:
4027:
4016:
4009:
3971:
3965:
3955:'a hat, three books, that pen'
3365:
3361:
3346:
3342:
3332:
3328:
3317:
3306:
3302:
2379:In some regions controlled by
2257:population spoke their native
2204:to communicate with the PRC's
2179:
2176:local form of Standard Chinese
2165:
2154:special administrative regions
1870:
1866:
1847:
1843:
1823:
1819:
1787:
1783:
1731:
1726:
1660:
1656:
1626:
1622:
1603:
1582:
1496:
1492:
1454:
1450:
1423:
1421:as "Languages of the nation" (
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1352:
1328:
1324:
1284:
1261:
1257:
1226:
1222:
1168:, and in common speech simply
1068:
1059:
1051:
1023:
1009:
995:
979:
965:
951:
911:
895:
867:
853:
839:
823:
809:
795:
753:
737:
709:
695:
681:
665:
651:
637:
597:
581:
501: Majority native language
13:
1:
7685:10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30883-6
6861:, vol. 5, archived from
6183:Linguistic Society of America
5716:Council of Indigenous Peoples
5449:. p. 300. Archived from
5252:, Springer, pp. 22, 24,
5061:
4845:Dào Mùníhēi yào duōshǎo qián?
3993:
2407:With an increase in internal
2331:Standard Singaporean Mandarin
2315:Chinese Singaporean community
1236:
1192:
1106:. It is largely based on the
9880:List of varieties of Chinese
7820:travel guide from Wikivoyage
7766:The Journal of Asian Studies
7703:. Illustrations of the IPA.
7701:"Standard Chinese (Beijing)"
7417:, Boston: Cheng & Tsui,
6786:, SProSIG, pp. 99–102,
6504:Jason Pan (16 August 2019),
5700:(Guoyu, Putonghua, Huayu)".
5526:, no. 4, archived from
5485:The Journal of Asian Studies
5066:
4361:, among many other changes.
4097:means 'do not worry about';
3560:and prepositional phrases).
2418:
2386:
2294:
2279:
2196:from the United Kingdom and
2113:public service announcements
1790:), the 'national language'.
1632:Medii Regni Communis Loquela
1593:Northern and Southern period
1215:form used as a lingua franca
1094:and a major language in the
7:
7622:A Grammar of Spoken Chinese
7592:Mandarin Spread in Malaysia
6445:Advanced Materials Research
6235:10.2991/assehr.k.201214.465
6185:, vol. 90, p. 168
6031:, Gov.cn, 31 October 2000,
5799:, the Ministry of Justice,
5750:Wang Baojian (王保鍵) (2018),
5732:, the Ministry of Justice,
5515:Sanders, Robert M. (1987),
5383:"Chapter 8: Social Context"
5307:, p. 4, archived from
5248:, in Zhou, Minglang (ed.),
4966:
4956:
4922:
4896:
4870:
4844:
4818:
4792:
4766:
4734:
4715:
4689:
4663:
4637:
4608:
4571:
4545:
4513:
4494:
4475:
4448:
4429:
4403:
4367:
4333:
4327:
4313:
4302:
4295:, composed of the signific
4285:
4276:
4270:
4258:
4252:
4234:
4223:
4212:
4206:
4170:means 'frugal' or 'stingy'.
4166:
4155:
4148:means 'not very skillful';
4144:
4126:
4115:
4104:
4093:
4082:
4071:
4054:
4048:
4022:
4004:
3669:
3521:. Verbs are not marked for
3402:
3396:
3337:
3323:
3311:
3297:
3282:in pinyin and often with a
2353:
2285:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2206:Central People's Government
1764:
1683:
1677:, in turn derived from the
1577:
1545:History of Standard Chinese
1302:
10:
14715:
9838:Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
7523:Ramsey, S. Robert (1987),
7398:, Springer International,
7378:Language Planning in China
5829:Xu Weixian (許維賢) (2018),
5281:standard northern Mandarin
5277:system of phonetic symbols
5244:Rohsenow, John S. (2004),
4483:I am fine, how about you?
4476:Nǐ hǎo ma? / Nǐ zěnmeyàng?
4262:'this', and the character
4181:Written vernacular Chinese
4178:
3982:, the language allows for
3494:
3490:
3263:, prolonging the initial.
2793:complementary distribution
2425:Standard Chinese phonology
2422:
2413:Putonghua Proficiency Test
2372:
2368:
2357:
2298:
2267:Mandarin Promotion Council
2219:
1941:written vernacular Chinese
1887:written vernacular Chinese
1859:People's Republic of China
1832:written vernacular Chinese
1607:
1542:
1538:
1199:Standard Northern Mandarin
1162:Standard Northern Mandarin
36:
29:
14653:Singaporean Sign Language
14645:
14585:
14520:
14453:
14398:
14391:
14350:
14331:
14296:
14280:
14273:
14219:
14194:
14171:
14162:
14107:comparison with Malaysian
14057:
14031:
13976:
13956:
13918:
13853:
13786:
13662:
13653:
13269:
13074:
13058:
13044:
12970:
12929:
12809:
12793:
12775:
12722:
12699:
12674:
12651:
12642:
12619:
12601:
12566:
12534:
12508:
12443:
12366:
12350:
12320:
12302:
12236:
12215:
12149:
12122:Southern (Shanghai) Sign
12107:
12036:
11980:
11784:
11722:
11675:
11632:
11594:
11479:
11401:
11392:
11324:
11287:
11174:
11165:
11077:
11073:
11062:
11003:
10905:
10787:
10713:
10560:
10442:
10254:
10245:
10197:
10149:
10138:
10134:
10121:
10114:
10094:
10001:
9949:
9942:
9926:
9872:
9756:
9725:
9636:
9561:
9503:
9423:
9398:
9360:
9307:
9233:
9222:
9169:
9121:
9076:
9053:
8998:
8989:
8927:
8846:
8821:
8803:
8780:
8717:
8708:
8671:
8648:
8610:
8601:
8592:
8528:
8488:
8415:
8393:
8365:
8347:
8321:
8298:
8234:
8225:
8202:
8172:
8149:
8073:
8013:
7985:
7962:
7939:
7906:
7897:
7888:
7877:
7779:10.1017/S0021911818000487
7718:10.1017/S0025100303001208
7556:10.1007/s10993-006-9040-5
7346:10.1017/S0025100303001208
5753:客家基本法之制定與發展:兼論 2018 年修法重點
5498:10.1017/S0021911818000487
5464:standard Beijing Mandarin
5436:Chen, Ying-Chuan (2013).
5320:as their first language,
5169:, Routledge, p. 90,
5019:
4727:
4725:
4506:
4504:
4487:
4485:
4441:
4439:
4393:
4391:
4308:
4297:
4291:
4264:
4229:
4218:
4185:Modern Chinese characters
4161:
4150:
4139:
4121:
4110:
4099:
4088:
4077:
4066:
3675:
2728:
2669:
2523:
2488:
2453:
2375:Chinese people in Myanmar
2215:
2041:, is rapidly increasing.
2024:
1960:
1955:
1853:Following the end of the
1770:
1575:, texts also referred to
1466:
1308:
1203:Standard Beijing Mandarin
1187:
1182:Standard Mandarin Chinese
1166:Standard Beijing Mandarin
1120:Hong Kong written Chinese
1037:
1016:
1002:
988:
972:
958:
944:
937:
932:
928:
920:
904:
888:
881:
860:
846:
832:
816:
802:
788:
781:
776:
772:
762:
746:
730:
723:
702:
688:
674:
658:
644:
630:
623:
618:
614:
606:
590:
574:
570:
563:
531:
489:
475:
449:
437:
432:
333:
319:
269:Official language in
267:
262:
248:
211:
155:
95:
76:
58:
53:
48:
14226:Nearly extinct languages
7641:China's Language Reforms
7240:Harvard University Press
7066:Li & Thompson (1981)
7054:Li & Thompson (1981)
7042:Li & Thompson (1981)
7030:Li & Thompson (1981)
7018:Li & Thompson (1981)
7006:Li & Thompson (1981)
6994:Li & Thompson (1981)
6970:Li & Thompson (1981)
6946:Li & Thompson (1981)
6934:Li & Thompson (1981)
6447:, 1030–1032: 1650–1652,
6421:, Hong Kong Government,
6273:South China Morning Post
6044:
5830:
5761:Journal of Civil Service
5752:
5689:Yuan, Zhongrui. (2008) "
5676:
5675:Cao Dehe (曹德和) (2011),
5202:
5003:
4973:Chinese speech synthesis
3650:他 为/為 他的 朋友 做了 这个/這個 工作。
3536:The basic word order is
1977:Mandarin-speaking areas
1480:
1396:), or 'Chinese cinema' (
1231:Modern Standard Mandarin
1178:Modern Standard Mandarin
1133:, Standard Chinese is a
1110:. Standard Chinese is a
890:Traditional Chinese
732:Traditional Chinese
576:Traditional Chinese
421:Promote Mandarin Council
240:Two-cell Chinese Braille
230:Mainland Chinese Braille
14699:Chinese language reform
14179:Malaysian Sign Language
12119:Northern (Beijing) Sign
7618:Chao, Yuen Ren (1968),
7571:Tam, Gina Anne (2020),
6473:Scott & Tiun (2007)
6340:10.1075/japc.16.2.09shi
5831:華語電影在後馬來西亞:土腔風格、華夷風與作者論
5273:phonetic writing system
4735:Zǎoshang hǎo! / Zǎo'ān!
4378:Traditional characters
4337:('there') changed from
4306:'run' and the phonetic
3959:The general classifier
2344:Speak Mandarin Campaign
2261:. During the period of
2124:on local television in
1126:reading of characters.
906:Simplified Chinese
748:Simplified Chinese
592:Simplified Chinese
14267:Languages of Singapore
14207:Selangor Sign Language
13326:Bruneian/Kedayan Malay
13131:Kelantan-Pattani Malay
10128:Sino-Tibetan languages
7691:Lehmann, W. P. (ed.),
7590:Wang, Xiaomei (2012),
7525:The languages of China
7450:: 1–31, archived from
7413:Lin, Helen T. (1981),
5904:Translation quoted in
4964:
4897:Nǐ huì shuō Yīngyǔ ma?
4878:Do you speak English?
4638:Búshì. / Bú duì. / Bù.
4430:Nǐ jiào shénme míngzi?
4381:Simplified characters
4203:demonstrative pronouns
3935:
3924:
3913:
3902:
3891:
3880:
3837:
3823:
3812:
3801:
3790:
3777:
3766:
3755:
3744:
3712:
3701:
3690:
3639:
3625:
3611:
3600:
3586:
3575:
3564:
3517:and rarely marked for
3507:inflectional morphemes
3501:Chinese is a strongly
3271:
2400:
2105:traditional characters
2058:
2055:Chinese dialect groups
2035:Chinatown in Manhattan
1834:continued to develop.
1803:
1719:
1712:
1673:
1648:
1631:
1445:Among Chinese people,
1275:Memoir of Qing Dynasty
1211:Mandarin dialect group
1069:Xiàndài biāozhǔn hànyǔ
533:This article contains
91:speakers: 80% of China
39:Huayu (disambiguation)
13446:Kota Marudu Talantang
13176:Negeri Sembilan Malay
12923:Languages of Malaysia
12881:Yilan Creole Japanese
7836:- Talk by David Moser
7394:Liang, Sihua (2014),
7192:10.1515/9783110819724
6298:Lee, Siu-lun (2023),
5857:Kane, Daniel (2006),
5783:Hakka Affairs Council
5696:26 April 2009 at the
5456:on 19 February 2020.
5381:Siegel, Jeff (2003),
5314:on 11 December 2016,
4939:
4937:in Standard Chinese:
4793:Qù jīchǎng zěnme zǒu?
4244:(later simplified as
3946:一顶 帽子, 三本 书/書, 那支 笔/筆
3439:, pronouncing pinyin
3269:
2437:, an optional medial
2394:
2156:of the PRC, there is
2115:promoting the use of
2072:non-Sinitic languages
2052:
1801:
1699:
1617:
1487:Until the mid-1960s,
1475:Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi
1112:pluricentric language
417:Ministry of Education
401:Ministry of Education
365:Ministry of Education
353:Ministry of Education
14332:Indigenous languages
14202:Penang Sign Language
14184:Manually Coded Malay
12785:Taiwan Sign Language
7672:Journal of Phonetics
7444:Sino-Platonic Papers
7312:Duanmu, San (2007),
6691:Lee & Zee (2003)
6667:Lee & Zee (2003)
5634:on 5 November 2020,
5524:Sino-Platonic Papers
5447:University of Ottawa
5411:varieties of Chinese
4993:Chinese language law
3391:Xiandai Hanyu Cidian
2301:Singaporean Mandarin
2255:Taiwanese Aboriginal
2194:Hong Kong's handover
2068:varieties of Chinese
2053:Distribution of the
1828:hybrid pronunciation
1708:Alessandro Valignano
1459:varieties of Chinese
1393:Guóyǔ liúxíng yīnyuè
1341:varieties of Chinese
30:For other uses, see
14684:Languages of Taiwan
14392:Immigrant languages
13685:Malaysian Cantonese
13441:Klias River Kadazan
12296:Languages of Taiwan
12162:NM = Inner Mongolia
7736:The China Quarterly
7376:Li, Yuming (2015),
7257:Chen, Ping (1999),
7032:, pp. 320–320.
7008:, pp. 141–143.
6859:Monumenta Taiwanica
6717:, pp. 144–145.
6705:, pp. 143–144.
6657:, pp. 140–141.
6633:, pp. 138–139.
6549:on 19 December 2016
6016:, pp. 313–314.
5920:, pp. 549–550.
5785:(31 January 2018),
5665:, pp. 133–134.
4411:What is your name?
4075:means 'very much';
3538:subject–verb–object
3505:, having almost no
3451:in the same way as
3437:alveolar consonants
3400:(door) and Beijing
2800:
2450:
2140:Hong Kong and Macau
2030:and pronunciation.
1991:non-Mandarin areas
1952:
1752:postal romanization
1149:, albeit with many
1143:subject–verb–object
1056:traditional Chinese
321:Recognised minority
173:Eastern Han Chinese
14694:Standard languages
14679:Languages of China
14032:Mixed & Others
13774:Malaysian Mandarin
12629:Taiwanese Mandarin
12209:Languages of Macau
11699:Formosan languages
9920:Languages of China
9833:Cantonese Bopomofo
9700:Chinese characters
9628:Written Sichuanese
8212:Zhangjiakou–Hohhot
7834:, 23 February 2018
7807:Chinese (Mandarin)
7146:on 19 January 2022
7125:on 19 January 2022
6564:, Harper Collins,
6485:Hubbs, Elizabeth,
6150:The New York Times
5770:on 5 November 2020
4495:Wǒ hěn hǎo, nǐ ne?
4130:means 'man, male'.
3272:
2798:
2703:⟨sh⟩
2644:⟨ch⟩
2575:⟨zh⟩
2448:
2409:migration in China
2401:
2360:Malaysian Mandarin
2259:Formosan languages
2240:influx of refugees
2222:Taiwanese Mandarin
2059:
2039:Chinese immigrants
1950:
1939:, a form known as
1937:Chinese literature
1804:
1649:
1415:Formosan languages
1277:, Volume: Emperor
1156:In the context of
1048:simplified Chinese
225:Chinese characters
163:Proto-Sino-Tibetan
14661:
14660:
14641:
14640:
14327:
14326:
14233:
14232:
14223:Extinct languages
14215:
14214:
13972:
13971:
13649:
13648:
13481:Mainstream Kenyah
12966:
12965:
12889:
12888:
12801:Taiwanese Braille
12771:
12770:
12767:
12766:
12718:
12717:
12661:Taiwanese Hokkien
12597:
12596:
12593:
12592:
12568:Malayo-Polynesian
12562:
12561:
12262:
12261:
12175:
12174:
11718:
11717:
11714:
11713:
11710:
11709:
11703:
11695:
11687:
11590:
11589:
11320:
11319:
11058:
11057:
11054:
11053:
10783:
10782:
10779:
10778:
10110:
10109:
9886:
9885:
9868:
9867:
9695:
9694:
9613:Written Cantonese
9608:
9607:
9390:Classical grammar
9385:Cantonese grammar
9220:
9219:
9117:
9116:
8923:
8922:
8842:
8841:
8704:
8703:
8411:
8410:
8198:
8197:
8088:Chengdu–Chongqing
7881:Sinitic languages
7751:978-0-87332-081-8
7664:978-0-631-19815-4
7656:978-0-631-19814-7
7633:978-0-520-00219-7
7601:978-983-100-958-1
7582:978-1-108-77640-0
7534:978-0-691-01468-5
7515:978-0-521-29653-3
7424:978-0-917056-10-9
7405:978-3-319-12618-0
7387:978-1-61451-558-6
7368:978-0-520-06610-6
7323:978-0-19-921579-9
7272:978-0-521-64572-0
7249:978-0-674-73288-9
7223:978-3-11-012855-0
7201:978-3-11-081972-4
7156:Nations, United,
7092:, pp. 74–75.
7020:, pp. 15–16.
6972:, pp. 24–26.
6948:, pp. 12–13.
6936:, pp. 11–12.
6909:978-0-8248-2577-5
6828:, pp. 39–40.
6793:978-2-9518233-1-0
6571:978-0-06-019776-6
6542:Channel News Asia
6309:978-1-000-88989-5
6245:978-94-6239-301-1
6084:, pp. 27–28.
6072:, pp. 37–38.
5956:, pp. 16–17.
5882:Fourmont, Étienne
5868:978-0-8048-3853-5
5844:978-957-08-5098-7
5599:, pp. 11–12.
5561:Oxford Dictionary
5396:978-1-4051-5188-7
5353:978-1-135-79640-2
5259:978-1-4020-8039-5
5176:978-1-000-48702-2
5143:978-1-61451-817-4
4931:Article 1 of the
4929:
4928:
4904:I have no money.
4616:No. / Incorrect.
4191:Classical Chinese
4086:means 'stagger';
4038:; ' honorable').
4020:; ' humble') and
3732:'I am not tired.'
3527:grammatical tense
3503:analytic language
3257:
3256:
2785:
2784:
2778:⟨y⟩
2768:⟨r⟩
2750:⟨l⟩
2740:⟨w⟩
2723:⟨h⟩
2713:⟨x⟩
2693:⟨s⟩
2681:⟨f⟩
2664:⟨k⟩
2654:⟨q⟩
2634:⟨c⟩
2624:⟨t⟩
2614:⟨p⟩
2605:
2595:⟨g⟩
2585:⟨j⟩
2565:⟨z⟩
2555:⟨d⟩
2545:⟨b⟩
2536:
2510:⟨n⟩
2500:⟨m⟩
2247:Taiwanese Hokkien
2232:Chinese Civil War
2190:Written Cantonese
2018:
2017:
1910:Mandarin dialects
1855:Chinese Civil War
1808:Republic of China
1776:imperial Mandarin
1691:scholar-officials
1669:the lingua franca
1555:prestige dialects
1314:imperial Mandarin
1174:Standard Mandarin
1147:analytic language
1141:organization and
1131:Sinitic languages
1076:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1032:
1004:Yale Romanization
939:Standard Mandarin
877:
876:
848:Yale Romanization
783:Standard Mandarin
767:National language
719:
718:
690:Yale Romanization
625:Standard Mandarin
559:
558:
541:rendering support
537:phonetic symbols.
335:Regulated by
235:Taiwanese Braille
54:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
14706:
14674:Standard Chinese
14396:
14395:
14351:Creole languages
14338:Johor-Riau Malay
14278:
14277:
14260:
14253:
14246:
14237:
14236:
14169:
14168:
13769:Mandarin Chinese
13660:
13659:
13256:Terengganu Malay
13056:
13055:
12934:
12933:
12916:
12909:
12902:
12893:
12892:
12649:
12648:
12617:
12616:
12608:
12607:
12573:
12572:
12318:
12317:
12309:
12308:
12289:
12282:
12275:
12266:
12265:
12254:Mandarin Chinese
12202:
12195:
12188:
12179:
12178:
12131:
11701:
11693:
11685:
11399:
11398:
11172:
11171:
11075:
11074:
11064:
11063:
10252:
10251:
10147:
10146:
10136:
10135:
10123:
10122:
10119:
10118:
9947:
9946:
9934:Standard Chinese
9913:
9906:
9899:
9890:
9889:
9878:
9877:
9850:Taiwanese Hangul
9739:Mainland Chinese
9652:
9651:
9643:
9642:
9568:
9567:
9245:Standard Chinese
9228:
8996:
8995:
8715:
8714:
8608:
8607:
8599:
8598:
8481:
8469:
8457:
8445:
8433:
8232:
8231:
7904:
7903:
7895:
7894:
7871:Chinese language
7864:
7857:
7850:
7841:
7840:
7835:
7818:Standard Chinese
7816:
7805:
7790:
7781:
7721:
7720:
7688:
7687:
7636:
7625:
7605:
7586:
7567:
7538:
7519:
7497:
7495:
7493:
7488:on 16 April 2018
7487:
7476:
7466:
7464:
7462:
7456:
7441:
7428:
7409:
7390:
7372:
7350:
7348:
7327:
7308:
7281:Coblin, W. South
7276:
7264:
7253:
7227:
7205:
7180:Wurm, Stephen A.
7165:
7164:
7154:
7153:
7151:
7142:, archived from
7133:
7132:
7130:
7121:, archived from
7111:
7105:
7099:
7093:
7087:
7081:
7075:
7069:
7063:
7057:
7051:
7045:
7039:
7033:
7027:
7021:
7015:
7009:
7003:
6997:
6991:
6985:
6979:
6973:
6967:
6961:
6955:
6949:
6943:
6937:
6931:
6925:
6919:
6913:
6912:
6895:
6889:
6883:
6877:
6876:
6875:
6873:
6868:on 7 August 2020
6867:
6856:
6847:
6841:
6835:
6829:
6823:
6817:
6811:
6805:
6804:
6803:on 16 April 2007
6802:
6796:, archived from
6781:
6772:
6766:
6760:
6754:
6748:
6742:
6736:
6730:
6724:
6718:
6712:
6706:
6700:
6694:
6688:
6682:
6676:
6670:
6664:
6658:
6652:
6646:
6640:
6634:
6628:
6622:
6616:
6610:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6589:
6583:
6582:
6557:
6551:
6550:
6533:
6527:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6501:
6495:
6494:
6482:
6476:
6470:
6464:
6463:
6440:
6434:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6412:
6406:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6385:
6379:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6357:
6351:
6350:
6319:
6313:
6312:
6295:
6289:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6263:
6257:
6256:
6237:
6217:
6211:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6193:
6187:
6186:
6180:
6171:
6165:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6141:
6135:
6134:
6123:
6117:
6116:
6103:
6097:
6091:
6085:
6079:
6073:
6067:
6061:
6055:
6049:
6048:
6042:
6040:
6023:
6017:
6011:
6005:
5999:
5993:
5987:
5981:
5975:
5969:
5963:
5957:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5927:
5921:
5915:
5909:
5902:
5896:
5895:
5878:
5872:
5871:
5854:
5848:
5847:
5826:
5817:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5778:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5758:
5747:
5738:
5737:
5718:(14 June 2017),
5711:
5705:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5672:
5666:
5660:
5654:
5648:
5639:
5638:
5621:
5615:
5609:
5600:
5594:
5588:
5582:
5569:
5568:
5563:, archived from
5553:
5547:
5541:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5521:
5512:
5506:
5505:
5500:
5480:
5469:
5468:
5455:
5444:
5433:
5424:
5423:
5378:
5369:
5368:
5332:
5323:
5322:
5313:
5306:
5295:
5286:
5285:
5241:
5232:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5127:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5103:
5094:
5088:
5082:
5076:
5055:
5053:
5048:
5042:
5041:
5030:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5014:
4959:
4952:
4951:
4945:
4944:
4925:
4918:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4899:
4892:
4891:
4885:
4884:
4873:
4866:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4847:
4840:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4821:
4814:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4795:
4788:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4769:
4762:
4761:
4752:
4751:
4737:
4730:
4729:
4718:
4711:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4692:
4685:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4671:How much money?
4666:
4659:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4640:
4633:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4611:
4609:Shì. / Duì. / M.
4604:
4603:
4593:
4592:
4579:Yes. / Correct.
4574:
4567:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4548:
4541:
4540:
4531:
4530:
4516:
4509:
4508:
4497:
4490:
4489:
4478:
4471:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4451:
4444:
4443:
4432:
4425:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4406:
4399:
4398:
4372:
4371:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4330:
4316:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4279:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4209:
4169:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4141:
4129:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4068:
4057:
4051:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4007:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3967:
3833:
3786:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3635:
3621:
3596:
3550:relative clauses
3405:
3399:
3372:Regional accents
3367:
3363:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3276:rhotacized vowel
3249:
3242:
3237:
3230:
3225:
3218:
3203:
3196:
3191:
3184:
3175:
3168:
3163:
3156:
3151:
3144:
3139:
3132:
3123:
3116:
3111:
3104:
3099:
3092:
3087:
3080:
3075:
3068:
3059:
3052:
3047:
3040:
3035:
3028:
3023:
3016:
3011:
3004:
2999:
2992:
2983:
2976:
2971:
2964:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2933:
2926:
2921:
2914:
2909:
2902:
2897:
2890:
2885:
2878:
2873:
2866:
2861:
2854:
2849:
2842:
2837:
2830:
2825:
2818:
2813:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2779:
2776:
2769:
2766:
2760:
2751:
2748:
2741:
2738:
2724:
2721:
2714:
2711:
2704:
2701:
2694:
2691:
2682:
2679:
2665:
2662:
2655:
2652:
2645:
2642:
2635:
2632:
2625:
2622:
2615:
2612:
2601:
2596:
2593:
2586:
2583:
2576:
2573:
2566:
2563:
2556:
2553:
2546:
2543:
2534:
2511:
2508:
2501:
2498:
2451:
2447:
2381:insurgent groups
2325:, Cantonese, or
2282:
2281:
2198:Macau's handover
2186:
2181:
2172:
2167:
1953:
1949:
1872:
1868:
1849:
1845:
1825:
1821:
1789:
1785:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1742:, but later the
1733:
1732:zhèngyīn shūyuàn
1728:
1717:
1715:
1688:
1676:
1662:
1658:
1641:Étienne Fourmont
1634:
1628:
1624:
1619:Zhongguo Guanhua
1598:Literary Chinese
1586:
1580:
1551:Chinese language
1498:
1494:
1468:
1456:
1452:
1426:
1425:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1366:Use of the term
1354:
1337:Literary Chinese
1330:
1326:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1287:
1286:
1268:to refer to the
1263:
1259:
1228:
1224:
1084:Mandarin Chinese
1077:
1074:
1070:
1061:
1053:
1044:Standard Chinese
1029:
1028:
1027:
1012:
1011:
998:
997:
984:
983:
982:
968:
967:
954:
953:
930:
929:
924:Chinese language
916:
915:
900:
899:
873:
872:
871:
856:
855:
842:
841:
828:
827:
826:
812:
811:
798:
797:
774:
773:
758:
757:
742:
741:
715:
714:
713:
698:
697:
684:
683:
670:
669:
668:
654:
653:
640:
639:
616:
615:
602:
601:
586:
585:
561:
560:
524:
518:
512:
506:
500:
494:
471:
467:cosc (Putonghua)
454:
442:
377:Education Bureau
323:language in
254:
217:
193:Beijing Mandarin
137:Standard Chinese
127:Beijing Mandarin
101:
49:Standard Chinese
46:
45:
21:
14714:
14713:
14709:
14708:
14707:
14705:
14704:
14703:
14664:
14663:
14662:
14657:
14637:
14581:
14516:
14449:
14387:
14346:
14323:
14292:
14269:
14264:
14234:
14229:
14211:
14190:
14158:
14053:
14027:
13968:
13952:
13914:
13855:
13849:
13809:Malaysian Tamil
13782:
13655:
13645:
13366:Eastern Kadazan
13346:Coastal Kadazan
13272:
13265:
13077:
13070:
13049:
13040:
12962:
12925:
12920:
12890:
12885:
12810:Other languages
12805:
12789:
12763:
12732:Taiwanese Hakka
12714:
12711:(Wuqiu dialect)
12695:
12670:
12666:Teochew dialect
12638:
12589:
12558:
12530:
12504:
12439:
12362:
12346:
12298:
12293:
12263:
12258:
12244:Macanese Patois
12232:
12211:
12206:
12176:
12171:
12145:
12125:
12103:
12032:
11976:
11787:
11780:
11706:
11686:(Indo-European)
11671:
11628:
11586:
11475:
11388:
11316:
11283:
11161:
11069:
11068:Other languages
11050:
10999:
10930:Central Tibetan
10901:
10775:
10709:
10556:
10438:
10241:
10193:
10141:
10130:
10106:
10090:
9997:
9938:
9922:
9917:
9887:
9882:
9864:
9801:Tongyong Pinyin
9781:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
9769:Dungan Cyrillic
9752:
9721:
9691:
9632:
9623:Written Hokkien
9604:
9563:
9557:
9533:Middle Mandarin
9499:
9419:
9394:
9356:
9303:
9236:
9229:
9216:
9165:
9113:
9072:
9049:
8985:
8919:
8838:
8817:
8799:
8776:
8700:
8667:
8644:
8588:
8524:
8484:
8475:
8463:
8451:
8439:
8427:
8407:
8389:
8361:
8343:
8317:
8294:
8221:
8194:
8168:
8145:
8069:
8009:
7981:
7958:
7935:
7884:
7873:
7868:
7824:
7798:
7793:
7763:
7634:
7613:
7611:Further reading
7608:
7602:
7583:
7544:Language Policy
7535:
7516:
7491:
7489:
7485:
7474:
7460:
7458:
7454:
7439:
7433:Mair, Victor H.
7425:
7406:
7388:
7369:
7324:
7273:
7250:
7224:
7202:
7173:
7168:
7149:
7147:
7134:
7128:
7126:
7113:
7112:
7108:
7100:
7096:
7088:
7084:
7076:
7072:
7064:
7060:
7052:
7048:
7040:
7036:
7028:
7024:
7016:
7012:
7004:
7000:
6992:
6988:
6980:
6976:
6968:
6964:
6956:
6952:
6944:
6940:
6932:
6928:
6920:
6916:
6910:
6896:
6892:
6884:
6880:
6871:
6869:
6865:
6854:
6848:
6844:
6836:
6832:
6824:
6820:
6812:
6808:
6800:
6794:
6779:
6773:
6769:
6761:
6757:
6749:
6745:
6737:
6733:
6725:
6721:
6713:
6709:
6701:
6697:
6689:
6685:
6677:
6673:
6665:
6661:
6653:
6649:
6641:
6637:
6629:
6625:
6617:
6613:
6604:
6602:
6599:Radio Free Asia
6590:
6586:
6572:
6558:
6554:
6535:
6534:
6530:
6521:
6519:
6502:
6498:
6483:
6479:
6471:
6467:
6441:
6437:
6428:
6426:
6413:
6409:
6400:
6398:
6387:
6386:
6382:
6373:
6371:
6370:on 21 July 2011
6358:
6354:
6320:
6316:
6310:
6296:
6292:
6283:
6281:
6264:
6260:
6246:
6218:
6214:
6205:
6203:
6195:
6194:
6190:
6178:
6172:
6168:
6159:
6157:
6142:
6138:
6124:
6120:
6105:
6104:
6100:
6092:
6088:
6080:
6076:
6068:
6064:
6056:
6052:
6046:
6038:
6036:
6025:
6024:
6020:
6012:
6008:
6000:
5996:
5988:
5984:
5976:
5972:
5964:
5960:
5952:
5948:
5939:
5937:
5928:
5924:
5916:
5912:
5903:
5899:
5879:
5875:
5869:
5855:
5851:
5845:
5832:
5827:
5820:
5812:
5808:
5793:Hakka Basic Act
5779:
5775:
5767:
5756:
5754:
5748:
5741:
5712:
5708:
5698:Wayback Machine
5688:
5684:
5678:
5673:
5669:
5661:
5657:
5649:
5642:
5622:
5618:
5610:
5603:
5595:
5591:
5583:
5572:
5555:
5554:
5550:
5542:
5538:
5533:on 7 March 2012
5530:
5519:
5513:
5509:
5481:
5472:
5453:
5442:
5434:
5427:
5397:
5379:
5372:
5354:
5333:
5326:
5311:
5304:
5296:
5289:
5260:
5242:
5235:
5227:
5223:
5213:
5211:
5204:
5200:
5199:
5195:
5177:
5161:
5157:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5128:
5124:
5115:
5113:
5105:
5104:
5097:
5089:
5085:
5081:, pp. 251.
5077:
5073:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5058:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5015:
5011:
5006:
4969:
4923:Wǒ méiyǒu qián.
4565:欢迎!/ 不用谢!/ 不客气!
4558:歡迎!/ 不用謝!/ 不客氣!
4370:
4187:
4179:Main articles:
4177:
4044:T–V distinction
3996:
3957:
3944:
3933:
3922:
3911:
3900:
3889:
3859:
3846:
3835:
3821:
3810:
3799:
3788:
3775:
3764:
3753:
3734:
3721:
3710:
3699:
3667:(linking verb)
3661:
3648:
3637:
3623:
3609:
3598:
3584:
3573:
3558:auxiliary verbs
3499:
3497:Chinese grammar
3493:
3374:
3335:; 'horse') and
3243:
3231:
3219:
3197:
3185:
3169:
3157:
3145:
3133:
3117:
3105:
3093:
3081:
3069:
3053:
3041:
3029:
3017:
3005:
2993:
2977:
2965:
2953:
2939:
2927:
2915:
2903:
2891:
2879:
2867:
2855:
2843:
2831:
2819:
2807:
2777:
2767:
2749:
2739:
2722:
2712:
2702:
2692:
2680:
2663:
2653:
2643:
2633:
2623:
2613:
2594:
2584:
2574:
2564:
2554:
2544:
2528:
2509:
2499:
2431:Beijing dialect
2427:
2421:
2411:, the official
2389:
2377:
2371:
2362:
2356:
2303:
2297:
2224:
2218:
2142:
2047:
2027:
1796:
1744:Beijing dialect
1740:Nanjing dialect
1718:
1706:
1612:
1606:
1559:linguae francae
1547:
1541:
1503:. For example,
1485:
1443:
1357:ethnic minority
1349:
1270:Manchu language
1250:
1239:
1195:
1190:
1139:topic-prominent
1108:Beijing dialect
990:Tongyong Pinyin
980:
921:Literal meaning
834:Tongyong Pinyin
824:
763:Literal meaning
676:Tongyong Pinyin
666:
607:Literal meaning
539:Without proper
527:
526:
522:
520:
516:
514:
510:
508:
504:
502:
498:
470:
457:
450:
438:
428:
425:
419:
415:
399:
387:
375:
363:
351:
329:
324:
322:
270:
263:Official status
255:
250:
244:
218:
213:
207:
188:Middle Mandarin
158:
151:
102:
99:Language family
97:
83:
79:
78:Native speakers
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
14712:
14702:
14701:
14696:
14691:
14686:
14681:
14676:
14659:
14658:
14656:
14655:
14649:
14647:
14646:Sign languages
14643:
14642:
14639:
14638:
14636:
14635:
14630:
14625:
14620:
14615:
14610:
14605:
14600:
14595:
14589:
14587:
14583:
14582:
14580:
14579:
14574:
14569:
14564:
14559:
14558:
14557:
14552:
14547:
14537:
14532:
14526:
14524:
14518:
14517:
14515:
14514:
14513:
14512:
14507:
14502:
14497:
14492:
14487:
14477:
14476:
14475:
14470:
14459:
14457:
14451:
14450:
14448:
14447:
14446:
14445:
14440:
14435:
14430:
14425:
14420:
14415:
14404:
14402:
14393:
14389:
14388:
14386:
14385:
14380:
14375:
14370:
14365:
14360:
14354:
14352:
14348:
14347:
14345:
14344:
14339:
14335:
14333:
14329:
14328:
14325:
14324:
14322:
14321:
14316:
14311:
14306:
14300:
14298:
14294:
14293:
14291:
14290:
14284:
14282:
14275:
14274:Main languages
14271:
14270:
14263:
14262:
14255:
14248:
14240:
14231:
14230:
14228:
14227:
14224:
14220:
14217:
14216:
14213:
14212:
14210:
14209:
14204:
14198:
14196:
14192:
14191:
14189:
14188:
14187:
14186:
14175:
14173:
14166:
14160:
14159:
14157:
14156:
14151:
14146:
14141:
14136:
14131:
14126:
14121:
14116:
14111:
14110:
14109:
14099:
14094:
14089:
14084:
14079:
14074:
14069:
14063:
14061:
14055:
14054:
14052:
14051:
14046:
14041:
14035:
14033:
14029:
14028:
14026:
14025:
14024:
14023:
14018:
14013:
14008:
13998:
13993:
13988:
13982:
13980:
13974:
13973:
13970:
13969:
13967:
13966:
13960:
13958:
13954:
13953:
13951:
13950:
13949:
13948:
13943:
13938:
13933:
13922:
13920:
13916:
13915:
13913:
13912:
13907:
13902:
13897:
13892:
13887:
13882:
13881:
13880:
13870:
13865:
13859:
13857:
13851:
13850:
13848:
13847:
13846:
13845:
13840:
13835:
13830:
13820:
13819:
13818:
13813:
13812:
13811:
13801:
13790:
13788:
13784:
13783:
13781:
13780:
13779:
13778:
13777:
13776:
13766:
13765:
13764:
13763:
13762:
13761:
13760:
13750:
13749:
13748:
13746:Penang Hokkien
13743:
13728:
13723:
13718:
13717:
13716:
13711:
13696:
13691:
13690:
13689:
13688:
13687:
13666:
13664:
13657:
13651:
13650:
13647:
13646:
13644:
13643:
13638:
13633:
13628:
13623:
13618:
13613:
13608:
13603:
13598:
13593:
13588:
13583:
13578:
13576:Selungai Murut
13573:
13568:
13563:
13558:
13553:
13548:
13543:
13538:
13533:
13528:
13526:Punan Bah-Biau
13523:
13518:
13513:
13508:
13506:Nonukan Tidong
13503:
13498:
13493:
13488:
13483:
13478:
13473:
13468:
13463:
13458:
13453:
13448:
13443:
13438:
13433:
13428:
13426:Keningau Murut
13423:
13418:
13413:
13408:
13403:
13398:
13393:
13388:
13383:
13378:
13373:
13368:
13363:
13358:
13353:
13348:
13343:
13338:
13333:
13328:
13323:
13318:
13313:
13308:
13303:
13298:
13293:
13288:
13283:
13277:
13275:
13267:
13266:
13264:
13263:
13258:
13253:
13248:
13243:
13238:
13233:
13228:
13223:
13218:
13213:
13208:
13203:
13198:
13193:
13188:
13183:
13178:
13173:
13168:
13163:
13158:
13153:
13148:
13143:
13138:
13133:
13128:
13123:
13118:
13113:
13108:
13103:
13098:
13093:
13088:
13082:
13080:
13072:
13071:
13069:
13068:
13062:
13060:
13053:
13042:
13041:
13039:
13038:
13037:
13036:
13026:
13025:
13024:
13019:
13014:
13009:
13004:
12999:
12989:
12988:
12987:
12976:
12974:
12968:
12967:
12964:
12963:
12961:
12960:
12959:
12958:
12948:
12942:
12940:
12931:
12927:
12926:
12919:
12918:
12911:
12904:
12896:
12887:
12886:
12884:
12883:
12878:
12873:
12868:
12867:
12866:
12861:
12851:
12846:
12841:
12836:
12835:
12834:
12824:
12819:
12813:
12811:
12807:
12806:
12804:
12803:
12797:
12795:
12791:
12790:
12788:
12787:
12781:
12779:
12773:
12772:
12769:
12768:
12765:
12764:
12762:
12761:
12760:
12759:
12754:
12749:
12744:
12739:
12728:
12726:
12720:
12719:
12716:
12715:
12713:
12712:
12709:Putian dialect
12705:
12703:
12697:
12696:
12694:
12693:
12692:
12691:
12680:
12678:
12672:
12671:
12669:
12668:
12663:
12657:
12655:
12646:
12640:
12639:
12637:
12636:
12631:
12625:
12623:
12614:
12605:
12599:
12598:
12595:
12594:
12591:
12590:
12588:
12587:
12581:
12579:
12570:
12564:
12563:
12560:
12559:
12557:
12556:
12551:
12546:
12540:
12538:
12532:
12531:
12529:
12528:
12523:
12518:
12512:
12510:
12506:
12505:
12503:
12502:
12497:
12492:
12487:
12482:
12477:
12476:
12475:
12470:
12460:
12455:
12449:
12447:
12441:
12440:
12438:
12437:
12432:
12427:
12422:
12421:
12420:
12412:
12411:
12410:
12405:
12395:
12390:
12389:
12388:
12383:
12372:
12370:
12364:
12363:
12361:
12360:
12354:
12352:
12348:
12347:
12345:
12344:
12343:
12342:
12332:
12326:
12324:
12315:
12306:
12300:
12299:
12292:
12291:
12284:
12277:
12269:
12260:
12259:
12257:
12256:
12251:
12246:
12240:
12238:
12234:
12233:
12231:
12230:
12225:
12219:
12217:
12213:
12212:
12205:
12204:
12197:
12190:
12182:
12173:
12172:
12170:
12169:
12166:
12163:
12160:
12157:
12156:HK = Hong Kong
12154:
12150:
12147:
12146:
12144:
12143:
12136:
12135:
12134:
12133:
12132:
12127:Hong Kong Sign
12120:
12111:
12109:
12105:
12104:
12102:
12101:
12096:
12091:
12086:
12081:
12076:
12071:
12066:
12061:
12056:
12051:
12046:
12040:
12038:
12034:
12033:
12031:
12030:
12025:
12020:
12015:
12010:
12005:
12000:
11995:
11990:
11984:
11982:
11978:
11977:
11975:
11974:
11973:
11972:
11967:
11957:
11956:
11955:
11950:
11940:
11939:
11938:
11933:
11923:
11922:
11921:
11916:
11911:
11906:
11901:
11896:
11895:
11894:
11889:
11884:
11869:
11864:
11859:
11854:
11853:
11852:
11847:
11846:
11845:
11835:
11830:
11829:
11828:
11818:
11813:
11808:
11803:
11792:
11790:
11782:
11781:
11779:
11778:
11773:
11767:
11762:
11757:
11752:
11747:
11742:
11737:
11732:
11726:
11724:
11720:
11719:
11716:
11715:
11712:
11711:
11708:
11707:
11705:
11704:
11702:(Austronesian)
11696:
11694:(Austronesian)
11688:
11679:
11677:
11673:
11672:
11670:
11669:
11664:
11659:
11654:
11649:
11644:
11638:
11636:
11630:
11629:
11627:
11626:
11621:
11616:
11611:
11606:
11600:
11598:
11592:
11591:
11588:
11587:
11585:
11584:
11579:
11574:
11569:
11564:
11559:
11554:
11549:
11544:
11539:
11534:
11529:
11524:
11519:
11514:
11509:
11504:
11499:
11494:
11489:
11483:
11481:
11477:
11476:
11474:
11473:
11468:
11463:
11458:
11453:
11448:
11443:
11438:
11433:
11428:
11423:
11418:
11413:
11407:
11405:
11396:
11390:
11389:
11387:
11386:
11381:
11376:
11371:
11366:
11361:
11356:
11351:
11346:
11341:
11336:
11330:
11328:
11322:
11321:
11318:
11317:
11315:
11314:
11309:
11304:
11299:
11293:
11291:
11285:
11284:
11282:
11281:
11276:
11271:
11266:
11261:
11256:
11251:
11246:
11241:
11236:
11231:
11226:
11221:
11216:
11211:
11206:
11201:
11196:
11191:
11186:
11180:
11178:
11169:
11163:
11162:
11160:
11159:
11154:
11149:
11144:
11139:
11134:
11129:
11124:
11119:
11114:
11109:
11104:
11099:
11094:
11089:
11083:
11081:
11071:
11070:
11060:
11059:
11056:
11055:
11052:
11051:
11049:
11048:
11043:
11038:
11033:
11028:
11023:
11018:
11013:
11007:
11005:
11001:
11000:
10998:
10997:
10992:
10987:
10982:
10977:
10972:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10952:
10947:
10942:
10937:
10932:
10927:
10922:
10917:
10911:
10909:
10903:
10902:
10900:
10899:
10894:
10889:
10884:
10879:
10874:
10872:Southern Qiang
10869:
10867:Northern Qiang
10864:
10859:
10854:
10849:
10844:
10839:
10834:
10829:
10824:
10819:
10814:
10809:
10804:
10799:
10793:
10791:
10785:
10784:
10781:
10780:
10777:
10776:
10774:
10773:
10768:
10763:
10758:
10753:
10748:
10743:
10738:
10733:
10728:
10723:
10717:
10715:
10711:
10710:
10708:
10707:
10702:
10697:
10692:
10687:
10682:
10677:
10672:
10667:
10662:
10657:
10652:
10647:
10642:
10637:
10632:
10627:
10622:
10617:
10612:
10607:
10602:
10597:
10592:
10587:
10582:
10577:
10572:
10566:
10564:
10558:
10557:
10555:
10554:
10549:
10544:
10539:
10534:
10529:
10524:
10519:
10514:
10509:
10504:
10499:
10494:
10489:
10484:
10479:
10474:
10469:
10464:
10459:
10454:
10448:
10446:
10440:
10439:
10437:
10436:
10431:
10426:
10421:
10416:
10411:
10406:
10401:
10396:
10391:
10386:
10381:
10376:
10371:
10366:
10361:
10356:
10351:
10346:
10341:
10336:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10316:
10311:
10306:
10301:
10296:
10291:
10286:
10281:
10276:
10271:
10266:
10260:
10258:
10249:
10243:
10242:
10240:
10239:
10234:
10229:
10224:
10219:
10214:
10209:
10203:
10201:
10195:
10194:
10192:
10191:
10186:
10181:
10176:
10171:
10166:
10161:
10155:
10153:
10144:
10132:
10131:
10116:
10112:
10111:
10108:
10107:
10104:
10102:
10092:
10091:
10089:
10088:
10083:
10078:
10073:
10068:
10063:
10058:
10053:
10048:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10018:
10013:
10007:
10005:
9999:
9998:
9996:
9995:
9990:
9985:
9980:
9975:
9970:
9965:
9959:
9957:
9944:
9940:
9939:
9937:
9936:
9930:
9928:
9924:
9923:
9916:
9915:
9908:
9901:
9893:
9884:
9883:
9873:
9870:
9869:
9866:
9865:
9863:
9862:
9857:
9852:
9847:
9845:Taiwanese kana
9842:
9841:
9840:
9835:
9825:
9824:
9823:
9818:
9816:Lessing-Othmer
9813:
9808:
9803:
9798:
9793:
9788:
9783:
9773:
9772:
9771:
9760:
9758:
9754:
9753:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9736:
9731:
9729:
9723:
9722:
9720:
9719:
9714:
9713:
9712:
9707:
9696:
9693:
9692:
9690:
9685:
9680:
9675:
9670:
9665:
9660:
9658:
9649:
9640:
9634:
9633:
9631:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9618:Written Dungan
9615:
9609:
9606:
9605:
9603:
9602:
9597:
9596:
9595:
9590:
9585:
9574:
9572:
9565:
9559:
9558:
9556:
9555:
9550:
9545:
9540:
9535:
9530:
9525:
9523:Middle Chinese
9520:
9515:
9509:
9507:
9501:
9500:
9498:
9497:
9492:
9490:Wubi (Wang Ma)
9487:
9482:
9481:
9480:
9475:
9470:
9460:
9455:
9450:
9449:
9448:
9438:
9435:
9429:
9427:
9421:
9420:
9418:
9417:
9410:
9402:
9400:
9396:
9395:
9393:
9392:
9387:
9382:
9377:
9372:
9366:
9364:
9358:
9357:
9355:
9354:
9349:
9344:
9339:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9323:
9322:
9311:
9309:
9305:
9304:
9302:
9301:
9296:
9291:
9286:
9285:
9284:
9283:
9282:
9277:
9267:
9262:
9257:
9252:
9241:
9239:
9231:
9230:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9217:
9215:
9214:
9209:
9207:Xiangnan Tuhua
9204:
9199:
9194:
9192:Shaozhou Tuhua
9189:
9184:
9179:
9173:
9171:
9167:
9166:
9164:
9163:
9162:
9161:
9156:
9151:
9143:
9142:
9141:
9136:
9127:
9125:
9119:
9118:
9115:
9114:
9112:
9111:
9106:
9101:
9096:
9091:
9086:
9080:
9078:
9074:
9073:
9071:
9070:
9065:
9059:
9057:
9051:
9050:
9048:
9047:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9021:
9020:
9015:
9004:
9002:
8993:
8987:
8986:
8984:
8983:
8982:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8961:
8960:
8959:
8949:
8944:
8939:
8933:
8931:
8925:
8924:
8921:
8920:
8918:
8917:
8916:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8895:
8894:
8893:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8868:
8867:
8866:
8861:
8850:
8848:
8844:
8843:
8840:
8839:
8837:
8836:
8831:
8825:
8823:
8819:
8818:
8816:
8815:
8809:
8807:
8801:
8800:
8798:
8797:
8792:
8786:
8784:
8778:
8777:
8775:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8723:
8721:
8712:
8706:
8705:
8702:
8701:
8699:
8698:
8697:
8696:
8691:
8681:
8675:
8673:
8669:
8668:
8666:
8665:
8660:
8654:
8652:
8646:
8645:
8643:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8616:
8614:
8605:
8596:
8590:
8589:
8587:
8586:
8585:
8584:
8574:
8569:
8568:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8547:
8546:
8545:
8534:
8532:
8526:
8525:
8523:
8522:
8517:
8512:
8507:
8506:
8505:
8494:
8492:
8486:
8485:
8483:
8482:
8470:
8458:
8446:
8434:
8421:
8419:
8413:
8412:
8409:
8408:
8406:
8405:
8399:
8397:
8391:
8390:
8388:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8371:
8369:
8363:
8362:
8360:
8359:
8353:
8351:
8345:
8344:
8342:
8341:
8336:
8331:
8325:
8323:
8319:
8318:
8316:
8315:
8310:
8304:
8302:
8296:
8295:
8293:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8240:
8238:
8229:
8223:
8222:
8220:
8219:
8214:
8208:
8206:
8200:
8199:
8196:
8195:
8193:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8176:
8174:
8170:
8169:
8167:
8166:
8161:
8155:
8153:
8147:
8146:
8144:
8143:
8142:
8141:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8115:
8114:
8113:
8112:
8105:Renshou–Fushun
8102:
8101:
8100:
8090:
8079:
8077:
8071:
8070:
8068:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8041:
8040:
8030:
8025:
8019:
8017:
8015:Central Plains
8011:
8010:
8008:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7991:
7989:
7983:
7982:
7980:
7979:
7974:
7968:
7966:
7960:
7959:
7957:
7956:
7951:
7945:
7943:
7937:
7936:
7934:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7912:
7910:
7901:
7892:
7886:
7885:
7878:
7875:
7874:
7867:
7866:
7859:
7852:
7844:
7838:
7837:
7821:
7810:
7797:
7796:External links
7794:
7792:
7791:
7772:(3): 611–633,
7761:
7754:
7739:
7732:
7724:
7723:
7711:(1): 109–112.
7696:
7689:
7678:(3): 267–278,
7667:
7644:
7637:
7632:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7606:
7600:
7587:
7581:
7568:
7539:
7533:
7520:
7514:
7498:
7467:
7457:on 10 May 2018
7429:
7423:
7410:
7404:
7391:
7386:
7373:
7367:
7355:Li, Charles N.
7351:
7339:(1): 109–112,
7328:
7322:
7309:
7297:10.2307/606615
7291:(4): 537–552,
7277:
7271:
7254:
7248:
7232:Chao, Yuen Ren
7228:
7222:
7210:Bradley, David
7206:
7200:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7166:
7162:United Nations
7106:
7094:
7082:
7070:
7068:, p. 112.
7058:
7056:, p. 105.
7046:
7044:, p. 104.
7034:
7022:
7010:
6998:
6996:, p. 141.
6986:
6984:, p. 169.
6974:
6962:
6950:
6938:
6926:
6924:, p. 159.
6914:
6908:
6890:
6888:, p. 140.
6878:
6842:
6830:
6818:
6816:, p. 148.
6806:
6792:
6767:
6755:
6753:, p. 236.
6743:
6741:, p. 147.
6731:
6729:, p. 225.
6719:
6707:
6695:
6693:, p. 111.
6683:
6681:, p. 142.
6671:
6669:, p. 110.
6659:
6647:
6645:, p. 139.
6635:
6623:
6621:, p. 138.
6611:
6584:
6570:
6552:
6528:
6496:
6477:
6465:
6435:
6407:
6380:
6352:
6334:(2): 299–318,
6314:
6308:
6290:
6258:
6244:
6212:
6188:
6166:
6136:
6132:People's Daily
6118:
6115:, 7 March 2007
6098:
6086:
6074:
6062:
6050:
6018:
6014:Bradley (1992)
6006:
5994:
5982:
5970:
5968:, p. 134.
5958:
5946:
5922:
5910:
5897:
5873:
5867:
5849:
5843:
5818:
5816:, pp. 11.
5806:
5773:
5739:
5706:
5702:China Language
5682:
5667:
5655:
5640:
5616:
5614:, p. 537.
5601:
5589:
5587:, p. 737.
5570:
5567:on 3 July 2020
5548:
5546:, p. 136.
5536:
5507:
5491:(1): 611–633,
5470:
5425:
5395:
5370:
5352:
5336:Bradley, David
5324:
5287:
5258:
5233:
5231:, p. 307.
5229:Bradley (1992)
5221:
5208:law.moj.gov.tw
5193:
5175:
5155:
5142:
5122:
5111:People's Daily
5095:
5083:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5043:
5025:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5001:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4968:
4965:
4927:
4926:
4919:
4912:
4905:
4901:
4900:
4893:
4886:
4879:
4875:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4849:
4848:
4841:
4834:
4827:
4823:
4822:
4815:
4808:
4801:
4797:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4775:
4771:
4770:
4763:
4753:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4731:
4724:
4720:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4694:
4693:
4686:
4679:
4672:
4668:
4667:
4664:Shénme shíhou?
4660:
4653:
4646:
4642:
4641:
4634:
4627:
4617:
4613:
4612:
4605:
4594:
4580:
4576:
4575:
4568:
4561:
4554:
4550:
4549:
4542:
4532:
4522:
4518:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4491:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4472:
4465:
4458:
4454:
4453:
4445:
4438:
4437:My name is...
4434:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4408:
4407:
4400:
4390:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4376:
4369:
4366:
4323:
4322:
4281:
4176:
4175:Writing system
4173:
4172:
4171:
4132:
4131:
4119:means 'slip';
3995:
3992:
3980:word formation
3934:
3923:
3912:
3901:
3890:
3879:
3878:
3874:demonstratives
3836:
3822:
3811:
3800:
3789:
3776:
3765:
3754:
3743:
3742:
3711:
3700:
3689:
3688:
3638:
3624:
3610:
3599:
3585:
3574:
3563:
3562:
3495:Main article:
3492:
3489:
3426:Code-switching
3373:
3370:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3238:
3226:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3192:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3164:
3152:
3140:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3112:
3100:
3088:
3076:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3048:
3036:
3024:
3012:
3000:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2972:
2960:
2947:
2946:
2934:
2922:
2910:
2898:
2886:
2874:
2862:
2850:
2838:
2826:
2814:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2770:
2754:
2752:
2742:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2715:
2705:
2695:
2685:
2683:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2656:
2646:
2636:
2626:
2616:
2606:
2598:
2597:
2587:
2577:
2567:
2557:
2547:
2537:
2532:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2502:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2423:Main article:
2420:
2417:
2388:
2385:
2370:
2367:
2358:Main article:
2355:
2352:
2299:Main article:
2296:
2293:
2271:Chen Shui-Bian
2220:Main article:
2217:
2214:
2185:syu1 min6 jyu5
2141:
2138:
2046:
2045:Mainland China
2043:
2026:
2023:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2005:whole country
2002:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1969:Comprehension
1967:
1966:Comprehension
1963:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1945:
1944:
1929:
1902:
1795:
1794:Republican era
1792:
1704:
1608:Main article:
1605:
1602:
1543:Main article:
1540:
1537:
1501:Chinese nation
1484:
1479:
1442:
1433:
1403:Guóyǔ diànyǐng
1348:
1347:Usage concerns
1345:
1249:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1151:compound words
1135:tonal language
1096:United Nations
1088:republican era
1039:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1006:
1000:
999:
992:
986:
985:
976:
970:
969:
962:
956:
955:
948:
942:
941:
935:
934:
933:Transcriptions
926:
925:
922:
918:
917:
908:
902:
901:
892:
886:
885:
879:
878:
875:
874:
864:
858:
857:
850:
844:
843:
836:
830:
829:
820:
814:
813:
806:
800:
799:
792:
786:
785:
779:
778:
777:Transcriptions
770:
769:
764:
760:
759:
750:
744:
743:
734:
728:
727:
721:
720:
717:
716:
706:
700:
699:
692:
686:
685:
678:
672:
671:
662:
656:
655:
648:
642:
641:
634:
628:
627:
621:
620:
619:Transcriptions
612:
611:
608:
604:
603:
594:
588:
587:
578:
572:
571:
568:
567:
557:
556:
543:, you may see
529:
528:
521:
515:
509:
503:
497:
495:
487:
486:
481:
473:
472:
469:
468:
465:
462:
458:
455:
447:
446:
443:
435:
434:
433:Language codes
430:
429:
427:
426:
424:
423:
407:
391:
379:
367:
355:
347:Mainland China
342:
339:
337:
331:
330:
327:
325:
320:
317:
316:
315:
314:
309:
308:United Nations
306:
299:Singapore (as
297:
284:
271:
268:
265:
264:
260:
259:
258:Signed Chinese
256:
249:
246:
245:
243:
242:
237:
232:
227:
221:
219:
215:Writing system
212:
209:
208:
206:
205:
204:
203:
202:
201:
200:
199:
198:
197:
196:
195:
178:Middle Chinese
161:
159:
156:
153:
152:
150:
149:
148:
147:
146:
145:
144:
143:
142:
141:
140:
139:
105:
103:
96:
93:
92:
80:
77:
74:
73:
63:Mainland China
60:
59:Native to
56:
55:
51:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14711:
14700:
14697:
14695:
14692:
14690:
14687:
14685:
14682:
14680:
14677:
14675:
14672:
14671:
14669:
14654:
14651:
14650:
14648:
14644:
14634:
14631:
14629:
14626:
14624:
14621:
14619:
14616:
14614:
14611:
14609:
14606:
14604:
14601:
14599:
14596:
14594:
14591:
14590:
14588:
14584:
14578:
14575:
14573:
14570:
14568:
14565:
14563:
14560:
14556:
14553:
14551:
14548:
14546:
14543:
14542:
14541:
14538:
14536:
14533:
14531:
14528:
14527:
14525:
14523:
14519:
14511:
14508:
14506:
14503:
14501:
14498:
14496:
14493:
14491:
14488:
14486:
14483:
14482:
14481:
14478:
14474:
14471:
14469:
14466:
14465:
14464:
14461:
14460:
14458:
14456:
14452:
14444:
14441:
14439:
14436:
14434:
14431:
14429:
14426:
14424:
14421:
14419:
14416:
14414:
14411:
14410:
14409:
14406:
14405:
14403:
14401:
14397:
14394:
14390:
14384:
14381:
14379:
14376:
14374:
14371:
14369:
14366:
14364:
14361:
14359:
14356:
14355:
14353:
14349:
14343:
14342:Orang Seletar
14340:
14337:
14336:
14334:
14330:
14320:
14317:
14315:
14312:
14310:
14307:
14305:
14302:
14301:
14299:
14295:
14289:
14286:
14285:
14283:
14279:
14276:
14272:
14268:
14261:
14256:
14254:
14249:
14247:
14242:
14241:
14238:
14225:
14222:
14221:
14218:
14208:
14205:
14203:
14200:
14199:
14197:
14193:
14185:
14182:
14181:
14180:
14177:
14176:
14174:
14170:
14167:
14165:
14161:
14155:
14152:
14150:
14147:
14145:
14142:
14140:
14137:
14135:
14132:
14130:
14127:
14125:
14122:
14120:
14117:
14115:
14112:
14108:
14105:
14104:
14103:
14100:
14098:
14095:
14093:
14092:East Timorese
14090:
14088:
14085:
14083:
14080:
14078:
14075:
14073:
14070:
14068:
14065:
14064:
14062:
14060:
14056:
14050:
14047:
14045:
14042:
14040:
14037:
14036:
14034:
14030:
14022:
14019:
14017:
14014:
14012:
14009:
14007:
14004:
14003:
14002:
13999:
13997:
13994:
13992:
13989:
13987:
13984:
13983:
13981:
13979:
13975:
13965:
13962:
13961:
13959:
13955:
13947:
13944:
13942:
13939:
13937:
13934:
13932:
13929:
13928:
13927:
13924:
13923:
13921:
13917:
13911:
13908:
13906:
13903:
13901:
13898:
13896:
13893:
13891:
13888:
13886:
13883:
13879:
13876:
13875:
13874:
13871:
13869:
13866:
13864:
13861:
13860:
13858:
13852:
13844:
13841:
13839:
13836:
13834:
13831:
13829:
13826:
13825:
13824:
13823:Indo-European
13821:
13817:
13814:
13810:
13807:
13806:
13805:
13802:
13800:
13797:
13796:
13795:
13792:
13791:
13789:
13785:
13775:
13772:
13771:
13770:
13767:
13759:
13756:
13755:
13754:
13751:
13747:
13744:
13742:
13739:
13738:
13737:
13734:
13733:
13732:
13729:
13727:
13724:
13722:
13719:
13715:
13712:
13710:
13707:
13706:
13705:
13702:
13701:
13700:
13697:
13695:
13692:
13686:
13683:
13682:
13681:
13678:
13677:
13676:
13673:
13672:
13671:
13668:
13667:
13665:
13661:
13658:
13652:
13642:
13639:
13637:
13634:
13632:
13629:
13627:
13624:
13622:
13619:
13617:
13614:
13612:
13609:
13607:
13604:
13602:
13599:
13597:
13594:
13592:
13589:
13587:
13584:
13582:
13579:
13577:
13574:
13572:
13569:
13567:
13564:
13562:
13561:Sarawak Malay
13559:
13557:
13554:
13552:
13549:
13547:
13544:
13542:
13539:
13537:
13534:
13532:
13529:
13527:
13524:
13522:
13519:
13517:
13514:
13512:
13509:
13507:
13504:
13502:
13499:
13497:
13494:
13492:
13489:
13487:
13484:
13482:
13479:
13477:
13474:
13472:
13469:
13467:
13464:
13462:
13459:
13457:
13454:
13452:
13449:
13447:
13444:
13442:
13439:
13437:
13434:
13432:
13429:
13427:
13424:
13422:
13419:
13417:
13414:
13412:
13409:
13407:
13404:
13402:
13399:
13397:
13394:
13392:
13389:
13387:
13384:
13382:
13379:
13377:
13374:
13372:
13369:
13367:
13364:
13362:
13359:
13357:
13354:
13352:
13349:
13347:
13344:
13342:
13339:
13337:
13334:
13332:
13331:Brunei Bisaya
13329:
13327:
13324:
13322:
13319:
13317:
13314:
13312:
13309:
13307:
13304:
13302:
13299:
13297:
13294:
13292:
13289:
13287:
13284:
13282:
13279:
13278:
13276:
13274:
13268:
13262:
13259:
13257:
13254:
13252:
13249:
13247:
13244:
13242:
13239:
13237:
13236:Southern Thai
13234:
13232:
13229:
13227:
13224:
13222:
13219:
13217:
13214:
13212:
13209:
13207:
13204:
13202:
13199:
13197:
13194:
13192:
13191:Orang Seletar
13189:
13187:
13184:
13182:
13179:
13177:
13174:
13172:
13169:
13167:
13164:
13162:
13159:
13157:
13154:
13152:
13149:
13147:
13144:
13142:
13139:
13137:
13134:
13132:
13129:
13127:
13124:
13122:
13119:
13117:
13114:
13112:
13109:
13107:
13104:
13102:
13099:
13097:
13094:
13092:
13089:
13087:
13084:
13083:
13081:
13079:
13073:
13067:
13064:
13063:
13061:
13057:
13054:
13052:
13047:
13043:
13035:
13032:
13031:
13030:
13027:
13023:
13020:
13018:
13015:
13013:
13010:
13008:
13005:
13003:
13000:
12998:
12997:North Bornean
12995:
12994:
12993:
12990:
12986:
12983:
12982:
12981:
12980:Austroasiatic
12978:
12977:
12975:
12973:
12969:
12957:
12954:
12953:
12952:
12949:
12947:
12944:
12943:
12941:
12939:
12935:
12932:
12928:
12924:
12917:
12912:
12910:
12905:
12903:
12898:
12897:
12894:
12882:
12879:
12877:
12874:
12872:
12869:
12865:
12862:
12860:
12857:
12856:
12855:
12852:
12850:
12847:
12845:
12842:
12840:
12837:
12833:
12830:
12829:
12828:
12825:
12823:
12820:
12818:
12815:
12814:
12812:
12808:
12802:
12799:
12798:
12796:
12792:
12786:
12783:
12782:
12780:
12778:
12774:
12758:
12755:
12753:
12750:
12748:
12745:
12743:
12740:
12738:
12735:
12734:
12733:
12730:
12729:
12727:
12725:
12721:
12710:
12707:
12706:
12704:
12702:
12698:
12690:
12689:Matsu dialect
12687:
12686:
12685:
12682:
12681:
12679:
12677:
12673:
12667:
12664:
12662:
12659:
12658:
12656:
12654:
12650:
12647:
12645:
12641:
12635:
12632:
12630:
12627:
12626:
12624:
12622:
12618:
12615:
12613:
12609:
12606:
12604:
12600:
12586:
12583:
12582:
12580:
12578:
12574:
12571:
12569:
12565:
12555:
12552:
12550:
12547:
12545:
12542:
12541:
12539:
12537:
12533:
12527:
12524:
12522:
12519:
12517:
12514:
12513:
12511:
12507:
12501:
12498:
12496:
12493:
12491:
12488:
12486:
12483:
12481:
12478:
12474:
12471:
12469:
12466:
12465:
12464:
12461:
12459:
12456:
12454:
12451:
12450:
12448:
12446:
12442:
12436:
12433:
12431:
12428:
12426:
12423:
12418:
12417:
12416:
12413:
12409:
12406:
12404:
12401:
12400:
12399:
12396:
12394:
12391:
12387:
12384:
12382:
12379:
12378:
12377:
12374:
12373:
12371:
12369:
12365:
12359:
12356:
12355:
12353:
12349:
12341:
12338:
12337:
12336:
12333:
12331:
12328:
12327:
12325:
12323:
12319:
12316:
12314:
12310:
12307:
12305:
12301:
12297:
12290:
12285:
12283:
12278:
12276:
12271:
12270:
12267:
12255:
12252:
12250:
12247:
12245:
12242:
12241:
12239:
12235:
12229:
12226:
12224:
12221:
12220:
12218:
12214:
12210:
12203:
12198:
12196:
12191:
12189:
12184:
12183:
12180:
12167:
12165:XJ = Xinjiang
12164:
12161:
12158:
12155:
12152:
12151:
12148:
12142:
12140:
12137:
12130:
12128:
12124:
12123:
12121:
12118:
12117:
12116:
12113:
12112:
12110:
12106:
12100:
12097:
12095:
12092:
12090:
12087:
12085:
12082:
12080:
12077:
12075:
12072:
12070:
12067:
12065:
12062:
12060:
12057:
12055:
12052:
12050:
12047:
12045:
12042:
12041:
12039:
12035:
12029:
12026:
12024:
12021:
12019:
12016:
12014:
12011:
12009:
12006:
12004:
12001:
11999:
11996:
11994:
11991:
11989:
11986:
11985:
11983:
11979:
11971:
11968:
11966:
11963:
11962:
11961:
11958:
11954:
11951:
11949:
11946:
11945:
11944:
11941:
11937:
11934:
11932:
11929:
11928:
11927:
11924:
11920:
11917:
11915:
11912:
11910:
11907:
11905:
11902:
11900:
11897:
11893:
11890:
11888:
11885:
11883:
11880:
11879:
11878:
11875:
11874:
11873:
11870:
11868:
11865:
11863:
11860:
11858:
11855:
11851:
11848:
11844:
11841:
11840:
11839:
11836:
11834:
11831:
11827:
11824:
11823:
11822:
11819:
11817:
11814:
11812:
11809:
11807:
11804:
11802:
11799:
11798:
11797:
11794:
11793:
11791:
11789:
11783:
11777:
11774:
11771:
11768:
11766:
11763:
11761:
11758:
11756:
11753:
11751:
11748:
11746:
11743:
11741:
11738:
11736:
11733:
11731:
11728:
11727:
11725:
11721:
11700:
11697:
11692:
11689:
11684:
11681:
11680:
11678:
11674:
11668:
11667:Western Yugur
11665:
11663:
11660:
11658:
11655:
11653:
11650:
11648:
11645:
11643:
11640:
11639:
11637:
11635:
11631:
11625:
11622:
11620:
11617:
11615:
11612:
11610:
11607:
11605:
11602:
11601:
11599:
11597:
11593:
11583:
11580:
11578:
11575:
11573:
11570:
11568:
11565:
11563:
11560:
11558:
11555:
11553:
11550:
11548:
11545:
11543:
11540:
11538:
11535:
11533:
11530:
11528:
11525:
11523:
11520:
11518:
11515:
11513:
11510:
11508:
11505:
11503:
11500:
11498:
11495:
11493:
11490:
11488:
11485:
11484:
11482:
11478:
11472:
11469:
11467:
11464:
11462:
11459:
11457:
11454:
11452:
11449:
11447:
11444:
11442:
11439:
11437:
11434:
11432:
11429:
11427:
11424:
11422:
11419:
11417:
11414:
11412:
11409:
11408:
11406:
11404:
11400:
11397:
11395:
11391:
11385:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11375:
11372:
11370:
11367:
11365:
11362:
11360:
11357:
11355:
11352:
11350:
11349:Eastern Yugur
11347:
11345:
11342:
11340:
11337:
11335:
11332:
11331:
11329:
11327:
11323:
11313:
11310:
11308:
11305:
11303:
11300:
11298:
11295:
11294:
11292:
11290:
11286:
11280:
11277:
11275:
11272:
11270:
11269:Small Flowery
11267:
11265:
11262:
11260:
11257:
11255:
11252:
11250:
11247:
11245:
11242:
11240:
11237:
11235:
11232:
11230:
11227:
11225:
11222:
11220:
11217:
11215:
11212:
11210:
11207:
11205:
11202:
11200:
11197:
11195:
11192:
11190:
11187:
11185:
11182:
11181:
11179:
11177:
11173:
11170:
11168:
11164:
11158:
11155:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11145:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11133:
11130:
11128:
11125:
11123:
11120:
11118:
11115:
11113:
11110:
11108:
11105:
11103:
11100:
11098:
11095:
11093:
11090:
11088:
11085:
11084:
11082:
11080:
11079:Austroasiatic
11076:
11072:
11065:
11061:
11047:
11044:
11042:
11039:
11037:
11034:
11032:
11029:
11027:
11024:
11022:
11019:
11017:
11014:
11012:
11009:
11008:
11006:
11002:
10996:
10993:
10991:
10988:
10986:
10983:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10963:
10961:
10958:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10948:
10946:
10943:
10941:
10938:
10936:
10933:
10931:
10928:
10926:
10923:
10921:
10918:
10916:
10913:
10912:
10910:
10908:
10904:
10898:
10895:
10893:
10890:
10888:
10885:
10883:
10880:
10878:
10875:
10873:
10870:
10868:
10865:
10863:
10860:
10858:
10855:
10853:
10850:
10848:
10845:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10835:
10833:
10830:
10828:
10825:
10823:
10820:
10818:
10815:
10813:
10810:
10808:
10805:
10803:
10800:
10798:
10795:
10794:
10792:
10790:
10786:
10772:
10769:
10767:
10764:
10762:
10759:
10757:
10754:
10752:
10749:
10747:
10744:
10742:
10739:
10737:
10734:
10732:
10729:
10727:
10724:
10722:
10719:
10718:
10716:
10712:
10706:
10703:
10701:
10698:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10688:
10686:
10683:
10681:
10678:
10676:
10673:
10671:
10668:
10666:
10663:
10661:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10651:
10648:
10646:
10643:
10641:
10638:
10636:
10633:
10631:
10628:
10626:
10623:
10621:
10618:
10616:
10613:
10611:
10608:
10606:
10603:
10601:
10598:
10596:
10593:
10591:
10588:
10586:
10583:
10581:
10578:
10576:
10573:
10571:
10568:
10567:
10565:
10563:
10559:
10553:
10550:
10548:
10545:
10543:
10540:
10538:
10535:
10533:
10530:
10528:
10525:
10523:
10520:
10518:
10515:
10513:
10510:
10508:
10505:
10503:
10500:
10498:
10495:
10493:
10490:
10488:
10485:
10483:
10480:
10478:
10475:
10473:
10470:
10468:
10465:
10463:
10460:
10458:
10455:
10453:
10450:
10449:
10447:
10445:
10441:
10435:
10432:
10430:
10427:
10425:
10422:
10420:
10417:
10415:
10412:
10410:
10407:
10405:
10402:
10400:
10397:
10395:
10392:
10390:
10387:
10385:
10382:
10380:
10377:
10375:
10372:
10370:
10367:
10365:
10362:
10360:
10357:
10355:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10345:
10342:
10340:
10337:
10335:
10332:
10330:
10327:
10325:
10322:
10320:
10317:
10315:
10312:
10310:
10307:
10305:
10302:
10300:
10297:
10295:
10292:
10290:
10287:
10285:
10282:
10280:
10277:
10275:
10272:
10270:
10267:
10265:
10262:
10261:
10259:
10257:
10253:
10250:
10248:
10244:
10238:
10235:
10233:
10230:
10228:
10225:
10223:
10220:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10205:
10204:
10202:
10200:
10196:
10190:
10187:
10185:
10182:
10180:
10177:
10175:
10172:
10170:
10167:
10165:
10162:
10160:
10157:
10156:
10154:
10152:
10148:
10145:
10143:
10137:
10133:
10129:
10124:
10120:
10117:
10113:
10103:
10101:
10097:
10093:
10087:
10084:
10082:
10079:
10077:
10074:
10072:
10069:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10008:
10006:
10004:
10000:
9994:
9991:
9989:
9986:
9984:
9981:
9979:
9976:
9974:
9971:
9969:
9966:
9964:
9961:
9960:
9958:
9956:
9952:
9948:
9945:
9941:
9935:
9932:
9931:
9929:
9925:
9921:
9914:
9909:
9907:
9902:
9900:
9895:
9894:
9891:
9881:
9871:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9851:
9848:
9846:
9843:
9839:
9836:
9834:
9831:
9830:
9829:
9826:
9822:
9819:
9817:
9814:
9812:
9809:
9807:
9804:
9802:
9799:
9797:
9794:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9782:
9779:
9778:
9777:
9774:
9770:
9767:
9766:
9765:
9764:Cyrillization
9762:
9761:
9759:
9755:
9750:
9747:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9728:
9724:
9718:
9715:
9711:
9708:
9706:
9703:
9702:
9701:
9698:
9697:
9689:
9686:
9684:
9681:
9679:
9676:
9674:
9671:
9669:
9666:
9664:
9661:
9659:
9657:
9656:Script styles
9653:
9650:
9648:
9644:
9641:
9639:
9635:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9614:
9611:
9610:
9601:
9598:
9594:
9591:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9581:
9580:
9579:
9576:
9575:
9573:
9569:
9566:
9560:
9554:
9551:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9529:
9526:
9524:
9521:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9511:
9510:
9508:
9506:
9502:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9488:
9486:
9483:
9479:
9476:
9474:
9471:
9469:
9466:
9465:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9451:
9447:
9444:
9443:
9442:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9430:
9428:
9426:
9422:
9416:
9415:
9411:
9409:
9408:
9404:
9403:
9401:
9397:
9391:
9388:
9386:
9383:
9381:
9378:
9376:
9373:
9371:
9368:
9367:
9365:
9363:
9359:
9353:
9350:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9338:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9321:
9318:
9317:
9316:
9313:
9312:
9310:
9306:
9300:
9297:
9295:
9292:
9290:
9287:
9281:
9278:
9276:
9273:
9272:
9271:
9268:
9266:
9263:
9261:
9258:
9256:
9253:
9251:
9248:
9247:
9246:
9243:
9242:
9240:
9238:
9232:
9227:
9213:
9210:
9208:
9205:
9203:
9200:
9198:
9195:
9193:
9190:
9188:
9185:
9183:
9180:
9178:
9175:
9174:
9172:
9168:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9146:
9144:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9131:
9129:
9128:
9126:
9124:
9120:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9085:
9082:
9081:
9079:
9075:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9060:
9058:
9056:
9052:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9011:
9010:
9009:
9006:
9005:
9003:
9001:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8988:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8966:
8965:
8962:
8958:
8955:
8954:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8934:
8932:
8930:
8926:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8900:
8899:
8896:
8892:
8889:
8888:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8856:
8855:
8852:
8851:
8849:
8845:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8826:
8824:
8820:
8814:
8811:
8810:
8808:
8806:
8802:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8787:
8785:
8783:
8779:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8724:
8722:
8720:
8716:
8713:
8711:
8707:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8686:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8676:
8674:
8670:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8655:
8653:
8651:
8647:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8617:
8615:
8613:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8591:
8583:
8580:
8579:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8552:
8551:
8548:
8544:
8541:
8540:
8539:
8536:
8535:
8533:
8531:
8527:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8504:
8501:
8500:
8499:
8496:
8495:
8493:
8491:
8487:
8479:
8474:
8471:
8467:
8462:
8459:
8455:
8450:
8447:
8443:
8438:
8435:
8431:
8426:
8423:
8422:
8420:
8418:
8414:
8404:
8401:
8400:
8398:
8396:
8392:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8372:
8370:
8368:
8364:
8358:
8355:
8354:
8352:
8350:
8346:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8326:
8324:
8320:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8305:
8303:
8301:
8297:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8241:
8239:
8237:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8224:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8209:
8207:
8205:
8201:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8177:
8175:
8171:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8156:
8154:
8152:
8148:
8140:
8137:
8136:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8111:
8108:
8107:
8106:
8103:
8099:
8096:
8095:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8085:
8084:
8081:
8080:
8078:
8076:
8072:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8039:
8036:
8035:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8020:
8018:
8016:
8012:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7992:
7990:
7988:
7984:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7969:
7967:
7965:
7961:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7946:
7944:
7942:
7938:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7913:
7911:
7909:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7887:
7883:
7882:
7876:
7872:
7865:
7860:
7858:
7853:
7851:
7846:
7845:
7842:
7833:
7829:
7828:
7822:
7819:
7815:
7811:
7808:
7804:
7800:
7799:
7789:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7771:
7767:
7762:
7759:
7755:
7752:
7748:
7744:
7740:
7737:
7733:
7730:
7726:
7725:
7719:
7714:
7710:
7706:
7702:
7697:
7694:
7690:
7686:
7681:
7677:
7673:
7668:
7665:
7661:
7657:
7653:
7649:
7645:
7642:
7638:
7635:
7629:
7624:
7623:
7616:
7615:
7603:
7597:
7593:
7588:
7584:
7578:
7574:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7553:
7549:
7545:
7540:
7536:
7530:
7526:
7521:
7517:
7511:
7507:
7503:
7502:Norman, Jerry
7499:
7484:
7480:
7473:
7468:
7453:
7449:
7445:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7426:
7420:
7416:
7411:
7407:
7401:
7397:
7392:
7389:
7383:
7379:
7374:
7370:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7338:
7334:
7329:
7325:
7319:
7315:
7310:
7306:
7302:
7298:
7294:
7290:
7286:
7282:
7278:
7274:
7268:
7263:
7262:
7255:
7251:
7245:
7241:
7237:
7233:
7229:
7225:
7219:
7215:
7211:
7207:
7203:
7197:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7181:
7176:
7175:
7163:
7159:
7145:
7141:
7137:
7124:
7120:
7116:
7110:
7104:, p. 76.
7103:
7102:Norman (1988)
7098:
7091:
7090:Norman (1988)
7086:
7080:, p. 74.
7079:
7078:Norman (1988)
7074:
7067:
7062:
7055:
7050:
7043:
7038:
7031:
7026:
7019:
7014:
7007:
7002:
6995:
6990:
6983:
6978:
6971:
6966:
6960:, p. 19.
6959:
6954:
6947:
6942:
6935:
6930:
6923:
6922:Norman (1988)
6918:
6911:
6905:
6901:
6894:
6887:
6886:Norman (1988)
6882:
6864:
6860:
6853:
6846:
6840:, p. 47.
6839:
6834:
6827:
6822:
6815:
6814:Norman (1988)
6810:
6799:
6795:
6789:
6785:
6778:
6771:
6765:, p. 24.
6764:
6759:
6752:
6751:Duanmu (2007)
6747:
6740:
6739:Norman (1988)
6735:
6728:
6727:Duanmu (2007)
6723:
6716:
6715:Norman (1988)
6711:
6704:
6703:Norman (1988)
6699:
6692:
6687:
6680:
6679:Norman (1988)
6675:
6668:
6663:
6656:
6655:Norman (1988)
6651:
6644:
6643:Norman (1988)
6639:
6632:
6631:Norman (1988)
6627:
6620:
6619:Norman (1988)
6615:
6601:
6600:
6595:
6588:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6567:
6563:
6556:
6548:
6544:
6543:
6538:
6532:
6517:
6513:
6512:
6507:
6500:
6492:
6488:
6481:
6475:, p. 57.
6474:
6469:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6439:
6424:
6420:
6419:
6411:
6396:
6392:
6391:
6384:
6369:
6365:
6364:
6356:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6318:
6311:
6305:
6301:
6294:
6279:
6276:, Hong Kong,
6275:
6274:
6269:
6262:
6255:
6251:
6247:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6216:
6202:
6198:
6192:
6184:
6177:
6170:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6140:
6133:
6129:
6122:
6114:
6110:
6109:
6102:
6096:, p. 28.
6095:
6090:
6083:
6078:
6071:
6066:
6060:, p. 24.
6059:
6054:
6034:
6030:
6029:
6022:
6015:
6010:
6004:, p. 15.
6003:
6002:Ramsey (1987)
5998:
5992:, p. 10.
5991:
5990:Ramsey (1987)
5986:
5980:, p. 18.
5979:
5974:
5967:
5966:Norman (1988)
5962:
5955:
5950:
5935:
5934:
5926:
5919:
5918:Coblin (2000)
5914:
5908:, p. 539
5907:
5906:Coblin (2000)
5901:
5893:
5889:
5888:
5883:
5877:
5870:
5864:
5860:
5853:
5846:
5840:
5836:
5825:
5823:
5815:
5810:
5803:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5789:
5784:
5781:Sponsored by
5777:
5766:
5762:
5755:
5746:
5744:
5736:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5722:
5717:
5714:Sponsored by
5710:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5692:
5686:
5671:
5664:
5663:Norman (1988)
5659:
5653:, p. 76.
5652:
5647:
5645:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5628:
5620:
5613:
5612:Coblin (2000)
5608:
5606:
5598:
5593:
5586:
5581:
5579:
5577:
5575:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5552:
5545:
5544:Norman (1988)
5540:
5529:
5525:
5518:
5511:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5479:
5477:
5475:
5467:
5465:
5461:
5452:
5448:
5441:
5440:
5432:
5430:
5422:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5398:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5377:
5375:
5367:
5365:
5361:
5355:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5331:
5329:
5321:
5319:
5310:
5303:
5302:
5294:
5292:
5284:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5269:
5266:promotion of
5261:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5240:
5238:
5230:
5225:
5209:
5205:
5197:
5190:
5188:
5184:
5178:
5172:
5168:
5167:
5159:
5145:
5139:
5135:
5134:
5126:
5112:
5108:
5102:
5100:
5093:, p. 45.
5092:
5087:
5080:
5079:Norman (1988)
5075:
5071:
5047:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5013:
5009:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4953:
4946:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4924:
4920:
4913:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4887:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4861:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4835:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4809:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4783:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4706:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4690:Duōshǎo qián?
4687:
4680:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4654:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4601:
4595:
4590:
4586:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4466:
4459:
4457:How are you?
4456:
4455:
4450:
4446:
4436:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4420:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4396:
4388:
4387:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4365:
4362:
4335:
4331:('here') and
4329:
4320:
4315:
4304:
4287:
4282:
4278:
4272:
4260:
4254:
4236:
4225:
4214:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4182:
4168:
4157:
4146:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4128:
4127:dà lǎoyermenr
4117:
4108:means 'eat';
4106:
4095:
4084:
4073:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4059:
4056:
4050:
4045:
4039:
4030:
4024:
4012:
4006:
4001:
3991:
3989:
3988:reduplication
3985:
3981:
3976:
3962:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3834:
3828:
3825:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3779:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3741:
3739:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3687:
3685:
3684:stative verbs
3680:
3671:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3636:
3630:
3627:
3622:
3616:
3613:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3597:
3591:
3588:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3479:, and vowels
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3398:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3369:
3359:
3354:
3352:
3339:
3325:
3313:
3309:; 'mother'),
3299:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3268:
3264:
3262:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3239:
3235:
3227:
3223:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3193:
3189:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3165:
3161:
3153:
3149:
3141:
3137:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3113:
3109:
3101:
3097:
3089:
3085:
3077:
3073:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3049:
3045:
3037:
3033:
3025:
3021:
3013:
3009:
3001:
2997:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2973:
2969:
2961:
2957:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2935:
2931:
2923:
2919:
2911:
2907:
2899:
2895:
2887:
2883:
2875:
2871:
2863:
2859:
2851:
2847:
2839:
2835:
2827:
2823:
2815:
2811:
2803:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2781:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2755:
2753:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2686:
2684:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2398:
2393:
2384:
2382:
2376:
2366:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2249:, as well as
2248:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2064:lingua franca
2056:
2051:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2022:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1800:
1791:
1781:
1777:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1724:
1714:
1709:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1686:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1654:
1646:
1645:Arcadio Huang
1642:
1638:
1633:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1601:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1513:Hokkien films
1510:
1506:
1502:
1490:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1448:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1395:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1255:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1065:
1057:
1049:
1045:
1036:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1005:
1001:
993:
991:
987:
977:
975:
971:
963:
961:
957:
949:
947:
943:
940:
936:
931:
927:
923:
919:
914:
909:
907:
903:
898:
893:
891:
887:
884:
880:
870:
865:
863:
859:
851:
849:
845:
837:
835:
831:
821:
819:
815:
807:
805:
801:
793:
791:
787:
784:
780:
775:
771:
768:
765:
761:
756:
751:
749:
745:
740:
735:
733:
729:
726:
722:
712:
707:
705:
701:
693:
691:
687:
679:
677:
673:
667:P'u-t'ung-hua
663:
661:
657:
649:
647:
643:
635:
633:
629:
626:
622:
617:
613:
610:Common speech
609:
605:
600:
595:
593:
589:
584:
579:
577:
573:
569:
566:
562:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
536:
530:
493:
488:
485:
482:
480:
479:
474:
466:
463:
460:
459:
456:
453:
448:
444:
441:
436:
431:
422:
418:
413:
412:
408:
406:
402:
397:
396:
392:
390:
385:
384:
380:
378:
373:
372:
368:
366:
361:
360:
356:
354:
349:
348:
344:
343:
341:
340:
338:
336:
332:
326:
318:
313:
310:
307:
304:
303:
298:
295:
294:
289:
285:
282:
278:
274:
273:
272:
266:
261:
257:
253:
247:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
222:
220:
216:
210:
194:
191:
190:
189:
186:
185:
184:
181:
180:
179:
176:
175:
174:
171:
170:
169:
166:
165:
164:
160:
154:
138:
135:
134:
133:
130:
129:
128:
125:
124:
123:
120:
119:
118:
115:
114:
113:
110:
109:
108:
104:
100:
94:
90:
86:
81:
75:
72:
68:
64:
61:
57:
52:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
14368:Chitty Malay
14363:Bazaar Malay
14011:Chetty Malay
13753:Chaoshan Min
13731:Southern Min
13670:Sino-Tibetan
13551:Sabah Bisaya
13431:Kinabatangan
13336:Bukar–Sadong
13196:Pahang Malay
12992:Austronesian
12832:Shanghainese
12777:Japonic Sign
12603:Sino-Tibetan
12304:Austronesian
12153:GX = Guangxi
12141:
12139:Tibetan Sign
12129:
12115:Chinese Sign
11981:Creole/Mixed
11850:Southeastern
11838:Southwestern
11801:Northeastern
11786:Varieties of
9933:
9786:Hanyu Pinyin
9776:Romanization
9683:Semi-cursive
9528:Old Mandarin
9485:Stroke count
9412:
9405:
9327:Old National
9244:
9170:Unclassified
8075:Southwestern
7908:Northeastern
7890:Major groups
7879:
7832:NYU Shanghai
7826:
7809:at Wikibooks
7769:
7765:
7757:
7742:
7735:
7728:
7708:
7704:
7692:
7675:
7671:
7647:
7640:
7621:
7591:
7572:
7550:(1): 53–72,
7547:
7543:
7524:
7505:
7490:, retrieved
7483:the original
7478:
7459:, retrieved
7452:the original
7447:
7443:
7414:
7395:
7377:
7358:
7336:
7332:
7313:
7288:
7284:
7260:
7235:
7213:
7183:
7161:
7148:, retrieved
7144:the original
7139:
7127:, retrieved
7123:the original
7118:
7109:
7097:
7085:
7073:
7061:
7049:
7037:
7025:
7013:
7001:
6989:
6977:
6965:
6953:
6941:
6929:
6917:
6899:
6893:
6881:
6870:, retrieved
6863:the original
6858:
6845:
6833:
6821:
6809:
6798:the original
6783:
6770:
6758:
6746:
6734:
6722:
6710:
6698:
6686:
6674:
6662:
6650:
6638:
6626:
6614:
6603:, retrieved
6597:
6587:
6561:
6555:
6547:the original
6540:
6531:
6520:, retrieved
6511:Taipei Times
6509:
6499:
6490:
6480:
6468:
6444:
6438:
6427:, retrieved
6417:
6410:
6399:, retrieved
6389:
6383:
6372:, retrieved
6368:the original
6362:
6355:
6331:
6327:
6317:
6299:
6293:
6284:18 September
6282:, retrieved
6271:
6261:
6225:
6215:
6204:, retrieved
6200:
6191:
6182:
6169:
6158:, retrieved
6149:
6139:
6131:
6121:
6107:
6101:
6089:
6077:
6065:
6053:
6037:, retrieved
6027:
6021:
6009:
5997:
5985:
5973:
5961:
5949:
5938:, retrieved
5932:
5925:
5913:
5900:
5891:
5886:
5876:
5858:
5852:
5834:
5809:
5800:
5792:
5787:
5776:
5765:the original
5760:
5733:
5725:
5720:
5709:
5701:
5685:
5670:
5658:
5635:
5632:the original
5626:
5619:
5592:
5565:the original
5560:
5551:
5539:
5528:the original
5523:
5510:
5502:
5488:
5484:
5463:
5457:
5451:the original
5438:
5406:
5402:
5400:
5386:
5363:
5359:
5357:
5343:
5318:Shanghainese
5315:
5309:the original
5300:
5280:
5267:
5263:
5249:
5224:
5212:. Retrieved
5210:(in Chinese)
5207:
5196:
5186:
5182:
5180:
5165:
5158:
5147:, retrieved
5132:
5125:
5114:, retrieved
5110:
5091:Liang (2014)
5086:
5074:
5046:
5028:
5012:
4961:
4954:
4947:
4940:
4932:
4930:
4812:我想18号坐飞机到伦敦。
4805:我想18號坐飛機到倫敦。
4631:不是。/ 不对。/ 不。
4363:
4324:
4188:
4133:
4060:
4040:
3997:
3977:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3930:
3919:
3909:three-volume
3908:
3897:
3886:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3829:
3818:
3807:
3796:
3783:
3772:
3761:
3750:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3718:
3707:
3696:
3681:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3645:
3631:
3617:
3606:
3592:
3581:
3570:
3535:
3500:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3430:
3419:
3408:
3389:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3357:
3355:
3294:
3287:
3279:
3273:
3258:
3245:
3233:
3221:
3199:
3187:
3171:
3159:
3147:
3135:
3119:
3107:
3095:
3083:
3071:
3055:
3043:
3031:
3019:
3007:
2995:
2979:
2967:
2955:
2941:
2929:
2917:
2905:
2893:
2881:
2869:
2857:
2845:
2833:
2821:
2809:
2786:
2730:Approximants
2428:
2406:
2402:
2378:
2363:
2348:Lee Kuan Yew
2341:
2304:
2275:Lee Teng-hui
2244:
2225:
2209:
2201:
2183:
2169:
2152:, which are
2143:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2080:
2075:
2060:
2032:
2028:
2019:
1958:Early 1950s
1946:
1883:
1874:
1862:
1852:
1839:
1836:
1815:
1805:
1779:
1755:
1737:
1730:
1720:
1700:
1694:
1652:
1650:
1637:frontispiece
1618:
1566:
1548:
1516:
1488:
1486:
1481:
1477:(HSK) test.
1470:
1462:
1446:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1410:
1408:
1401:
1391:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1365:
1360:
1350:
1333:Zhu Wenxiong
1320:
1318:
1293:
1273:
1266:Qing dynasty
1253:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1230:
1218:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1128:
1067:
1043:
1042:
946:Hanyu Pinyin
938:
882:
790:Hanyu Pinyin
782:
724:
652:ㄆㄨˇ ㄊㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˋ
632:Hanyu Pinyin
624:
564:
532:
483:
476:
464:huyu (Huayu)
461:goyu (Guoyu)
409:
393:
381:
369:
357:
345:
300:
291:
287:
280:
276:
252:Signed forms
183:Old Mandarin
136:
107:Sino-Tibetan
43:
14577:Minangkabau
14021:Sabah Malay
14016:Cocos Malay
13905:Minangkabau
13856:archipelago
13726:Pu-Xian Min
13704:Eastern Min
13654:Significant
13496:Murik Kayan
13206:Reman Malay
13201:Perak Malay
13186:Orang Kanaq
13126:Kedah Malay
13121:Judeo-Malay
13002:Kayan–Murik
11647:Fuyu Kyrgyz
11446:Tai Hongjin
11132:Muak Sa-aak
9855:Xiao'erjing
9717:Punctuation
9710:Traditional
9663:Oracle bone
9647:Logographic
9543:Proto-Hakka
9518:Eastern Han
9513:Old Chinese
9375:Classifiers
9342:Northern Wu
9270:Singaporean
8476: [
8464: [
8452: [
8440: [
8428: [
7756:Simon, W.,
7171:Works cited
7140:unicode.org
7119:unicode.org
6838:Chen (1999)
6826:Chen (1999)
6763:Chao (1948)
6429:12 February
6401:12 February
6374:12 February
6206:22 December
6094:Chen (1999)
6082:Chen (1999)
6070:Chen (1999)
6058:Chen (1999)
5978:Chen (1999)
5954:Chen (1999)
5814:Mair (1991)
5597:Mair (1991)
5585:Mair (2013)
5149:26 February
5116:22 December
5036: [
4521:Thank you!
4469:你好吗?/ 你怎么样?
4462:你好嗎?/ 你怎麼樣?
4210:'this' and
4195:Old Chinese
3931:that-branch
3866:classifiers
3729:I not tired
3546:possessives
3321:; 'hemp'),
3261:approximant
2535:unaspirated
2404:mid-1990s.
2263:martial law
2074:. The name
1725:academies (
1716:(1542–1564)
1604:Late empire
1573:Han dynasty
1533:Philippines
1409:In Taiwan,
1272:. The 1655
1158:linguistics
1129:Like other
682:Pǔ-tong-huà
547:instead of
168:Old Chinese
157:Early forms
14668:Categories
14633:Vietnamese
14550:Mandailing
14522:Indonesian
14480:Indo-Aryan
14358:Baba Malay
14154:Vietnamese
14144:Sri Lankan
14102:Indonesian
14059:Immigrants
14006:Baba Malay
13926:Philippine
13919:Philippine
13900:Mandailing
13854:Indonesian
13641:Umaʼ Lasan
13531:Punan Batu
13476:Lun Bawang
13221:Semaq Beri
13076:Peninsular
13059:Nationwide
13051:Indigenous
13022:Sama–Bajaw
13017:Philippine
13007:Land Dayak
12876:Vietnamese
12864:Indonesian
12684:Fuzhounese
12544:Kanakanavu
12223:Portuguese
12168:XZ = Tibet
12159:MC = Macau
12099:Zhangzhung
11843:Sichuanese
11770:Vietnamese
11167:Hmong-Mien
11046:Waxianghua
10827:Khroskyabs
10115:Indigenous
10003:Prefecture
9978:Portuguese
9806:Wade–Giles
9705:Simplified
9600:Vernacular
9593:in Vietnam
9446:Simplified
9433:Biaoxingma
9380:Honorifics
9315:Historical
9260:Philippine
9250:Sichuanese
9177:Badong Yao
8881:Shao–Jiang
8752:Philippine
8560:Xiangxiang
8555:Shuangfeng
8300:Taizhou Wu
8083:Sichuanese
7639:Hsia, T.,
7150:11 January
7129:11 January
6982:Lin (1981)
6958:Lin (1981)
5651:Tam (2020)
5557:"Mandarin"
5445:(Thesis).
5062:References
4864:我的汉语说得不太好。
4857:我的漢語說得不太好。
4728:早上好! / 早安!
4624:。/ 不對。/ 不。
4514:Wǒ bú yào.
4000:honorifics
3994:Vocabulary
3841:tángguǒ(r)
3726:Wǒ bú lèi.
3542:adjectives
3284:diminutive
2671:Fricatives
2530:affricates
2373:See also:
2236:Kuomintang
1926:colloquial
1906:vocabulary
1806:After the
1589:rime books
1531:, and the
1339:and other
1237:In Chinese
1193:In English
974:Wade–Giles
818:Wade–Giles
660:Wade–Giles
132:Beijingese
14562:Baweanese
14535:Banjarese
14468:Malayalam
14463:Dravidian
14418:Hainanese
14413:Cantonese
14383:Singdarin
14195:By states
14049:Esperanto
13986:Chavacano
13799:Malayalam
13794:Dravidian
13721:Hainanese
13680:Cantonese
13616:Tombonuwo
13581:Sembakung
13401:Kalabakan
13351:Daro-Matu
13091:Cheq Wong
13029:Tai-Kadai
12946:Malaysian
12859:Malaysian
12822:Cantonese
12794:Auxiliary
12463:Ketagalan
12381:Favorlang
12228:Cantonese
12079:Tocharian
12013:Qoqmončaq
11965:Cantonese
11919:Shaojiang
11892:Hainanese
11821:Zhongyuan
11816:Jiao-Liao
11750:Esperanto
11652:Ili Turki
11359:Khamnigan
11224:Kiong Nai
10995:Zitsadegu
9973:Mongolian
9963:Cantonese
9744:Taiwanese
9734:Cantonese
9578:Classical
9538:Proto-Min
9473:Microsoft
9332:Cantonese
9308:Phonology
9289:Cantonese
9280:Singdarin
9265:Malaysian
9255:Taiwanese
9159:Rongjiang
9149:Yongjiang
9145:Southern
9130:Northern
9104:Luo–Guang
9013:Hong Kong
9008:Guangzhou
8964:Taiwanese
8957:Changting
8891:Zhanjiang
8805:Zhongshan
8772:Malaysian
8767:Singapore
8732:Zhangzhou
8684:Zhongshan
8577:Yong–Quan
8473:Jing-Zhan
8403:Xuancheng
8380:Jiangshan
8259:Changzhou
8180:Junjiahua
8033:Guanzhong
7916:Changchun
7788:166176089
7727:Lin, Y.,
7564:145009251
6522:17 August
6461:136508776
6348:143191355
6254:234515573
5721:原住民族語言發展法
5691:国语、普通话、华语
5403:Putonghua
5268:Putonghua
5183:Putonghua
5067:Citations
4838:到慕尼黑要多少钱?
4831:到慕尼黑要多少錢?
4742:Goodbye!
4709:您能说得再慢些吗?
4702:您能說得再慢些嗎?
4145:èr bǎ dāo
3984:compounds
3523:agreement
3511:particles
3433:retroflex
3412:retroflex
2603:aspirated
2473:Retroflex
2435:consonant
2419:Phonology
2387:Education
2336:Singdarin
2295:Singapore
2210:Putonghua
2202:Putonghua
2171:hau2 jyu5
2162:Cantonese
2158:diglossia
2146:Hong Kong
2130:Cantonese
2126:Guangdong
2122:Putonghua
2117:Putonghua
2091:Putonghua
2084:diglossia
2076:Putonghua
1972:Speaking
1895:phonology
1863:Putonghua
1651:The term
1647:) in 1742
1563:Confucius
1529:Indonesia
1521:Singapore
1505:Cantonese
1376:Putonghua
1372:Qu Qiubai
1368:Putonghua
1361:Putonghua
1321:Putonghua
1319:The term
1252:The word
1247:Putonghua
1124:Cantonese
1100:Singapore
696:Pǔtūnghwà
638:Pǔtōnghuà
565:Putonghua
478:Glottolog
452:ISO 639-6
440:ISO 639-3
411:Singapore
371:Hong Kong
281:Putonghua
71:Singapore
18:Putonghua
14613:Japanese
14608:Filipino
14598:Armenian
14572:Javanese
14567:Buginese
14530:Acehnese
14490:Gujarati
14378:Singlish
14373:Kristang
14314:Mandarin
14297:Official
14281:National
14134:Nepalese
14119:Japanese
14097:Filipino
14044:Tanglish
13996:Manglish
13991:Kristang
13890:Javanese
13885:Buginese
13873:Madurese
13863:Acehnese
13828:Gujarati
13656:minority
13626:Tringgus
13591:Serudung
13421:Kendayan
13391:Jangkang
13273:Malaysia
13161:Mah Meri
13151:Kristang
13078:Malaysia
12972:Families
12938:Official
12844:Japanese
12839:Filipino
12653:Southern
12621:Mandarin
12509:Southern
12490:Sakizaya
12430:Saisiyat
12368:Northern
12322:Atayalic
12313:Formosan
12216:Official
12023:Tangwang
12003:Macanese
11998:Lingling
11931:Northern
11914:Northern
11877:Southern
11796:Mandarin
11723:Minority
11683:Sarikoli
11596:Tungusic
11557:Naxi Yao
11502:Cao Miao
11426:Ningming
11326:Mongolic
11302:Dzao Min
11297:Biao Min
11254:Qo Xiong
11249:Pingtang
10945:Dongwang
10887:Tshobdun
10812:Guiqiong
10414:Sangkong
10189:Muangphe
10151:Mondzish
10105:numerous
10096:Counties
9943:Regional
9927:Official
9828:Bopomofo
9757:Phonetic
9749:Two-cell
9678:Clerical
9588:in Japan
9583:Adoption
9571:Official
9562:Literary
9437:Boshiamy
9414:Xiehouyu
9370:Numerals
9347:Mandarin
9275:Standard
9235:Standard
9109:Qin–Lian
9099:Yong–Xun
9084:Gao–Yang
9030:Jiujiang
9018:Malaysia
8952:Tingzhou
8903:Wenchang
8864:Jianyang
8854:Northern
8813:Sanxiang
8727:Quanzhou
8710:Southern
8679:Manjiang
8543:Changsha
8503:Nanchang
8498:Chang–Du
8395:Xuanzhou
8385:Qingtian
8339:Wencheng
8285:Jiangyin
8280:Jinxiang
8270:Shaoxing
8264:Hangzhou
8244:Shanghai
8185:Qinjiang
8093:Minjiang
8065:Xinjiang
8023:Dongping
7987:Jiaoliao
7926:Shenyang
7899:Mandarin
7504:(1988),
7492:15 April
7461:15 April
7435:(1991),
7234:(1948),
6580:7275961M
6516:archived
6423:archived
6395:archived
6278:archived
6201:ABC News
6154:archived
6039:27 April
6033:archived
5884:(1742),
5694:Archived
5627:清文化与满族精神
5338:(2008),
5187:de facto
4967:See also
4767:Zàijiàn!
4375:English
4368:Examples
4167:kōu ménr
4122:(大)老爷儿们儿
3986:and for
3870:numerals
3643:gōngzuò.
3471:, final
3416:alveolar
3351:murmured
3248:⟩
3244:⟨
3236:⟩
3232:⟨
3224:⟩
3220:⟨
3202:⟩
3198:⟨
3190:⟩
3186:⟨
3174:⟩
3170:⟨
3162:⟩
3158:⟨
3150:⟩
3146:⟨
3138:⟩
3134:⟨
3122:⟩
3118:⟨
3110:⟩
3106:⟨
3098:⟩
3094:⟨
3086:⟩
3082:⟨
3074:⟩
3070:⟨
3058:⟩
3054:⟨
3046:⟩
3042:⟨
3034:⟩
3030:⟨
3022:⟩
3018:⟨
3010:⟩
3006:⟨
2998:⟩
2994:⟨
2982:⟩
2978:⟨
2970:⟩
2966:⟨
2958:⟩
2954:⟨
2944:⟩
2940:⟨
2932:⟩
2928:⟨
2920:⟩
2916:⟨
2908:⟩
2904:⟨
2896:⟩
2892:⟨
2884:⟩
2880:⟨
2872:⟩
2868:⟨
2860:⟩
2856:⟨
2848:⟩
2844:⟨
2836:⟩
2832:⟨
2824:⟩
2820:⟨
2812:⟩
2808:⟨
2789:phonemic
2468:sibilant
2462:Alveolar
2397:Yangzhou
2354:Malaysia
2280:護照條例施行細則
2160:between
1899:phonetic
1723:orthoepy
1705:—
1679:Sanskrit
1674:mandarim
1525:Malaysia
1509:Mandarin
1463:Zhongwen
1440:Zhongwen
1384:Mandopop
1353:国家通用语言文字
1207:Mandarin
1170:Mandarin
1082:form of
1080:standard
960:Bopomofo
804:Bopomofo
646:Bopomofo
553:Help:IPA
395:Malaysia
328:Malaysia
288:de facto
286:Taiwan (
277:de facto
122:Mandarin
14603:Burmese
14545:Angkola
14510:Sinhala
14500:Punjabi
14485:Bengali
14443:Teochew
14438:Hokkien
14433:Hokchew
14428:Henghwa
14408:Sinitic
14400:Chinese
14304:English
14114:Persian
14082:Burmese
14077:Bengali
14067:African
13978:Creoles
13936:Maranao
13895:Kerinci
13838:Punjabi
13758:Teochew
13736:Hokkien
13663:Chinese
13611:Timugon
13571:Sekapan
13491:Momogun
13486:Melanau
13466:Lengilu
13456:Lahanan
13416:Kelabit
13406:Kanowit
13396:Kajaman
13341:Bukitan
13311:Bintulu
13301:Berawan
13226:Semelai
13136:Kenaboi
13101:Jah Hut
13046:Natives
13012:Malayic
12951:English
12817:English
12757:Zhao'an
12752:Raoping
12701:Pu-Xian
12676:Eastern
12612:Sinitic
12577:Batanic
12500:Taivoan
12485:Qauqaut
12480:Makatao
12473:Luilang
12458:Kavalan
12249:English
12094:Xianbei
12089:Tuyuhun
12059:Old Yue
12037:Extinct
12018:Sanqiao
11909:Central
11899:Eastern
11882:Hokkien
11826:Lan-Yin
11806:Beijing
11788:Chinese
11745:Russian
11507:Chadong
11487:Ai-Cham
11456:Tai Nüa
11441:Tai Dón
11436:Tai Dam
11394:Kra-Dai
11364:Monguor
11354:Kangjia
11312:Kim Mun
11307:Iu Mien
11229:Luobohe
11219:Huishui
11199:Guiyang
11176:Hmongic
11137:Palaung
11127:Man Met
11031:Longjia
10980:Ladakhi
10975:Kyirong
10965:Khalong
10950:Drugchu
10907:Tibetic
10877:Shixing
10789:Qiangic
10570:Alingpo
10562:Nisoish
10547:Yangliu
10542:Xuzhang
10472:Laizisi
10467:Kuamasi
10462:Kua-nsi
10444:Lisoish
10424:Tsukong
10364:Laomian
10289:Baihong
10256:Hanoish
10247:Loloish
10232:Lhao Vo
10227:Chashan
10212:Xiandao
10199:Burmish
10142:Burmese
10100:Banners
10056:Tai Nüa
9983:Tibetan
9968:English
9727:Braille
9688:Cursive
9638:Scripts
9505:History
9495:ZhengMa
9441:Cangjie
9407:Chengyu
9362:Grammar
9337:Hokkien
9294:Hokkien
9202:Waxiang
9182:Danzhou
9154:Guandao
9139:Younian
9134:Tongdao
9123:Pinghua
9063:Taishan
8979:Raoping
8947:Huizhou
8937:Meixian
8913:Banqiao
8886:Leizhou
8876:Pu–Xian
8871:Central
8859:Jian'ou
8834:Longyan
8782:Teochew
8719:Hokkien
8694:Nanlang
8650:Fu–Ning
8630:Changle
8612:Houguan
8603:Eastern
8550:Loushao
8538:Changyi
8520:Da–Tong
8515:Ying–Yi
8461:Yanzhou
8329:Wenzhou
8322:Oujiang
8313:Tiantai
8308:Taizhou
8217:Zhi–Yan
8164:Nantong
8159:Nanjing
8134:Gui–Liu
8124:Nanping
8119:Kunming
8045:Luoyang
8000:Qingdao
7972:Tianjin
7949:Beijing
7941:Beijing
7658:(hbk);
7506:Chinese
6160:18 July
5940:6 March
5795:],
5728:],
5460:cohorts
5364:fangyan
5203:國家語言發展法
5185:enjoys
4890:你会说英语吗?
4883:你會說英語嗎?
4786:去机场怎么走?
4779:去機場怎麼走?
4488:我很好,你呢?
4449:Wǒ jiào
4423:你叫什么名字?
4416:你叫什麼名字?
4404:Nǐ hǎo!
4389:Hello!
4384:Pinyin
4280:'that'.
4083:bànsuàn
3928:nèi-zhī
3906:sān-běn
3887:one-top
3884:yī-dǐng
3819:already
3604:péngyǒu
3554:adverbs
3491:Grammar
2478:Palatal
2466:Dental
2369:Myanmar
2323:Teochew
2319:Hokkien
1933:grammar
1748:Beijing
1695:Guanhua
1685:mantrin
1653:Guanhua
1539:History
1279:Nurhaci
1219:Guanhua
1116:lexicon
966:ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄩˇ
810:ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄩˇ
549:Unicode
275:China (
117:Chinese
112:Sinitic
14623:Nepali
14618:Korean
14593:Arabic
14505:Sindhi
14473:Telugu
14455:Indian
14124:Korean
14072:Arabic
13957:Others
13941:Molbog
13931:Iranun
13878:Bawean
13868:Banjar
13816:Telugu
13787:Indian
13714:Fuzhou
13709:Fuqing
13601:Sungai
13546:Sa'ban
13516:Paluan
13511:Okolod
13451:Kuijau
13381:Ida'an
13356:Dumpas
13321:Bookan
13316:Bonggi
13306:Biatah
13296:Belait
13251:Temuan
13241:Temiar
13231:Semnam
13171:Mintil
13166:Minriq
13146:Kintaq
13141:Kensiu
13096:Duanoʼ
12985:Aslian
12849:Korean
12737:Sixian
12634:Junhua
12549:Saaroa
12536:Tsouic
12526:Puyuma
12521:Paiwan
12495:Siraya
12419:Kaxabu
12403:Arikun
12398:Hoanya
12393:Papora
12386:Taokas
12376:Babuza
12351:Rukaic
12335:Seediq
12330:Atayal
12074:Tangut
12064:Rouran
12054:Khitan
12044:Ba–Shu
12008:Maojia
11993:Hezhou
11904:Puxian
11887:Teoswa
11772:(Kinh)
11740:Kyrgyz
11735:Korean
11730:Kazakh
11634:Turkic
11619:Oroqen
11609:Manchu
11604:Evenki
11572:Qabiao
11562:Ong Be
11547:Maonan
11537:Lakkja
11527:Jiamao
11497:Buyang
11461:Tai Ya
11451:Tai Lü
11411:Bouyei
11403:Zhuang
11384:Torgut
11339:Buryat
11289:Mienic
11279:Younuo
11259:Raojia
11239:Pa-Hng
11234:Mashan
11204:Hm Nai
11189:Bu-Nao
11184:A-Hmao
11107:Bumang
11026:Jingpo
11021:Derung
11016:Caijia
10990:Zhongu
10960:Gserpa
10852:Namuyi
10822:Japhug
10771:Zauzou
10746:Namuyi
10731:Kucong
10705:Zokhuo
10700:Thopho
10680:Phupha
10665:Phukha
10610:Khlula
10552:Zibusi
10537:Toloza
10532:Sonaga
10517:Mangdi
10512:Lolopo
10457:Hlersu
10394:Phana’
10389:Nuomei
10369:Laopin
10304:Bukong
10279:Angluo
10207:Achang
10184:Mondzi
10086:Zhuang
10061:Tai Lü
10051:Kazakh
10046:Kyrgyz
10031:Korean
10021:Bouyei
9993:Zhuang
9988:Uyghur
9796:Postal
9791:MPS II
9668:Bronze
9548:Ba–Shu
9468:Google
9463:Pinyin
9399:Idioms
9212:Yeheni
9094:Wu–Hua
9089:Goulou
9068:Xinhui
9045:Dapeng
9040:Weitou
9025:Xiguan
9000:Yuehai
8969:Sixian
8908:Haikou
8898:Hainan
8829:Zhenan
8795:Haklau
8790:Swatow
8762:Penang
8747:Taiwan
8742:Chawan
8689:Longdu
8658:Ningde
8635:Gutian
8625:Fuqing
8620:Fuzhou
8582:Qiyang
8565:Wugang
8510:Yi–Liu
8437:Xiu-Yi
8425:Ji-She
8375:Quzhou
8367:Chu–Qu
8357:Jinhua
8349:Wuzhou
8334:Rui'an
8275:Ningbo
8249:Suzhou
8139:Wuming
8110:Zigong
8098:Leshan
8060:Lanyin
8055:Dungan
8050:Xuzhou
8028:Gangou
8005:Weihai
7995:Dalian
7954:Taiwan
7921:Harbin
7823:Video
7786:
7749:
7666:(pbk).
7662:
7654:
7630:
7598:
7579:
7562:
7531:
7512:
7421:
7402:
7384:
7365:
7320:
7305:606615
7303:
7269:
7246:
7220:
7198:
6906:
6872:24 May
6790:
6605:31 May
6578:
6568:
6459:
6346:
6306:
6252:
6242:
6113:Xinhua
5865:
5841:
5419:Suzhou
5393:
5350:
5256:
5214:22 May
5173:
5140:
4645:When?
4546:Xièxie
4250:) for
4156:gēménr
4116:chūliū
4094:bù lìn
4049:zánmen
3895:màozi,
3827:mǎi-le
3816:yǐjīng
3723:我 不 累。
3665:copula
3629:zhè-ge
3615:zuò-le
3607:friend
3531:aspect
3529:, but
3519:number
3459:, and
3447:, and
2490:Nasals
2457:Labial
2309:, and
2228:Taiwan
2216:Taiwan
2025:Status
1879:Taiwan
1857:, the
1848:国音常用字汇
1844:國音常用字彙
1765:kokugo
1643:(with
1629:), or
1578:tōngyǔ
1511:, and
1388:国语流行音乐
1303:kokugo
1188:Naming
1104:Taiwan
1102:, and
1066::
1064:pinyin
1060:現代標準漢語
1058::
1052:现代标准汉语
1050::
996:Huá-yǔ
981:Hua-yü
840:Guó-yǔ
825:Kuo-yü
523:
517:
511:
505:
499:
359:Taiwan
67:Taiwan
14586:Other
14540:Batak
14495:Hindi
14423:Hakka
14319:Tamil
14309:Malay
14288:Malay
14164:Signs
14087:Khmer
14039:Rojak
13946:Suluk
13833:Hindi
13804:Tamil
13694:Hakka
13631:Tutoh
13621:Tring
13606:Tagol
13566:Sebop
13541:Remun
13536:Penan
13521:Papar
13501:Narom
13471:Lotud
13461:Lelak
13436:Kiput
13411:Kayan
13386:Jagoi
13371:Ganaʼ
13361:Dusun
13291:Bajau
13286:Bahau
13261:Wila'
13246:Temoq
13216:Semai
13211:Sabüm
13156:Lanoh
13116:Jedek
13111:Jakun
13106:Jahai
13086:Batek
13066:Malay
13048:&
12854:Malay
12742:Hailu
12724:Hakka
12516:Bunun
12468:Basay
12425:Kulon
12415:Pazeh
12358:Rukai
12340:Truku
12237:Other
12084:Tuoba
12028:Wutun
11943:Xiang
11936:Auish
11862:Hakka
11811:Ji-Lu
11776:Wakhi
11765:Uzbek
11760:Tuvan
11755:Tatar
11676:Other
11662:Salar
11614:Nanai
11552:Mulam
11517:Gelao
11480:Other
11379:Santa
11374:Ordos
11369:Oirat
11334:Bonan
11274:Xixiu
11244:Pa Na
11209:Hmong
11194:Gejia
11142:Riang
11102:Bugan
11097:Bolyu
11092:Blang
11041:Tujia
11004:Other
10985:Tseku
10970:Khams
10955:Groma
10935:Choni
10925:Basum
10920:Baima
10897:Zhaba
10817:Horpa
10802:Choyo
10797:Baima
10766:Sanie
10741:Naruo
10726:Katso
10721:Gokhy
10714:Other
10690:Samei
10685:Phuza
10675:Phupa
10670:Phuma
10660:Phowa
10655:Phola
10650:Phala
10645:Nuosu
10600:Bokha
10575:Alugu
10522:Micha
10434:Yiche
10419:Suobi
10384:Nuobi
10354:Kaduo
10349:Kabie
10329:Habei
10319:Duota
10314:Duoni
10309:Cosao
10237:Zaiwa
10222:Lashi
10174:Mango
10169:Manga
10164:Maang
10159:Kathu
10140:Lolo-
10066:Zaiwa
10036:Qiang
10026:Tujia
10011:Hmong
9860:Nüshu
9564:forms
9478:Sogou
9425:Input
9299:Hakka
9237:forms
9077:Other
9035:Shiqi
8974:Hailu
8942:Wuhua
8929:Hakka
8847:Other
8822:Other
8757:Pedan
8672:Other
8663:Fu'an
8640:Matsu
8572:Ji–Xu
8530:Xiang
8480:]
8468:]
8456:]
8449:Qi-De
8444:]
8432:]
8290:Shadi
8236:Taihu
8190:Gyami
8173:Other
8129:Wuhan
8038:Xi'an
7977:Jinan
7784:S2CID
7560:S2CID
7486:(PDF)
7475:(PDF)
7455:(PDF)
7440:(PDF)
7301:JSTOR
6866:(PDF)
6855:(PDF)
6801:(PDF)
6780:(PDF)
6457:S2CID
6344:S2CID
6250:S2CID
6179:(PDF)
5890:[
5833:[
5791:[
5788:客家基本法
5768:(PDF)
5757:(PDF)
5724:[
5531:(PDF)
5520:(PDF)
5454:(PDF)
5443:(PDF)
5415:Wuhan
5312:(PDF)
5305:(PDF)
5040:]
5004:Notes
4998:Yayan
4916:我没有钱。
4909:我沒有錢。
4657:什么时候?
4650:什麼時候?
4602:。/ 嗯。
4598:是。 /
4591:。/ 嗯。
4442:我叫...
4346:那裏/那裡
4340:這裏/這裡
4328:zhèlǐ
4055:wǒmen
3998:Many
3844:candy
3824:买了/買了
3813:已经/已經
3797:money
3794:qián,
3770:wǒmen
3767:我们/我們
3745:妈妈/媽媽
3719:tired
3632:this-
3626:这个/這個
3590:tā-de
3421:erhua
3386:erhua
3289:erhua
2525:Stops
2483:Velar
2439:glide
2327:Hakka
2311:Tamil
2307:Malay
2289:Hoklo
2251:Hakka
2150:Macau
1961:1984
1922:Greek
1918:Latin
1914:slang
1875:Guoyu
1780:Guoyu
1756:Guoyu
1681:word
1568:yayan
1517:Huayu
1489:Huayu
1482:Huayu
1471:Hanyu
1447:Hanyu
1436:Hanyu
1429:Guoyu
1419:Hakka
1411:Guoyu
1380:Guoyu
1294:Guoyu
1285:清太祖實錄
1254:Guoyu
1243:Guoyu
1180:, or
1137:with
1010:Hwáyǔ
952:Huáyǔ
883:Huayu
854:Gwóyǔ
796:Guóyǔ
725:Guoyu
383:Macau
302:Huayu
293:Guoyu
290:, as
279:, as
14628:Thai
14555:Toba
14172:Main
14149:Thai
14139:Urdu
13964:Cham
13910:Rawa
13843:Urdu
13636:Ukit
13596:Sian
13586:Seru
13556:Sama
13376:Iban
13281:Abai
13271:East
12930:Main
12871:Thai
12747:Dabu
12585:Yami
12554:Tsou
12453:Amis
12445:East
12435:Thao
12408:Lloa
12108:Sign
12069:Saka
11970:Ping
11691:Tsat
11642:Äynu
11624:Xibe
11582:Then
11567:Paha
11522:Hlai
11492:Biao
11466:Yang
11431:Nong
11344:Daur
11122:Mang
11117:Kuan
11036:Nung
10915:Amdo
10882:Situ
10862:Pumi
10857:Naxi
10847:Muya
10837:Lizu
10832:Laze
10807:Ersu
10761:Samu
10756:Nusu
10751:Naxi
10736:Lahu
10695:Sani
10640:Nisu
10635:Nasu
10630:Muzi
10625:Muji
10620:Moji
10615:Lope
10605:Gepo
10595:Azhe
10590:Azha
10580:Aluo
10527:Mili
10507:Lisu
10502:Lipo
10497:Limi
10492:Lawu
10487:Lavu
10482:Lamu
10477:Lalo
10429:Woni
10409:Sadu
10404:Qidi
10399:Piyo
10379:Muda
10359:Lami
10344:Jino
10339:Honi
10334:Hani
10299:Budu
10294:Bisu
10284:Asuo
10269:Akha
10264:Akeu
10217:Pela
10179:Maza
10081:Hani
10071:Lisu
9955:SARs
9821:Yale
9811:EFEO
9673:Seal
9458:Dayi
9055:Siyi
8737:Amoy
8254:Wuxi
8151:Huai
7964:Jilu
7747:ISBN
7660:ISBN
7652:ISBN
7628:ISBN
7596:ISBN
7577:ISBN
7529:ISBN
7510:ISBN
7494:2018
7463:2018
7419:ISBN
7400:ISBN
7382:ISBN
7363:ISBN
7318:ISBN
7267:ISBN
7244:ISBN
7218:ISBN
7196:ISBN
7152:2022
7131:2022
6904:ISBN
6874:2020
6788:ISBN
6607:2020
6566:ISBN
6524:2019
6431:2011
6403:2011
6376:2011
6304:ISBN
6286:2017
6240:ISBN
6208:2021
6162:2011
6041:2010
5942:2024
5863:ISBN
5839:ISBN
5417:and
5391:ISBN
5360:tuyu
5348:ISBN
5254:ISBN
5216:2019
5171:ISBN
5151:2020
5138:ISBN
5118:2021
4683:多少钱?
4676:多少錢?
4587:。 /
4507:我不要。
4452:...
4355:and
4343:and
4334:nàlǐ
4268:for
4227:and
4183:and
4072:bèir
4005:jiàn
3920:book
3917:shū,
3914:书/書,
3832:PERF
3830:buy-
3791:钱/錢,
3762:give
3748:Māma
3716:lèi.
3620:PERF
3548:and
3515:case
3483:and
3475:and
3467:and
3435:and
3403:ménr
3274:The
3246:iong
3172:uang
3056:iang
2650:t͡ɕʰ
2640:ʈ͡ʂʰ
2630:t͡sʰ
2443:tone
2148:and
2070:and
1931:The
1920:and
1904:The
1893:The
1824:国音字典
1820:國音字典
1727:正音書院
1665:Ming
1627:中国官话
1623:中國官話
1557:and
1549:The
1438:and
1424:國家語言
1417:and
1398:国语电影
1245:and
1075:lit.
484:None
403:and
87:and
14129:Lao
13699:Min
13675:Yue
13181:Mos
13034:Tai
12644:Min
12049:Jie
11960:Yue
11953:Old
11948:New
11872:Min
11867:Hui
11857:Gan
11833:Jin
11657:Lop
11577:Sui
11542:Mak
11532:Kam
11512:Cun
11471:Yei
11421:Min
11416:Dai
11264:She
11214:Hmu
11087:Bit
11011:Bai
10940:Dao
10892:Zbu
10585:Axi
10452:Eka
10374:Mpi
10324:Enu
10274:Amu
10076:Bai
10016:Kam
9951:ARs
9553:Gan
9453:CKC
9320:Old
9197:She
9187:Mai
8991:Yue
8594:Min
8490:Gan
8417:Hui
8266:(?)
8204:Jin
7931:Taz
7774:doi
7713:doi
7680:doi
7552:doi
7341:doi
7293:doi
7289:120
7188:doi
6449:doi
6336:doi
6230:doi
6043:,
5493:doi
5413:,
4349:to
4314:hàn
4303:zǒu
4286:gǎn
4259:zhè
4253:zhè
4207:zhè
4162:抠门儿
4151:哥们儿
4140:二把刀
4105:cuō
4023:guì
3978:In
3942:pen
3936:笔/筆
3898:hat
3892:帽子,
3838:糖果。
3785:REL
3759:gěi
3756:给/給
3751:Mom
3708:not
3670:shì
3646:job
3640:工作。
3618:do-
3595:GEN
3593:he-
3582:for
3579:wèi
3576:为/為
3525:or
3397:mén
3241:iuŋ
3234:uan
3229:yen
3167:uaŋ
3160:ong
3148:uan
3143:uan
3131:uən
3120:uai
3115:uai
3103:uei
3051:iaŋ
3044:ing
3032:ian
3027:ien
3008:iao
3003:iau
2991:iou
2930:ang
2918:eng
2581:t͡ɕ
2571:ʈ͡ʂ
2561:t͡s
2527:and
2180:書面語
2144:In
2134:Han
2014:50
2000:40
1986:54
1908:of
1871:普通話
1867:普通话
1778:as
1406:).
1386:' (
1329:普通話
1325:普通话
1290:Han
1201:or
1164:or
1018:IPA
862:IPA
704:IPA
599:普通话
583:普通話
535:IPA
14670::
12827:Wu
11926:Wu
11157:Wa
11152:Va
11112:Hu
10842:Na
10041:Yi
9953:/
8478:zh
8466:zh
8454:zh
8442:zh
8430:zh
8227:Wu
7830:,
7782:,
7770:77
7768:,
7709:33
7707:.
7676:12
7674:,
7558:,
7546:,
7448:29
7446:,
7442:,
7337:33
7335:,
7299:,
7287:,
7242:,
7238:,
7194:,
7160:,
7138:,
7117:,
6857:,
6596:,
6576:OL
6574:,
6539:,
6514:,
6508:,
6489:,
6455:,
6342:,
6332:16
6330:,
6326:,
6270:,
6248:,
6238:,
6224:,
6199:,
6181:,
6152:,
6148:,
6130:,
6111:,
5821:^
5759:,
5742:^
5643:^
5604:^
5573:^
5559:,
5522:,
5501:,
5489:59
5487:,
5473:^
5428:^
5399:,
5373:^
5356:,
5327:^
5290:^
5262:,
5236:^
5206:.
5179:,
5109:,
5098:^
5038:zh
4758:再见
4748:再見
4622:不是
4537:谢谢
4527:謝謝
4395:你好
4358:那里
4352:这里
4277:nà
4271:nà
4235:bǐ
4224:cǐ
4213:nà
4111:出溜
4089:不吝
4078:拌蒜
4067:倍儿
4032:;
4014:;
3990:.
3961:ge
3939:bǐ
3925:那支
3903:三本
3881:一顶
3872:,
3805:wǒ
3781:de
3773:us
3713:累。
3705:bú
3694:Wǒ
3634:CL
3612:做了
3601:朋友
3587:他的
3571:He
3568:Tā
3556:,
3544:,
3477:ng
3455:,
3449:sh
3445:ch
3443:,
3441:zh
3424:.
3406:.
3364:;
3358:ma
3345:;
3338:mà
3331:;
3324:mǎ
3312:má
3305:;
3298:mā
3292:.
3280:-r
3222:un
3217:yn
3200:üe
3195:ye
3155:uŋ
3136:un
3108:ui
3096:ua
3091:ua
3084:uo
3079:uo
3039:iŋ
3020:in
3015:in
2996:iu
2980:ia
2975:ia
2968:ie
2963:ie
2942:er
2925:aŋ
2913:əŋ
2906:an
2901:an
2894:en
2889:ən
2882:ao
2877:au
2870:ou
2865:ou
2858:ai
2853:ai
2846:ei
2841:ei
2805:ɹ̩
2660:kʰ
2620:tʰ
2610:pʰ
2445:.
2329:.
2321:,
2182:;
2168:;
2166:口語
2011:90
2008:41
1997:77
1994:11
1983:91
1980:54
1869:;
1846:;
1822:;
1788:國語
1786:;
1784:国语
1771:国語
1729:;
1710:,
1661:官话
1659:;
1657:官話
1625:;
1584:通語
1535:.
1527:,
1523:,
1507:,
1497:華語
1495:;
1493:华语
1467:中文
1461:.
1455:漢語
1453:;
1451:汉语
1400:;
1390:;
1343:.
1327:;
1309:国語
1262:國語
1260:;
1258:国语
1227:官话
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1223:官話
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