22:
728:
in
Belgium. The Germans opened up 168 tons of chlorine gas on the French, Canadian and British troops which created a wind-borne cloud of chemical gas that opened up a breach in the lines. However, the Germans were not prepared to exploit the opening. In 1917 the Germans also introduced the agent
708:
is the most dangerous commonly used pulmonary agent (although disulfur decafluoride and perfluoroisobutene are both even more dangerous, with respectively 4 and 10 times the lethality of phosgene, neither is widely used). It is a colorless gas under ordinary conditions. It has a vapor density 3.4
715:
is an element used in industry. It is one of the most commonly manufactured chemicals in the United States. It is used to make pesticides, rubber, and solvents. It is also used in drinking water and swimming pools to kill bacteria. The extent of poisoning chlorine causes depends on the amount of
729:
phosgene. By then both sides had mastered the techniques of new choking agents such as diphosgene, chloropicrin, and perfluoroisobutene which allowed numerous attacks to be made. By the end of World War I, phosgene was responsible for roughly 80% of all deaths related to chemical attacks.
654:. Exposure of the eyes and skin tends to be corrosive, causing blurred vision and severe deep burns. Inhalation of these agents causes burning of the throat, coughing, vomiting, headache, pain in chest, tightness in chest, and respiratory and circulatory failure.
709:
times greater than that of air, allowing it to remain low in the air for long periods of times. Phosgene leads to massive pulmonary edema, which reaches maximum symptoms in 12 hours after exposure, followed by death within 24 to 48 hours.
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51:
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2007:
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34:
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2049:
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1521:
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38:
30:
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2119:
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1701:
1052:
1042:
889:
725:
194:
184:
55:
2491:
2018:
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684:
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2227:
2154:
2109:
2074:
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1603:
1102:
972:
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813:
650:. Such compounds operate by causing a build-up of fluids in the lungs, which then leads to
494:
155:
150:
8:
2851:
2511:
2279:
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2202:
2134:
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1742:
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1322:
1133:
960:
934:
924:
894:
768:
Weapons of Mass
Destruction: An Encyclopedia of Worldwide Policy, Technology, and History
747:
Introduction to weapons of mass destruction : radiological, chemical, and biological
699:
512:
477:
472:
368:
245:
145:
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94:
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138:
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2099:
2001:
1945:
1908:
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1955:
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108:
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2012:
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738:
U.S. Army
Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense. (Sep. 1995).
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1824:
1802:
1779:
1516:
1357:
1150:
1014:
953:
879:
525:
740:
Medical
Management of Chemical Casualties Handbook: Pulmonary Agents
2856:
2757:
2666:
2631:
2536:
2450:
2360:
2310:
2193:
2182:
2159:
2149:
2129:
2024:
1991:
1985:
1975:
1375:
1347:
1342:
1337:
978:
837:
724:
The first major use of these agents came on April 22, 1915, at the
712:
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694:
678:
661:
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462:
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393:
388:
383:
213:
208:
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1980:
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2486:
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2269:
1415:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1057:
859:
579:
569:
125:
2767:
2682:
2641:
1928:
1332:
1327:
1317:
1156:
1139:
1092:
378:
373:
363:
358:
260:
250:
1411:
Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)
1938:
1933:
1492:
2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate
2325:
1878:
749:. (Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Interscience, 2004)
2892:
43:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
770:. (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2005).
789:
615:
796:
782:
622:
608:
646:designed to impede a victim's ability to
74:Learn how and when to remove this message
716:chlorine to which a person is exposed.
2893:
1677:Methylphosphonyl dichloride (dichloro)
1671:Methylphosphonyl difluoride (difluoro)
657:Examples of pulmonary agents include:
1919:Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TETS)
777:
15:
2008:Dimethyl(trifluoromethylthio)arsine
766:Eric A. Croddy and James J. Wirtz,
13:
1624:Dimethylamidophosphoric dichloride
14:
2912:
1639:Ethylphosphonoselenoic dichloride
1629:Dimethylamidophosphoric dicyanide
1467:Dicyclohexyl phosphorofluoridate
910:2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin
20:
2875:List of chemical warfare agents
1098:Dibutylchloromethyltin chloride
596:List of chemical warfare agents
1:
732:
1951:Trimethylolpropane phosphite
1497:Neopentylene fluorophosphate
752:Reaching Critical Will.org,
7:
1733:3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol
1593:N,N-Diisopropylaminoethanol
1462:Diisopropyl fluorophosphate
10:
2917:
2572:Hexamethylene diisocyanate
2040:Phenylcarbylamine chloride
1366:Dimethylcarbamoyl fluoride
719:
513:Dimethylheptylpyran (DMHP)
2870:
2830:Fluoroethyl fluoroacetate
2811:
2675:
2624:
2585:
2449:
2226:
2173:
2035:Perchloromethyl mercaptan
1964:
1765:
1540:
1454:
1446:4-686-293-01 (Agent 1-10)
1356:
1303:
1287:
1214:
1124:
1115:
1085:
1066:
1033:
999:
952:
943:
828:
742:. Retrieved Nov. 7, 2004.
156:Phenyldichloroarsine (PD)
151:Methyldichloroarsine (MD)
2547:Chloroacetophenone oxime
2532:Bromomethyl ethyl ketone
2140:Trifluoroacetyl chloride
2050:Tetrachlorodinitroethane
1697:Phosphorus pentachloride
1522:Methanesulfonyl fluoride
146:Ethyldichloroarsine (ED)
29:This article includes a
2826:(variants and mixtures)
2095:Trichloronitrosomethane
2090:Trifluoronitrosomethane
1665:Methyldichlorophosphine
483:Diphenylamincyanoarsine
58:more precise citations.
2625:Cornea-clouding agents
2120:Phosphorus trichloride
1702:Phosphorus trichloride
1436:Miotine (AR-28/T-1843)
890:Phosphorus trifluoride
726:Second Battle of Ypres
116:Cyanogen chloride (CK)
2019:Disulfur decafluoride
1820:Chlorophenylsilatrane
1728:2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
685:Disulfur decafluoride
644:chemical weapon agent
495:Incapacitating agents
441:Disulfur decafluoride
121:Hydrogen cyanide (AC)
2819:Methyl fluoroacetate
2647:Methyl cyanoacrylate
2567:Allyl isothiocyanate
2155:Uranium hexafluoride
2110:Dinitrogen tetroxide
2055:Chlorine trifluoride
1103:Selenium oxychloride
973:Phenyldichloroarsine
967:Methyldichloroarsine
905:Nickel tetracarbonyl
745:Roland E. Langford,
2512:Bromobenzyl cyanide
2280:Dimethylheptylpyran
2208:Diphenylcyanoarsine
2203:Diphenylchlorarsine
2135:Methyl vinyl ketone
2060:Perchloryl fluoride
1924:Bicyclic phosphates
1743:Trimethyl phosphite
1692:Phosphoryl chloride
961:Ethyldichloroarsine
935:Chloral cyanohydrin
925:Acetone cyanohydrin
895:Methyl cyanoformate
700:Diphenylcyanoarsine
550:Riot-control (RCAs)
478:Diphenylcyanoarsine
473:Diphenylchlorarsine
204:Phosgene oxime (CX)
89:Part of a series on
2880:CB military symbol
2738:Enterotoxin type B
2693:Cyclopiazonic acid
2652:N-Methylmorpholine
2552:Ethyl bromoacetate
2030:Ethyl bromoacetate
1997:Perfluoroisobutene
1738:Triethyl phosphite
1009:Levinstein mustard
900:Iron pentacarbonyl
690:Perfluoroisobutene
31:list of references
2888:
2887:
2698:Histrionicotoxins
2676:Biological toxins
2557:Ethyl iodoacetate
2125:Methyl isocyanate
2085:Selenoyl fluoride
2075:Mercuric chloride
2045:Tetranitromethane
1899:Sulfuryl fluoride
1884:HN3 hydrochloride
1879:HN2 hydrochloride
1874:HN1 hydrochloride
1761:
1760:
1718:Phenacyl chloride
1713:Pinacolyl alcohol
1659:Isopropyl alcohol
1654:4-Hydroxycoumarin
1588:1,8-Dibromooctane
1111:
1110:
1035:Nitrogen mustards
848:Cyanogen chloride
632:
631:
588:
587:
565:Pepper spray (OC)
425:Chloropicrin (PS)
412:Pulmonary/choking
402:
401:
84:
83:
76:
2908:
2901:Pulmonary agents
2862:White phosphorus
2839:post-combustion
2835:Depleted uranium
2662:Osmium tetroxide
2542:Phenacyl bromide
2105:Nitrogen dioxide
2080:Selenium dioxide
2070:Cadmium chloride
1527:Dimefox (TL-792)
1122:
1121:
950:
949:
875:Hydrogen sulfide
854:Hydrogen cyanide
843:Cyanogen bromide
809:chemical warfare
798:
791:
784:
775:
774:
754:Chemical Weapons
636:pulmonary agent,
624:
617:
610:
502:
501:
256:Chlorosarin (GC)
232:
231:
178:Nitrogen mustard
171:
86:
85:
79:
72:
68:
65:
59:
54:this article by
45:inline citations
24:
23:
16:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2866:
2807:
2718:Botulinum toxin
2671:
2620:
2581:
2497:Benzyl chloride
2452:
2445:
2229:
2222:
2213:Cacodyl cyanide
2175:Vomiting agents
2169:
1967:
1960:
1869:Dimethylmercury
1791:Botulinum toxin
1757:
1536:
1450:
1352:
1305:Novichok agents
1299:
1283:
1210:
1107:
1081:
1062:
1029:
1001:Sulfur mustards
995:
939:
885:Carbon monoxide
865:Cacodyl cyanide
824:
823:
807:Agents used in
802:
761:Chemical Agents
735:
722:
628:
584:
544:
530:
489:
488:
487:
457:
447:
446:
445:
436:Diphosgene (DP)
432:
414:
404:
403:
398:
348:Novichok agents
341:
280:
271:Cyclosarin (GF)
266:Ethylsarin (GE)
229:
219:
218:
200:
199:
180:
173:
170:(HD H HT HL HQ)
169:
168:
141:
131:
130:
111:
95:Chemical agents
80:
69:
63:
60:
49:
35:related reading
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2914:
2904:
2903:
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2882:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2841:uranium oxides
2832:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
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2740:
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2725:
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2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
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2685:
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2677:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2577:Crotonaldehyde
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2502:Benzyl bromide
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2441:Chlorpromazine
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
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2348:
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2338:
2333:
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2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2234:
2232:
2228:Incapacitating
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2191:
2186:
2179:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2115:Sulfur dioxide
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1968:choking agents
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1864:Tetraethyllead
1861:
1855:
1850:
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1839:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1805:
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1715:
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1631:
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1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
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1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1568:A.P.C. complex
1565:
1560:
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1550:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
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1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
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1484:
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1418:
1413:
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1403:
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1378:
1373:
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1353:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1309:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1279:V-sub x (GD-7)
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1177:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1137:
1130:
1128:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1076:Phosgene oxime
1072:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1039:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1005:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
988:
982:
976:
970:
964:
958:
956:
947:
945:Blister agents
941:
940:
938:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
915:Glycolonitrile
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
851:
845:
840:
834:
832:
826:
825:
822:
821:
816:
814:incapacitation
811:
804:
801:
800:
793:
786:
778:
772:
771:
764:
763:(11 May 2008).
759:RJ Smith.com,
757:
756:(11 May 2008).
750:
743:
734:
731:
721:
718:
703:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
676:
670:
664:
640:choking agent,
630:
629:
627:
626:
619:
612:
604:
601:
600:
599:
598:
590:
589:
586:
585:
583:
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531:
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405:
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101:Lethal agents
100:
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78:
75:
67:
57:
53:
47:
46:
40:
36:
32:
27:
18:
17:
2793:Tetrodotoxin
2743:Grayanotoxin
2527:Bromoacetone
2517:Thiophosgene
2472:Mace (spray)
2466:Pepper spray
2451:Lachrymatory
2436:Fluphenazine
2431:Procarbazine
2341:Sleeping gas
2189:Chloropicrin
2100:Nitric oxide
2002:Chloropicrin
1965:
1946:Cloflubicyne
1909:Oxotremorine
1858:Antillatoxin
1837:Tetrodotoxin
1786:Bungarotoxin
1682:Nitromethane
1644:Formaldoxime
1583:Cyclohexanol
1548:Acetonitrile
1295:GV (EA-5365)
1117:Nerve agents
920:Lactonitrile
830:Blood agents
819:riot control
767:
746:
723:
711:
704:
667:Chloropicrin
662:Chlorine gas
656:
652:asphyxiation
639:
635:
633:
540:Sleeping gas
468:Chloropicrin
411:
346:
285:
235:
161:Lewisite (L)
70:
64:January 2009
61:
50:Please help
42:
2803:Veratridine
2778:Shiga toxin
2733:Domoic acid
2596:Thioacetone
2562:Iodoacetone
2426:Pentazocine
2421:Sevoflurane
2386:CAR-302,668
2381:CAR-302,282
2376:CAR-302,196
2371:CAR-301,060
2366:CAR-226,086
2346:Carfentanil
2244:Apomorphine
2165:Green Cross
1956:Domoic acid
1767:Neurotoxins
1687:OPA mixture
1578:Chlorosoman
1573:Chlorosarin
1507:Phospholine
1206:Crotylsarin
1191:Fluorotabun
1163:Chlorosoman
1145:Chlorosarin
167:Mustard gas
126:Arsine (SA)
56:introducing
2753:Maitotoxin
2748:Guanitoxin
2728:Ciguatoxin
2723:Brevetoxin
2708:Anatoxin-a
2703:Aflatoxins
2616:Putrescine
2611:Cadaverine
2587:Malodorant
2411:Isoflurane
2396:Desflurane
2391:Benperidol
2336:Psilocybin
2331:PAVA spray
2013:Diphosgene
1966:Pulmonary/
1894:Picrotoxin
1853:Strychnine
1847:Brevetoxin
1831:Maitotoxin
1814:Guanitoxin
1808:Ciguatoxin
1775:Anatoxin-a
1708:Pinacolone
1541:Precursors
1502:Selenophos
1358:Carbamates
1274:Chinese VX
1180:Cyclosarin
1169:Ethylsarin
1140:Sarin (GB)
991:Lewisite 3
985:Lewisite 2
954:Arsenicals
733:References
673:Diphosgene
535:PAVA spray
261:Soman (GD)
251:Sarin (GB)
246:Tabun (GA)
2848:Plutonium
2798:Volkensin
2773:Saxitoxin
2763:Palytoxin
2688:Aconitine
2416:Halothane
2406:Bufotenin
2401:Enflurane
2321:Kolokol-1
2301:Pethidine
2275:Etoxadrol
2260:Etorphine
2256:(CS-4640)
2240:(CS-4030)
2198:glycerine
2145:Salcomine
1904:Tremorine
1842:Aconitine
1825:Palytoxin
1803:Ryanodine
1780:Saxitoxin
1517:Ro 3-0422
1288:GV agents
1151:Thiosarin
880:Phosphine
575:CN (mace)
526:Kolokol-1
2895:Category
2857:Polonium
2758:Modeccin
2667:Acrolein
2632:Lewisite
2537:Acrolein
2361:CS-27349
2311:Ibogaine
2194:Litharge
2183:Adamsite
2160:Diborane
2150:Fluomine
2130:Ethenone
2025:Acrolein
1992:Fluorine
1986:Phosgene
1976:Chlorine
1376:EA-3887A
1348:C01-A042
1343:C01-A039
1338:C01-A035
1216:V-agents
1126:G-agents
1011:(EA-229)
979:Lewisite
838:Cyanogen
713:Chlorine
706:Phosgene
695:Acrolein
679:Phosgene
463:Adamsite
455:Vomiting
420:Chlorine
394:C01-A042
389:C01-A039
384:C01-A035
286:V-agents
236:G-agents
214:C01-A039
209:C01-A035
2606:Skatole
2601:Allicin
2316:EA-3834
2306:EA-3580
2296:EA-3443
2291:EA-3167
2286:EA-2148
2270:CS-4297
2265:EA-2092
2254:EA-4941
1981:Bromine
1619:EA-1224
1599:EA-1250
1512:R-16661
1487:EA-2613
1482:EA-2098
1477:EA-2054
1472:EA-2012
1441:3152 CT
1431:TL-1317
1426:TL-1299
1421:TL-1238
1391:EA-4056
1386:EA-3990
1381:EA-3966
1371:EA-3887
1269:EA-1763
1229:EA-3148
1224:EA-2192
1201:EA-4352
1196:EA-1356
930:Stibine
720:History
648:breathe
521:EA-3167
301:V-sub x
296:EA-3148
139:Blister
52:improve
2824:Napalm
2589:agents
2453:agents
2356:JB-336
2351:JB-318
2326:LSD-25
2282:(DMHP)
2230:agents
1889:A-8564
1849:(PbTX)
1799:(TeNT)
1416:TL-599
1406:T-1194
1401:T-1152
1396:T-1123
1165:(ClGD)
1147:(ClGB)
1058:TL-301
860:Arsine
303:/GD-7,
2812:Other
2768:Ricin
2683:Abrin
2642:KB-16
1929:IPTBO
1860:(ATX)
1833:(MTX)
1827:(PTX)
1816:(GTX)
1810:(CTX)
1793:(BTX)
1649:Nital
1455:Other
1333:A-262
1328:A-242
1323:A-234
1318:A-232
1313:A-208
1157:Soman
1153:(SGB)
1134:Tabun
1093:KB-16
1086:Other
642:is a
379:A-262
374:A-242
369:A-234
364:A-232
359:A-230
227:Nerve
109:Blood
37:, or
2850:and
2468:(OC)
2185:(DM)
2015:(DP)
2004:(PS)
1988:(CG)
1939:TBPS
1934:TBPO
1782:(TZ)
1704:(TH)
1673:(DF)
1667:(SW)
1661:(TB)
1634:DMHP
1614:DEHP
1604:DIHP
1595:(KB)
1532:MSPI
1182:(GF)
1171:(GE)
1159:(GD)
1136:(GA)
1078:(CX)
1025:CEES
993:(L3)
987:(L2)
975:(PD)
969:(MD)
963:(ED)
856:(AC)
850:(CK)
681:(CG)
675:(DP)
669:(PS)
2492:CNS
2021:(Z)
1563:AlP
1558:ATO
1053:HN3
1048:HN2
1043:HN1
981:(L)
638:or
195:HN3
190:HN2
185:HN1
2897::
2637:CX
2487:CR
2482:CS
2477:CN
2238:BZ
1753:TG
1748:TC
1723:QL
1609:ZS
1553:AT
1264:VX
1259:VS
1254:VR
1249:VP
1244:VM
1239:VG
1234:VE
1186:GP
1175:GH
634:A
580:CR
570:CS
337:VX
332:VS
327:VR
322:VP
317:VM
312:VG
307:VE
276:GV
41:,
33:,
2196:-
1020:Q
1015:T
797:e
790:t
783:v
623:e
616:t
609:v
77:)
71:(
66:)
62:(
48:.
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