1271:
1237:
332:
1064:
of the deficiencies of older procedures. Sarin not only reacts with the water in the blood plasma through hydrolysis (forming so-called 'free metabolites'), but also reacts with various proteins to form 'protein adducts'. These protein adducts are not so easily removed from the body, and remain for a longer period of time than the free metabolites. One clear advantage of this process is that the period, post-exposure, for determination of sarin exposure is much longer, possibly five to eight weeks according to at least one study.
62:
1781:
582:
53:
1797:
603:
1352:, formed when a second isopropyl alcohol reacts with the sarin itself and from disproportionation of sarin, when distilled incorrectly. The factor of its formation in esterification is that as the concentration of DF-DCl decreases, the concentration of sarin increases, the probability of DIMP formation is greater. DIMP is a natural impurity of sarin, that is almost impossible to be eliminated, mathematically, when the reaction is a 1 mol-1 mol "one-stream".
812:
1586:
729:
1992:. The shell was designed to mix the chemicals as it spun during flight. The detonated shell released only a small amount of sarin gas, either because the explosion failed to mix the binary agents properly or because the chemicals inside the shell had degraded with age. Two United States soldiers were treated after displaying the early symptoms of exposure to sarin.
788:. Exposure can be lethal even at very low concentrations, where death can occur within one to ten minutes after direct inhalation of a lethal dose, due to suffocation from respiratory paralysis, unless antidotes are quickly administered. People who absorb a non-lethal dose and do not receive immediate medical treatment may suffer permanent neurological damage.
608:
607:
1802:
1798:
1800:
1258:
The scheme below shows a generic example that employs the Di-Di method as the final esterification step; in reality, the selection of reagents and reaction conditions dictate both product structure and yield. The choice of enantiomer of the mixed chloro fluoro intermediate displayed in the diagram is
1035:
Controlled studies in healthy men have shown that a nontoxic 0.43 mg oral dose administered in several portions over a 3-day interval caused average maximum depressions of 22 and 30%, respectively, in plasma and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase levels. A single acute 0.5 mg dose caused mild
1063:
A newer method called "fluoride regeneration" or "fluoride reactivation" detects the presence of nerve agents for a longer period after exposure than the methods described above. Fluoride reactivation is a technique that has been explored since at least the early 2000s. This technique obviates some
1935:
was signed by 162 member countries, banning the production and stockpiling of many chemical weapons, including sarin. It went into effect on April 29, 1997, and called for the complete destruction of all specified stockpiles of chemical weapons by April 2007. When the convention entered force, the
1090:
Sarin is highly toxic, whether by contact with the skin or breathed in. The toxicity of sarin in humans is largely based on calculations from studies with animals. The lethal concentration of sarin in air is approximately 28–35 mg per cubic meter per minute for a two-minute exposure time by a
891:(ease with which a liquid can turn into vapour) relative to similar nerve agents, making inhalation very easy, and may even absorb through the skin. A person's clothing can release sarin for about 30 minutes after it has come in contact with sarin gas, which can lead to exposure of other people.
2048:
in Syria reported to have symptoms consistent with exposure to sarin and other agents. On July 6, 2018, the Fact-Finding
Mission (FFM) of the OPCW published their interim report. The report stated that, "The results show that no organophosphorous nerve agents or their degradation products were
1112:
value is estimated to be 40–83 mg per cubic meter for exposure time of two minutes. Calculating effects for different exposure times and concentrations requires following specific toxic load models. In general, brief exposures to higher concentrations are more lethal than comparable long time
1278:
As both reactions leave considerable acid in the product, sarin produced in bulk by these methods has a short half life without further processing, and would be corrosive to containers and damaging to weapons systems. Various methods have been tried to resolve these problems. In addition to
1801:
1609:
derivatives. The initial breakdown of sarin is into isopropyl methylphosphonic acid (IMPA), a chemical that is not commonly found in nature except as a breakdown product of sarin (this is useful for detecting the recent deployment of sarin as a weapon). IMPA then degrades into
884:, urination, defecation, gastrointestinal distress, and emesis (vomiting). Death may follow in one to ten minutes after direct inhalation, but may also occur after a delay ranging from hours to several weeks, in cases where exposure is limited but no antidote is applied.
606:
2499:
Hörnberg A, Tunemalm AK, Ekström F (2007). "Crystal
Structures of Acetylcholinesterase in Complex with Organophosphorus Compounds Suggest that the Acyl Pocket Modulates the Aging Reaction by Precluding the Formation of the Trigonal Bipyramidal Transition State".
1640:, sarin can have a short shelf life. Therefore, it is usually stored as two separate precursors that produce sarin when combined. Sarin's shelf life can be extended by increasing the purity of the precursor and intermediates and incorporating
1113:
exposures to low concentrations. There are many ways to make relative comparisons between toxic substances. The list below compares sarin to some current and historic chemical warfare agents, with a direct comparison to the respiratory LCt
6696:
3731:
1572:
3797:
3881:
1091:
healthy adult breathing normally (exchanging 15 liters of air per minute, lower 28 mg/m value is for general population). This number represents the estimated lethal concentration for 50% of exposed victims, the
1799:
6706:
2765:
Bide RW, Armour SJ, Yee E (2005). "GB toxicity reassessed using newer techniques for estimation of human toxicity from animal inhalation toxicity data: new method for estimating acute human toxicity (GB)".
3564:. Report of the OPCW on the Implementation of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction in 2015 (Report). p. 42
6601:
1597:
The most important chemical reactions of phosphoryl halides is the hydrolysis of the bond between phosphorus and the fluoride. This P-F bond is easily broken by nucleophilic agents, such as water and
1850:. In 2004, the inquest was reopened and, after a 64-day inquest hearing, the jury ruled that Maddison had been unlawfully killed by the "application of a nerve agent in a non-therapeutic experiment".
6666:
1056:
product, ranged from 2–135 μg/L in survivors of a terrorist attack during the first four hours post-exposure. Sarin or its metabolites may be determined in blood or urine by gas or liquid
562:
3378:
3723:
1664:
and mixed to form the agent immediately before or when the shell is in flight. This approach has the dual benefit of solving the stability issue and increasing the safety of sarin munitions.
6716:
3584:
6701:
3189:
1746:, which ordered that it be brought into mass production for wartime use. Pilot plants were built, and a production facility was under construction (but was not finished) by the end of
3753:
977:, due to the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, means the neurotransmitter continues to act on the muscle fibre, so that any nerve impulses are effectively continually transmitted.
6141:
6130:
6711:
3615:
2446:
Millard CB, Kryger G, Ordentlich A, et al. (June 1999). "Crystal
Structures of Aged Phosphonylated Acetylcholinesterase: Nerve Agent Reaction Products at the Atomic Level".
6594:
2205:
A Poisonous Affair: America, Iraq, and the
Gassing of Halabja review of A Poisonous Affair: America, Iraq, and the Gassing of Halabja by Joost R. Hiltermann (Cambridge UP 2007)
6537:
3801:
6676:
6661:
2670:
Inns RH, NJ Tuckwell, JE Bright, TC Marrs (July 1990). "Histochemical
Demonstration of Calcium Accumulation in Muscle Fibres after Experimental Organophosphate Poisoning".
7035:
6681:
4588:
7081:
4669:
3403:
Hitler's
Miracle Weapons: The Secret History Of The Rockets And Flying Crafts Of The Third Reich; from the V-1 to the A-9: Unconventional Short- and Medium-Range Weapons
10802:
6587:
2049:
detected in the environmental samples or in the plasma samples taken from alleged casualties". The chemical agent used in the attack was later identified as elemental
1708:
609:
11240:
11226:
10319:
1870:, to be used as a weapon against its opponents. One of DINA's goals was to package it in spray cans for easy use, which, according to testimony by former DINA agent
11421:
11157:
11037:
10975:
10947:
10236:
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1878:. Berríos later testified that it was used in a number of assassinations and it was planned to be used to kill inhabitants, through poisoning the water supply of
10962:
10153:
9894:
9156:
1215:
A number of production pathways can be used to create sarin. The final reaction typically involves attachment of the isopropoxy group to the phosphorus with an
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and drooling. This progresses to losing control of bodily functions, which may cause the person to vomit, defecate, and urinate. This phase is followed by
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symptoms of intoxication and an average reduction of 38% in both measures of acetylcholinesterase activity. Sarin in blood is rapidly degraded either
8977:
6686:
3386:
3882:
OPCW Issues Fact-Finding
Mission Reports on Chemical Weapons Use Allegations in Douma, Syria in 2018 and in Al-Hamadaniya and Karm Al-Tarrab in 2016
3848:
13478:
3225:
1853:
1957: Regular production of sarin chemical weapons ceased in the United States, though existing stocks of bulk sarin were re-distilled until 1970.
7986:
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6799:
6090:
2234:
3592:
13428:
12840:
7726:
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7714:
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6136:
3180:
2139:
13448:
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9427:
6894:
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3139:
388:
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7070:
7010:
7000:
6864:
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8307:
7651:
2321:
1617:
Sarin with residual acid degrades after a period of several weeks to several months. The shelf life can be shortened by impurities in
624:
7396:
6884:
3973:
1936:
parties declared worldwide stockpiles of 15,047 tonnes of sarin. As of
November 28, 2019, 98% of the stockpiles have been destroyed.
631:
13463:
13443:
13423:
7591:
961:. In vertebrates, acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular junction, where signals are transmitted between
7351:
7226:
6212:
3162:
2572:
1255:
and others minors byproducts. The Di-Di process was used by the United States for the production of its unitary sarin stockpile.
3539:"Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction"
3095:
2193:. Emergency Response Safety and Health Database. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Accessed April 20, 2009.
6115:
6099:
2911:"Acetylcholinesterase active centre and gorge conformations analysed by combinatorial mutations and enantiomeric phosphonates"
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3697:
3633:
3486:
3411:
3355:
3263:
2828:
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2383:
969:
to muscle fibres. Normally, acetylcholine is released from the neuron to stimulate the muscle, after which it is degraded by
1857:
815:
Biological effects of sarin in the neuromuscular junction. Sarin (red), acetylcholinesterase (yellow), acetylcholine (blue)
3285:
2818:
2722:
918:, is given to treat the physiological symptoms of poisoning. Since muscular response to acetylcholine is mediated through
13458:
9467:
8148:
8061:
6125:
6083:
5185:
800:
1917:
1283:
techniques to purify the chemical itself, various additives have been tried to combat the effects of the acid, such as:
12833:
8117:
6921:
6242:
4801:
3512:
1052:
serum half-lives of approximately 24 hours. The serum level of unbound isopropyl methylphosphonic acid (IMPA), a sarin
6517:
4816:
4806:
3030:
2890:
2253:
The nerve agents sarin and VX. Colourless and tasteless, they cause death by respiratory arrest in one to 15 minutes.
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919:
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6299:
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4275:
1815:
adopted sarin as a standard chemical weapon. The USSR and the United States produced sarin for military purposes.
1320:
737:
868:. Common mnemonics for the symptomatology of organophosphate poisoning, including sarin, are the "killer Bs" of
193:
13438:
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9381:
8300:
6740:
6076:
5533:
5342:
5096:
1626:
1160:
947:
539:
2820:
Chemical
Warfare Agents: Biomedical and Psychological Effects, Medical Countermeasures, and Emergency Response
2724:
Chemical
Warfare Agents: Biomedical and Psychological Effects, Medical Countermeasures, and Emergency Response
2345:"Efficacy of biperiden and atropine as anticonvulsant treatment for organophosphorus nerve agent intoxication"
12826:
12613:
11992:
11756:
11648:
7416:
5528:
4776:
3966:
3749:
3320:
2969:
2566:
Fluoride Ion Regeneration of Sarin (GB) from Minipig Tissue and Fluids Following Whole-Body GB Vapor Exposure
2030:
1996:
1349:
617:
3951:
2135:
12589:
12537:
12457:
12425:
12339:
12022:
11711:
11638:
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8264:
8003:
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6202:
5128:
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2407:
1974:
1717:
289:
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4848:
4770:
4745:
4639:
4202:
2405:
Abu-Qare AW, Abou-Donia MB (October 2002). "Sarin: health effects, metabolism, and methods of analysis".
1985:
1932:
1248:
1244:
1224:
796:
310:
233:
5518:
3016:
The Militarily Critical Technologies List Part II: Weapons of Mass Destruction Technologies (ADA 330102)
13318:
13269:
12577:
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5212:
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2090:
1959:
820:
773:
6579:
2056:
July 2023: The U.S. destroyed the last of its declared chemical weapons, a sarin nerve agent-filled
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10297:
10274:
10267:
10130:
9989:
9460:
6486:
6217:
5272:
5267:
4842:
3824:"Chemical attack of 4 April 2017 (Khan Sheikhoun): Clandestine Syrian chemical weapons programme"
3588:
2967:
Benschop HP, De Jong LP (1988). "Nerve agent stereoisomers: analysis, isolation and toxicology".
2648:
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1921:
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4879:
4230:
4220:
4067:
2599:"Improvements of the Fluoride Reactivation Method for the Verification of Nerve Agent Exposure"
2011:
1913:
jets with chemical bombs including sarin. An estimated 5,000 people died, almost all civilians.
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1641:
1590:
1341:
1291:
1084:
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61:
37:
22:
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and jerking. Ultimately, the person becomes comatose and suffocates in a series of convulsive
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4905:
3724:"Cameron: British scientists have proof deadly Sarin gas was used in chemical weapons attack"
2221:... death can occur within one minute of direct inhalation as the lung muscles are paralyzed.
2045:
1847:
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1611:
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644:
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4150:
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3427:
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1988:
detonated a 155 mm shell containing binary precursors for sarin near a U.S. convoy in
1236:
1183:
970:
581:
298:
109:
253:
8:
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3007:
Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology (February 1998).
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2850:
US Army Field Manual 3–11.9 Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds
2799:
2703:
2471:
2375:
1940:
1661:
1307:
1209:
1077:
861:
853:
3746:"Syria: Thousands suffering neurotoxic symptoms treated in hospitals supported by MSF"
3340:
2424:
1861:
1264:
1072:
As a nerve gas, sarin in its purest form is estimated to be 26 times more deadly than
13173:
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13143:
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4831:
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3856:
3587:. Ataxia: The Chemical and Biological Terrorism Threat and the US Response (Report).
3407:
3351:
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2626:
2544:
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2517:
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2428:
2367:
2300:
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1948:
1567:{\displaystyle {\ce {(CH3)2CHO- + CH3P(O)FOCH(CH3)2 -> CH3P(O)(OCH(CH3)2)2 + F-}}}
1252:
1228:
1220:
705:
8193:
3559:
2864:
US Army Field Manual 3–9 Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds
2707:
2475:
2379:
1680:
who were attempting to create stronger pesticides; it is the most toxic of the four
13183:
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12981:
12937:
12923:
12808:
12723:
12663:
12282:
12194:
11808:
10983:
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10584:
10494:
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10467:
9876:
9849:
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9513:
9255:
9173:
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8953:
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8547:
8371:
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8204:
7900:
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7671:
7476:
7356:
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6396:
6375:
6012:
5839:
5719:
5282:
5257:
5247:
4925:
4791:
4735:
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4441:
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4421:
4416:
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2509:
2455:
2420:
2359:
2296:
2034:
2023:
1739:
1692:
1637:
1227:
with isopropyl alcohol, which produces a racemic mixture of sarin enantiomers with
1179:
1121:
951:
827:
509:
411:
79:
4393:
4303:
3931:
3616:"1995 Aum sarin attack on Tokyo subway still haunts, leaving questions unanswered"
3122:"New Information Revealed By Aum Shinrikyo Death Row Inmate Dr. Tomomasa Nakagawa"
3008:
2109:
1916:
April 1988: Iraq used Sarin four times against Iranian soldiers at the end of the
1681:
711:
12875:
12655:
12627:
12131:
11930:
11026:
10621:
10576:
9701:
9574:
9548:
9394:
9260:
9243:
9086:
9041:
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8517:
8461:
8424:
8395:
8339:
8158:
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8041:
8036:
7844:
7131:
7121:
7101:
6294:
5895:
5674:
5390:
5143:
5066:
5046:
4968:
4062:
4042:
3401:
3086:
2909:
Kovarik Z, Radić Z, Berman HA, Simeon-Rudolf V, Reiner E, Taylor P (March 2003).
2565:
2160:
1910:
1871:
1866:
1823:
1819:
1723:
1606:
1259:
arbitrary, but the final substitution is selective for chloro over fluoro as the
1205:
1198:
922:, atropine does not counteract the muscular symptoms. Pralidoxime can regenerate
877:
781:
278:
3936:
3297:
2749:
1060:, while acetylcholinesterase activity is usually measured by enzymatic methods.
13191:
12952:
12776:
12168:
9589:
8803:
8522:
8407:
7451:
7371:
7126:
7096:
6936:
6532:
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5814:
5754:
5679:
5618:
5352:
5292:
5041:
4482:
4253:
4178:
4092:
2924:
2691:
2344:
2292:
1978:
1906:
1333:
1243:
The second process, known as the "Di-Di" process, uses equimolar quantities of
1171:
1133:
1057:
1016:
974:
958:
923:
834:
720:
7759:
3653:"The chemical weapons convention and OPCW: the challenges of the 21st century"
670:
471:
Odourless in pure form. Impure sarin can smell like mustard or burned rubber.
13417:
12181:
12143:
10100:
9181:
9053:
8555:
8542:
7829:
7661:
7436:
7401:
7276:
6931:
6610:
6358:
6262:
6018:
5965:
5960:
5890:
5834:
5699:
5684:
5638:
5463:
5426:
5395:
5242:
5091:
4974:
4900:
4826:
4197:
4122:
4047:
3981:
3860:
2787:
1963:
1944:
1831:
1780:
1645:
1301:
1297:
1287:
1260:
1024:
989:
981:
954:
837:
by interfering with the degradation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at
830:
498:
488:
3884:(Report). Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. July 6, 2018
2485:
9563:
9234:
9168:
8419:
8185:
7976:
7869:
7824:
7789:
7779:
7774:
7621:
7501:
7406:
7311:
7136:
6946:
6829:
6814:
6471:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6257:
5970:
5920:
5704:
5694:
5649:
5643:
5613:
5608:
5366:
5277:
5179:
5123:
5086:
5035:
5014:
4963:
4930:
4859:
4821:
4760:
4725:
4623:
4245:
4225:
4097:
3996:
3280:
2950:
2795:
2630:
2621:
2598:
2521:
2467:
2432:
2371:
1883:
1789:
1774:
1751:
1747:
1156:
873:
869:
795:. Production and stockpiling of sarin was outlawed as of April 1997 by the
3798:"Bodies still being found after alleged Syria chemical attack: opposition"
3560:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (November 30, 2016).
3155:
Chemical agent and munition disposal summary of the U.S. army's experience
2699:
2363:
1951:, killing eight people and harming over 500. The Australian sheep station
1330:
was added to sarin produced at Rocky Mountain Arsenal to combat corrosion.
1208:(a 1:1 mixture of its enantiomeric forms) as this involves a much simpler
630:
8893:
8875:
8213:
8051:
7971:
7915:
7809:
7656:
7421:
7321:
7196:
7151:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6918:
6879:
6824:
6809:
6789:
6774:
6501:
6369:
6252:
5980:
5955:
5910:
5773:
5739:
5603:
5598:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5523:
5442:
5431:
5421:
5133:
4864:
4755:
4750:
4684:
4383:
4368:
4340:
4322:
4294:
4186:
4007:
3674:
3471:
2482:
2283:
Gussow L (July 2005). "Nerve Agents: Three Mechanisms, Three Antidotes".
2070:
2019:
1967:
1835:
1700:
1685:
1629:
had a shelf life of only a few weeks, owing mostly to impure precursors.
1216:
1187:
1020:
1000:
907:
881:
785:
554:
52:
7754:
3049:"Nerve Gas: America's Fifteen Year Struggle for Modern Chemical weapons"
2986:
899:
Treatment measures have been described. Treatment is typically with the
616:
12818:
12123:
8238:
8234:
7966:
7956:
7951:
7864:
7839:
7799:
7794:
7784:
7769:
7710:
7705:
7516:
7376:
7361:
7331:
7306:
7281:
7236:
7231:
7221:
7191:
7161:
7025:
7015:
6960:
6955:
6926:
6903:
6869:
6834:
6819:
6784:
6759:
6613:
5930:
5925:
5905:
5900:
5885:
5880:
5793:
5788:
5764:
5588:
5573:
5568:
5513:
5508:
5190:
5071:
5030:
5024:
5008:
4991:
4985:
4952:
4944:
4885:
4679:
4451:
4357:
4346:
4168:
4162:
2932:
2543:. Seal Beach, California: Biomedical Publications. pp. 1926–1928.
2075:
2057:
1175:
1053:
1045:
856:. Soon after, the person will have difficulty breathing and experience
849:
623:
445:
244:
9475:
3849:"Syrian regime dropped sarin on rebel-held town in April, UN confirms"
3140:"The Sarin Gas Attack in Japan and the Related Forensic Investigation"
2513:
2459:
811:
13305:
12857:
9405:
8077:
7961:
7910:
7819:
7814:
7804:
7646:
7581:
7576:
7566:
7521:
7491:
7486:
7471:
7456:
7426:
7391:
7381:
7286:
7166:
7156:
7146:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7030:
7005:
6970:
6899:
6874:
6844:
6804:
6754:
6609:
6522:
6491:
6436:
6025:
5975:
5950:
5940:
5865:
5593:
5583:
5578:
5498:
5478:
5452:
5437:
5375:
5322:
5081:
5019:
5002:
4980:
4957:
4694:
4535:
4328:
4192:
4131:
4057:
3662:(56). Harvard Sussex Program on CBW Armament and Arms Limitation: 47.
2879:
Phosphorus: An Outline of its Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Technology
2779:
2080:
2038:
1879:
1839:
1766:
1677:
1673:
1653:
1598:
1223:. Two variants of this final step are common. One is the reaction of
1008:
1004:
934:, has been suggested as an alternative to atropine due to its better
927:
3582:
1585:
719:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
9688:
9477:
8285:
8244:
7946:
7879:
7834:
7764:
7732:
7631:
7611:
7601:
7466:
7386:
7316:
7301:
7186:
7181:
7086:
7020:
6965:
6889:
6839:
6769:
6749:
6496:
6353:
6342:
6034:
5935:
5844:
5809:
5714:
5628:
5538:
5488:
5371:
5360:
5337:
5327:
5307:
5202:
5169:
5163:
5153:
4553:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4156:
4015:
3210:
cit-OPDC. The preparatory manual to chemical warfare. Vol 1: Sarin.
2882:
2416:
2050:
2037:
released sarin gas in rebel-held Idlib Province in Syria during an
1684:
made by Germany. The compound, which followed the discovery of the
1280:
1139:
1127:
1012:
973:, allowing the muscle to relax. A build-up of acetylcholine in the
903:
900:
845:
due to the inability to control the muscles involved in breathing.
842:
589:
3469:"Towley reveló uso de gas sarín antes de ser expulsado de Chile".
2167:. U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health
192:
7981:
7889:
7854:
7626:
7526:
7496:
7481:
7431:
7326:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7216:
7171:
7065:
7060:
6980:
6975:
6849:
6568:
6142:
Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives
5783:
5778:
5493:
5483:
5473:
5468:
5158:
4786:
4704:
4689:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4548:
4456:
4446:
4406:
4401:
4378:
4373:
4107:
1902:
1843:
1827:
1589:
Rabbit used to check for leaks at former sarin production plant (
1073:
476:
265:
3221:"Toxic Substances Portal – Diisopropyl Methylphosphonate (DIMP)"
2669:
1981:
may have been assassinated with sarin by the Russian government.
7506:
7296:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
6854:
6628:
6001:
5664:
5659:
5447:
4593:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4235:
4037:
3382:
2908:
2268:
Vohra R (2022). "Organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides".
2015:
2000:
1777:
refused to initiate the use of gases such as sarin as weapons.
985:
962:
857:
777:
224:
33:
29:
1970:. Twelve people died, and over 6,200 people received injuries.
1267:) are used for synthesis of sarin and other organophosphates.
7884:
7606:
7446:
7341:
6691:
5945:
5860:
5819:
5106:
4510:
4505:
4495:
4334:
4270:
2004:
1898:
1762:
1614:(MPA), which can also be produced by other organophosphates.
1577:
This chemical degrades into isopropyl methylphosphonic acid.
999:
Its mechanism of action resembles that of some commonly used
865:
204:
182:
88:
7036:
Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)
4589:
Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)
3937:
CIA memo: The Stability of Iraq's Chemical Weapons Stockpile
2110:"Material Safety Data Sheet – Lethal Nerve Agent Sarin (GB)"
315:
8149:
8062:
7082:
2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate
5116:
5111:
4670:
2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate
1989:
1812:
1337:
765:
693:
466:
8118:
6098:
3321:"Key Points on Sarin: The 'Most Volatile' of Nerve Agents"
3300:. United States Central Intelligence Agency. July 15, 1996
3286:
Sarin: the deadly history of the nerve agent used in Syria
5503:
5056:
2014:; Sarin was used in multiple simultaneous attacks in the
1738:
In mid-1939, the formula for the agent was passed to the
1622:
1547:
1534:
1521:
1481:
1465:
1452:
1417:
1391:
1378:
1300:
was added to UK sarin, with relatively poor success. The
1142:, 19,000 mg/(min·m) – Sarin is 543 times more lethal
94:
6131:
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense
2866:. United States Department of Defense. 1990. p. 71.
3715:
3698:"Syria and Activists Trade Charges on Chemical Weapons"
3146:
2751:
Review of Acute Human-Toxicity Estimates for GB (Sarin)
2498:
2445:
1660:, the two precursors are stored separately in the same
1602:
1274:
An example of "di-di" process using arbitrary reagents.
1191:
1136:, 1,000 mg/(min·m) – Sarin is 28 times more lethal
1130:, 1,500 mg/(min·m) – Sarin is 43 times more lethal
1124:, 2,860 mg/(min·m) – Sarin is 81 times more lethal
3541:. Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
3258:(1st ed.). New York: Prentice Hall. p. 317.
3181:"Shell said to contain sarin poses questions for U.S."
1905:
in northern Iraq (population 70,000) was bombarded by
1806:
Sarin gas used against animals in a weapons experiment
992:, and the resulting organo-phosphoester is robust and
3904:"U.S. destroys last of its declared chemical weapons"
3675:"Bomb said to hold deadly Sarin gas explodes in Iraq"
3591:. pp. 91, 95, 100. Report No. 35. Archived from
3583:
Amy E. Smithson and Leslie-Anne Levy (October 2000).
1648:. In some formulations, tributylamine is replaced by
1361:
1348:
Another byproduct of these two chemical processes is
97:
85:
6564:
Unethical human experimentation in the United States
2153:
2026:. Varying sources gave a death toll of 322 to 1,729.
91:
3379:"A Short History of the Development of Nerve Gases"
3318:
2645:"Sarin gas as chemical agent – ThinkQuest- Library"
848:Initial symptoms following exposure to sarin are a
82:
3339:
2817:Lukey BJ, Romano JA Jr, Salem H (April 11, 2019).
2721:Lukey BJ, Romano JA Jr, Salem H (April 11, 2019).
2536:
2404:
1566:
16:Chemical compound and chemical warfare nerve agent
6646:
3487:"Plot to kill Letelier said to involve nerve gas"
1769:shells, Germany did not use nerve agents against
1691:, was named in honor of its discoverers: chemist
1155:molecule because it has four chemically distinct
926:if administered within approximately five hours.
876:because they are the leading cause of death, and
13415:
3776:"NGO says 322 died in Syria 'toxic gas' attacks"
3634:"More of Kremlin's Opponents Are Ending Up Dead"
3337:
3253:
3226:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
2816:
2720:
2342:
1999:; Sarin was used in an attack on a town west of
1920:, helping Iraqi forces to retake control of the
1874:, was one of the planned procedures in the 1976
1007:. In terms of biological activity, it resembles
980:Sarin acts on acetylcholinesterase by forming a
277:
3576:
3298:"Stability of Iraq's Chemical Weapon Stockpile"
3094:. United Kingdom: UK Ministry of Supply. 1956.
3088:The Determination of Free Base in Stabilised GB
2966:
2962:
2960:
2904:
2902:
2539:Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man
1846:was held in secret which returned a verdict of
1340:155 mm field artillery shell, which was a
605:
168:
7991:Many of the other AChE inhibitors listed above
3738:
2140:National Institute of Standards and Technology
12834:
9461:
9421:
8301:
7931:
6595:
6193:Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System
6126:U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
6084:
3967:
3689:
3585:"Chapter 3 – Rethinking the Lessons of Tokyo"
3443:
3441:
2764:
1966:sect released an impure form of sarin in the
1580:
1344:sarin weapon system developed by the US Army.
1317:was used by Aum Shinrikyo for acid reduction.
1304:cult experimented with triethylamine as well.
1263:. Inert atmosphere and anhydrous conditions (
1190:agents, such as water and hydroxide. At high
826:Like some other nerve agents that affect the
355:InChI=1S/C4H10FO2P/c1-4(2)7-8(3,5)6/h4H,1-3H3
8270:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators
6727:
3650:
2957:
2899:
2852:. United States Department of Defense. 2005.
2534:
1269:
988:residue at the active site. Fluoride is the
651:0.00003 mg/m (TWA), 0.0001 mg/m (STEL)
461:Clear colourless liquid, brownish if impure
372:InChI=1/C4H10FO2P/c1-4(2)7-8(3,5)6/h4H,1-3H3
365:InChI=1/C4H10FO2P/c1-4(2)7-8(3,5)6/h4H,1-3H3
8275:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators
8154:Tooltip Vesicle-associated membrane protein
8067:Tooltip Vesicular acetylcholine transporter
8021:
3513:"1988: Thousands die in Halabja gas attack"
3161:. United States Army. 1987. pp. B-30.
2235:"Saddam to be target of Britain's 'E-bomb'"
1146:
131:-Isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate; IMPF;
12841:
12827:
9468:
9454:
9428:
9414:
8308:
8294:
8123:Tooltip Synaptosomal-associated protein 25
6602:
6588:
6091:
6077:
3974:
3960:
3790:
3438:
2747:
2596:
2563:
2322:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1750:. Estimates for total sarin production by
330:
252:
3331:
2940:
2876:
2620:
297:
12848:
2202:
1864:to develop Sarin gas within its program
1834:, died in human testing of sarin at the
1795:
1779:
1754:range from 500 kg to 10 tons.
1584:
819:For broader coverage of this topic, see
810:
13479:United Kingdom chemical weapons program
7227:Dimethyl 4-(methylthio)phenyl phosphate
6213:Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility
3734:from the original on September 6, 2013.
3695:
3672:
3042:
3040:
2386:from the original on September 23, 2017
2291:(7). Alphen aan den Rijn, Netherlands:
2209:Lawfare: Hard National Security Choices
2186:
2184:
2182:
1842:, England. Ten days after his death an
1676:-Elberfeld in Germany by scientists at
1605:, sarin decomposes rapidly to nontoxic
1251:(Dichloro). This reaction gives sarin,
1197:, sarin decomposes rapidly to nontoxic
326:
13416:
9497:
9476:Salts and covalent derivatives of the
9435:
6100:United States chemical weapons program
4855:Methylphosphonyl dichloride (dichloro)
4849:Methylphosphonyl difluoride (difluoro)
3846:
3721:
3613:
3462:
3447:
3178:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2282:
1652:(DIC), allowing sarin to be stored in
1204:It is almost always manufactured as a
941:
841:. Death usually occurs as a result of
503:158 °C (316 °F; 431 K)
493:−56 °C (−69 °F; 217 K)
135:2-(Fluoro-methylphosphoryl)oxypropane;
13429:Chemical weapons of the United States
12822:
11091:
9449:
9409:
8289:
7417:Methylfluorophosphonylcholine (MFPCh)
6667:2-(α-Naphthoyl)ethyltrimethylammonium
6583:
6137:U.S. Army Chemical Materials Activity
6072:
5097:Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TETS)
3955:
3399:
3319:Russell Goldmanpril (April 6, 2017).
3192:from the original on October 12, 2015
3046:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2597:Degenhardt, et al. (July 2004).
2564:Jakubowski, et al. (July 2003).
2312:
2310:
2267:
2232:
1897:; Over two days in March, the ethnic
1838:chemical warfare testing facility in
358:Key: DYAHQFWOVKZOOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
232:
212:
114:Propan-2-yl methylphosphonofluoridate
13449:German inventions of the Nazi period
13434:Cold War weapons of the Soviet Union
8315:
3756:from the original on August 26, 2013
3137:
3101:from the original on August 28, 2014
3037:
2578:from the original on January 2, 2016
2263:
2261:
2179:
2116:. United States Senate. May 25, 1994
1947:released an impure form of sarin in
1856:1976: Chile's intelligence service,
1212:while providing an adequate weapon.
8214:
6717:N,N-Dimethylaminoethylchloroacetate
5186:Dimethyl(trifluoromethylthio)arsine
3768:
3168:from the original on July 19, 2015.
2993:
1186:. The P-F bond is easily broken by
1030:
799:of 1993, and it is classified as a
375:Key: DYAHQFWOVKZOOW-UHFFFAOYAY
268:
13:
13469:Substances discovered in the 1930s
6243:Edgewood Arsenal human experiments
4802:Dimethylamidophosphoric dichloride
3800:. Dailystar.com.lb. Archived from
2837:
2343:Shim TM, McDonough JH (May 2000).
2307:
1733:
1290:was added to US sarin produced at
916:muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
601:
438:
14:
13490:
6651:Tooltip Choline acetyltransferase
4817:Ethylphosphonoselenoic dichloride
4807:Dimethylamidophosphoric dicyanide
3947:CDC Sarin Emergency Response Card
3925:
3475:(in Spanish). September 19, 2006.
3342:The Third Reich at War, 1939–1945
3254:Housecroft CE, Sharpe AG (2000).
3031:Federation of American Scientists
2258:
2203:Anderson K (September 17, 2013).
1876:assassination of Orlando Letelier
948:inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase
938:penetration and higher efficacy.
920:nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
806:
7711:Fasciculins (green mamba toxins)
7202:Dicyclohexyl phosphorofluoridate
4645:Dicyclohexyl phosphorofluoridate
4088:2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin
3428:"Nerve gas death was 'unlawful'"
2754:. National Academies Press (US).
2604:Journal of Analytical Toxicology
2301:10.1097/00132981-200507000-00011
2022:Governorate of Syria during the
1672:Sarin was discovered in 1938 in
1632:Along with nerve agents such as
1235:
784:due to its extreme potency as a
727:
580:
429:
423:
78:
60:
51:
13464:Soviet chemical weapons program
13444:German chemical weapons program
13424:Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
7642:Tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP)
7367:Hexaethyl tetraphosphate (HETP)
6053:List of chemical warfare agents
4276:Dibutylchloromethyltin chloride
3896:
3874:
3840:
3816:
3666:
3644:
3626:
3607:
3553:
3531:
3505:
3479:
3420:
3393:
3371:
3312:
3290:
3272:
3247:
3233:
3213:
3204:
3172:
3131:
3113:
3079:
2870:
2856:
2810:
2758:
2741:
2714:
2663:
2637:
2590:
2557:
2528:
2492:
2439:
2398:
2336:
723:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
12260:lanthanide, actinide, ammonium
6712:N,N-Dimethylaminoethylacrylate
3847:Chulov M (September 6, 2017).
3722:Murphy J (September 5, 2013).
3119:
2571:(Report). United States Army.
2415:(10). Amsterdam, Netherlands:
2276:
2226:
2196:
2128:
2102:
2007:, killing 28 and wounding 124.
1943:; the Japanese religious sect
1537:
1524:
1508:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1468:
1455:
1439:
1430:
1424:
1381:
1365:
957:after it is released into the
950:, an enzyme that degrades the
852:, tightness in the chest, and
540:Occupational safety and health
432:
417:
1:
11785:chlorides, bromides, iodides
8265:Receptor/signaling modulators
8037:Hemicholinium-3 (hemicholine)
7936:Tooltip Butyrylcholinesterase
3448:Blixen S (January 13, 1999).
3009:"Chemical Weapons Technology"
2970:Accounts of Chemical Research
2768:Journal of Applied Toxicology
2535:Baselt RC, Cravey RH (2017).
2425:10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00079-0
2270:Poisoning & Drug Overdose
2096:
2031:Khan Shaykhun chemical attack
1997:Khan al-Assal chemical attack
1350:diisopropyl methylphosphonate
894:
791:Sarin is widely considered a
712:Lethal Nerve Agent Sarin (GB)
687:(US health exposure limits):
141:-methyl-, 1-methylethyl ester
6732:Tooltip Acetylcholinesterase
6300:Operation Davy Jones' Locker
6203:Pine Bluff Chemical Activity
5129:Trimethylolpropane phosphite
4675:Neopentylene fluorophosphate
3696:Barnard A (March 19, 2013).
3660:The CBW Conventions Bulletin
2408:Food and Chemical Toxicology
2272:(8th ed.). McGraw Hill.
1336:was included as part of the
1087:sarin in mice is 172 μg/kg.
677:39 μg/kg (intravenous, rat)
7:
8026:Tooltip Choline transporter
7972:Profenamine (ethopropazine)
7212:Diisopropyl fluorophosphate
6677:4-(1-Naphthylvinyl)pyridine
6662:1-(-Benzoylethyl)pyridinium
6348:Methylphosphonyl difluoride
4911:3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol
4771:N,N-Diisopropylaminoethanol
4640:Diisopropyl fluorophosphate
3614:Martin A (March 19, 2018).
2611:(5). Oxfordshire, England:
2233:Smith M (August 26, 2002).
2064:
2044:April 2018: Victims of the
1933:Chemical Weapons Convention
1249:methylphosphonyl dichloride
1245:methylphosphonyl difluoride
1225:methylphosphonyl difluoride
1067:
797:Chemical Weapons Convention
659:or concentration (LD, LC):
10:
13495:
13459:Methylphosphonofluoridates
11096:
7875:Dimethylcarbamoyl fluoride
6682:Acetylseco hemicholinium-3
6183:Edgewood Chemical Activity
6168:Anniston Chemical Activity
5750:Hexamethylene diisocyanate
5218:Phenylcarbylamine chloride
4544:Dimethylcarbamoyl fluoride
3932:Material Safety Data Sheet
3673:Brunker M (May 17, 2004).
3651:Ian R Kenyon (June 2002).
3450:"Pinochet's Mad Scientist"
3020:U.S. Department of Defense
2923:(Pt. 1). London, England:
2881:. Amsterdam, Netherlands:
2692:10.1177/096032719000900407
1744:German Army Weapons Office
1667:
1581:Degradation and shelf life
854:constriction of the pupils
818:
793:weapon of mass destruction
776:. A colourless, odourless
27:
20:
13222:
12856:
12805:
12714:
12675:
12643:
12257:
12040:
11915:
11820:
11784:
11700:
11559:
11102:
11098:
9499:
9485:
9443:
8323:
8257:
8203:
8107:
8090:
8060:
8019:
8002:
7929:
6725:
6644:
6627:
6546:
6510:
6384:
6337:3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate
6327:
6287:
6271:
6235:
6226:
6155:
6147:Chemical mortar battalion
6106:
6048:
6008:Fluoroethyl fluoroacetate
5989:
5853:
5802:
5763:
5627:
5404:
5351:
5213:Perchloromethyl mercaptan
5142:
4943:
4718:
4632:
4624:4-686-293-01 (Agent 1-10)
4534:
4481:
4465:
4392:
4302:
4293:
4263:
4244:
4211:
4177:
4130:
4121:
4006:
3338:Richard J. Evans (2008).
3179:Hedges M (May 18, 2004).
2979:American Chemical Society
2114:103d Congress, 2d Session
2091:Organophosphate poisoning
1960:Tokyo subway sarin attack
1931:1993: The United Nations
1788:warhead cutaway, showing
821:Organophosphate poisoning
774:organophosphorus compound
717:
681:
655:
561:
537:
532:
404:
384:
342:
152:
137:Phosphonofluoridic acid,
120:
108:
68:
59:
50:
7745:Methanesulfonyl fluoride
6121:U.S. Army Chemical Corps
5725:Chloroacetophenone oxime
5710:Bromomethyl ethyl ketone
5318:Trifluoroacetyl chloride
5228:Tetrachlorodinitroethane
4875:Phosphorus pentachloride
4700:Methanesulfonyl fluoride
3750:Médecins Sans Frontières
3047:Kirby R (January 2006).
1792:Sarin bomblets (c. 1960)
1147:Production and structure
932:acetylcholine antagonist
772:) is an extremely toxic
483:1.102 g/cm (20 °C)
481:1.0887 g/cm (25 °C)
28:Not to be confused with
12258:with transition metal,
6922:+glycopyrronium bromide
6487:XM736 8-inch projectile
6218:Umatilla Chemical Depot
6004:(variants and mixtures)
5273:Trichloronitrosomethane
5268:Trifluoronitrosomethane
4843:Methyldichlorophosphine
3589:Henry L. Stimson Centre
2613:Oxford University Press
2285:Emergency Medicine News
2161:"Substance Name: Sarin"
1926:Second Battle of al-Faw
1895:Halabja chemical attack
1765:were incorporated into
1658:binary chemical weapons
1650:diisopropylcarbodiimide
1328:-Diisopropylcarbodimide
1163:phosphorus center. The
1085:subcutaneously injected
1044:. Its primary inactive
839:neuromuscular junctions
6672:3-Chloro-4-stillbazole
6482:M687 155 mm projectile
6452:M360 105 mm projectile
6412:M121 155 mm projectile
6407:M110 155 mm projectile
6402:M104 155 mm projectile
6198:Newport Chemical Depot
6178:Deseret Chemical Depot
6116:2nd Chemical Battalion
6109:centers and institutes
5803:Cornea-clouding agents
5298:Phosphorus trichloride
4880:Phosphorus trichloride
4614:Miotine (AR-28/T-1843)
4068:Phosphorus trifluoride
3778:. AFP. August 25, 2013
3620:The Japan Times Online
3406:. Helion. p. 49.
3284:, September 17, 2013,
2748:Toxicology NR (1997).
2352:Archives of Toxicology
2012:Ghouta chemical attack
1860:, assigned biochemist
1807:
1793:
1594:
1591:Rocky Mountain Arsenal
1568:
1292:Rocky Mountain Arsenal
1275:
1011:insecticides, such as
967:central nervous system
816:
612:
23:Sarin (disambiguation)
13439:G-series nerve agents
12715:thionyl, phosphoryl,
11787:and pseudohalogenides
6559:Dugway sheep incident
6477:M60 105 mm projectile
6467:M44 generator cluster
6208:Pueblo Chemical Depot
6173:Blue Grass Army Depot
6156:Industrial facilities
5197:Disulfur decafluoride
4998:Chlorophenylsilatrane
4906:2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
3595:on September 24, 2015
2977:(10). Washington DC:
2877:Corbridge DE (1995).
2364:10.1007/s002040050670
2046:Douma chemical attack
1955:was a testing ground.
1805:
1783:
1726:Hans-Jürgen von der L
1682:G-Series nerve agents
1612:methylphosphonic acid
1588:
1569:
1273:
1174:) is the more active
994:biologically inactive
814:
645:Threshold limit value
611:
12850:Phosphorus compounds
8233:Atracotoxins (e.g.,
7860:Tetrahydrocannabinol
7207:Diisopropylphosphate
6511:Protective equipment
6392:BLU-80/B Bigeye bomb
6279:Operation Ranch Hand
6188:Hawthorne Army Depot
5997:Methyl fluoroacetate
5825:Methyl cyanoacrylate
5745:Allyl isothiocyanate
5333:Uranium hexafluoride
5288:Dinitrogen tetroxide
5233:Chlorine trifluoride
4281:Selenium oxychloride
4151:Phenyldichloroarsine
4145:Methyldichloroarsine
4083:Nickel tetracarbonyl
3942:CDC Sarin fact sheet
3434:. November 15, 2004.
3138:Seto Y (June 2001).
3067:on February 11, 2017
3057:Army Chemical Review
2622:10.1093/jat/28.5.364
1359:
1184:acetylcholinesterase
1015:, and the medicines
984:with the particular
971:acetylcholinesterase
833:, sarin attacks the
801:Schedule 1 substance
594:(fire diamond)
110:Preferred IUPAC name
21:For other uses, see
8219:Tooltip Latrophilin
7921:Trimedoxime bromide
7850:Stercuronium iodide
7667:Tricresyl phosphate
7142:Chlorpyrifos-methyl
6462:M43 BZ cluster bomb
6310:Operation Steel Box
6163:Anniston Army Depot
5690:Bromobenzyl cyanide
5458:Dimethylheptylpyran
5386:Diphenylcyanoarsine
5381:Diphenylchlorarsine
5313:Methyl vinyl ketone
5238:Perchloryl fluoride
5102:Bicyclic phosphates
4921:Trimethyl phosphite
4870:Phosphoryl chloride
4139:Ethyldichloroarsine
4113:Chloral cyanohydrin
4103:Acetone cyanohydrin
4073:Methyl cyanoformate
3752:. August 24, 2013.
3728:The Daily Telegraph
3493:. December 13, 1981
3346:. Penguin. p.
3256:Inorganic Chemistry
2987:10.1021/ar00154a003
2916:Biochemical Journal
2684:1990HETox...9..245I
2324:. November 18, 2015
2318:"Facts About Sarin"
2240:The Daily Telegraph
1888:Operation Soberanía
1786:Honest John missile
1621:. According to the
1619:precursor materials
1549:
1536:
1523:
1483:
1467:
1454:
1419:
1393:
1380:
1178:due to its greater
942:Mechanism of action
936:blood–brain barrier
510:Solubility in water
453: g·mol
47:
9437:Fluorine compounds
7738:Onchidella binneyi
7080:Organophosphates:
6554:CB military symbol
6305:Operation Geranium
6107:Units, formations,
6058:CB military symbol
5916:Enterotoxin type B
5871:Cyclopiazonic acid
5830:N-Methylmorpholine
5730:Ethyl bromoacetate
5208:Ethyl bromoacetate
5175:Perfluoroisobutene
4916:Triethyl phosphite
4187:Levinstein mustard
4078:Iron pentacarbonyl
3702:The New York Times
3640:. August 21, 2016.
3638:The New York Times
3389:on April 29, 2011.
2933:10.1042/BJ20021862
2060:, on July 7, 2023.
1941:Matsumoto incident
1818:1953: 20-year-old
1808:
1794:
1595:
1564:
1511:
1506:
1498:
1471:
1442:
1437:
1407:
1368:
1363:
1276:
1265:Schlenk techniques
1172:(–) optical isomer
946:Sarin is a potent
817:
780:, it is used as a
750:Infobox references
696:(Immediate danger)
613:
45:
13411:
13410:
12816:
12815:
12809:Chemical formulas
11553:
11552:
11548:
11547:
9403:
9402:
8283:
8282:
8253:
8252:
8101:
8086:
8085:
8013:
7998:
7997:
7637:Tetrachlorvinphos
7512:Pirimiphos-methyl
7462:Oxydemeton-methyl
7412:Methyl phenkapton
6638:
6577:
6576:
6457:M426 8-inch shell
6442:M23 chemical mine
6323:
6322:
6315:Operation Red Hat
6248:Operation Top Hat
6066:
6065:
5876:Histrionicotoxins
5854:Biological toxins
5735:Ethyl iodoacetate
5303:Methyl isocyanate
5263:Selenoyl fluoride
5253:Mercuric chloride
5223:Tetranitromethane
5077:Sulfuryl fluoride
5062:HN3 hydrochloride
5057:HN2 hydrochloride
5052:HN1 hydrochloride
4939:
4938:
4896:Phenacyl chloride
4891:Pinacolyl alcohol
4837:Isopropyl alcohol
4832:4-Hydroxycoumarin
4766:1,8-Dibromooctane
4289:
4288:
4213:Nitrogen mustards
4026:Cyanogen chloride
3413:978-1-87-462262-8
3357:978-1-59420-206-3
3265:978-0-582-31080-3
3185:Houston Chronicle
2830:978-0-429-63296-9
2734:978-0-429-63296-9
2651:on August 8, 2007
2550:978-0-8151-0547-3
2514:10.1021/bi0621361
2508:(16): 4815–4825.
2460:10.1021/bi982678l
2086:Gulf War syndrome
1949:Matsumoto, Nagano
1803:
1556:
1514:
1505:
1493:
1486:
1474:
1445:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1410:
1397:
1371:
1253:hydrochloric acid
1229:hydrofluoric acid
1221:isopropyl alcohol
887:Sarin has a high
758:Chemical compound
756:
755:
706:Safety data sheet
553:Extremely lethal
311:CompTox Dashboard
194:Interactive image
13486:
13454:Isopropyl esters
13214:
13164:
13154:
13127:
13102:
13087:
13077:
13066:
13056:
13027:
13016:
12895:
12843:
12836:
12829:
12820:
12819:
12797:
12783:
12772:
12623:
12561:
12547:
12533:
12519:
12509:
12495:
12481:
12471:
12453:
12435:
12421:
12403:
12389:
12371:
12353:
12335:
12317:
12249:
12234:
12032:
12018:
12003:
12002:
12001:
11988:
11986:
11985:
11972:
11971:
11970:
11907:
11893:
11752:
11726:
11644:
11534:
11524:
11492:
11491:
11490:
11017:
11016:
11015:
11002:
11001:
11000:
10755:
10754:
10753:
10740:
10739:
10738:
10366:
10365:
10364:
10337:
10336:
10335:
10264:
10054:
9488:
9487:
9470:
9463:
9456:
9447:
9446:
9430:
9423:
9416:
9407:
9406:
9391:
9377:
9363:
9349:
9335:
9321:
9307:
9297:
9290:
9279:
8513:
8512:
8511:
8503:
8502:
8317:Oxygen compounds
8310:
8303:
8296:
8287:
8286:
8220:
8216:
8155:
8151:
8124:
8120:
8105:
8104:
8095:
8068:
8064:
8027:
8023:
8017:
8016:
8007:
7937:
7933:
7901:Asoxime chloride
7477:Parathion-methyl
7177:Demeton-S-methyl
6733:
6729:
6652:
6648:
6642:
6641:
6632:
6604:
6597:
6590:
6581:
6580:
6447:M34 cluster bomb
6397:M1 chemical mine
6233:
6232:
6093:
6086:
6079:
6070:
6069:
6040:White phosphorus
6017:post-combustion
6013:Depleted uranium
5840:Osmium tetroxide
5720:Phenacyl bromide
5283:Nitrogen dioxide
5258:Selenium dioxide
5248:Cadmium chloride
4705:Dimefox (TL-792)
4300:
4299:
4128:
4127:
4053:Hydrogen sulfide
4032:Hydrogen cyanide
4021:Cyanogen bromide
3987:chemical warfare
3976:
3969:
3962:
3953:
3952:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3828:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3804:on March 5, 2019
3794:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3657:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3519:. March 16, 1988
3509:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3445:
3436:
3435:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3400:Georg F (2003).
3397:
3391:
3390:
3385:. Archived from
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3345:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3294:
3288:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3217:
3211:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3160:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3100:
3093:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3066:
3060:. Archived from
3053:
3044:
3035:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3013:
3004:
2991:
2990:
2964:
2955:
2954:
2944:
2906:
2897:
2896:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2846:
2835:
2834:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2780:10.1002/jat.1074
2762:
2756:
2755:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2647:. Archived from
2641:
2635:
2634:
2624:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2577:
2570:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2542:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2496:
2490:
2479:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2349:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2314:
2305:
2304:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2265:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2248:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2106:
2035:Syrian Air Force
2024:Syrian Civil War
1986:Iraqi insurgents
1922:al-Faw Peninsula
1804:
1740:chemical warfare
1721:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1512:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1443:
1434:
1433:
1427:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1376:
1369:
1239:
1231:as a byproduct:
1180:binding affinity
1159:attached to the
1122:Hydrogen cyanide
1031:Diagnostic tests
952:neurotransmitter
828:neurotransmitter
740:
734:
731:
730:
633:
626:
619:
604:
584:
452:
440:
434:
431:
425:
419:
412:Chemical formula
335:
334:
319:
317:
301:
281:
270:
256:
236:
216:
196:
172:
104:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
87:
84:
64:
55:
48:
44:
13494:
13493:
13489:
13488:
13487:
13485:
13484:
13483:
13414:
13413:
13412:
13407:
13403:
13399:
13391:
13387:
13379:
13375:
13367:
13363:
13355:
13351:
13343:
13339:
13326:
13322:
13309:
13301:
13293:
13285:
13277:
13273:
13265:
13257:
13249:
13241:
13233:
13223:Other compounds
13218:
13213:
13209:
13199:
13195:
13187:
13163:
13159:
13153:
13149:
13139:
13135:
13126:
13122:
13101:
13097:
13086:
13082:
13075:
13071:
13065:
13061:
13055:
13051:
13047:
13025:
13021:
13015:
13011:
12995:
12966:
12927:
12919:
12915:
12907:
12903:
12894:
12890:
12886:
12852:
12847:
12817:
12812:
12801:
12796:
12792:
12788:
12781:
12777:
12771:
12767:
12761:
12753:
12745:
12736:
12727:
12716:
12710:
12706:
12702:
12694:
12686:
12671:
12667:
12659:
12639:
12635:
12631:
12622:
12618:
12614:
12609:
12605:
12597:
12593:
12585:
12581:
12573:
12569:
12560:
12556:
12552:
12546:
12542:
12538:
12532:
12528:
12524:
12518:
12514:
12508:
12504:
12500:
12494:
12490:
12486:
12480:
12476:
12470:
12466:
12462:
12458:
12452:
12448:
12444:
12440:
12434:
12430:
12426:
12420:
12416:
12412:
12408:
12402:
12398:
12394:
12388:
12384:
12380:
12376:
12370:
12366:
12362:
12358:
12352:
12348:
12344:
12340:
12334:
12330:
12326:
12322:
12316:
12312:
12308:
12304:
12298:
12290:
12286:
12278:
12270:
12259:
12253:
12247:
12243:
12239:
12232:
12228:
12224:
12218:
12214:
12206:
12202:
12198:
12189:
12185:
12176:
12172:
12164:
12160:
12156:
12147:
12139:
12135:
12127:
12118:
12109:
12100:
12092:
12088:
12080:
12071:
12063:
12059:
12051:
12041:Organofluorides
12036:
12031:
12027:
12023:
12017:
12013:
12000:
11997:
11996:
11995:
11993:
11984:
11981:
11980:
11979:
11977:
11969:
11966:
11965:
11964:
11962:
11957:
11943:
11934:
11926:
11911:
11906:
11902:
11898:
11892:
11888:
11884:
11879:
11871:
11863:
11859:
11855:
11847:
11839:
11828:
11824:
11816:
11812:
11786:
11780:
11776:
11772:
11764:
11760:
11751:
11747:
11743:
11738:
11734:
11724:
11720:
11716:
11712:
11704:
11696:
11692:
11684:
11676:
11668:
11660:
11652:
11643:
11639:
11634:
11630:
11622:
11614:
11606:
11598:
11590:
11582:
11571:
11567:
11563:
11555:
11554:
11549:
11533:
11529:
11526:
11523:
11519:
11517:
11515:
11507:
11502:
11500:
11489:
11486:
11485:
11484:
11482:
11480:
11478:
11470:
11464:
11462:
11457:
11455:
11447:
11441:
11439:
11434:
11432:
11427:
11425:
11417:
11412:
11410:
11405:
11403:
11398:
11396:
11388:
11383:
11381:
11376:
11374:
11369:
11367:
11359:
11354:
11352:
11347:
11345:
11340:
11338:
11330:
11325:
11323:
11315:
11310:
11308:
11300:
11290:
11285:
11283:
11275:
11270:
11268:
11260:
11252:
11244:
11239:
11237:
11232:
11230:
11222:
11217:
11215:
11207:
11199:
11194:
11192:
11184:
11179:
11177:
11169:
11161:
11156:
11154:
11149:
11147:
11139:
11134:
11132:
11124:
11119:
11117:
11109:
11041:
11030:
11014:
11011:
11010:
11009:
11007:
11004:
10999:
10996:
10995:
10994:
10992:
10989:
10987:
10979:
10973:
10971:
10965:
10958:
10953:
10951:
10946:
10944:
10935:
10930:
10928:
10920:
10915:
10913:
10905:
10900:
10893:
10887:
10885:
10880:
10878:
10874:
10866:
10862:
10857:
10855:
10849:
10847:
10843:
10838:
10836:
10831:
10824:
10819:
10817:
10812:
10810:
10805:
10801:
10799:
10791:
10786:
10784:
10779:
10777:
10772:
10770:
10765:
10763:
10752:
10749:
10748:
10747:
10745:
10742:
10737:
10734:
10733:
10732:
10730:
10727:
10725:
10720:
10718:
10713:
10711:
10703:
10698:
10696:
10691:
10689:
10684:
10682:
10674:
10669:
10667:
10662:
10660:
10652:
10644:
10636:
10625:
10610:
10604:
10602:
10597:
10595:
10590:
10588:
10580:
10575:
10573:
10568:
10566:
10561:
10559:
10554:
10547:
10542:
10540:
10535:
10533:
10529:
10523:
10521:
10513:
10508:
10506:
10498:
10493:
10491:
10483:
10478:
10471:
10463:
10458:
10456:
10451:
10447:
10444:
10436:
10430:
10428:
10423:
10419:
10417:
10409:
10404:
10402:
10397:
10395:
10390:
10388:
10380:
10375:
10373:
10368:
10363:
10360:
10359:
10358:
10356:
10354:
10352:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10331:
10330:
10329:
10327:
10325:
10323:
10315:
10310:
10308:
10303:
10301:
10293:
10288:
10286:
10278:
10273:
10271:
10266:
10263:
10259:
10254:
10244:
10239:
10225:
10219:
10217:
10211:
10209:
10201:
10196:
10194:
10189:
10182:
10177:
10175:
10170:
10168:
10163:
10161:
10157:
10149:
10144:
10142:
10134:
10129:
10127:
10119:
10114:
10112:
10104:
10096:
10090:
10088:
10083:
10076:
10071:
10069:
10064:
10062:
10053:
10049:
10047:
10045:
10040:
10038:
10030:
10025:
10023:
10018:
10016:
10008:
10002:
10000:
9995:
9993:
9988:
9986:
9978:
9972:
9970:
9965:
9963:
9958:
9956:
9951:
9949:
9941:
9936:
9934:
9929:
9927:
9922:
9920:
9912:
9907:
9905:
9900:
9898:
9890:
9880:
9875:
9861:
9855:
9853:
9844:
9839:
9837:
9832:
9825:
9820:
9818:
9813:
9811:
9807:
9802:
9800:
9795:
9793:
9788:
9786:
9782:
9777:
9775:
9770:
9768:
9764:
9756:
9751:
9749:
9744:
9742:
9738:
9730:
9722:
9717:
9710:
9692:
9685:
9681:
9679:
9675:
9670:
9668:
9664:
9659:
9655:
9653:
9649:
9644:
9642:
9634:
9628:
9626:
9621:
9619:
9615:
9610:
9606:
9604:
9600:
9595:
9593:
9588:
9586:
9578:
9573:
9571:
9567:
9562:
9560:
9552:
9547:
9545:
9541:
9536:
9534:
9529:
9522:
9507:
9481:
9474:
9439:
9434:
9404:
9399:
9389:
9385:
9380:
9375:
9371:
9366:
9361:
9357:
9352:
9347:
9343:
9338:
9333:
9329:
9324:
9319:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9300:
9293:
9287:
9282:
9277:
9273:
9268:
9264:
9251:
9247:
9238:
9230:
9222:
9218:
9210:
9206:
9198:
9194:
9185:
9177:
9164:
9160:
9152:
9144:
9136:
9132:
9124:
9120:
9112:
9099:
9095:
9082:
9078:
9070:
9066:
9057:
9049:
9045:
9037:
9033:
9025:
9017:
9009:
9005:
8997:
8993:
8985:
8981:
8973:
8969:
8961:
8957:
8944:
8940:
8931:
8918:
8910:
8906:
8897:
8888:
8879:
8870:
8862:
8849:
8845:
8836:
8828:
8824:
8816:
8812:
8799:
8795:
8787:
8783:
8775:
8771:
8758:
8754:
8746:
8738:
8734:
8726:
8722:
8714:
8710:
8702:
8694:
8690:
8682:
8678:
8665:
8661:
8653:
8649:
8641:
8637:
8629:
8625:
8617:
8613:
8604:
8596:
8588:
8584:
8576:
8572:
8564:
8551:
8538:
8534:
8526:
8510:
8507:
8506:
8505:
8501:
8498:
8497:
8496:
8494:
8489:
8485:
8477:
8473:
8465:
8457:
8453:
8445:
8437:
8433:
8415:
8411:
8403:
8399:
8391:
8387:
8379:
8375:
8367:
8363:
8355:
8347:
8343:
8335:
8331:
8319:
8314:
8284:
8279:
8249:
8218:
8199:
8159:Botulinum toxin
8153:
8128:Botulinum toxin
8122:
8094:
8082:
8066:
8056:
8042:Triethylcholine
8025:
8006:
7994:
7935:
7925:
7845:Rosmarinic acid
7612:Sulfotep (TEDP)
7282:Ethylsarin (GE)
7162:Cyclosarin (GF)
7132:Chlorfenvinphos
7122:Carbophenothion
7102:Azinphos-methyl
6731:
6721:
6687:Acryloylcholine
6650:
6631:
6623:
6608:
6578:
6573:
6542:
6506:
6380:
6319:
6295:Operation CHASE
6283:
6267:
6228:
6222:
6151:
6108:
6102:
6097:
6067:
6062:
6044:
5985:
5896:Botulinum toxin
5849:
5798:
5759:
5675:Benzyl chloride
5630:
5623:
5407:
5400:
5391:Cacodyl cyanide
5353:Vomiting agents
5347:
5145:
5138:
5047:Dimethylmercury
4969:Botulinum toxin
4935:
4714:
4628:
4530:
4483:Novichok agents
4477:
4461:
4388:
4285:
4259:
4240:
4207:
4179:Sulfur mustards
4173:
4117:
4063:Carbon monoxide
4043:Cacodyl cyanide
4002:
4001:
3985:Agents used in
3980:
3928:
3923:
3913:
3911:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3887:
3885:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3865:
3863:
3845:
3841:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3807:
3805:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3781:
3779:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3759:
3757:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3720:
3716:
3706:
3704:
3694:
3690:
3680:
3678:
3671:
3667:
3655:
3649:
3645:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3612:
3608:
3598:
3596:
3581:
3577:
3567:
3565:
3558:
3554:
3544:
3542:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3522:
3520:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3496:
3494:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3455:Consortium News
3446:
3439:
3432:BBC News Online
3426:
3425:
3421:
3414:
3398:
3394:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3336:
3332:
3317:
3313:
3303:
3301:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3252:
3248:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3195:
3193:
3177:
3173:
3165:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3136:
3132:
3124:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3051:
3045:
3038:
3024:
3022:
3011:
3005:
2994:
2965:
2958:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2875:
2871:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2848:
2847:
2838:
2831:
2815:
2811:
2763:
2759:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2719:
2715:
2672:Hum Exp Toxicol
2668:
2664:
2654:
2652:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2533:
2529:
2497:
2493:
2444:
2440:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2327:
2325:
2316:
2315:
2308:
2281:
2277:
2266:
2259:
2246:
2244:
2231:
2227:
2214:
2212:
2201:
2197:
2189:
2180:
2170:
2168:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2117:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2067:
1911:Iraqi Air Force
1872:Michael Townley
1867:Proyecto Andrea
1862:Eugenio Berríos
1824:Royal Air Force
1820:Ronald Maddison
1811:1950s (early):
1796:
1742:section of the
1736:
1734:Use as a weapon
1724:Heereswaffenamt
1715:
1670:
1607:phosphonic acid
1583:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1541:
1533:
1528:
1520:
1515:
1507:
1499:
1487:
1480:
1475:
1464:
1459:
1451:
1446:
1438:
1423:
1416:
1411:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1377:
1372:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1315:-Diethylaniline
1247:(Difluoro) and
1206:racemic mixture
1199:phosphonic acid
1168:
1149:
1116:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1081:
1070:
1033:
944:
924:cholinesterases
910:. Atropine, an
897:
824:
809:
782:chemical weapon
759:
752:
747:
746:
745: ?)
736:
732:
728:
724:
697:
674:
668:
648:
638:
637:
636:
635:
628:
621:
614:
610:
602:
577:
550:
512:
482:
450:
437:
428:
422:
414:
400:
397:
396:FP(=O)(OC(C)C)C
392:
391:
380:
377:
376:
373:
367:
366:
360:
359:
356:
350:
349:
338:
320:
313:
304:
284:
271:
259:
239:
219:
199:
186:
175:
162:
148:
146:
144:
142:
136:
134:
132:
116:
115:
81:
77:
41:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
13492:
13482:
13481:
13476:
13471:
13466:
13461:
13456:
13451:
13446:
13441:
13436:
13431:
13426:
13409:
13408:
13406:
13405:
13401:
13397:
13393:
13389:
13385:
13381:
13377:
13373:
13369:
13365:
13361:
13357:
13353:
13349:
13345:
13341:
13337:
13333:
13328:
13324:
13320:
13316:
13311:
13307:
13303:
13299:
13295:
13291:
13287:
13283:
13279:
13275:
13271:
13267:
13263:
13259:
13255:
13251:
13247:
13243:
13239:
13235:
13231:
13226:
13224:
13220:
13219:
13217:
13216:
13211:
13206:
13201:
13197:
13193:
13189:
13185:
13181:
13176:
13171:
13166:
13161:
13156:
13151:
13146:
13141:
13137:
13133:
13129:
13124:
13119:
13114:
13109:
13104:
13099:
13094:
13089:
13084:
13079:
13073:
13068:
13063:
13058:
13053:
13049:
13044:
13039:
13034:
13029:
13023:
13018:
13013:
13008:
13003:
12998:
12993:
12989:
12984:
12979:
12974:
12969:
12964:
12960:
12955:
12950:
12945:
12940:
12935:
12930:
12925:
12921:
12917:
12913:
12909:
12905:
12901:
12897:
12892:
12888:
12883:
12878:
12873:
12868:
12862:
12860:
12854:
12853:
12846:
12845:
12838:
12831:
12823:
12814:
12813:
12806:
12803:
12802:
12800:
12799:
12794:
12790:
12785:
12779:
12774:
12769:
12764:
12759:
12755:
12751:
12747:
12743:
12739:
12734:
12730:
12725:
12720:
12718:
12712:
12711:
12709:
12708:
12704:
12700:
12696:
12692:
12688:
12684:
12679:
12677:
12673:
12672:
12670:
12669:
12665:
12661:
12657:
12653:
12647:
12645:
12641:
12640:
12638:
12637:
12633:
12629:
12625:
12620:
12616:
12611:
12607:
12603:
12599:
12595:
12591:
12587:
12583:
12579:
12575:
12571:
12567:
12563:
12558:
12554:
12549:
12544:
12540:
12535:
12530:
12526:
12521:
12516:
12511:
12506:
12502:
12497:
12492:
12488:
12483:
12478:
12473:
12468:
12464:
12460:
12455:
12450:
12446:
12442:
12437:
12432:
12428:
12423:
12418:
12414:
12410:
12405:
12400:
12396:
12391:
12386:
12382:
12378:
12373:
12368:
12364:
12360:
12355:
12350:
12346:
12342:
12337:
12332:
12328:
12324:
12319:
12314:
12310:
12306:
12301:
12296:
12292:
12288:
12284:
12280:
12276:
12272:
12268:
12263:
12261:
12255:
12254:
12252:
12251:
12245:
12241:
12236:
12230:
12226:
12221:
12216:
12212:
12208:
12204:
12200:
12196:
12192:
12187:
12183:
12179:
12174:
12170:
12166:
12162:
12158:
12154:
12150:
12145:
12141:
12137:
12133:
12129:
12125:
12121:
12116:
12112:
12107:
12103:
12098:
12094:
12090:
12086:
12082:
12078:
12074:
12069:
12065:
12061:
12057:
12053:
12049:
12044:
12042:
12038:
12037:
12035:
12034:
12029:
12025:
12020:
12015:
12010:
12005:
11998:
11990:
11982:
11974:
11967:
11959:
11955:
11951:
11946:
11941:
11937:
11932:
11928:
11924:
11919:
11917:
11913:
11912:
11910:
11909:
11904:
11900:
11895:
11890:
11886:
11881:
11877:
11873:
11869:
11865:
11861:
11857:
11853:
11849:
11845:
11841:
11837:
11832:
11830:
11826:
11822:
11818:
11817:
11815:
11814:
11810:
11806:
11801:
11796:
11790:
11788:
11782:
11781:
11779:
11778:
11774:
11770:
11766:
11762:
11758:
11754:
11749:
11745:
11740:
11736:
11732:
11728:
11722:
11718:
11714:
11708:
11706:
11702:
11698:
11697:
11695:
11694:
11690:
11686:
11682:
11678:
11674:
11670:
11666:
11662:
11658:
11654:
11650:
11646:
11641:
11636:
11632:
11628:
11624:
11620:
11616:
11612:
11608:
11604:
11600:
11596:
11592:
11588:
11584:
11580:
11575:
11573:
11569:
11565:
11561:
11557:
11556:
11551:
11550:
11546:
11545:
11542:
11539:
11536:
11531:
11521:
11513:
11509:
11505:
11498:
11494:
11487:
11476:
11472:
11468:
11460:
11453:
11449:
11445:
11437:
11430:
11423:
11419:
11415:
11408:
11401:
11394:
11390:
11386:
11379:
11372:
11365:
11361:
11357:
11350:
11343:
11336:
11332:
11328:
11321:
11317:
11313:
11306:
11302:
11298:
11293:
11292:
11288:
11281:
11277:
11273:
11266:
11262:
11258:
11254:
11250:
11246:
11242:
11235:
11228:
11224:
11220:
11213:
11209:
11205:
11201:
11197:
11190:
11186:
11182:
11175:
11171:
11167:
11163:
11159:
11152:
11145:
11141:
11137:
11130:
11126:
11122:
11115:
11111:
11107:
11103:
11100:
11099:
11097:
11095:
11092:
11089:
11088:
11085:
11082:
11079:
11076:
11073:
11070:
11067:
11064:
11061:
11058:
11055:
11052:
11049:
11046:
11043:
11039:
11035:
11032:
11028:
11024:
11020:
11019:
11012:
10997:
10985:
10981:
10977:
10969:
10960:
10956:
10949:
10942:
10937:
10933:
10926:
10922:
10918:
10911:
10907:
10903:
10895:
10891:
10883:
10876:
10872:
10868:
10864:
10860:
10853:
10845:
10841:
10834:
10826:
10822:
10815:
10808:
10797:
10793:
10789:
10782:
10775:
10768:
10761:
10757:
10750:
10735:
10723:
10716:
10709:
10705:
10701:
10694:
10687:
10680:
10676:
10672:
10665:
10658:
10654:
10650:
10646:
10642:
10638:
10634:
10630:
10627:
10623:
10619:
10613:
10612:
10608:
10600:
10593:
10586:
10582:
10578:
10571:
10564:
10557:
10549:
10545:
10538:
10531:
10527:
10519:
10515:
10511:
10504:
10500:
10496:
10489:
10485:
10481:
10473:
10469:
10465:
10461:
10454:
10442:
10438:
10434:
10426:
10415:
10411:
10407:
10400:
10393:
10386:
10382:
10378:
10371:
10361:
10350:
10346:
10342:
10332:
10321:
10317:
10313:
10306:
10299:
10295:
10291:
10284:
10280:
10276:
10269:
10261:
10256:
10252:
10248:
10246:
10242:
10234:
10228:
10227:
10223:
10215:
10207:
10203:
10199:
10192:
10184:
10180:
10173:
10166:
10159:
10155:
10151:
10147:
10140:
10136:
10132:
10125:
10121:
10117:
10110:
10106:
10102:
10098:
10094:
10086:
10078:
10074:
10067:
10060:
10056:
10051:
10043:
10036:
10032:
10028:
10021:
10014:
10010:
10006:
9998:
9991:
9984:
9980:
9976:
9968:
9961:
9954:
9947:
9943:
9939:
9932:
9925:
9918:
9914:
9910:
9903:
9896:
9892:
9888:
9884:
9882:
9878:
9870:
9864:
9863:
9859:
9851:
9846:
9842:
9835:
9827:
9823:
9816:
9809:
9805:
9798:
9791:
9784:
9780:
9773:
9766:
9762:
9758:
9754:
9747:
9740:
9736:
9732:
9728:
9724:
9720:
9712:
9708:
9704:
9698:
9697:
9694:
9690:
9686:
9683:
9677:
9673:
9666:
9662:
9651:
9647:
9640:
9636:
9632:
9624:
9617:
9613:
9602:
9598:
9591:
9584:
9580:
9576:
9569:
9565:
9558:
9554:
9550:
9543:
9539:
9532:
9524:
9520:
9516:
9510:
9509:
9505:
9500:
9498:
9496:
9494:
9486:
9483:
9482:
9473:
9472:
9465:
9458:
9450:
9444:
9441:
9440:
9433:
9432:
9425:
9418:
9410:
9401:
9400:
9398:
9397:
9392:
9387:
9383:
9378:
9373:
9369:
9364:
9359:
9355:
9350:
9345:
9341:
9336:
9331:
9327:
9322:
9317:
9313:
9308:
9303:
9298:
9291:
9285:
9280:
9275:
9271:
9266:
9262:
9258:
9253:
9249:
9245:
9241:
9236:
9232:
9228:
9224:
9220:
9216:
9212:
9208:
9204:
9200:
9196:
9192:
9188:
9183:
9179:
9175:
9171:
9166:
9162:
9158:
9154:
9150:
9146:
9142:
9138:
9134:
9130:
9126:
9122:
9118:
9114:
9110:
9106:
9101:
9097:
9093:
9089:
9084:
9080:
9076:
9072:
9068:
9064:
9060:
9055:
9051:
9047:
9043:
9039:
9035:
9031:
9027:
9023:
9019:
9015:
9011:
9007:
9003:
8999:
8995:
8991:
8987:
8983:
8979:
8975:
8971:
8967:
8963:
8959:
8955:
8951:
8946:
8942:
8938:
8934:
8929:
8925:
8920:
8916:
8912:
8908:
8904:
8900:
8895:
8891:
8886:
8882:
8877:
8873:
8868:
8864:
8860:
8856:
8851:
8847:
8843:
8839:
8834:
8830:
8826:
8822:
8818:
8814:
8810:
8806:
8801:
8797:
8793:
8789:
8785:
8781:
8777:
8773:
8769:
8765:
8760:
8756:
8752:
8748:
8744:
8740:
8736:
8732:
8728:
8724:
8720:
8716:
8712:
8708:
8704:
8700:
8696:
8692:
8688:
8684:
8680:
8676:
8672:
8667:
8663:
8659:
8655:
8651:
8647:
8643:
8639:
8635:
8631:
8627:
8623:
8619:
8615:
8611:
8607:
8602:
8598:
8594:
8590:
8586:
8582:
8578:
8574:
8570:
8566:
8562:
8558:
8553:
8549:
8545:
8540:
8536:
8532:
8528:
8524:
8520:
8515:
8508:
8499:
8491:
8487:
8483:
8479:
8475:
8471:
8467:
8463:
8459:
8455:
8451:
8447:
8443:
8439:
8435:
8431:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8413:
8409:
8405:
8401:
8397:
8393:
8389:
8385:
8381:
8377:
8373:
8369:
8365:
8361:
8357:
8353:
8349:
8345:
8341:
8337:
8333:
8329:
8324:
8321:
8320:
8313:
8312:
8305:
8298:
8290:
8281:
8280:
8278:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8258:
8255:
8254:
8251:
8250:
8248:
8247:
8242:
8227:
8226:
8209:
8207:
8201:
8200:
8198:
8197:
8194:γ-bungarotoxin
8190:β-bungarotoxin
8179:
8178:
8144:
8143:
8113:
8111:
8102:
8088:
8087:
8084:
8083:
8081:
8080:
8071:
8069:
8058:
8057:
8055:
8054:
8045:
8044:
8039:
8030:
8028:
8014:
8000:
7999:
7996:
7995:
7993:
7992:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7940:
7938:
7927:
7926:
7924:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7893:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7748:
7747:
7742:
7730:
7708:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7452:Novichok agent
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7372:Isofluorophate
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7127:Chlorethoxyfos
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7097:Azinphos-ethyl
7094:
7089:
7084:
7074:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6937:Pyridostigmine
6934:
6929:
6924:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6736:
6734:
6723:
6722:
6720:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6655:
6653:
6639:
6625:
6624:
6607:
6606:
6599:
6592:
6584:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6550:
6548:
6547:Related topics
6544:
6543:
6541:
6540:
6535:
6533:People sniffer
6530:
6525:
6520:
6514:
6512:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6388:
6386:
6382:
6381:
6379:
6378:
6373:
6367:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6345:
6340:
6333:
6331:
6325:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6291:
6289:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6281:
6275:
6273:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6239:
6237:
6230:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6159:
6157:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6112:
6110:
6104:
6103:
6096:
6095:
6088:
6081:
6073:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6060:
6055:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6023:
6022:
6021:
6019:uranium oxides
6010:
6005:
5999:
5993:
5991:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5857:
5855:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5806:
5804:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5770:
5768:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5757:
5755:Crotonaldehyde
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5680:Benzyl bromide
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5641:
5635:
5633:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5621:
5619:Chlorpromazine
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5412:
5410:
5406:Incapacitating
5402:
5401:
5399:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5369:
5364:
5357:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5293:Sulfur dioxide
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5194:
5188:
5183:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5161:
5156:
5150:
5148:
5146:choking agents
5140:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5042:Tetraethyllead
5039:
5033:
5028:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5006:
5000:
4995:
4989:
4983:
4978:
4972:
4966:
4961:
4955:
4949:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4846:
4840:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4746:A.P.C. complex
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4636:
4634:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4540:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4487:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4457:V-sub x (GD-7)
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4398:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4355:
4350:
4344:
4338:
4332:
4326:
4320:
4315:
4308:
4306:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4254:Phosgene oxime
4250:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4217:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4183:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4166:
4160:
4154:
4148:
4142:
4136:
4134:
4125:
4123:Blister agents
4119:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4093:Glycolonitrile
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4029:
4023:
4018:
4012:
4010:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3992:incapacitation
3989:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3927:
3926:External links
3924:
3922:
3921:
3910:. July 7, 2023
3895:
3873:
3839:
3815:
3789:
3767:
3737:
3714:
3688:
3665:
3643:
3625:
3606:
3575:
3552:
3530:
3504:
3491:New York Times
3478:
3461:
3437:
3419:
3412:
3392:
3370:
3356:
3330:
3325:New York Times
3311:
3289:
3271:
3264:
3246:
3241:"Nerve agents"
3232:
3212:
3203:
3188:. p. A1.
3171:
3145:
3130:
3112:
3078:
3036:
2992:
2956:
2925:Portland Press
2898:
2891:
2869:
2855:
2836:
2829:
2809:
2774:(5): 393–409.
2757:
2740:
2733:
2713:
2678:(4): 245–250.
2662:
2636:
2589:
2556:
2549:
2527:
2491:
2454:(22): 7032–9.
2438:
2397:
2358:(3): 165–172.
2335:
2306:
2293:Wolters Kluwer
2275:
2257:
2225:
2195:
2178:
2152:
2127:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2054:
2042:
2027:
2018:region of the
2008:
1993:
1982:
1979:Ibn al-Khattab
1971:
1956:
1937:
1929:
1914:
1907:Saddam Hussein
1891:
1854:
1851:
1826:engineer from
1816:
1757:Though sarin,
1735:
1732:
1669:
1666:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1560:
1552:
1544:
1539:
1531:
1526:
1518:
1510:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1478:
1470:
1462:
1457:
1449:
1441:
1432:
1426:
1414:
1406:
1401:
1388:
1383:
1375:
1367:
1346:
1345:
1334:Isopropylamine
1331:
1318:
1305:
1295:
1241:
1240:
1166:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1137:
1134:Sulfur mustard
1131:
1125:
1114:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1079:
1069:
1066:
1058:chromatography
1032:
1029:
1017:pyridostigmine
975:synaptic cleft
959:synaptic cleft
943:
940:
930:, a synthetic
896:
893:
880:– salivation,
835:nervous system
808:
807:Health effects
805:
757:
754:
753:
748:
726:
725:
721:standard state
718:
715:
714:
709:
702:
701:
698:
692:
689:
688:
679:
678:
675:
666:
664:
661:
660:
653:
652:
649:
643:
640:
639:
629:
622:
615:
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599:
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569:
559:
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530:
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517:
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513:
508:
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491:
485:
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469:
463:
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441:
435:
426:
420:
415:
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407:
406:
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399:
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395:
387:
386:
385:
382:
381:
379:
378:
374:
371:
370:
368:
364:
363:
361:
357:
354:
353:
345:
344:
343:
340:
339:
337:
336:
323:
321:
309:
306:
305:
303:
302:
294:
292:
286:
285:
283:
282:
274:
272:
264:
261:
260:
258:
257:
249:
247:
241:
240:
238:
237:
229:
227:
221:
220:
218:
217:
209:
207:
201:
200:
198:
197:
189:
187:
180:
177:
176:
174:
173:
165:
163:
158:
155:
154:
150:
149:
122:
118:
117:
113:
112:
106:
105:
75:
74:Pronunciation
71:
70:
66:
65:
57:
56:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13491:
13480:
13477:
13475:
13472:
13470:
13467:
13465:
13462:
13460:
13457:
13455:
13452:
13450:
13447:
13445:
13442:
13440:
13437:
13435:
13432:
13430:
13427:
13425:
13422:
13421:
13419:
13404:
13394:
13392:
13382:
13380:
13370:
13368:
13358:
13356:
13346:
13344:
13334:
13332:
13329:
13327:
13317:
13315:
13312:
13310:
13304:
13302:
13296:
13294:
13288:
13286:
13280:
13278:
13268:
13266:
13260:
13258:
13252:
13250:
13244:
13242:
13236:
13234:
13228:
13227:
13225:
13221:
13215:
13207:
13205:
13202:
13200:
13190:
13188:
13182:
13180:
13177:
13175:
13172:
13170:
13167:
13165:
13157:
13155:
13147:
13145:
13142:
13140:
13130:
13128:
13120:
13118:
13115:
13113:
13110:
13108:
13105:
13103:
13095:
13093:
13090:
13088:
13080:
13078:
13069:
13067:
13059:
13057:
13045:
13043:
13040:
13038:
13035:
13033:
13030:
13028:
13019:
13017:
13009:
13007:
13004:
13002:
12999:
12997:
12990:
12988:
12985:
12983:
12980:
12978:
12975:
12973:
12970:
12968:
12961:
12959:
12956:
12954:
12951:
12949:
12946:
12944:
12941:
12939:
12936:
12934:
12931:
12929:
12922:
12920:
12910:
12908:
12898:
12896:
12884:
12882:
12879:
12877:
12874:
12872:
12869:
12867:
12864:
12863:
12861:
12859:
12855:
12851:
12844:
12839:
12837:
12832:
12830:
12825:
12824:
12821:
12811:
12810:
12804:
12798:
12786:
12784:
12775:
12773:
12765:
12763:
12756:
12754:
12748:
12746:
12740:
12738:
12731:
12729:
12722:
12721:
12719:
12713:
12707:
12697:
12695:
12689:
12687:
12681:
12680:
12678:
12674:
12668:
12662:
12660:
12654:
12652:
12649:
12648:
12646:
12642:
12636:
12626:
12624:
12612:
12610:
12600:
12598:
12588:
12586:
12576:
12574:
12564:
12562:
12550:
12548:
12536:
12534:
12522:
12520:
12512:
12510:
12498:
12496:
12484:
12482:
12474:
12472:
12456:
12454:
12438:
12436:
12424:
12422:
12406:
12404:
12392:
12390:
12374:
12372:
12356:
12354:
12338:
12336:
12320:
12318:
12302:
12300:
12293:
12291:
12281:
12279:
12273:
12271:
12265:
12264:
12262:
12256:
12250:
12237:
12235:
12222:
12220:
12209:
12207:
12193:
12191:
12180:
12178:
12167:
12165:
12151:
12149:
12142:
12140:
12130:
12128:
12122:
12120:
12113:
12111:
12104:
12102:
12095:
12093:
12083:
12081:
12075:
12073:
12066:
12064:
12054:
12052:
12046:
12045:
12043:
12039:
12033:
12021:
12019:
12011:
12009:
12006:
12004:
11991:
11989:
11975:
11973:
11960:
11958:
11952:
11950:
11947:
11945:
11938:
11936:
11929:
11927:
11921:
11920:
11918:
11914:
11908:
11896:
11894:
11882:
11880:
11874:
11872:
11866:
11864:
11850:
11848:
11842:
11840:
11834:
11833:
11831:
11819:
11813:
11807:
11805:
11802:
11800:
11797:
11795:
11792:
11791:
11789:
11783:
11777:
11767:
11765:
11755:
11753:
11741:
11739:
11729:
11727:
11710:
11709:
11707:
11699:
11693:
11687:
11685:
11679:
11677:
11671:
11669:
11663:
11661:
11655:
11653:
11647:
11645:
11637:
11635:
11625:
11623:
11617:
11615:
11609:
11607:
11601:
11599:
11593:
11591:
11585:
11583:
11577:
11576:
11574:
11558:
11543:
11540:
11537:
11535:
11525:
11516:
11510:
11508:
11501:
11495:
11493:
11479:
11473:
11471:
11463:
11456:
11450:
11448:
11440:
11433:
11426:
11420:
11418:
11411:
11404:
11397:
11391:
11389:
11382:
11375:
11368:
11362:
11360:
11353:
11346:
11339:
11333:
11331:
11324:
11318:
11316:
11309:
11303:
11301:
11295:
11294:
11291:
11284:
11278:
11276:
11269:
11263:
11261:
11255:
11253:
11247:
11245:
11238:
11231:
11225:
11223:
11216:
11210:
11208:
11202:
11200:
11193:
11187:
11185:
11178:
11172:
11170:
11164:
11162:
11155:
11148:
11142:
11140:
11133:
11127:
11125:
11118:
11112:
11110:
11104:
11101:
11093:
11090:
11086:
11083:
11080:
11077:
11074:
11071:
11068:
11065:
11062:
11059:
11056:
11053:
11050:
11047:
11044:
11042:
11036:
11033:
11031:
11025:
11022:
11021:
11018:
11003:
10988:
10982:
10980:
10972:
10964:
10961:
10959:
10952:
10945:
10938:
10936:
10929:
10923:
10921:
10914:
10908:
10906:
10899:
10896:
10894:
10886:
10879:
10869:
10867:
10856:
10848:
10837:
10830:
10827:
10825:
10818:
10811:
10804:
10800:
10794:
10792:
10785:
10778:
10771:
10764:
10758:
10756:
10741:
10726:
10719:
10712:
10706:
10704:
10697:
10690:
10683:
10677:
10675:
10668:
10661:
10655:
10653:
10647:
10645:
10639:
10637:
10631:
10628:
10626:
10620:
10618:
10615:
10614:
10611:
10603:
10596:
10589:
10583:
10581:
10574:
10567:
10560:
10553:
10550:
10548:
10541:
10534:
10522:
10516:
10514:
10507:
10501:
10499:
10492:
10486:
10484:
10477:
10474:
10472:
10466:
10464:
10457:
10450:
10446:
10439:
10437:
10429:
10422:
10418:
10412:
10410:
10403:
10396:
10389:
10383:
10381:
10374:
10367:
10353:
10347:
10345:
10338:
10324:
10318:
10316:
10309:
10302:
10296:
10294:
10287:
10281:
10279:
10272:
10265:
10257:
10255:
10249:
10247:
10245:
10238:
10235:
10233:
10230:
10229:
10226:
10218:
10210:
10204:
10202:
10195:
10188:
10185:
10183:
10176:
10169:
10162:
10152:
10150:
10143:
10137:
10135:
10128:
10122:
10120:
10113:
10107:
10105:
10099:
10097:
10089:
10082:
10079:
10077:
10070:
10063:
10057:
10055:
10046:
10039:
10033:
10031:
10024:
10017:
10011:
10009:
10001:
9994:
9987:
9981:
9979:
9971:
9964:
9957:
9950:
9944:
9942:
9935:
9928:
9921:
9915:
9913:
9906:
9899:
9893:
9891:
9885:
9883:
9881:
9874:
9871:
9869:
9866:
9865:
9862:
9854:
9847:
9845:
9838:
9831:
9828:
9826:
9819:
9812:
9801:
9794:
9787:
9776:
9769:
9759:
9757:
9750:
9743:
9733:
9731:
9725:
9723:
9716:
9713:
9711:
9705:
9703:
9700:
9699:
9695:
9693:
9687:
9680:
9669:
9658:
9654:
9643:
9637:
9635:
9627:
9620:
9609:
9605:
9594:
9587:
9581:
9579:
9572:
9561:
9555:
9553:
9546:
9535:
9528:
9525:
9523:
9517:
9515:
9512:
9511:
9508:
9501:
9495:
9493:
9490:
9489:
9484:
9479:
9471:
9466:
9464:
9459:
9457:
9452:
9451:
9448:
9442:
9438:
9431:
9426:
9424:
9419:
9417:
9412:
9411:
9408:
9396:
9393:
9390:
9379:
9376:
9365:
9362:
9351:
9348:
9337:
9334:
9323:
9320:
9309:
9306:
9299:
9296:
9292:
9289:
9281:
9278:
9267:
9265:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9242:
9240:
9233:
9231:
9225:
9223:
9213:
9211:
9201:
9199:
9189:
9187:
9180:
9178:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9155:
9153:
9147:
9145:
9139:
9137:
9127:
9125:
9115:
9113:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9090:
9088:
9085:
9083:
9073:
9071:
9061:
9059:
9052:
9050:
9040:
9038:
9028:
9026:
9020:
9018:
9012:
9010:
9000:
8998:
8988:
8986:
8976:
8974:
8964:
8962:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8935:
8933:
8926:
8924:
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8919:
8913:
8911:
8901:
8899:
8892:
8890:
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8881:
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8865:
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8857:
8855:
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8831:
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8819:
8817:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8790:
8788:
8778:
8776:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8749:
8747:
8741:
8739:
8729:
8727:
8717:
8715:
8705:
8703:
8697:
8695:
8685:
8683:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8656:
8654:
8644:
8642:
8632:
8630:
8620:
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8608:
8606:
8599:
8597:
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8567:
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8546:
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8529:
8527:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8492:
8490:
8480:
8478:
8468:
8466:
8460:
8458:
8448:
8446:
8440:
8438:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8406:
8404:
8394:
8392:
8382:
8380:
8370:
8368:
8358:
8356:
8350:
8348:
8338:
8336:
8326:
8325:
8322:
8318:
8311:
8306:
8304:
8299:
8297:
8292:
8291:
8288:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8260:
8259:
8256:
8246:
8243:
8240:
8236:
8232:
8229:
8228:
8225:
8222:
8217:
8211:
8210:
8208:
8206:
8202:
8195:
8191:
8187:
8186:Bungarotoxins
8184:
8181:
8180:
8176:
8172:
8168:
8164:
8160:
8157:
8156:inactivators:
8152:
8146:
8145:
8141:
8137:
8133:
8129:
8126:
8125:inactivators:
8121:
8115:
8114:
8112:
8110:
8106:
8103:
8099:
8093:
8089:
8079:
8076:
8073:
8072:
8070:
8065:
8059:
8053:
8050:
8047:
8046:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8032:
8031:
8029:
8024:
8018:
8015:
8011:
8005:
8001:
7990:
7988:
7987:ZINC-12613047
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7942:
7941:
7939:
7934:
7928:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7898:
7895:
7894:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7830:Lactucopicrin
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7750:
7749:
7746:
7743:
7740:
7739:
7734:
7731:
7728:
7724:
7720:
7716:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7662:Trichloronate
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7437:Monocrotophos
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7402:Methamidophos
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7277:Echothiophate
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7079:
7078:Irreversible:
7076:
7075:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6942:Quilostigmine
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6932:Physostigmine
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:; Stigmines:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6800:Chloropropham
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6730:
6724:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6649:
6643:
6640:
6636:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6619:
6615:
6612:
6611:Acetylcholine
6605:
6600:
6598:
6593:
6591:
6586:
6585:
6582:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6551:
6549:
6545:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6509:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6383:
6377:
6374:
6371:
6368:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6338:
6335:
6334:
6332:
6330:
6326:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6286:
6280:
6277:
6276:
6274:
6270:
6264:
6263:Operation LAC
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6234:
6231:
6225:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6154:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6105:
6101:
6094:
6089:
6087:
6082:
6080:
6075:
6074:
6071:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6050:
6047:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6030:its compounds
6027:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6015:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5988:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5966:Tetanospasmin
5964:
5962:
5961:T-2 mycotoxin
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5891:Batrachotoxin
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5852:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5835:Allyl alcohol
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5801:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5762:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5700:Chloroacetone
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5685:Benzyl iodide
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5639:Xylyl bromide
5637:
5636:
5634:
5632:
5626:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5427:Butyrophenone
5425:
5423:
5420:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5409:
5403:
5397:
5396:o-Dianisidine
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5354:
5350:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5243:Cadmium oxide
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5198:
5195:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5147:
5141:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5092:Batrachotoxin
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4975:Tetanospasmin
4973:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4844:
4841:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4631:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4464:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4246:Nettle agents
4243:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4048:Cacodyl oxide
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4005:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3977:
3972:
3970:
3965:
3963:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3883:
3877:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3843:
3825:
3819:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3777:
3771:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3741:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3676:
3669:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3621:
3617:
3610:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3563:
3556:
3540:
3534:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3474:
3473:
3465:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3444:
3442:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3415:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3396:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3359:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3343:
3334:
3326:
3322:
3315:
3299:
3293:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3275:
3267:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3242:
3236:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3216:
3207:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3175:
3164:
3157:
3156:
3149:
3141:
3134:
3123:
3116:
3097:
3090:
3089:
3082:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3050:
3043:
3041:
3032:
3021:
3017:
3010:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2963:
2961:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2905:
2903:
2894:
2892:0-444-89307-5
2888:
2884:
2880:
2873:
2865:
2859:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2832:
2826:
2823:. CRC Press.
2822:
2821:
2813:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2761:
2753:
2752:
2744:
2736:
2730:
2727:. CRC Press.
2726:
2725:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2593:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2552:
2546:
2541:
2540:
2531:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2495:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2401:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2271:
2264:
2262:
2254:
2243:. p. A18
2242:
2241:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2101:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2010:August 2013:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1964:Aum Shinrikyo
1961:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1945:Aum Shinrikyo
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1918:Iran–Iraq War
1915:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1832:County Durham
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1706:
1704:
1698:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1646:tributylamine
1643:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1592:
1587:
1578:
1558:
1550:
1542:
1529:
1516:
1476:
1460:
1447:
1412:
1404:
1399:
1386:
1373:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1302:Aum Shinrikyo
1299:
1298:Triethylamine
1296:
1293:
1289:
1288:Tributylamine
1286:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1261:leaving group
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1201:derivatives.
1200:
1196:
1195:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1028:
1026:
1025:physostigmine
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
995:
991:
990:leaving group
987:
983:
982:covalent bond
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
955:acetylcholine
953:
949:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
902:
892:
890:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
831:acetylcholine
829:
822:
813:
804:
802:
798:
794:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
751:
744:
739:
722:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
703:
699:
695:
691:
690:
686:
685:
680:
676:
672:
663:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
641:
634:
627:
620:
596:
593:
592:
588:
587:
583:
579:
576:
572:
571:
567:
565:
560:
556:
552:
547:
546:
542:
541:
536:
531:
527:
525:
524:
519:
518:
514:
511:
507:
506:
502:
500:
499:Boiling point
497:
496:
492:
490:
489:Melting point
487:
486:
480:
478:
475:
474:
470:
468:
465:
464:
460:
457:
456:
449:
447:
444:
443:
416:
413:
409:
408:
403:
394:
393:
390:
383:
369:
362:
352:
351:
348:
341:
333:
329:
328:DTXSID0042371
325:
324:
322:
312:
308:
307:
300:
296:
295:
293:
291:
288:
287:
280:
276:
275:
273:
267:
263:
262:
255:
251:
250:
248:
246:
243:
242:
235:
231:
230:
228:
226:
223:
222:
215:
211:
210:
208:
206:
203:
202:
195:
191:
190:
188:
184:
179:
178:
171:
167:
166:
164:
161:
157:
156:
151:
140:
130:
126:
119:
111:
107:
102:
76:
73:
72:
67:
63:
58:
54:
49:
43:
39:
35:
31:
24:
19:
12807:
12644:nitric acids
11916:Oxyfluorides
8230:
8224:α-Latrotoxin
8212:
8182:
8147:
8116:
8074:
8048:
8033:
7977:Rivastigmine
7943:
7897:Reactivators
7870:Ungiminorine
7825:Kobophenol A
7790:Coronaridine
7780:Bulbocapnine
7775:Arisugacin A
7751:
7736:
7622:Tebupirimfos
7596:
7502:Phosphamidon
7407:Methidathion
7312:Fenitrothion
7137:Chlorpyrifos
7077:
6952:Terestigmine
6947:Rivastigmine
6909:Eptastigmine
6860:Phenmedipham
6830:Formparanate
6815:Ethiofencarb
6748:Carbamates:
6745:
6739:
6658:
6432:M139 bomblet
6427:M138 bomblet
6422:M134 bomblet
6417:M125 bomblet
6363:
6258:Project SHAD
6229:and projects
5971:Tetrodotoxin
5921:Grayanotoxin
5705:Bromoacetone
5695:Thiophosgene
5650:Mace (spray)
5644:Pepper spray
5629:Lachrymatory
5614:Fluphenazine
5609:Procarbazine
5519:Sleeping gas
5367:Chloropicrin
5278:Nitric oxide
5180:Chloropicrin
5124:Cloflubicyne
5087:Oxotremorine
5036:Antillatoxin
5015:Tetrodotoxin
4964:Bungarotoxin
4860:Nitromethane
4822:Formaldoxime
4761:Cyclohexanol
4726:Acetonitrile
4473:GV (EA-5365)
4317:
4295:Nerve agents
4098:Lactonitrile
4008:Blood agents
3997:riot control
3912:. Retrieved
3907:
3898:
3886:. Retrieved
3876:
3866:December 29,
3864:. Retrieved
3853:The Guardian
3852:
3842:
3830:. Retrieved
3818:
3806:. Retrieved
3802:the original
3792:
3780:. Retrieved
3770:
3758:. Retrieved
3740:
3727:
3717:
3705:. Retrieved
3701:
3691:
3679:. Retrieved
3668:
3659:
3646:
3637:
3628:
3619:
3609:
3597:. Retrieved
3593:the original
3578:
3566:. Retrieved
3555:
3543:. Retrieved
3533:
3521:. Retrieved
3516:
3507:
3495:. Retrieved
3490:
3481:
3470:
3464:
3453:
3431:
3422:
3402:
3395:
3387:the original
3373:
3361:. Retrieved
3341:
3333:
3324:
3314:
3302:. Retrieved
3292:
3281:The Guardian
3279:
3278:Ian Sample,
3274:
3255:
3249:
3235:
3224:
3215:
3206:
3196:December 30,
3194:. Retrieved
3183:
3174:
3154:
3148:
3133:
3115:
3103:. Retrieved
3087:
3081:
3071:December 29,
3069:. Retrieved
3062:the original
3055:
3029:– via
3025:September 4,
3023:. Retrieved
3015:
2974:
2968:
2920:
2914:
2878:
2872:
2863:
2858:
2849:
2819:
2812:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2750:
2743:
2723:
2716:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2653:. Retrieved
2649:the original
2639:
2608:
2602:
2592:
2580:. Retrieved
2559:
2538:
2530:
2505:
2502:Biochemistry
2501:
2494:
2481:
2451:
2448:Biochemistry
2447:
2441:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2388:. Retrieved
2355:
2351:
2338:
2326:. Retrieved
2288:
2284:
2278:
2269:
2252:
2247:December 30,
2245:. Retrieved
2238:
2228:
2220:
2215:December 30,
2213:. Retrieved
2208:
2198:
2169:. Retrieved
2164:
2155:
2143:. Retrieved
2130:
2118:. Retrieved
2113:
2104:
2029:April 2017:
1995:March 2013:
1893:March 1988:
1884:Buenos Aires
1865:
1848:misadventure
1775:Adolf Hitler
1756:
1752:Nazi Germany
1748:World War II
1737:
1727:
1710:
1702:
1694:
1671:
1656:casings. In
1631:
1616:
1596:
1576:
1347:
1325:
1321:
1312:
1308:
1277:
1257:
1242:
1214:
1203:
1193:
1188:nucleophilic
1164:
1157:substituents
1150:
1089:
1071:
1062:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1001:insecticides
998:
979:
945:
898:
886:
874:bronchospasm
870:bronchorrhea
847:
825:
790:
769:
768:designation
761:
760:
683:
656:
590:
563:
549:Main hazards
538:
522:
234:ChEMBL509554
153:Identifiers
138:
128:
124:
121:Other names
42:
18:
12717:and iodosyl
12676:bifluorides
8075:Inhibitors:
8052:Coluracetam
8034:Inhibitors:
8004:Transporter
7944:Inhibitors:
7916:Pralidoxime
7810:Cyclanoline
7760:α-Viniferin
7657:Trichlorfon
7422:Metrifonate
7337:Fosthiazate
7322:Fluorotabun
7197:Dicrotophos
7152:Crotylsarin
6996:Huperzine A
6991:Galantamine
6986:Edrophonium
6919:Neostigmine
6914:Ganstigmine
6880:Propamocarb
6825:Formetanate
6810:Ethienocarb
6790:Carbosulfan
6780:Carbetamide
6775:Carbendazim
6746:Reversible:
6659:Inhibitors:
6538:M1135 NBCRV
6502:Weteye bomb
6370:Mustard gas
6272:Operational
6253:Project 112
5981:Veratridine
5956:Shiga toxin
5911:Domoic acid
5774:Thioacetone
5740:Iodoacetone
5604:Pentazocine
5599:Sevoflurane
5564:CAR-302,668
5559:CAR-302,282
5554:CAR-302,196
5549:CAR-301,060
5544:CAR-226,086
5524:Carfentanil
5422:Apomorphine
5343:Green Cross
5134:Domoic acid
4945:Neurotoxins
4865:OPA mixture
4756:Chlorosoman
4751:Chlorosarin
4685:Phospholine
4384:Crotylsarin
4369:Fluorotabun
4341:Chlorosoman
4323:Chlorosarin
3523:October 31,
3472:El Mercurio
3363:January 13,
2981:: 368–374.
2615:: 364–371.
2483:Proteopedia
2419:: 1327–33.
2171:January 19,
2120:November 6,
2071:Chlorosarin
2020:Rif Dimashq
1968:Tokyo Metro
1924:during the
1890:took place.
1836:Porton Down
1722:, and from
1716: [
1686:nerve agent
1642:stabilizers
1627:Iraqi sarin
1279:industrial
1217:alcoholysis
1161:tetrahedral
1151:Sarin is a
1098:value. The
1046:metabolites
1021:neostigmine
908:pralidoxime
882:lacrimation
786:nerve agent
671:median dose
657:Lethal dose
555:cholinergic
543:(OHS/OSH):
458:Appearance
405:Properties
214:CHEBI:75701
13474:Toxicology
13418:Categories
12858:Phosphides
8239:versutoxin
8235:robustoxin
8109:Inhibitors
8098:modulators
8049:Enhancers:
8010:modulators
7967:Ladostigil
7957:Conodurine
7952:Affinisine
7865:Ungeremine
7840:Phosacetim
7800:Corynoline
7795:Corydaline
7785:Conodurine
7770:Affinisine
7706:Demecarium
7704:; Others:
7617:Tabun (GA)
7607:Soman (GD)
7597:Sarin (GB)
7517:Profenofos
7377:Isoxathion
7362:Guanitoxin
7332:Formothion
7307:Fenamiphos
7237:Disulfoton
7232:Dioxathion
7222:Dimethoate
7192:Dichlorvos
7026:Ladostigil
7016:Ipidacrine
6961:Ambenonium
6956:Acotiamide
6954:; Others:
6927:Phenserine
6904:Distigmine
6895:Thiodicarb
6870:Pirimicarb
6835:Methiocarb
6820:Fenobucarb
6795:Chlorbufam
6785:Carbofuran
6760:Bendiocarb
6741:Inhibitors
6635:modulators
6621:modulators
6614:metabolism
6472:M55 rocket
6227:Operations
6133:(USAMRICD)
5931:Maitotoxin
5926:Guanitoxin
5906:Ciguatoxin
5901:Brevetoxin
5886:Anatoxin-a
5881:Aflatoxins
5794:Putrescine
5789:Cadaverine
5765:Malodorant
5589:Isoflurane
5574:Desflurane
5569:Benperidol
5514:Psilocybin
5509:PAVA spray
5191:Diphosgene
5144:Pulmonary/
5072:Picrotoxin
5031:Strychnine
5025:Brevetoxin
5009:Maitotoxin
4992:Guanitoxin
4986:Ciguatoxin
4953:Anatoxin-a
4886:Pinacolone
4719:Precursors
4680:Selenophos
4536:Carbamates
4452:Chinese VX
4358:Cyclosarin
4347:Ethylsarin
4318:Sarin (GB)
4169:Lewisite 3
4163:Lewisite 2
4132:Arsenicals
3808:August 24,
3782:August 24,
3760:August 24,
3599:January 6,
2655:August 13,
2191:Sarin (GB)
2165:ChemIDplus
2097:References
2076:Ethylsarin
2058:M55 rocket
1984:May 2004:
1973:2002: Pro-
1886:, in case
1707:, chemist
1699:, chemist
1601:. At high
1176:enantiomer
1170:form (the
1054:hydrolysis
1003:, such as
912:antagonist
895:Management
889:volatility
850:runny nose
575:Pictograms
446:Molar mass
299:B4XG72QGFM
245:ChemSpider
181:3D model (
160:CAS Number
11829:compounds
11705:compounds
11572:compounds
8221:agonists:
8205:Enhancers
8078:Vesamicol
7962:Cymserine
7911:Obidoxime
7906:Methoxime
7820:Harmaline
7815:Cymserine
7805:Crimidine
7752:Unsorted:
7647:Triazofos
7587:Ro 3-0433
7582:Ro 3-0422
7577:Ro 3-0419
7572:Ro 3-0417
7567:Ro 3-0412
7562:Ro 3-0411
7557:Ro 3-0397
7552:Ro 3-0352
7547:Ro 3-0351
7542:Ro 3-0347
7537:Ro 3-0346
7532:Ro 3-0340
7522:Prothoate
7492:Phosfolan
7487:Phosalone
7472:Parathion
7457:Omethoate
7427:Mevinphos
7392:Malathion
7382:Leptophos
7287:Endothion
7167:Demephion
7157:Cyanophos
7147:Coumaphos
7117:Cadusafos
7112:Bensulide
7107:BAY-29952
7071:Zanapezil
7031:Minaprine
7011:Huprine Y
7006:Huprine X
7001:Huprine W
6971:Donepezil
6900:Thiofanox
6875:Promecarb
6865:Pinmicarb
6845:Metolcarb
6805:Dimetilan
6765:Bufencarb
6755:Aminocarb
6707:CM-54,903
6618:transport
6492:MC-1 bomb
6437:M2 mortar
6385:Munitions
6026:Plutonium
5976:Volkensin
5951:Saxitoxin
5941:Palytoxin
5866:Aconitine
5594:Halothane
5584:Bufotenin
5579:Enflurane
5499:Kolokol-1
5479:Pethidine
5453:Etoxadrol
5438:Etorphine
5434:(CS-4640)
5418:(CS-4030)
5376:glycerine
5323:Salcomine
5082:Tremorine
5020:Aconitine
5003:Palytoxin
4981:Ryanodine
4958:Saxitoxin
4695:Ro 3-0422
4466:GV agents
4329:Thiosarin
4058:Phosphine
3861:0261-3077
3832:April 26,
3707:March 19,
3681:August 3,
3562:"Annex 3"
3545:March 27,
3304:August 3,
3105:March 20,
2927:: 33–40.
2788:0260-437X
2582:March 20,
2390:April 29,
2328:March 20,
2145:March 27,
2081:Thiosarin
2039:airstrike
1977:militant
1953:Banjawarn
1880:Argentine
1840:Wiltshire
1773:targets.
1767:artillery
1678:IG Farben
1674:Wuppertal
1654:aluminium
1599:hydroxide
1559:−
1469:⟶
1400:−
1210:synthesis
1009:carbamate
1005:malathion
965:from the
928:Biperiden
901:antidotes
862:twitching
700:0.1 mg/m
566:labelling
515:Miscible
11799:SiIBrClF
11721:[AlF
9478:fluoride
8261:See also
8245:Crotoxin
7947:Affinine
7880:BW284C51
7835:Lycorine
7765:Affinine
7755:α-Pinene
7733:Onchidal
7652:Tribufos
7632:Terbufos
7602:Schradan
7467:Paraoxon
7387:Malaoxon
7317:Fenthion
7302:Ethoprop
7187:Diazinon
7182:Dialifor
7087:Acephate
7021:Itopride
6966:Caffeine
6890:Propoxur
6840:Methomyl
6770:Carbaryl
6750:Aldicarb
6497:M47 bomb
6354:Phosgene
6343:Chlorine
6288:Disposal
6236:Research
6035:Polonium
5936:Modeccin
5845:Acrolein
5810:Lewisite
5715:Acrolein
5539:CS-27349
5489:Ibogaine
5372:Litharge
5361:Adamsite
5338:Diborane
5328:Fluomine
5308:Ethenone
5203:Acrolein
5170:Fluorine
5164:Phosgene
5154:Chlorine
4554:EA-3887A
4526:C01-A042
4521:C01-A039
4516:C01-A035
4394:V-agents
4304:G-agents
4189:(EA-229)
4157:Lewisite
4016:Cyanogen
3914:July 11,
3888:July 14,
3754:Archived
3732:Archived
3568:March 8,
3517:BBC News
3190:Archived
3163:Archived
3096:Archived
2951:12665427
2883:Elsevier
2796:16092087
2708:20713579
2631:15239857
2573:Archived
2522:17402711
2476:11744952
2468:10353814
2433:12387297
2417:Elsevier
2384:Archived
2380:13749842
2372:10877003
2211:(Report)
2065:See also
2051:chlorine
2003:city in
1901:city of
1882:capital
1709:Gerhard
1693:Gerhard
1644:such as
1281:refining
1140:Chlorine
1128:Phosgene
1068:Toxicity
1042:in vitro
904:atropine
843:asphyxia
591:NFPA 704
533:Hazards
170:107-44-8
11465: ?
11034:
10629:
9395:more...
8231:Others:
8183:Others:
8119:SNAP-25
8092:Release
7982:Tacrine
7890:3152 CT
7855:Taspine
7627:Temefos
7527:R-16661
7497:Phosmet
7482:Phorate
7432:Mipafox
7397:Mazidox
7327:Fonofos
7272:EA-4352
7267:EA-3148
7262:EA-2613
7257:EA-2192
7252:EA-2098
7247:EA-2054
7242:EA-2012
7217:Dimefox
7172:Demeton
7066:Tacrine
7061:TL-1238
6981:EA-4056
6976:EA-3990
6885:Propham
6850:Miotine
6569:MKULTRA
6523:M93 Fox
5784:Skatole
5779:Allicin
5494:EA-3834
5484:EA-3580
5474:EA-3443
5469:EA-3167
5464:EA-2148
5448:CS-4297
5443:EA-2092
5432:EA-4941
5159:Bromine
4797:EA-1224
4777:EA-1250
4690:R-16661
4665:EA-2613
4660:EA-2098
4655:EA-2054
4650:EA-2012
4619:3152 CT
4609:TL-1317
4604:TL-1299
4599:TL-1238
4569:EA-4056
4564:EA-3990
4559:EA-3966
4549:EA-3887
4447:EA-1763
4407:EA-3148
4402:EA-2192
4379:EA-4352
4374:EA-1356
4108:Stibine
3677:. MSNBC
3497:June 8,
3243:. OPCW.
3142:. OPCW.
2942:1223469
2804:8769521
2700:2390321
2680:Bibcode
2136:"Sarin"
1975:Chechen
1903:Halabja
1899:Kurdish
1844:inquest
1828:Consett
1697:chrader
1668:History
1625:, some
1593:), 1970
1074:cyanide
1050:in vivo
1038:in vivo
963:neurons
743:what is
741: (
557:agent.
477:Density
451:140.094
266:PubChem
145:TL-1618
143:EA-1208
7592:Ronnel
7507:Phoxim
7297:Ethion
7092:Armine
7056:TL-599
7051:T-1194
7046:T-1152
7041:T-1123
6855:Oxamyl
6629:Enzyme
6329:Agents
6002:Napalm
5767:agents
5631:agents
5534:JB-336
5529:JB-318
5504:LSD-25
5460:(DMHP)
5408:agents
5067:A-8564
5027:(PbTX)
4977:(TeNT)
4594:TL-599
4584:T-1194
4579:T-1152
4574:T-1123
4343:(ClGD)
4325:(ClGB)
4236:TL-301
4038:Arsine
3859:
3410:
3383:Noblis
3354:
3262:
3120:Tu A.
2949:
2939:
2889:
2827:
2802:
2794:
2786:
2731:
2706:
2698:
2629:
2547:
2520:
2480:. See
2474:
2466:
2431:
2378:
2370:
2295:: 12.
2033:: The
2016:Ghouta
2001:Aleppo
1962:; the
1958:1995:
1939:1994:
1771:Allied
1761:, and
1342:binary
1153:chiral
1076:. The
1023:, and
986:serine
878:SLUDGE
866:spasms
858:nausea
778:liquid
738:verify
735:
708:(SDS)
389:SMILES
225:ChEMBL
69:Names
46:Sarin
34:sarrin
30:serine
12477:CsXeF
11844:BaGeF
11836:BaSiF
11825:, GeF
11794:BaClF
11681:NaSbF
11640:LiSbF
11603:NaAsF
11595:LiAsF
11568:, SbF
11564:, AsF
8063:VAChT
7885:TMTFA
7447:Naled
7352:GT-45
7342:GD-42
6692:AF64A
6364:Sarin
5990:Other
5946:Ricin
5861:Abrin
5820:KB-16
5107:IPTBO
5038:(ATX)
5011:(MTX)
5005:(PTX)
4994:(GTX)
4988:(CTX)
4971:(BTX)
4827:Nital
4633:Other
4511:A-262
4506:A-242
4501:A-234
4496:A-232
4491:A-208
4335:Soman
4331:(SGB)
4312:Tabun
4271:KB-16
4264:Other
3827:(PDF)
3656:(PDF)
3166:(PDF)
3159:(PDF)
3125:(PDF)
3099:(PDF)
3092:(PDF)
3065:(PDF)
3052:(PDF)
3012:(PDF)
2800:S2CID
2704:S2CID
2576:(PDF)
2569:(PDF)
2472:S2CID
2376:S2CID
2348:(PDF)
2005:Syria
1784:U.S.
1763:soman
1759:tabun
1720:]
1713:itter
1705:mbros
1701:Otto
1689:tabun
1662:shell
1634:tabun
1219:with
1048:have
1013:Sevin
762:Sarin
684:NIOSH
647:(TLV)
528:0.30
347:InChI
205:ChEBI
183:JSmol
147:T-144
38:saran
36:, or
12691:NaHF
12515:LiWF
12275:CrOF
12077:CClF
12048:CBrF
12014:ClOF
11954:ThOF
11949:LaOF
11923:BrOF
11809:ClFO
11689:TlPF
11673:NaPF
11665:LiPF
11657:KSbF
11619:HSbF
11587:KAsF
11579:AgPF
11023:FrF
10544:+TeO
10179:+SeO
8215:LPHN
8150:VAMP
7932:BChE
7442:MSPI
6728:AChE
6702:BETA
6697:B115
6647:ChAT
6616:and
6528:MOPP
6518:CAIS
6372:(HD)
6366:(GB)
6350:(DF)
6339:(BZ)
6028:and
5646:(OC)
5363:(DM)
5193:(DP)
5182:(PS)
5166:(CG)
5117:TBPS
5112:TBPO
4960:(TZ)
4882:(TH)
4851:(DF)
4845:(SW)
4839:(TB)
4812:DMHP
4792:DEHP
4782:DIHP
4773:(KB)
4710:MSPI
4360:(GF)
4349:(GE)
4337:(GD)
4314:(GA)
4256:(CX)
4203:CEES
4171:(L3)
4165:(L2)
4153:(PD)
4147:(MD)
4141:(ED)
4034:(AC)
4028:(CK)
3916:2023
3890:2018
3868:2017
3857:ISSN
3834:2017
3810:2013
3784:2013
3762:2013
3709:2013
3683:2007
3601:2017
3570:2017
3547:2011
3525:2011
3499:2015
3408:ISBN
3365:2013
3352:ISBN
3306:2007
3260:ISBN
3198:2015
3107:2024
3073:2015
3027:2020
2947:PMID
2887:ISBN
2825:ISBN
2792:PMID
2784:ISSN
2729:ISBN
2696:PMID
2657:2007
2627:PMID
2584:2024
2545:ISBN
2518:PMID
2486:1cfj
2464:PMID
2429:PMID
2392:2018
2368:PMID
2330:2024
2249:2015
2217:2015
2173:2020
2147:2011
2122:2004
1990:Iraq
1858:DINA
1822:, a
1813:NATO
1790:M134
1730:de.
1636:and
1435:FOCH
1338:M687
906:and
872:and
766:NATO
694:IDLH
521:log
467:Odor
290:UNII
279:7871
254:7583
13262:PCl
13254:PCl
13246:PBr
13238:PBr
13230:PBr
13210:ZrP
13204:ZrP
13184:ZnP
13179:YbP
13169:TmP
13160:ThP
13150:SnP
13144:TbP
13123:SmP
13117:SmP
13112:ScP
13107:PuP
13098:PrP
13092:PrP
13083:PtP
13062:OsP
13042:NpP
13037:NdP
13032:NbP
13012:MoP
13006:MoP
13001:LuP
12987:LaP
12982:InP
12977:HoP
12972:HfP
12958:FeP
12953:AuP
12948:GdP
12943:EuP
12938:ErP
12933:DyP
12881:BiP
12871:AsP
12866:AlP
12768:IOF
12750:IOF
12742:PSF
12683:KHF
12664:FNO
12656:FNO
12651:FNO
12619:ZrF
12606:TaF
12594:NbF
12582:ZrF
12570:TiF
12557:TiF
12543:TiF
12529:ZrF
12505:TiF
12491:SnF
12467:ZrF
12459:(NH
12441:(NH
12431:TaF
12417:SnF
12409:(NH
12399:NbF
12385:InF
12377:(NH
12367:FeF
12359:(NH
12349:GeF
12341:(NH
12331:GaF
12323:(NH
12313:CrF
12305:(NH
12283:CrF
12267:VOF
12124:CHF
12097:CCl
12085:CCl
12068:CBr
12056:CBr
12024:ClO
12008:YOF
11994:WOF
11978:TcO
11963:VOF
11940:BrO
11931:BrO
11903:SiF
11889:GeF
11860:SiF
11852:(NH
11821:SiF
11804:CFN
11773:AlF
11761:AlF
11748:AlF
11735:AlF
11713:(NH
11701:AlF
11649:KPF
11611:HPF
11544:No
11541:Md
11538:Fm
11530:EsF
11520:EsF
11512:EsF
11504:CfF
11497:CfF
11483:BkF
11475:BkF
11467:CmF
11459:CmF
11452:CmF
11444:AmF
11436:AmF
11429:AmF
11422:AmF
11414:PuF
11407:PuF
11400:PuF
11393:PuF
11385:NpF
11378:NpF
11371:NpF
11364:NpF
11327:PaF
11320:PaF
11312:ThF
11305:ThF
11297:AcF
11287:YbF
11280:YbF
11272:TmF
11265:TmF
11257:ErF
11249:HoF
11241:DyF
11234:DyF
11227:DyF
11219:TbF
11212:TbF
11204:GdF
11196:EuF
11189:EuF
11181:SmF
11174:SmF
11166:PmF
11158:NdF
11151:NdF
11144:NdF
11136:PrF
11129:PrF
11121:CeF
11114:CeF
11106:LaF
11087:Og
11084:Ts
11081:Lv
11078:Mc
11075:Fl
11072:Nh
11069:Cn
11066:Rg
11063:Ds
11060:Mt
11057:Hs
11054:Bh
11051:Sg
11048:Db
11045:Rf
11038:LrF
11027:RaF
11008:RnF
10993:RnF
10984:RnF
10976:AtF
10968:AtF
10963:AtF
10955:PoF
10948:PoF
10941:PoF
10932:BiF
10925:BiF
10917:PbF
10910:PbF
10902:TlF
10898:TlF
10890:HgF
10882:HgF
10859:AuF
10852:AuF
10833:AuF
10829:AuF
10821:PtF
10814:PtF
10807:PtF
10796:PtF
10788:IrF
10781:IrF
10774:IrF
10767:IrF
10760:IrF
10746:OsF
10731:OsF
10722:OsF
10715:OsF
10708:OsF
10700:ReF
10693:ReF
10686:ReF
10679:ReF
10649:TaF
10641:HfF
10633:LuF
10622:BaF
10617:CsF
10607:XeF
10599:XeF
10592:XeF
10585:XeF
10577:+IO
10537:TeF
10518:TeF
10510:SbF
10503:SbF
10495:SnF
10488:SnF
10480:InF
10476:InF
10468:CdF
10460:AgF
10453:AgF
10449:AgF
10433:PdF
10425:PdF
10414:PdF
10406:RhF
10399:RhF
10392:RhF
10385:RhF
10377:RuF
10370:RuF
10357:RuF
10349:RuF
10341:TcF
10328:TcF
10320:TcF
10312:MoF
10305:MoF
10298:MoF
10290:NbF
10283:NbF
10275:ZrF
10268:ZrF
10260:ZrF
10241:SrF
10237:SrF
10232:RbF
10222:KrF
10214:KrF
10206:KrF
10198:BrF
10191:BrF
10187:BrF
10172:SeF
10165:SeF
10146:AsF
10139:AsF
10131:GeF
10124:GeF
10116:GaF
10109:GaF
10101:ZnF
10093:CuF
10085:CuF
10081:CuF
10073:NiF
10066:NiF
10059:NiF
10050:CoF
10042:CoF
10035:CoF
10027:FeF
10020:FeF
10013:FeF
10005:MnF
9997:MnF
9990:MnF
9983:MnF
9975:CrF
9967:CrF
9960:CrF
9953:CrF
9946:CrF
9909:TiF
9902:TiF
9895:TiF
9887:ScF
9877:CaF
9873:CaF
9858:ArF
9850:ArF
9841:ClF
9834:ClF
9830:ClF
9822:+SO
9727:SiF
9719:AlF
9715:AlF
9707:MgF
9702:NaF
9696:Ne
9682:?OF
9575:+CO
9549:+BO
9519:BeF
9514:LiF
9504:HeF
9480:ion
9386:PtF
9261:NbO
9256:NbO
9227:NaO
9149:MoO
9141:MoO
9109:MnO
9104:MnO
9087:MgO
9014:IrO
8923:HgO
8915:HfO
8859:GeO
8854:GeO
8804:FeO
8763:CuO
8743:CsO
8699:CrO
8670:CoO
8593:ClO
8561:CeO
8556:CdO
8548:CaO
8543:CaO
8462:BrO
8442:BiO
8425:BeO
8420:BaO
8352:AmO
8022:CHT
7292:EPN
5670:CNS
5199:(Z)
4741:AlP
4736:ATO
4231:HN3
4226:HN2
4221:HN1
4159:(L)
3908:CBS
3348:669
2983:doi
2937:PMC
2929:doi
2921:373
2776:doi
2688:doi
2617:doi
2510:doi
2456:doi
2421:doi
2360:doi
2297:doi
1909:'s
1623:CIA
1504:OCH
1396:CHO
1182:to
1109:100
1107:LCt
1105:or
1100:LCt
1093:LCt
1083:of
1040:or
914:to
564:GHS
316:EPA
269:CID
133:GB;
13420::
13402:10
13331:PO
13314:PN
13306:PH
13298:PI
13290:PF
13282:PF
13274:Cl
13192:Zn
13174:YP
13132:Sr
13072:Ru
13048:Np
13022:Mo
12992:Li
12963:Fe
12924:Cu
12912:Cd
12900:Ca
12887:Cs
12876:BP
12789:IO
12778:IO
12758:IO
12737:OP
12728:OS
12703:HF
12699:NH
12628:UO
12578:Na
12566:Na
12553:Rb
12525:Li
12501:Li
12487:Li
12449:VF
12427:NH
12395:NH
12295:NH
12246:11
12217:33
12213:15
12157:Cl
12144:CH
12132:CH
12115:CF
12106:CF
11899:Li
11885:Li
11868:Na
11769:Na
11744:Li
11731:Cs
11631:PF
11627:NH
11560:PF
11356:UF
11349:UF
11342:UF
11335:UF
11094:↓
10871:Hg
10863:•F
10846:10
10840:Au
10803:Pt
10671:WF
10664:WF
10657:WF
10570:IF
10563:IF
10556:IF
10552:IF
10532:10
10526:Te
10441:Ag
10421:Pd
10251:YF
10154:Se
9938:VF
9931:VF
9924:VF
9917:VF
9868:KF
9815:SF
9810:10
9797:SF
9790:SF
9772:SF
9753:PF
9746:PF
9657:OF
9639:OF
9631:NF
9623:NF
9608:NF
9590:FN
9583:NF
9557:CF
9531:BF
9527:BF
9492:HF
9302:OF
9295:OF
9270:Nd
9244:Na
9235:Na
9174:NO
9169:NO
9157:Mo
9129:Mn
9117:Mn
9092:Mg
9075:Lu
9063:Li
9054:Li
9042:La
9022:KO
9002:In
8949:IO
8937:Ho
8928:Hg
8842:Ga
8833:Ga
8821:Fe
8809:Fe
8792:Eu
8780:Er
8768:Dy
8751:Cs
8737:12
8731:Cr
8719:Cr
8707:Cr
8687:Co
8675:Co
8658:Cl
8646:Cl
8634:Cl
8622:Cl
8610:Cl
8601:Cl
8581:Ce
8569:Ce
8523:CO
8518:CO
8495:Br
8482:Br
8470:Br
8450:Bi
8430:Bi
8396:Au
8384:As
8372:As
8360:Am
8340:Al
8328:Ag
8237:,
8192:,
8173:,
8169:,
8165:,
8138:,
8134:,
7899::
7725:,
7721:,
7717:,
7702:VX
7697:VR
7692:VS
7687:VP
7682:VM
7677:VG
7672:VE
7357:GV
7347:GH
6376:VX
6359:QL
5815:CX
5665:CR
5660:CS
5655:CN
5416:BZ
4931:TG
4926:TC
4901:QL
4787:ZS
4731:AT
4442:VX
4437:VS
4432:VR
4427:VP
4422:VM
4417:VG
4412:VE
4364:GP
4353:GH
3906:.
3855:.
3851:.
3748:.
3730:.
3726:.
3700:.
3658:.
3636:.
3618:.
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